Istorie Si Civilizatie Europeana an I

8/13/2019 Istorie Si Civilizatie Europeana an I

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UNIVERSITATEA DE VEST VASILE GOLDI ARADFACULTATEA DE STIINTE JURIDICE

DREPTAN I

LIMBA ENGLEZ

ANUL:I

Lector univ. dr. IRBAN NARCISA

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A. VOCABULARY

A. COMMUNITIES

community comunitatunion uniun! uni"con#$"ation con#$"ation! #$"ati! %i&a! a%iantacommon'a%t( Common'a%t(m)i" im)"iu*ocity *ocitat

count"y! %an$ +literar, ta"anation natiun! )o)o" *tat *tata"a -ona"&ion "&iun)"o.inc )"o.incicounty tinut! comitatmunici)a%ity o"a*to'n o"a*/o"ou&( o"a* mic! ta"&! ca"ti"ni&(/ou"(oo$ .cinatat! ca"ti"! "&iun

.i%%a& *at)a"i*( )a"o(i

B. POLITICAL SYSTEMS

$moc"acy $moc"ati$moc"atic moc"atic")u/%ic ")u/%ica#$"ation #$"ati#$"a% #$"a%aut(o"ita"ian auto"ita"

)o%ic *tat *tat )o%itin*c#a*ci*m #a*ci*m#a*ci*t #a*ci*tna-i*m na-i*mcommuni*m communi*m*ocia%i*m *ocia%i*mca)ita%i*m ca)ita%i*mca)ita%i*t ca)ita%i*t

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C. PARTIES AND POLITICS

)a"ty )a"ti$)o%itic* )o%icy )o%itica

)o%itician )o%itician)o%itica% )o%itic)o'" )ut"t( cnt" cnt"u%)a"ty mm/" mm/"u a% unui )a"ti$)a"ty mm/"*(i) ca%itata $ mm/"u a% unui )a"ti$t( %#t t( "i&(t 'in& a"i)a $ *tan&a $ $"a)taa %#ti*t a "i&(ti*t )"*oana cu con.in&"i $ *tan&a $ $"a)tamo$"at mo$"atmi$$% 2 o# 3 t(3 "oa$ mo$"at"a$ica% "a$ica%

union uniun*ocia%i*t *ocia%i*tcommuni*t comuni*t&"a**"oot* /a-a unui )a"ti$to nominat a numinomination numi"%ction )%at#o"m )%at#o"ma %cto"a%a*oun$ /it* $c%a"atii *cu"t! tminic *tu$iat! a% )o%iticini%o"!

$c%a"atii ca" *unt #oa"t )ot"i.it )nt"u mi*iuni%$ *ti"i

n'* )"o&"amm* mi*iuni $ *ti"i

*)in $octo"* co%a/o"ato"ii )o%iticini%o" ca" au mi*iuna $ ain#%unta ma**3m$ia! a*t#% incat actiuni% *i$c%a"atii% )o%iticini%o" *a a)a"a int"3o %umina#a.o"a/i%a

ima&ma4"* )"*oan% ca" a5uta un can$i$at *a #aca o im)"*icat mai /una

o)inion )o%% $ o)ini! *on$a5 $ o)ini

D. THE LEGISLATURE

c(am/" cam"a)a"%iamnt Pa"%amntcon&"** con&"*con&"**man con&"**'oman mm/"amm/"a a% Con&"*u%ui6P7 mm/" o# )a"%iamnt )a"%amnta"! mm/"u in Pa"%amnt*nat *nat*nato" *nato" %a$" con$ucato"! %a$" ma5o"ity ma5o"itat

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mino"ity mino"itat*)a4" .o"/ito"! )u"tato" $ cu.ant/ac4/nc("* )a"%amnta"i ca" *tau in u%tim% /anci "an$u"i

a$ica nim)o"tanti#"ont/nc("* )o%iticini im)o"tanti

***ion *$inta$/at $-/at"! a $-/att( minut* )"oc** 2 ."/a%*)c( $i*cu"*ma4 &i. $%i." a *)c( a tin un $i*cu"*#i%i/u*t" $i*cu"* %un&! a tin un $i*cu"* %un&motion motiun)ut #o"'a"$)"o)o*ma4 a motion a inainta o motiunta/% a motion 9E3 a int"o$uc o motiun AE3 a t"&i."*a

)un"a in $i*cuti a uni motiuni.to .to! a :"cita $")tu% $ .to

"ati#y "ati#ica"to a/*tain a * a/tin $ %a .ota/*tntion a/tin"*at %oc +in )a"%amnt,! man$atcommitt comittcon*tituncy co") %cto"a%! ci"cum*c"i)ti %cto"a%a%a'! act %&nact a %a' a a$o)ta a )"omu%&a o %&amn$amnt amn$amnt/i%% )"oict $ %& +$aca )"oictu% *t .a%i$at! bill

$.in act,

/u$&t /u&t%o//yi*t mm/"u a% unui %o//yto $i**o%. a $i-o%.a"#"n$um "#"n$um%ction a%&"i%ction cam)ai&n cam)ani %cto"a%ato %ct a a%%&.ot .ot! a .ota! a a%%&to .ot on a /i%% a .ota in %&atu"a cu un )"oict $ %&.ot" a%&ato"! .otant#%oatin& .ot"* a%&ato"i n(ota"ati/a%%ot .ot +*c"t,can$i$at can$i$atto "un! "an! "un AE 2 a can$i$aincum/nt ocu)antu% uni #unctii)"ima"y AE 2 a%&"i )"%imina" +in ca$"u% unui )a"ti$,t"m )"ioa$a $ ocu)a" a uni #unctii )o%itic! man$at

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E. GOVERNMENT

&o."nmnt &o."n! &u."na"! con$uc"! )ut" :cuti.a$mini*t"ation a$mini*t"ati! &o."nt(


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$i**i$nt $i-i$nt! )"*oana ca" c"itica "&imu%)a**i. "*i*tanc "-i*tnta )a*i.a.io%nc .io%ntanon.io%nc non3.io%nta$mon*t"ation $mon*t"ati

*t"i4 &".a*t"i4"* &".i*ti/oycott /oicot! a /oicota*a/ota& *a/ota5! a *a/otaa&itato" a&itato" a&itation a&itatiun$"&"oun$ *u/t"an! c%an$*tin! con*)i"ati.con*)i"acy con*)i"ati! con5u"aticon*)i"ato" con*)i"ato"! con5u"at)%ot com)%ot! con5u"ati)o%itica% un"*t tu%/u"a"i )o%itic in*ta/i%itat )o%itica

in*u""ction in*u"cti! ".o%ta! "/%iunto *u))"** an u)"i*in& a ")"ima o ".o%ta"/%%ion "/%iun! ".o%ta! "a*coa%a".o%t ".o%ta! "a*coa%ato "i*! "o*! "i*n a * "i$ica(i&( t"a*on Ina%ta t"a$a"t""o"i*m t""o"i*mt""o"i*t t""o"i*tt""o"i*t act* actiuni act t"o"i*t&u""i%%a &("i%a! %u)tato" $ &("i%a".o%ution ".o%uti

".o%utiona"y ".o%utiona"ycount"".o%ution cont"a".o%uticou) 4u %o.itu"a $ *tatto ou*t au*t a %imina! a $a a#a"ato a**a**inat a a*a*inaa**a**ination a*a*inat a*a*ina"to *i- )o'" a %ua )ut"a"in&%a$" in*ti&ato"! %i$" a% "a-."atii%o"

H. LAW AND POLICE

%a' %&! $")t%a' an$ o"$" %& *i o"$into n#o"c t( %a' a a)%ica %&acou"t 5u$cato"i! t"i/una%!in*tanta $ 5u$catacou"t )"oc$in&* )"oc$u"i 5u$icia"t"ia% )"oc**! 5u$ca"+%a',*uit )"oc**! 5u$ca"! actiun $ $a" in 5u$catato *u *omon a $a ) cin.a in 5u$cata5u$& 5u$cato"


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t( 5u"y 5u"atiito )"o*cut a u"ma"i )na%)"o*cution acu-a"'itn** #o" t( )"o*cution ma"to" a% acu-a"iic(a"& acu-ati! in.inui"! a acu-a! a in.inui

t( $#nc a)a"a"a'itn** #o" t( $#nc ma"to" a% a)a"a"iicoun*% #o" t( $#nc a.ocat a% a)a"a"ii%a'y" a.ocat'itn** ma"to" c"o** 2 :amin a 'itn** a *u)un un ma"to" %a un int"o&ato"iu inc"uci*at +$

cat" a)a"ato" *i )"ocu"o",mi*$manou" o#n*a! in*u%ta! inca%ca"! &"*a%ao##nc $%ict! cont"a.nti!u%t"a5c"im c"ima! $%ict! in#"actiunto commit a c"im a comit o c"ima

#%ony in#"actiun &"a.a(omici$ c"ima! omo" (omici$ *@ua$ /"i&a$a omuci$"imu"$" c"imaman*%au&(t" omo" innocnt n.ino.at&ui%ty .ino.at$imini*($ "*)on*i/i%ity &"a$ "$u* $ "*)on*a/i%itatmiti&atin& ci"cum*tanc* ci"cum*tant atnuant)na%ty )$a)*a)uni*(mnt )$a)*a

#in amn$a! a amn$a"man$ 2 9E "tin" )nt"u c"cta"i/ai% cautiunon )"o/ation *u/ *u)"a.&(")"o/ation o##ic" )"*oana in*a"cinata cu *u)"a.&("a

con$amnati%o" )u*i in %i/"tat *u/ *u)"a.&(")"i*on inc(i*oa"5ai% inc(i*oa"a))a% a)%! a #ac a)%%a' n#o"cmnt a)%ica"a %&ii%a' n#o"cmnt o##ic" o#it" $ )o%iti)o%ic )o%iti)o%ic *tation *cti $ )o%iti*tat t"oo)" 2 AE )o%iti*t +in ca$"u% #o"ti $ )o%iti a unui *tat! in

SUA,$tcti. $tcti.! )o%iti*t c"imina%i*t$tcti. *u)"intn$nt comi*a" c"imina%i*t*u*)ct *u*)ct'a""ant man$at

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o##n$" $%inc.nt! cont"a.nint#i"*t o##n$" $%inc.nt ca" comit )nt"u )"ima $ata o

in#"actiun")at o##n$" "ci$i.i*t5u.ni%youn& o##n$" $%inc.nt 5u.ni% mino"

cu*to$y a #i *u/ *u)"a.&("a )o%itiito $tain a $tin! a "tin$tntion $tnti! "tin"

I. FORMS OF ADDRESS, TITLES

1> Daca $omnu% Pt" 9%ac4 *t "i$icat %a "an&u% $ ca.a%"! a$ica *t inno/i%at + Mr.Pt" 9%ac4 "ci.* a 4ni&(t(oo$,! % $.in Sir Pt" 9%ac4! mai *cu"t Sir Peter! *i nuSir Black.

0> Daca $omnu% Pt" 9%ac4 $.in $uc *au %o"$ mm/"u a% =ou* o# Lo"$* += 'a*

"ai*$ to t( )"a&,! % $.in Lord Pt" 9%ac4! mai *cu"t Lord B!"#! *i nuLordPeter.8> Tit%u"i% #minin *unt Mr$. D!%e L!d&Ann 9%ac4 L!d&9%ac4 D!%eAnn>;> Num% am/a*a$o"i%o" +am/a**a$o"*, *i a% a%to" )"*ona ca" ocu)a #unctiiim)o"tant $ $mnitat )u/%ica +$i&nita"i*, *unt )"c$at #"c.nt $ tit%u% E'"ee("&.e.). Hi$ E'"ee("& t*e A%+!$$!dor o t*e U(ited St!te$ o A%eri"!> Fo"mu%a $a$"*a" o#icia%a *t Yo-r E'"ee("&> e.). I *oe Yo-r E'"ee("& *!d ! e!$!(t/o-r(e&.

B> Fo"mu%a $ a$"*a" in ca-u% c%ui mai )ut"nic om a% %umii! )"*$int% SUA +USP"*i$nt,! *t Mr. Pre$ide(t*au Sir.Fo"mu%% cu ca" $/uta-a *i cu ca" * inc(io *c"i*oa" a$"*ata )"*$int%ui *unt 0De!r1 Mr. Pre$ide(t2222.0Ver&1Re$e"t-& &o-r$,

> In ca-u% $-/at"i%o" $in Pa"%amntu% /"itanic! )a"%amnta"ii * a$"*a-a co%&i%o" %o"cu t*e Ho(o-r!+e. e.). I$ t*e Ho(o-r!+e %e%+er !3!re t*!t2..4 0Ono"a/i%u%mm/"u *ti caK1H> In ca-u% unui mm/"u a% ca/intu%ui +Ca/int 6ini*t",! num% "*)cti.u%ui $mnita"*t )"c$at $ Rt Ho( 0t*e Ri)*t Ho(o-r!+e 5 deode+it de o(or!+i-6 o(or!+i!1.e.). A%o() t*o$e re$e(t 3!$ t*e Rt Ho( 7o*( Bro3( MP.

> Fo"mu%a $ a$"*a" co"cta in ca-u% uni )"*on ca" a" #unctia $ C*!("eor ot*e E'"*e8-er *t C*!("eor. e. ). Ye$, C*!("eor, +-t do(9t &o- !)ree t*!t2240Da! $omnu% mini*t"u $ #inant! $a"n u c"$ti ca>K1.M> In 6a"a 9"itani *i in Stat% Unit #o"mu%a $ a$"*a" in ca-u% 5u$cato"i%o"+5u$&*,*t Yo-r Ho(o-r 0o(or!te do%(-e /-de"!tor6 o(or!t! i($t!(t!1 *au %&ord. e.). Do I *!e to !($3er t*e 8-e$tio(, Yo-r Ho(o-r4 T*!t i$ "orr"t, %& ord.

1?> In ca-u% c%"ici%o" +mm/"* o# t( c%"&y, #o"mu%a $ a$"*a" *t Reere(d0e(er!+i6 re$e"t!+i1. e. ). E'"-$e %e, Reere(d, "!( I *!e ! 3ord 3it* &o-4 Inca-u% in ca" *c"im a$"*a T*e Reere(d Geor)e Li% 0P!ri(te-i6 Preot--i6P!$tor--i Geor)e Li%1


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11> Num% mu"ito"i%o" $ "an$ +o"$ina"y mo"ta%*, *t )"c$at $ Mr, Mr$, Mi$$, M$;mi-< 0#o"ma nut"a%! ca" nu $nota #a)tu% ca )"*oana in cau-a *t ca*ato"ita *au nuaca*ta #o"ma c(i.a%a-a cu ma*cu%inu% Mr1.10> Daca o )"*oana a" un anumit &"a$ aca$mic! in %im/a "omana % * )a*t"a-ado%(- roe$or W*ite> In %im/a n&%-a &"a$u% $i$actic * )a*t"a-a! $a" * "nunta %a

#o"mu%% Mr, Mr$, Mi$$, M$. = e.)> Proe$$or W*ite. e.). We *!e /-$t *e!rd ro%Proe$$or W*ite6 Dr. W*ite t*!t2..18> Daca )"*oana "*)cti.a *t c(i"u"&! * .a *)un Mr W*ite. Fo"mu%a $ a$"*a"doctor* uti%i-a-a numai in ca-u% m$ici%o" e.).Goo)+&e, do"tor, !(d t*!(#$ er&%-"*.

7. IDIOMS AND COLOURFUL E>PRESSIONS

t( )"inc o# %ia"* "&% mincino*i%o" a #"in$ at cou"t )"itn cu )o-iti#uncti ina%ta

to *n$ to 4in&$om com a :)$ia ) %uma ca%a%ta4in&$om com *a .ina im)a"atia %ui Dumn-uto @un %o"$ it a 5uca "o%u% $ ma" *nio" to %i. %i4 a %o"$ a t"ai ca un )"int! ) )icio" ma"#it #o" a 4in& $mn $ un "&4in& 2 *i-+$, &i&antic! $ #o"mat ma"a* $"un4 a* a %o"$ com)%t /at! c"itaon t( in&* un* (i&('ay ) $"umu% )u/%icin t( y* o# t( %a' in oc(ii %&iiI a""*t you in t( nam o# t( %a' t a"*t- in num% %&iit( %a' o# t( 5un&% %&a 5un&%i

a ca*t 2 i"on ca* un $o*a" /tont( $.i%* a$.ocat a.ocatu% $ia.o%u%uito ta4 t( %a' into on* (an$* a3*i #ac *in&u" $")tatto $o on*%# 5u*tic a * a"ata %a 5u*ta *a .a%oa"to $o 5u*tic to *omt(in& a a.anta5a! a )un in .a%oa"! >&> T(i* )(oto $o*nt

$o you 5u*tic 7 Aca*ta #oto&"a#i nu ta.anta5a-a>

to $o 5u*tic to a ma% a ono"a ma*a cui.ato *i&n on* $at( 2 'a""ant a3*i *mna con$amna"a

B. PRACTICE

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I. Gie t*e e8-i!e(t$ o t*e oo3i()$:

1> a )"*ta acti.itati in #o%o*u% comunitatii0> comunitata $ cu%oa"8> Uniuna Eu"o)ana

;> Comunitata Stat%o" In$)n$nt +CSI,B> #o*tu% Im)"iu 9"itanic> "o%u% #mii in *ocitatH> *ocitat $ )"otcti a anima%%o"> ta"i% Eu"o)i $ *tM> o ta"a a tutu"o" )o*i/i%itati%o"1?> $%&ati $in B? $ ta"i11> "i.a%itata $int" /i*"ica *i *tat10> *tat% ca" #o"ma-a o natiun18> o -ona "-i$ntia%a #"umoa*a1;> un "a-/oi "&iona%

1B> -ona cu tat" $in N' Qo"41> c% mai ma" o"a* $in %um1H> *tatu% N' Qo"41> o"a*u% To"onto1M> o $moc"ati )a"%amnta"a0?> #o"ma $ &u."namant )"-i$ntia%a01> F$"atia Ru*a08> R)u/%ica F$"a%a G"mania0;> &"u)a"i no#a*ci*t0B> *# %i$" $ )a"ti$0> )a"ti$u% $ &u."namant

0H> a "*)cta %inia )a"ti$u%ui0> )o%itica :t"na a 6a"ii 9"itanii in anii 8?>0M> un )o%itician ma"cant a% Pa"ti$u%ui La/u"i*t8?> un )a"ti$ )o%itic81> im)o"tant $in )unct $ .$" )o%itic80> )a"ti$u% ca" * a#%a acum %a )ut"88> $aca i .in %a )ut"8;> o coa%iti $ cnt"u3*tan&a8B> "a$ica%i :t"mi*ti $ $"a)ta8> )a"ti$ $ *tan&a8H> i$i $ :t"ma $"a)ta8> un con*".ato" mo$"at8M> )o%itica mo$"ata;?> )a"ti$ "a$ica%;1> *c(im/a"i "a$ica%;0> "a$ica%ii *i mo$"atii;8> Uniuna C"*tin3Dmoc"ata;;> o mi*ca" *ocia%i*ta;B> can$ Socia%i*tii "au %a )ut"

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;> )a"ti$u% comuni*t;H> a con*o%i$a /a-a tm%ia )a"ti$u%ui;> a can$i$a ca in$)n$nt;M> o *ituati /una %a a%&"iB?> *)a"atia )ut"i%o"

B1> Cam"a Lo"-i%o"B0> Cam"a Comun%o"B8> Cam"a R)"-ntanti%o"B;> con$ucato"u% %i$"u% o)o-itiiBB> )"oc* 2 ."/a% a% u%timi *$intB> amn$amnt %a Con*titutia Stat%o" UnitBH> %&i% Stat%o" UnitB> a citi a $oua oa"a un )"oict $ %&BM> L&a Im)ot"i.a Po%ua"ii A"u%ui! $in 1MH??> L&a Imi&"atii! $in 1MM?1> a c(i%i/"a /u&tu%

0> a $i-o%.a Pa"%amntu% *i a c" o"&ani-a"a $ a%&"i8> u"matoa"% a%&"i &n"a%

II. Gie t*e e8-i!e(t$ o t*e oo3i()$:

1> t( #$"a% &o."nmnt0> to #o"m a &o."nmnt8> un$" t( C%inton a$mini*t"ation;> C(anc%%o" o(%* &o."nmntB> ca/int "*(u##%> ca/int mtin&

H> t( *(a$o' ca/int> t( )"*i$nt* t"m o# o##icM> t( )"im mini*t" o# 9a.a"ia1?> t( G"man #o"i&n mini*t"11> t( En.i"onmnta% P"otction A&ncy +AE,10 t( Cnt"a% Int%%i&nc A&ncy 7 CIA18> F$"a% 9u"au o# In.*ti&ation 7 F9I1;> t( Commi**ion on Ci.i% Ri&(t*1B> con*cintiou* o/5cto"1> t( ci.i% "i&(t* mo.mnt1H> ci.i% $i*o/$inc1> t( )"*cution o# $i**i$nt*1M> act* o# )o%itica% .io%nc0?> ca%% a &n"a% *t"i401> act* o# *a/ota&00> 5oin t( un$"&"oun$ mo.mnt08> &o un$"&"oun$0;> a con*)i"acy )%ot to o."t("o' t( &o."nmnt0B> to "i* in "/%%ion a&ain*t

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0> *u))"** a "/%%ion0H> t""o"i*t attac4* a&ain*t US citi-n*0> to #i&(t a &u""i%%a 'a"0M> ".o%utiona"y acti.iti*8?> ".o%utiona"y %a$"*

81> t( "in&%a$"* o# t( con*)i"acy80> an out 2 o# 2 cou"t *tt%mnt88> to ta4 %&a% )"oc$in&* a&ain*t>>8;> to #i% /"in& a *uit a&ain*t *omon8B> t( c(a"& i* mu"$"8> to "%a* 'it(out c(a"&8H> t( $/at o." ca)ita% )uni*(mnt

II. Gie t*e Briti$* !(d A%eri"!( e8-i!e(t$ o t*e oo3i()$ 3*e(eer it i$(e"e$$!r&:

1> cnt"u% o"a*u%ui0> a can$i$a8> Pa"ti$u% Con*".ato" Con*".ato"ii;> Pa"ti$u% La/u"i*tB> %i/"a% 2$moc"atii> Pa"ti$u% Dmoc"at Dmoc"atiiH> Pa"ti$u% R)u/%ican R)u/%icanii> %i$"u% ma5o"itatii $in SnatM> )u"tato" $ cu.ant a% Cam"i R)"-ntanti%o"

1?> 6ini*t"u% $ Int"n11> 6ini*t"u% $ E:t"n10> )"ocu"o"

III. Tr!($!te i(to E()i$*:

1> Onta"io *t )"o.incia ca mai )o)u%ata a Cana$i>0> An&%ia *t im)a"tita in comitat>8> =am/u"& *t atat o"a*! cat *i *tat>;> 6"&i main in o"a* KB> 6an(attan *i 9"oo4%yn *unt ca"ti" a% o"a*u%ui N' Qo"4>> Locuim int"3un ca"ti" #"umo*>H> R*tau"ant% $in cnt"u *unt #oa"t a&%om"at %a aca*ta o"a>> Ei %ocui*c *micnt"a%! in 6an(attan>M> SUA a" o #o"ma $ &u."namant )"*i$ntia%a>1?> Cin &u."na-a K11> G"mania a #o*t *u/ na-i*ti>10> Po%itica *t a"ta )o*i/i%u%ui>18> So"a %ui a int"at in )o%itica>

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1;> C% $oua ta"i a$o)ta o )o%itica comuna>1B> Con.ntia $ci$ in %&atu"a cu )%at#o"ma )a"ti$u%ui>1> Con#o"m *on$a5%o"! can$i$atii * *itua-a ) )o-itii *imi%a">1H> In 6a"a 9"itani! Pa"%amntu% cu)"in$ Cam"a Comun%o" *i Cam"a Lo"-i%o">1> Con&"*u% SUA cu)"in$ Cam"a R)"-ntanti%o" *i Snatu%>

1M> Daca moa" un )a"%amnta"! au %oc a%&"i )a"tia%>0?> Comittu% *t acum in *$inta>01> 6m/"ii Snatu%ui $-/at )"oictu% $ %&>00> Snato"ii $in SUA inca"ca uno"i *a /%oc(- anumit %&i! tinan$ $i*cu"*u"iint"mina/i%>08> P"*$int% )oat #ac u- $ $")tu% $ .to )nt"u a3*i :)"ima $-aco"$u% in%&atu"a cu un )"oict $ %&>0;> T"atat% t"/ui "ati#icat $ cat" Snat>0B> La/u"i*tii au o/tinut 8B? $ man$at>0> Aca*ta $oamna *t mm/"a a mai mu%to" comitt>0H> Putin a %i)*it ca % *a ca*ti&> A )i"$ut cu $oa" cat.a .otu"i>

0> Go" a #o*t a%* $ Snat in 1M;>0M> Sa .otam in %&atu"a cu a*ta8?> Voi .ota )nt"u La/u"i*ti>81> Noi am .otat )nt"u "#o"ma>80> A%&"i% )"in co"*)on$nta % $au )o*i/i%itata a%&ato"i%o" $ a .ota #a"a a *)"-nta %a u"n>88> Ca" *t )o-itia a$o)tata $ cat" can$i$at in %&atu"a cu int"")"a *a"cinii K8;> E% a can$i$at in #unctia $ *nato" in 1MH>8B> 6m/"ii Cam"i R)"-ntanti%o" *unt a%*i ) o )"ioa$a $ $oi ani>

IV. Tr!($!te i(to Ro%!(i!(:

1> T( ca/int T( &o."nmnt T( )a"ty !re$i.i$$ on t( i**u>0> So #a"! t( committ *!e/n una/% to "ac( a $ci*ion>8> T( )"*i$nt o# t( US i* +ot*(a$ o# *tat !(d(a$ o# &o."nmnt>;> = /cam a mm/" o# t( ca/int>B> = too4 o##ic on 6ay >> = 'a* a))oint$ *c"ta"y o# *tatH> T( )"im mini*t" (a* *t))$ $o'n>> 1?> Ni:on 'a* *ucc$$ /y G"a%$ Fo"$>11> T( /oa"$ (a* 18 "&iona% o##ic*>10> 1;> T(y *a/ota&$ t( n&otiation*>1B> T(y '" accu*$ o# )%ottin& t( *tat>1> T( in*u""ction 'a* )ut $o'n>1H> T( )a*ant* "o* in ".o%t a&ain*t t( %an$o'n"*>1> T( )"*i$nt 'a* ou*t$ in a /%oo$%** cou)>

18


14/26

1M> nn$y 'a* a**a**inat$>0?> T(at* '(at ( to%$ t( cou"t>01> S( t("atn$ to ta4 (im to cou"t>00> S(* on t"ia% #o" )"5u"y>08> = %o*t t( *uit>

0;> T(y *u$ u* #o" $ama&*>0B> T( 5u"y #oun$ in (" #a.ou">0> = *ca)$ )"o*cution>0H> It* an o##nc to $"i. a ca" 'it(out a %icnc>0> Vio%nt c"im (a* "i*n /y B )" cnt>8?> Qou" a**um$ to / innocnt unti% )"o.$ &ui%ty>81> = #ac* t( $at( )na%ty>80> S( 'a* #in$ B?>88> =* *ti%% on "man$ 2 ( (a*nt /n con.ict$ yt>8;> T( $#n$ant 'a* "%a*$ on /ai%>8B> = 'a* *ntnc$ to *i: ya"* in )"i*on>

8> = 'a* 5ai%$ /ut #"$ #o" %ac4 o# .i$nc>8H> = a))a%$ to t( Su)"m Cou"t>8> T( ca* (a* /n a))a%$>8M> T( )o%ic a" %oo4in& #o" a "$ Fo"$>;?> Im a )o%ic o##ic">;1> ;8> S( 'a* $tain$ #o" @u*tionin&>;;> On a*y%um *ai%m *4" $i$ in $tntion>

V. Gie t*e dei(itio($ o t*e oo3i()$:

a/*o%uti*mtota%ita"iani*m

mona"c(yt(oc"acya"i*toc"acy$ictato"*(i)$moc"acy)o%itic*)o%icy.to"#"n$umamn$mnt)a"%iamnt&o."nmntmini*t"y/oycott*a/ota&*t"i4

1;


15/26

&u""i%%a

V. E$$!&$:

1> R.o%utiona"y mo.mnt* att"act t( /*t an$ t( 'o"*t %mnt* in a &i.n

*ocity> +Go"& 9"na"$ S(a'3 1B 3 1MB?,0> Qou can ta%4 a/out ca)ita%i*m an$ communi*m an$ a%% t(at *o"t o# t(in&! /ut t(im)o"tant t(in& i* t( *t"u&&% ."y/o$y i* n&a&$ in to &t /tt" %i.in& con$ition*!an$ t(y a" not int"*t$ too muc( in #o"m* o# &o."nmnt> +9"na"$ 9a"uc(! 1H?3 1MB,8> Dmoc"acy i* &oo$> I *ay t(i* /cau* ot(" *y*tm* a" 'o"*> +Ja'a(a"%a% N("u!1M 3 1M;,;> No man i* &oo$ nou&( to &o."n anot(" man 'it(out t(at ot("* con*nt>+A/"a(am Linco%n! 1?M 3 1B,B> Em)"o"*! 4in&*! a"ti*an*! )a*ant*! /i& )o)%! %itt% )o)% 2 at t( /ottom ' a"a%% a%i4 an$ a%% t( *am a%% 5u*t a%i4 on t( in*i$! an$ '(n ou" c%ot(* a" o##!

no/o$y can t%% '(ic( o# u* i* '(ic(> +6a"4 T'ain! 18B 3 1M1?,> In t( count"y o# t( /%in$! t( on3y$ man i* 4in& 7 In ta"a o"/u%ui! c(io"u% im)a"at>

1B


16/26

VI. S-e%e(t!r& re!di():

Political System in the UK

Mo(!r"*&

T( (a$ o# *tat an$ t(o"tica% *ou"c o# :cuti.! 5u$icia% an$ %&i*%ati.)o'" in t( U i* t( 9"iti*( mona"c(! cu""nt%y un E%i-a/t( II> =o'."!*o."i&nty in t( U no %on&" "*t* 'it( t( mona"c(! *inc t( En&%i*( 9i%% o# Ri&(t*in 1M! '(ic( *ta/%i*($ t( )"inci)% o# Pa"%iamnta"y So."i&nity> D*)it t(i* t(

6ona"c( "main* =a$ o# Stat! a4in to a P"*i$nt in Eu"o)an +/ut not Am"ican,)o%itica% t"a$ition>

O"i&ina%%y t( mona"c( )o****$ t( "i&(t to c(oo* any 9"iti*( citi-n to / ("P"im 6ini*t" an$ cou%$ ca%% an$ $i**o%. Pa"%iamnt '(n." ( o" *( 'i*($>=o'."! in acco"$anc 'it( t( cu""nt un'"ittn con*titution! t( P"im 6ini*t" i*t( %a$" o# t( %a"&*t )a"ty in t( =ou* o# Common* an$ Pa"%iamnt i* $i**o%.$ att( tim *u&&*t$ /y (im o" ("> T( mona"c( "tain* t( a/i%ity to $ny &i.in& a /i%%Roya% A**nt! a%t(ou&( in mo$"n tim* t(i* /com* inc"a*in&%y mo" un%i4%y! a* it'ou%$ cau* a con*titutiona% c"i*i*> un Ann 'a* t( %a*t mona"c( to :"ci* t(i*)o'"! '(ic( *( $i$ on 11 6a"c( 1H? 'it( "&a"$ to a /i%% #o" t( *tt%in& o# 6i%itia inScot%an$> Ot(" "oya% )o'"* ca%%$ "oya% )""o&ati.! *uc( a* )at"ona& to a))oint

mini*t"* an$ t( a/i%ity to $c%a" 'a"! a" :"ci*$ /y t( P"im 6ini*t" an$ t(Ca/int! 'it( t( #o"ma% con*nt o# t( un>

un E%i-a/t( II> To$ay t( So."i&n (a* an **ntia%%y c"monia% "o%"*t"ict$ in :"ci* o# )o'" /y con.ntion an$ )u/%ic o)inion> =o'." t( mona"c($o* continu to :"ci* t(" **ntia% "i&(t* t( "i&(t to / con*u%t$! t( "i&(t toa$.i* an$ t( "i&(t to 'a"n 1> P"im mini*t"* (a. '4%y con#i$ntia% mtin&* 'it(t( mona"c(>

In #o"ma% t"m*! t( C"o'n in Pa"%iamnt i* *o."i&n .n t(ou&( in )"actica%t"m* t( )o%itica% (a$ o# t( U i* t( P"im 6ini*t" +Tony 9%ai" *inc 0n$ 6ay!1MMH,> =o'."! t( "a% )o'"* o# )o*ition o# t( 6ona"c( in t( 9"iti*( Con*titution*(ou%$ not / $o'n)%ay$> T( mona"c( $o* in$$ "tain *om )o'"! /ut it (a* to /

u*$ 'it( $i*c"tion> S( #u%#i%* t( nc**a"y con*titutiona% "o% a* (a$ o# *tat! an$'it( t( a/*nc o# a $i*tinct *)a"ation o# )o'"* in t( Am"ican mo$% an$ a *t"on&*con$ c(am/"! act* a* a #ina% c(c4 on :cuti. )o'"> I# a tim cam to )a**! #o"in*tanc! '(n a %a' t("atn$ t( #"$om o" *cu"ity o# (" *u/5ct*! t( un cou%$$c%in "oya% a**nt! #" a* *( i* #"om t( $$i* o# )a"ty )o%itic*> Fu"t("mo"! a"m$"mo.a% o# Pa"%iamnt o" Go."nmnt 'ou%$ / $i##icu%t! a* t( 6ona"c( "main*comman$"3in3c(i# o# t( a"m$ #o"c*! '(o *'a" an oat( o# a%%&ianc to (">

1


17/26

E'e"-tie

Tony 9%ai"! cu""nt 9"iti*( )"im mini*t" an$ %a$" o# t( 9"iti*( La/ou"Pa"ty>T( Go."nmnt )"#o"m* t( E:cuti. #unction* o# t( Unit$ in&$om> T(mona"c( a))oint* a P"im 6ini*t"! &ui$$ /y t( *t"ict con.ntion t(at t( P"im6ini*t" *(ou%$ / t( mm/" o# t( =ou* o# Common* mo*t %i4%y to / a/% to #o"m

a Go."nmnt 'it( t( *u))o"t o# t( =ou*> T( P"im 6ini*t" t(n *%ct* t( ot("6ini*t"* '(ic( ma4 u) t( Go."nmnt an$ act a* )o%itica% (a$* o# t( .a"iou*Go."nmnt D)a"tmnt*> A/out t'nty o# t( mo*t *nio" &o."nmnt mini*t"* ma4u) t( Ca/int>

A* in ot(" )a"%iamnta"y *y*tm* o# &o."nmnt! t( :cuti. +ca%%$ t(&o."nmnt, i* $"a'n #"om an$ i* an*'"a/% to Pa"%iamnt 3 a *ucc**#u% .ot o# nocon#i$nc 'i%% #o"c t( &o."nmnt it(" to "*i&n o" to *4 a )a"%iamnta"y$i**o%ution an$ a &n"a% %ction*> In )"actic mm/"* o# )a"%iamnt o# a%% ma5o" )a"ti*a" *t"ict%y cont"o%%$ /y '(i)* '(o t"y to n*u" t(y .ot acco"$in& to )a"ty )o%icy> I#t( &o."nmnt (a* a %a"& ma5o"ity! t(n t(y a" ."y un%i4%y to %o* nou&( .ot* to/ una/% to )a** %&i*%ation>

In No.m/" 0??B! t( 9%ai" &o."nmnt *u##"$ it* #i"*t $#at! on a )"o)o*a% to:tn$ t( )"io$ #o" $tainin& t""o"i*t *u*)ct* to M? $ay*> 9#o" t(i*! t( %a*t /i%%)"o)o*$ /y a &o."nmnt t(at 'a* $#at$ in t( =ou* o# Common* 'a* t( S(o)=ou"* 9i%% in 1M! on o# on%y t(" in t( 0?t( cntu"y> Go."nmnt* 'it( a *ma%%ma5o"ity! o" coa%ition &o."nmnt* a" muc( mo" .u%n"a/% to $#at> T(y *omtim*(a. to "*o"t to :t"m ma*u"*! *uc( a* '(%in& in *ic4 6P*! to &t t( nc**a"yma5o"ity> 6a"&a"t T(atc(" in 1M8 an$ Tony 9%ai" in 1MMH '" *')t into )o'" 'it(*uc( %a"& ma5o"iti* t(at .n a%%o'in& #o" $i**nt 'it(in t(i" )a"ti*! t(y '" a**u"$o# 'innin& )"actica%%y a%% )a"%iamnta"y .ot*! an$ t(u* '" a/% to im)%mnt "a$ica%)"o&"amm* o# %&i*%ati. "#o"m an$ inno.ation> 9ut ot(" P"im 6ini*t"*! *uc( a*Jo(n 6a5o" in 1MM0 '(o n5oy on%y *%n$" ma5o"iti* can a*i%y %o* .ot* i# "%ati.%y

*ma%% num/"* o# t(i" /ac4/nc( 6P* "5ct t( '(i) an$ .ot a&ain*t t( Go."nmnt*)"o)o*a%*> A* *uc(! Go."nmnt* 'it( *ma%% ma5o"iti* #in$ it :t"m%y $i##icu%t toim)%mnt cont"o."*ia% %&i*%ation an$ tn$ to /com /o&&$ $o'n cuttin& $a%* 'it(#action* 'it(in t(i" )a"ty o" *4in& a**i*tanc #"om ot(" )o%itica% )a"ti*>

Goer(%e(t de!rt%e(t$

A"m* o# t( 9"iti*( Go."nmnt +a .a"iation o# t( Roya% A"m*,> T(Go."nmnt o# t( Unit$ in&$om contain* a num/" o# mini*t"i* 4no'n main%y!t(ou&( not :c%u*i.%y a* $)a"tmnt* i> 6ini*t"y o# D#nc> T(* a" )o%itica%%y %$/y a Go."nmnt 6ini*t" '(o o#tn a Sc"ta"y o# Stat an$ mm/" o# t( Ca/int> =o" *( may a%*o / *u))o"t$ /y a num/" o# 5unio" 6ini*t"*>

Im)%mntation o# t( 6ini*t"* $ci*ion* i* ca""i$ out /y a )"mannt)o%itica%%y nut"a% o"&ani-ation 4no'n a* t( ci.i% *".ic> It* con*titutiona% "o% i* to*u))o"t t( Go."nmnt o# t( $ay "&a"$%** o# '(ic( )o%itica% )a"ty i* in )o'"> Un%i4*om ot(" $moc"aci*! *nio" ci.i% *".ant* "main in )o*t u)on a c(an& o#Go."nmnt> A$mini*t"ati. mana&mnt o# t( D)a"tmnt i* %$ /y a (a$ ci.i%*".ant 4no'n in mo*t D)a"tmnt* a* a P"mannt Sc"ta"y> T( ma5o"ity o# t( ci.i%*".ic *ta## in #act 'o"4 in :cuti. a&nci*! '(ic( a" *)a"at o)"ationa%o"&ani*ation* ")o"tin& to D)a"tmnt* o# Stat>

1H


18/26

T(i* i* /cau* mo*t Go."nmnt D)a"tmnt* (a. (a$@ua"t"* in an$ a"oun$ t(#o"m" Roya% Pa%ac o#

Le)i$!tie

Pa"%iamnt i* t( cnt" o# t( )o%itica% *y*tm in t( Unit$ in&$om> It i* t(*u)"m %&i*%ati. /o$y +i>> t(" i* )a"%iamnta"y *o."i&nty,! an$ Go."nmnt i*$"a'n #"om an$ an*'"a/% to it> Pa"%iamnt i* /icam"a%! con*i*tin& o# t( =ou* o#Common* an$ t( =ou* o# Lo"$*>

Ho-$e o Co%%o($

T( U i* $i.i$$ into )a"%iamnta"y con*titunci* o# /"oa$%y @ua% )o)u%ation+$ci$$ /y t( 9oun$a"y Commi**ion,! ac( o# '(ic( %ct* a 6m/" o# Pa"%iamnt+6P, to t( =ou* o# Common*> O# t( ; 6P* t(" i* cu""nt%y on%y on '(o $o*not /%on& to a )o%itica% )a"ty> In mo$"n tim*! a%% P"im 6ini*t"* an$ La$"* o# t(O))o*ition (a. /n $"a'n #"om t( Common*! not t( Lo"$*> A%c Dou&%a*3=om

"*i&n$ #"om (i* )"a&* $ay* a#t" /comin& P"im 6ini*t" in 1M8! an$ t( %a*tP"im 6ini*t" /#o" (im #"om t( Lo"$* %#t in 1M?0 +t( 6a"@u** o# Sa%i*/u"y,>On )a"ty u*ua%%y (a* a ma5o"ity in Pa"%iamnt! /cau* o# t( u* o# t( Fi"*t Pa*t

t( Po*t %cto"a% *y*tm! '(ic( (a* /n con$uci. in c"atin& t( cu""nt t'o )a"ty*y*tm> T( mona"c( no"ma%%y a*4* a )"*on commi**ion$ to #o"m a &o."nmnt *im)%y'(t(" it can *u".i. in t( =ou* o# Common*! *omt(in& '(ic( ma5o"ity&o."nmnt* a" :)ct$ to / a/% to $o> In :c)tiona% ci"cum*tanc* t( mona"c(a*4* *omon to #o"m a &o."nmnt 'it( a )a"%iamnta"y mino"ity 0 '(ic( in t(.nt o# no )a"ty (a.in& a ma5o"ity "@ui"* t( #o"mation o# a coa%ition &o."nmnt>T(i* o)tion i* on%y ." ta4n at a tim o# nationa% m"&ncy! *uc( a* 'a"3tim> It 'a*&i.n in 1M1 to An$"' 9ona" La'! an$ '(n ( $c%in$! to Da.i$ L%oy$ Go"&> It i*

'o"t( notin& t(at a &o."nmnt i* not #o"m$ /y a .ot o# t( =ou* o# Common*!m"%y a commi**ion #"om t( mona"c(> T( =ou* o# Common* &t* it* #i"*t c(anc toin$icat con#i$nc in t( n' &o."nmnt '(n it .ot* on t( S)c( #"om t( T("on+t( %&i*%ati. )"o&"amm )"o)o*$ /y t( n' &o."nmnt,>

Ho-$e o Lord$

T( =ou* o# Lo"$* 'a* )".iou*%y a ("$ita"y! a"i*toc"atic c(am/"> 6a5o""#o"m (a* /n )a"tia%%y com)%t$ an$ it i* cu""nt%y a mi:tu" o# ("$ita"y mm/"*!/i*(o)* o# t( C(u"c( o# En&%an$ 4no'n a* Lo"$* S)i"itua% an$ a))oint$ mm/"* +%i#)"*! 'it( no ("$ita"y "i&(t #o" t(i" $*cn$ant* to *it in t( =ou*,> It cu""nt%y act*to ".i' %&i*%ation #o"m$ /y t( =ou* o# Common*! 'it( t( )o'" to )"o)o*amn$mnt*! an$ :"ci** a *u*)n*i. .to> T(i* a%%o'* it to $%ay %&i*%ation it $o*not a))"o. o# #o" t'%. mont(*> =o'."! t( u* o# .to* i* %imit$ /y con.ntionan$ t( o)"ation o# t( Pa"%iamnt Act* t( Lo"$* may not .to t( mony /i%%* o"ma5o" mani#*to )"omi** +* Sa%i*/u"y con.ntion,> P"*i*tnt u* o# t( .to can a%*o/ o."tu"n$ /y t( Pa"%iamnt Act /y t( Common*> O#tn &o."nmnt* 'i%% acc)tc(an&* in %&i*%ation in o"$" to a.oi$ /ot( t( tim $%ay! an$ t( n&ati. )u/%icity o#/in& *n to c%a*( 'it( t( Lo"$*>

1


19/26

T( =ou* o# Lo"$* i* cu""nt%y a%*o t( #ina% cou"t o# a))a% 'it(in t( Unit$in&$om! a%t(ou&( in )"actic on%y a *ma%% *u/*t o# t( =ou* o# Lo"$*! 4no'n a* t(La' Lo"$*! (a"* 5u$icia% ca**> =o'."! t( Con*titutiona% R#o"m Act 0??B out%in*)%an* #o" a Su)"m Cou"t o# t( Unit$ in&$om to ")%ac t( "o% o# t( La' Lo"$*>

7-di"i!r&T( Lo"$ C(anc%%o" 'a* t( (a$ o# t( 5u$icia"y in En&%an$ an$ =a))oint* 5u$&* an$ ma&i*t"at* #o" c"imina% cou"t* on /(a%# o# t( So."i&n> T( Lo"$C(anc%%o" #a%%* into a%% t( t(" a"m* o# *tat! ta4in& "o%* in t( :cuti.! %&i*%ati.an$ 5u$icia"y! '(ic( i* a )cu%ia"ity amon&*t many %i/"a% $moc"aci* in t( 'o"%$to$ay> =o'."! t( Con*titutiona% R#o"m Act 0??B "mo.* muc( o# t( )o'" in t(i*%a*t "o% an$ &i.* it to ot("* in t( 9"iti*( &o."nmnt! main%y t( n'%y c"at$ )o*t o#Sc"ta"y o# Stat #o" Con*titutiona% A##ai"*>

1M


20/26

Political System in the USAT( Unit$ Stat* i* a #$"a% union o# B? *tat*! 'it( t( Di*t"ict o# Co%um/ia a*

t( *at o# t( #$"a% &o."nmnt> T( Con*titution out%in* t( *t"uctu" o# t( nationa%&o."nmnt an$ *)ci#i* it* )o'"* an$ acti.iti*! an$ $#in* t( "%ation*(i) /t'nt( nationa% &o."nmnt an$ in$i.i$ua% *tat &o."nmnt*> Po'" i* *(a"$ /t'n t(nationa% an$ *tat +%oca%, &o."nmnt*>

Go."nmnta% )o'" an$ #unction* in t( Unit$ Stat* "*t in t(" /"anc(* o#&o."nmnt t( %&i*%ati.! 5u$icia%! an$ :cuti.> A"tic% 1 o# t( Con*titution $#in*t( %&i*%ati. /"anc( an$ .*t* )o'" to %&i*%at in t( Con&"** o# t( Unit$ Stat*>

T( :cuti. )o'"* o# t( P"*i$nt a" $#in$ in A"tic% 0> A"tic% 8 )%ac* 5u$icia%)o'" in t( (an$* o# on Su)"m Cou"t an$ in#"io" cou"t* a* Con&"** ** nc**a"yto *ta/%i*(> In t(i* *y*tm o# a *)a"ation o# )o'"* ac( /"anc( o)"at*in$)n$nt%y o# t( ot("*! (o'."! t(" a" /ui%t in c(c4* an$ /a%anc* to )".nta concnt"ation o# )o'" in any on /"anc( an$ to )"otct t( "i&(t* an$ %i/"ti* o#citi-n*> Fo" :am)%! t( P"*i$nt can .to /i%%* a))"o.$ /y Con&"** an$ t(P"*i$nt nominat* in$i.i$ua%* to *". in t( F$"a% 5u$icia"y t( Su)"m Cou"t can$c%a" a %a' nact$ /y Con&"** o" an action /y t( P"*i$nt uncon*titutiona% an$Con&"** can im)ac( t( P"*i$nt an$ F$"a% cou"t 5u*tic* an$ 5u$&*>

T( Am"ican Con*titution i* t( o%$*t '"ittn con*titution in #o"c in t( 'o"%$>T( aut(o"* o# t( Con*titution /ui%t in a )"o.i*ion #o" amn$in& t( $ocumnt '(n

)o%itica%! *ocia% o" conomic con$ition* $man$$ it> T'nty3*.n amn$mnt* (a./n )a**$ *inc "ati#ication> T( #i"*t 1? amn$mnt* to t( Con*titution! ca%%$ t(9i%% o# Ri&(t*! a**u" in$i.i$ua% "i&(t* an$ #"$om*>

T( Con*titution $i.i$* t( )o'"* o# t( &o."nmnt into t(" /"anc(* 3 t(E:cuti.! (a$$ /y t( P"*i$nt t( L&i*%ati.! '(ic( inc%u$* /ot( (ou** o#Con&"** +t( Snat an$ t( =ou* o# R)"*ntati.*, an$ t( Ju$icia%! '(ic( i*(a$$ /y t( Su)"m Cou"t> T( Con*titution %imit* t( "o% o# ac( /"anc(! t("ou&( a*y*tm o# c(c4* an$ /a%anc*! to )".nt any on /"anc( #"om &ainin& un$u )o'">

T( c(i# :cuti. o# t( Unit$ Stat* i* t( )"*i$nt! '(o to&t(" 'it( t(.ic3)"*i$nt i* %ct$ to a #ou" ya" t"m> A* a "*u%t o# a 1MB1 con*titutiona%amn$mnt! a )"*i$nt may / %ct$ to on%y t'o t"m*> T( )"*i$nt* )o'"* a"

#o"mi$a/% /ut not un%imit$> A* t( c(i# #o"mu%ato" o# nationa% )o%icy! t( )"*i$nt)"o)o** %&i*%ation to Con&"** an$ may .to any /i%% )a**$ /y Con&"**> T()"*i$nt i* comman$"3in3c(i# o# t( a"m$ #o"c*>

T( :cuti. /"anc( o# t( Go."nmnt i* "*)on*i/% #o" n#o"cin& t( %a'* o#t( %an$> T( Vic P"*i$nt! $)a"tmnt (a$* +Ca/int mm/"*,! an$ (a$* o#in$)n$nt a&nci* a**i*t in t(i* ca)acity> Un%i4 t( )o'"* o# t( P"*i$nt! t(i""*)on*i/i%iti* a" not $#in$ in t( Con*titution /ut ac( (a* *)cia% )o'"* an$#unction*>

0?


21/26

A* t( ;;t( P"*i$nt o# t( Unit$ Stat*! 9a"ac4 O/ama )"*i$* o." t(:cuti. /"anc(! '(ic( inc%u$* 1B :cuti. $)a"tmnt*! t( E:cuti. O##ic o# t(P"*i$nt an$ num"ou* ot(" in$)n$nt a&nci*> T( $ay3to3$ay n#o"cmnt an$a$mini*t"ation o# #$"a% %a' i* in t( (an$* o# t( .a"iou* :cuti. $)a"tmnt*! c"at$/y Con&"** to $a% 'it( *)ci#ic a"a* o# nationa% an$ int"nationa% a##ai"*> T( (a$* o#

t( $)a"tmnt*! c(o*n /y t( P"*i$nt an$ a))"o.$ /y t( Snat! #o"m a counci% o#a$.i*"* 4no'n a* t( P"*i$nt* Ca/int>T( %&i*%ati. /"anc( 3 t( Con&"** 3 i* ma$ u) o# %ct$ ")"*ntati.* #"om

ac( o# t( B? *tat*> T( Con*titution *t* u) a /i3cam"a% /o$y 4no'n a* t( U>S>Con&"** to "ai* an$ to *)n$ nationa% ".nu an$ to $"a#t %a'*> It i* common%y *ai$t(at Con&"** in#%unc* Am"ican )o%icy /y :"ci*in& t( )o'" o# t( )u"* *t"in&*>It i* t( on%y /"anc( o# U>S> &o."nmnt t(at can ma4 #$"a% %a'*! $c%a" 'a" an$ )ut#o"i&n t"ati* into ##ct>

6m/"* o# t( =ou* o# R)"*ntati.* a" %ct$ to t'o ya" t"m*> Eac(mm/" ")"*nt* a $i*t"ict in (i* o" (" (om *tat> T( num/" o# $i*t"ict* i*$t"min$ /y t( cn*u*! '(ic( i* con$uct$ ."y 1? ya"*> Snato"* a" %ct$ to *i:

ya" t"m*! *ta&&"$ *o t(at on t(i"$ o# t( Snat *tan$* #o" %ction ."y t'o ya"*>T( Con*titution )"o.i$* t(at t( .ic3)"*i$nt *(a%% / P"*i$nt o# t( Snat> = o"*( (a* no .ot! :c)t in t( ca* o# a ti> T( cu""nt Vic P"*i$nt i* Jo*)( R> 9i$n!J">

T( Snat c(oo** a )"*i$ntpro temporeto )"*i$ '(n t( .ic3)"*i$nt i*a/*nt> T( =ou* o# R)"*ntati.* c(oo** it* o'n )"*i$in& o##ic" 33 t( *)a4" o#t( =ou*> T( *)a4" +Nancy P%o*i! D3CA, an$ t( )"*i$nt pro tempore +Snato"Ro/"t C> 9y"$! D3

To /com a %a'! a /i%% mu*t )a** /ot( t( =ou* an$ t( Snat> A#t" t( /i%% i*int"o$uc$ in it(" /o$y! it i* *tu$i$ /y on o" mo" committ*! amn$$! .ot$ out o#

committ! an$ $i*cu**$ in t( c(am/" o# t( =ou* o" Snat> I# )a**$ /y on /o$y!it &o* to t( ot(" #o" con*i$"ation> Onc /ot( /o$i* (a. )a**$ t( *am ."*ion o#a /i%%! it &o* to t( )"*i$nt #o" a))"o.a%>

Cu""nt%y! in t( =ou* o# R)"*ntati.*! t(" a" 0? Dmoc"at* +inc%u$ini. D%&at* an$ t( R*i$nt Commi**ion", an$ 1H R)u/%ican*> T( Snat (a* BDmoc"at* t'o In$)n$nt*! '(o caucu* 'it( t( Dmoc"at* an$ ;1 R)u/%ican*>T(" a" t(" =ou* .acanci* an$ on Snat .acancy>

T( 5u$icia% /"anc( i* (a$$ /y t( U>S> Su)"m Cou"t! '(ic( i* t( on%y cou"t*)ci#ica%%y c"at$ /y t( Con*titution> In a$$ition! Con&"** (a* *ta/%i*($ 18 #$"a%cou"t* o# a))a%* an$ MB #$"a% $i*t"ict cou"t*> T( )"*i$nt (a* t( aut(o"ity to a))oint#$"a% 5u$&* a* .acanci* occu"! inc%u$in& 5u*tic* o# t( Su)"m Cou"t> T( Su)"mCou"t mt* in C>! an$ t( ot(" #$"a% cou"t* a" %ocat$ in citi*t("ou&(out t( Unit$ Stat*>

T( Su)"m Cou"t con*i*t* o# t( C(i# Ju*tic o# t( Unit$ Stat* an$ *uc(num/"o# A**ociat Ju*tic* a* may / #i:$ /y Con&"**> T( num/" o# A**ociat Ju*tic* i*cu""nt%y #i:$ at i&(t> Po'" to nominat t( Ju*tic* i* .*t$ in t( P"*i$nt o# t(Unit$ Stat*! an$ a))ointmnt* a" ma$ 'it( t( a$.ic an$ con*nt o# t( Snat> T(Con*titution #u"t(" )"o.i$* t(at t( Ju$&*! /ot( o# t( *u)"m an$ in#"io" Cou"t*!

01


22/26

*(a%% (o%$ t(i" O##ic* $u"in& &oo$ 9(a.io"! an$ *(a%%! at *tat$ Tim*! "ci. #o" t(i"S".ic*! a Com)n*ation! '(ic( *(a%% not / $imini*($ $u"in& t(i" Continuanc inO##ic>

T( #$"a% cou"t* (a" ca** a"i*in& out o# t( Con*titution! #$"a% %a'* an$t"ati* an$ ma"itim ca** ca** in.o%.in& #o"i&n citi-n* o" &o."nmnt* an$ ca**!

in '(ic( t( #$"a% &o."nmnt i* it*%# a )a"ty>

T( *tat &o."nmnt* #o%%o' t( *am )att"n a* t( #$"a% &o."nmnt! 'it()o'" $i.i$$ amon& t( :cuti.! %&i*%ati. an$ 5u$icia% /"anc(*> In &n"a%! matt"*'(ic( %i nti"%y 'it(in *tat /o"$"* a" t( conc"n o# *tat &o."nmnt*> T(*inc%u$ int"na% communication* "&u%ation* "%atin& to )"o)"ty! in$u*t"y! /u*in** an$)u/%ic uti%iti* t( *tat c"imina% co$ an$ 'o"4in& con$ition* 'it(in t( *tat>

T(#$"a% &o."nmnt (a* a**um$ ." /"oa$nin& "*)on*i/i%ity in matt"* "%atin& to(a%t(! $ucation! '%#a"! t"an*)o"tation! an$ (ou*in& an$ u"/an $.%o)mnt> P"o&"am*in t(* a"a* a" no' o#tn $.%o)$ on a coo)"ati. /a*i* /t'n t( t'o %.%* o#&o."nmnt>

T( U>S> 9u"au o# t( Cn*u* +)a"t o# t( Comm"c D)a"tmnt, (a* i$nti#i$#o" t( ya" 0??0 no %** t(an H!M?? %oca% &o."nmnta% unit* in t( Unit$ Stat*!inc%u$in& munici)a%iti*! counti*! to'n*(i)*! *c(oo% $i*t"ict* an$ *)cia% $i*t"ict*> 6o"t(an t("3@ua"t"* o# t( citi-n* o# t( Unit$ Stat* no' %i. in to'n*! %a"& citi* o"t(i" *u/u"/*> T( city $i"ct%y *".* t( n$* o# t( )o)%! )"o.i$in& ."yt(in& #"om)o%ic an$ #i" )"otction to *anita"y co$*! (a%t( "&u%ation*! $ucation! )u/%ic

t"an*)o"tation an$ (ou*in&> Coo)"ation 'it( /ot( *tat an$ #$"a% o"&ani-ation* i***ntia%>T( county i* a *u/$i.i*ion o# t( *tat! u*ua%%y 33 /ut not a%'ay* 33 containin&

t'o o" mo" to'n*(i)* an$ *."a% .i%%a&*> A /oa"$ o# commi**ion"* %.i* ta:*!/o""o'* an$ a))"o)"iat* mony! #i:* t( *a%a"i* o# county m)%oy*! *u)".i**%ction*! /ui%$* an$ maintain* (i&('ay* an$ /"i$&*! an$ a$mini*t"* nationa%! *tat an$county '%#a" )"o&"am*> To$ay! t(" a" t'o ma5o" )o%itica% )a"ti* in t( Unit$Stat*! t( Dmoc"atic an$ t( R)u/%ican>

T( Dmoc"atic Pa"ty .o%.$ #"om t( )a"ty o# T(oma* J##"*on! #o"m$ /#o"1??> T( R)u/%ican Pa"ty 'a* *ta/%i*($ in t( 1B?* /y A/"a(am Linco%n an$ ot("*'(o o))o*$ t( :)an*ion o# *%a."y>

T( Dmoc"atic Pa"ty i* con*i$"$ to / t( mo" %i/"a% )a"ty! an$ t(R)u/%ican! t( mo" con*".ati.> Dmoc"at* &n"a%%y /%i. t(at &o."nmnt (a* ano/%i&ation to )"o.i$ *ocia% an$ conomic )"o&"am* #o" t(o* '(o n$ t(m>R)u/%ican* a" not nc**a"i%y o))o*$ to *uc( )"o&"am* /ut /%i. t(y a" too co*t%yto ta:)ay"*> R)u/%ican* )ut mo" m)(a*i* on ncou"a&in& )"i.at nt")"i* in t(/%i# t(at a *t"on& )"i.at *cto" ma4* citi-n* %** $)n$nt on &o."nmnt>

9ot( ma5o" )a"ti* (a. *u))o"t"* amon& a 'i$ .a"ity o# Am"ican* an$m/"ac a 'i$ "an& o# )o%itica% .i'*> Am"ican* $o not (a. to 5oin a )o%itica% )a"ty

00


23/26

to .ot o" to / a can$i$at #o" )u/%ic o##ic! /ut "unnin& #o" o##ic 'it(out t( monyan$ cam)ai&n 'o"4"* a )a"ty can )"o.i$ i* $i##icu%t>

It i* t( t'o ma5o" )a"ti* t(at o"&ani- an$ $ominat &o."nmnt at /ot( t(nationa% an$ *tat %.%*

Presidential Elections

T( Unit$ Stat* Con*titution *ti)u%at* t(at a )"*i$ntia% %ction i* to / (%$onc ."y #ou"t( ya"> T( )"oc** o# %ctin& a )"*i$nt an$ .ic3)"*i$nt! (o'."!/&in* %on& /#o" E%ction Day> T( nominatin& )"oc** 'it(in t( )o%itica% )a"ti*o##icia%%y /&in* 'it( t( #i"*t *tat )"ima"i* an$ caucu**! '(ic( u*ua%%y occu" in t(mont( o# F/"ua"y o# t( %ction ya"> T(* )"ima"i* an$ caucu** c(oo* *%at* o#$%&at* +u*ua%%y )%$&$ to *u))o"t )a"ticu%a" can$i$at*, to ")"*nt t( *tat at t(nationa% )a"ty con.ntion*> At t( nationa% )a"ty con.ntion*! t"a$itiona%%y (%$ in t(*umm"! t( $%&at* #"om t( *tat* ca*t .ot* to *%ct t( )a"ty* can$i$at #o")"*i$nt> On %ction $ay 33 t( #i"*t Tu*$ay #o%%o'in& t( #i"*t 6on$ay in No.m/"o# an %ction ya" 33 ."y citi-n o# %&a% a& '(o (a* ta4n t( *t)* nc**a"y in (i* o"

(" *tat to mt t( .otin& "@ui"mnt* +*uc( a* "&i*t"in& to .ot, (a* an o))o"tunityto .ot> =o'."! t( )"*i$nt i* not #o"ma%%y c(o*n /y $i"ct )o)u%a" .ot> T(con*titution ca%%* #o" a )"oc** o# in$i"ct )o)u%a" %ction 4no'n a* t( E%cto"a%Co%%&>

The Electoral College

T( )o%itica% )a"ti* +o" in$)n$nt can$i$at*, in ac( *tat *u/mit to t( c(i#%ction o##icia% a %i*t o# %cto"* )%$&$ to t(i" can$i$at #o" )"*i$nt an$ @ua% innum/" to t( *tat* %cto"a% .ot> Eac( *tat i* a%%ocat$ a num/" o# %cto"* @ua% tot( num/" o# it* U>S> *nato"* +a%'ay* 0, )%u* t( num/" o# it* U>S> ")"*ntati.*>

Fo%%o'in& E%ction Day! on t( #i"*t 6on$ay a#t" t( *con$ T( )"*i$nt3%ctan$ .ic )"*i$nt3%ct ta4 t( oat( o# o##ic an$ a" inau&u"at$ on Janua"y 0?t(>

Congressional Elections

T( Con&"** i* $i.i$$ into t'o c(am/"*! t( Snat an$ t( =ou* o#R)"*ntati.*> T( Snat i* com)o*$ o# t'o mm/"* #"om ac( *tat! a* )"o.i$$/y t( Con*titution> It* cu""nt mm/"*(i) i* 1??> Snato"* a" %ct$ to *". *i:3ya"

t"m* ."y t'o ya"* on t(i"$ o# t( Snat i* u) #o" "%ction> 9#o" 1M18! *nato"*'" c(o*n /y t(i" *tat %&i*%atu"*! a* t( Foun$in& Fat("* /%i.$ t(at *inc t(*nato"* ")"*nt$ t( *tat! t( *tat %&i*%atu" *(ou%$ %ct t(m> T( 1Ht(amn$mnt to t( con*titution c(an&$ t(i* )"oc$u"! man$atin& t(at *nato"* / %ct$$i"ct%y /y t( .ot"* o# t(i" *tat> A* t( num/" o# *tat* inc"a*$ an$ t()o)u%ation &"'! t( num/" o# ")"*ntati.* inc"a*$ *i&ni#icant%y> A %a' )a**$ in1M11 #i:$ t( *i- o# t( =ou* o# R)"*ntati.* at ;8B mm/"*> 6m/"* o# t(

08


24/26

=ou* a" u) #o" "%ction ."y t'o ya"*> T( num/" o# ")"*ntati.* in ac( *tat$)n$* u)on it* )o)u%ation a* ")o"t$ in t( nation* mo*t "cnt cn*u*> Eac( *tat i*$i.i$$ into a co""*)on$in& num/" o# con&"**iona% $i*t"ict*> T(" i* a ")"*ntati.#o" ."y con&"**iona% $i*t"ict! %ct$ /y t( .ot"* "*i$in& in t(at $i*t"ict>

State and Local Government

Li4 t( nationa% &o."nmnt! *tat &o."nmnt* (a. t(" /"anc(* :cuti.!%&i*%ati.! an$ 5u$icia% t(* a" "ou&(%y @ui.a%nt in #unction an$ *co) to t(i"nationa% count")a"t*> T( c(i# :cuti. o# a *tat i* t( &o."no"! %ct$ /y )o)u%a".ot! ty)ica%%y #o" a #ou"3ya" t"m +a%t(ou&( in a #' *tat* t( t"m i* t'o ya"*,>E:c)t #o" N/"a*4a! '(ic( (a* a *in&% %&i*%ati. /o$y! a%% *tat* (a. a /icam"a%%&i*%atu"! 'it( t( u))" (ou* u*ua%%y ca%%$ t( Snat an$ t( %o'" (ou* ca%%$ t(=ou* o# R)"*ntati.*! t( =ou* o# D%&at*! o" t( Gn"a% A**m/%y> Ty)* o#city &o."nmnt* .a"y 'i$%y ac"o** t( nation> =o'."! a%mo*t a%% (a. *om 4in$ o#cnt"a% counci%! %ct$ /y t( .ot"*! an$ an :cuti. o##ic"! a**i*t$ /y .a"iou*$)a"tmnt (a$*! to mana& t( city* a##ai"*> N' Qo"4 City 'a* t( #i"*t ca)ita% o# t(Unit$ Stat* onc t( Con*titution 'a* "ati#i$> Go"& A* )a"t o# a com)"omi*! it 'a* $ci$$ t(at t( ca)ita%'ou%$ mo. to P(i%a$%)(ia! Pnn*y%.ania in 1HM1 #o" tn ya"* an$ t(n to a *uita/%)"mannt %ocation on t( Potomac Ri."> At t(i* tim t( a"a 'a* )"ima"i%y #a"m an$ma"*( %an$*> Con&"** 'a* *c($u%$ to mt in t( n' ca)ita% on t( #i"*t 6on$ay inDcm/" 1??> Pi"" C(a"%* LEn#ant 'a* (i"$ to $*i&n t( F$"a% City> On Jun11! 1??! t( ca)ita% o# t( Unit$ Stat* (a$ a )"mannt (om in C>T(Sta"* an$ St"i)* o"i&inat$ a* a "*u%t o# a "*o%ution a$o)t$ /y t( Scon$ Continnta%Con&"** at P(i%a$%)(ia on Jun 1;! 1HHH> T( "*o%ution "a$R*o%.$! t(at t( #%a& o# t( Unit$ Stat* / t(i"tn *t"i)*! a%t"nat "$ an$ '(itt(at t( union / t(i"tn *ta"*! '(it in a /%u #i%$ ")"*ntin& a n' con*t%%ation>T( "*o%ution &a. no in*t"uction a* to (o' many )oint* t( *ta"* *(ou%$ (a.! o" (o't( *ta"* *(ou%$ / a""an&$ on t( /%u union> Con*@unt%y! t(" '" many .a"iation*>Du"in& t( R.o%utiona"y It 'a* not unti% A)"i% ;! 11! '(n P"*i$nt 6on"o acc)t$ a /i%% t(at)"*c"i/$ t( /a*ic $*i&n o# t( #%a& '(ic( 'ou%$ a**u" t(at t( &"o't( o# t( count"y'ou%$ / )"o)"%y *ym/o%i-$> It "@ui"$ t(at t( #%a& o# t( Unit$ Stat* (a. a uniono# 0? *ta"*! '(it on a /%u #i%$! an$ t(at u)on a$mi**ion o# ac( n' Stat on *ta" /

a$$$ to t( union o# t( #%a& on t( #ou"t( o# Ju%y #o%%o'in& t( $at o# a$mi**ion> T(18 a%t"natin& "$ an$ '(it *t"i)* 'ou%$ "main unc(an&$> In 1M1! P"*i$nt

0;


25/26

Political System in Romania

T=E PRO6ULGATION o# t( Con*titution o# 1MB! in '(ic( Romaniao##icia%%y )"oc%aim$ it* *tatu* a* a *ocia%i*t ")u/%ic! 'a* a mi%*ton on it* )at( to'a"$communi*m> T( count"y (a$ *t out on t(at )at( in 1M;B '(n t( So.it Union)"**u"$ in& 6ic(a% to a))oint communi*t* to 4y &o."nmnt )o*ition*! '(" t(y)"o.i$$ t( )o'" /a* #o" a com)%t communi*t ta4o." an$ t( a/o%ition o# t(mona"c(y in Dcm/" 1M;H> T( )o%itica% *y*tm in*ta%%$ in A)"i% 1M;! '(n t(Romanian Po)%* R)u/%ic 'a* c"at$! 'a* a ")%ica o# t( So.it mo$%> T( *y*tm*&oa% 'a* to c"at t( con$ition* #o" t( t"an*ition #"om ca)ita%i*m t("ou&( *ocia%i*m to

communi*m>T( #o"ma% *t"uctu" o# t( &o."nmnt *ta/%i*($ /y t( Con*titution o# 1MB

'a* c(an&$ in a *i&ni#icant 'ay /y a 1MH; amn$mnt t(at *ta/%i*($ t( o##ic o#)"*i$nt o# t( ")u/%ic> T( occu)ant o# t(at o##ic 'a* to act a* t( (a$ o# *tat in/ot( $om*tic an$ int"nationa% a##ai"*> T( #i"*t )"*i$nt o# t( ")u/%ic! Nico%aCau**cu! *ti%% (%$ t( o##ic in mi$31MM an$ act$ a* (a$ o# *tat! (a$ o# t(Romanian Communi*t Pa"ty +Partidul Comunist Romn33 PCR,! an$ comman$" o# t(a"m$ #o"c*> =i* 'i#! E%na Cau**cu! (a$ "i*n to t( *con$ mo*t )o'"#u% )o*itionin t( (i"a"c(y! an$ c%o* #ami%y mm/"* (%$ 4y )o*t* t("ou&(out t( )a"ty an$ *tat/u"auc"aci*> T( )".a*i. )"*nc o# t( Cau**cu* 'a* t( $i*tincti. #atu" o#Romania* )o'" *t"uctu">

Romania* )o%itica% *y*tm 'a* on o# t( mo*t cnt"a%i-$ an$ /u"auc"ati-$ int( 'o"%$> At t( n$ o# t( 1M?*! t( Counci% o# 6ini*t"* (a$ mo" t(an *i:ty mm/"*an$ 'a* %a"&" t(an t( counci% o# any ot(" Eu"o)an communi*t &o."nmnt :c)t t(So.it Union> Joint )a"ty3*tat o"&ani-ation* not n.i*ion$ /y t( Con*titution m"&$an$ )"o%i#"at$> T( o"&ani-ation* #unction$ a* a mc(ani*m /y '(ic( t( PCR an$ t(Cau**cu* cont"o%%$ a%% &o."nmnt acti.ity an$ )"m)t$ t("at* to t(i" "u%>

D*)it Cau**cu* ti&(t cont"o% o# t( o"&an* o# )o'" an$ t( ##cti.n** o#t( *c"t )o%ic! mo" )"o)"%y t( D)a"tmnt o# Stat Scu"ity +D)a"tamntu%Scu"itii Statu%ui33Scu"itat,! in ")"**in& $i**nt! *)o"a$ic )o%itica% o))o*ition to t("&im *u"#ac$ in t( 1M?*> T(


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C-c(o*%o.a4ia an$ 'a* t( on%y mm/" o# t( )act to maintain $i)%omatic "%ation*'it( I*"a% #o%%o'in& t( Jun 1MH In t( 1M?*! int"nationa% outc"i* a&ain*t (uman "i&(t*a/u** #u"t(" i*o%at$ t( Sta%ini*t Romanian "&im #"om /ot( t(

R%ation* 'it( =un&a"y '" )a"ticu%a"%y tn*! a* t(ou*an$* o# t(nic =un&a"ian* #%$ac"o** t( /o"$"> At t( c%o* o# t( $ca$! Cau**cu* "&im 'a* /a$%y out o# *t)'it( t( "#o"m mo.mnt* *')in& t( So.it Union! Po%an$! an$ =un&a"y>

Istorie Si Civilizatie Europeana an I

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Transcript of Istorie Si Civilizatie Europeana an I