riscurile nanotehnologiei

7/25/2019 riscurile nanotehnologiei

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Riscurile nanotehnologiei

Its green, its clean, its never seen thats nanotechnology!Carole Bass


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Cuprins1. Ce este nanotehnologia


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Ce este nanotehnologia

Nanotehnologii sunt vorbete ca fora motrice din spatele unei noi revoluiiindustriale. Att-privat i a cheltuielilor sectorului public sunt n continu cretere..Cheltuielile pentru cercetare public a atins niveluri de peste miliarde de euro la

nivel mondial! dar cheltuielile din sectorul privat este chiar mai repede! este deateptat s depeasc cheltuielile guvernamentale n "##$. Nanotehnologiilor va %o for tehnologic ma&or pentru o schimbare n modelarea mediului de afaceriAllian' n toate sectoarele industriale n viitorul previ'ibil i sunt susceptibile de aoferi oportuniti de cretere substaniale. (imensiunea pieei produselorNanotehnologia este de&a comparabil cu sectorul biotehnologiei! n timp ce ratele decretere ateptate n urmtorii civa ani sunt mult mai mari. )n acelai timp!oamenii de stiinta au e*primat ingri&orarea ca blocurile de construcie de ba' alenanotehnologii-particule mai mici de o miliardime dintr-un metru! pre'int unpotenial clas nou de risc pentru sntate i mediu. Allian' solicit o abordare

precaut pe ba'a cercetrilor de risc i buna gestionare a riscurilor pentru a reducela minimum riscul de nanoparticule aduc o nou dimensiune de vtmare corporali pagube materiale sau pierderi care pre'int riscuri de rspundere civil i deprodus-amintesc tere. Centrul Allian' pentru +iscuri ,ehnologie i Allian' lobal! ncooperare cu rogramul /utures 0nternational 2C(! a revi'uit impactul probabileconomic! posibilitile de investiii! i a riscurilor poteniale ale nanotehnologiilor.re'entul raport anali'ea' oportunitile i riscurile din punctul de vedere alrupului Allian'. piniile e*primate n acest raport sunt cele ale rupului Allian' inu se anga&e'e C(2 sau guvernelor statelor membre

Nanotechnologies are being spo3en of as the driving force behind a ne4industrial revolution. 5oth private- and public-sector spending are constantl6increasing. 7pending on public research has reached levels of 4ell over 28+ billion 4orld-4ide! but private sector spending is even faster9it is e*pectedto e*ceed government spending in "##$. Nanotechnologies 4ill be a ma&ortechnological force for change in shaping Allian':s business environmentacross all industrial sectors in the foreseeable future and are li3el6 to deliversubstantial gro4th opportunities. ,he si'e of the mar3et for nanotechnolog6products is alread6 comparable to the biotechnolog6 sector! 4hile the

e*pected gro4th rates over the ne*t fe4 6ears are far higher. At the sametime! scientists have raised concerns that the basic building bloc3s ofnanotechnologies9particles smaller than one billionth of a meter9pose apotential ne4 class of ris3 to health and the environment. Allian' calls for aprecautionar6 approach based on ris3 research and good ris3 management tominimi'e the li3elihood of nanoparticles bringing a ne4 dimension to personalin&ur6 and propert6 damage losses or posing third part6 liabilit6 and product-recall ris3s. ,he Allian' Center for ,echnolog6 and Allian' lobal +is3s! in co-operation 4ith the 2C( 0nternational /utures rogramme! has revie4ed theli3el6 economic impact! investment possibilities! and potential ris3s of

nanotechnologies. ,his report anal6ses the opportunities and ris3s from theperspective of the Allian' roup. ,he opinions e*pressed in this report are


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those of the Allian' roup and do not engage the 2C( or its ;embergovernments


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+iscurile nanotehnologiei

[ Ready or not, here it comes. In the next 20 years, nanotechnology will touch the life of nearly everyperson on the planet. The potential benefits are mind boggling and brain enhancing. ut li!e many ofthe great advancements in earth"s history, it is not without ris! #ere are some of the ris!s posed tosociety by nanotechnology.

Gata sau nu, aici este vorba. n urmtorii "e ani, nanotehnologia va atinge via a a#roa#e$iecare #ersoan "e #e #lanet. Bene$iciile #otentiale sunt uluitor minte i consoli"areacreierului. %ar, ca multe "intre marile #rogrese "in istoria &amantului, nu este li#sit "e riscuri'ici sunt unele "intre riscurile la a"resa societ ii "e nanotehnologiei.

(Real Ris!$ %anopollutants

&hen$ %ow

%anopollutants are nanoparticles small enough to enter your lungs or be absorbed by your s!in.%anopollutants can be natural or man'made. %anoparticles are used in some of the products found

on shelves today, li!e anti'aging cosmetics and sunscreen. The highest ris! is to the wor!ers in

nano'technology research and manufacturing processes.(

Real Risc$ %anopollutants

)*nd$ +cum

%anopollutants sunt nanoparticule suficient de mici pentru a intra plm*ni sau poate fi absorbit depiele. %anopollutants pot fi naturale sau provocate de om. %anoparticulele sunt folosite -n uneledintre produsele gsite pe rafturi asti, cum ar fi anti'imbatranire produse cosmetice i de protec ie solar. )el mai mare risc este de a lucrtorilor -n nano'tehnologie procesele de cercetare i defabrica ie.

/otential Ris!$ /rivacy Invasion

&hen$ to 1 years

irtually undetectable surveillance devices could dramatically increase spying on governments,

corporations and private citiens.

Risc poten ial$ Invasion confiden ialitate )*nd$ p*n la 1 ani

/ractic dispoitive de supraveghere nedetectabile ar putea creste in mod dramatic spiona3guvernelor, corpora ii i cet eni priva i.


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/otential Ris!$ 4conomic 5pheaval&hen$ 10 to 20 years

6olecular manufacturing is the assembly of products one molecule at a time. It could ma!e the

same products you see today, but far more precisely and at a very low cost. It is unclear whether this

would bring boom or bust to the global economy.

Risc poten ial$ revolta 4conomic

)*nd$ 10 p*n la 20 ani

7abrica ie molecular este ansamblul de produse o molecula la un moment dat. 8'ar putea face

acelea i produse pe care le vede i asti, dar mult mai precis i la un cost foarte scut. %u este clar

dac acest lucru ar aduce boom'ul sau bust pentru economia global.

/otential Ris!$ %anotech weapons

&hen$ 10 to 20 years

5ntraceable weapons made with nanotechnology could be smaller than an insect with the

intelligence of a supercomputer. /ossible nano and bio technology arms race.

Risc poten ial$ arme %anotech

)*nd$ 10 p*n la 20 ani

+rme nedetectabil realiate cu nanotehnologiei ar putea fi mai mic dec*t o insect cu inteligen a

unui supercomputer. %ano posibil i tehnologia bio curs a -narmrilor.

7ar'7etched Ris!$ 9ray 9oo

&hen$ :0; years


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7ree range, self'replicating robots that consume all living matter. #owever unli!ely, experts say this

scenario is theoretically possible, but not for some time.

&e have 3ust scratched the surface.

There are many areas of nanotechnology science that hold potential dangers to society. io'

engineering and artificial intelligence for example, have their own set of ris!s.

+s we enter an era of unprecedented understanding, it is important that society ta!es a proactive

role in the responsible development of nanotechnology.

+llotropes

structures which differ only in the way the atomsare arranged.( +llotropes generally differ in physical properties such as color and hardness.

buc!yball(, opened a new era for the chemistry of

carbon and for novel materials. The Aapanese 8umi I3ima discovered nanotubes in 1??1. The

nanotubes synthesied in the laboratory showed remar!able mechanic properties as well as thermal

conductivity and resistance to flame.

Risc exagerat$ 9ray 9oo

)*nd$ :0; ani

Bn aer liber, roboti auto'replicarea care consum toat materia vie. )u toate acestea este pu in

probabil, spun exper ii acest scenariu este teoretic posibil, dar nu de ceva timp.

Tocmai am g*riat suprafa a.

4xist multe domenii ale tiin ei nanotehnologiei care de in pericolele poten iale pentru societate.

io'inginerie i inteligen artificial, de exemplu, au propriul set de riscuri.

+ a cum am introduce o er de -n elegere fr precedent, este important ca societateas un rolproactiv in devoltarea responsabil a nanotehnologiei.forme alotropice


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/ur carbon apare ca mai multe forme alotropice diferite >structuri care difer doar -n modul -n careatomii sunt aran3ate.( 7orme alotropice difer, -n general, -n propriet i fiice, cum ar fi culoarea siduritatea.

http$DDwww.futureforall.orgDnanotechnologyDris!s.htm(

Nanotechnolog6 ris3s - the real issues(Nanowerk Spotlight) *ano+this an" nano+that. (*anoer- #otlight) *ano+ aceasta inano+sta. /hese "ays it seems you nee" the #re$i0 nano $or #ro"ucts or a##lications i$ youant to be either very tren"y or incre"ibly scary. n #re1ent,se #are, ca avem nevoie "e #re$i0ul2nano2, #entru #ro"use sau a#lica ii, "ac "orim s $ie $oarte la mo" sau incre"ibil "e3n$rico tor. /his nanotren" has assume" mega #ro#ortions4 'cest 2nanotren"2 i+a asumat

#ro#or ii 2mega24 &atent o$$ices aroun" the orl" are sam#e" ith nanotechnology+relate"a##lications5 6$iciile "e brevete "in intreaga lume sunt inun"ate cu a#licatii legate "enanotehnologie5 investment a"visors com#ile nanotechnology stoc- in"ices an" #re"ict acoming boom in nanotechnology stoc-s ithmisleading estimates$loating aroun" o$ atrillion+"ollar in"ustry ithin 7 years5 consultan i 3n investi ii com#ila in"icii bursieri nanotehnologiei si antici#a un boom vine stocurilor nanotehnologie cu estimrile 3n eltoare

#lutesc 3n 8urul a unei in"ustrii "e miliar"e "e "e "olari 3n termen "e 7 "e ani5 #un"its #romisea ne orl" ith ra"ically "i$$erent me"ical #roce"ures, manu$acturing technologies an"solutions to environmental #roblems5 anali ti #romit o lume nou cu ra"ical "i$erite #roce"urime"icale, tehnologii "e $abrica ie i solu ii la #roblemele "e me"iu5 nano con$erences an" tra"eshos are thriving all over the orl"5 scienti$ic 8ournals are aash in articles "ealing ith

nanoscience "iscoveries an" nano technologies brea-throughs. con$erin e nano si targuri sunt3n$loritoare #este tot 3n lume5 reviste tiin i$ice sunt #line 3n articole care se ocu# cu "esco#eririle nanostiinta si tehnologii nano "esco#eriri. *anotechnology has been #lague" by alot o$ hy#e, but cynicism an" criticism have not been $ar behin". *anotehnologia a $ost a$ectat"e o mul ime "e hy#e, "ar cinism i critic nu au $ost cu mult 3n urm. cience $iction riterse0#loit $ears o$ nanorobots turning into -illers5 the me"ia can run amo- hen nes about

#otential health #roblems ith nano#ro"ucts sur$ace (as ha##ene" last year ith aproductrecall$or a bathroom cleaner in Germany). criitori "e science $iction e0#loata temerile legate"e nanorobots "e cotitur 3n criminali5 mass+me"ia #oate rula amo- atunci c9n" tiri "es#re

#oten iale #robleme "e sntate cu su#ra$a nano#ro"ucts (a a cum sa 3nt9m#lat anul trecut, cu o rechemare "e #ro"us #entru o mai curat baie 3n Germania). ome see "ooms"ay scenarios o$molecular sel$+assembly turning the orl" into grey goo. :nii v" scenarii a#ocali#tice "e
http://www.futureforall.org/nanotechnology/risks.htmhttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1328.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1328.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=529.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=529.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=529.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1328.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=529.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=529.phphttp://www.futureforall.org/nanotechnology/risks.htm


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auto+asamblare moleculara "e cotitur 3n lume 3n 2goo gri.2 /he emerging #olari1ation o$o#inions on nanotechnology is reminiscent o$ controversies about genetically mo"i$ie" #lants ornuclear energy. &olari1area 3n curs "e "e1voltare "e o#inii cu #rivire la nanotehnologiei este oreminiscen "e controverse cu #rivire la #lante mo"i$icate genetic sau energie nuclear. ;ague

#romises o$ a better li$e are met by e =ho bene$its> =ho ta-es res#onsibility $or #roblems> %e multe

ori #roblema "e emergente, tehnologii #ro$un" trans$ormatoare este c le li#se te o 2constitu ie social2 care se a"resea1 3ntrebri "e genul4 :n"e #ot ob ine in$orma ii #ot avea 3ncre"ere> n ce con"i ii se intro"uce tehnologia> Ce riscuri se a#lic, cu ce siguran i cui> Cine bene$icia1a> Cine 3 i asum res#onsabilitatea #entru #robleme> ' #articular #roblem ith nanotechnologylies in the huge ga# beteen the #ublic #erce#tion o$ hat the hy#e #romises an" the scienti$ican" commercial reality o$ hat the technology actually "elivers to"ay an" in the near $uture. 6

#roblem "eosebit cu nanotehnologie const 3n "i$eren a uria "intre #erce# ia #ublic a ceea ce #romite hy#e i realitatea tiin i$ic i comercial a ceea ce tehnologia o$er "e $a#t, 3n #re1ent i 3n viitorul a#ro#iat.

Whats so special about nanotechnology and why is it an issue now?

Chemists have "ealt ith naturally occurring nano#articles all along. /hin- molecules or viruses./o0icologists have "ealt ith nano#articles that are the result o$ mo"ern human li$e such ascarbon #articles in combustion engine e0haust. =ithout being aare o$ it, tire manu$acturersuse" nano#articles, carbon blac-, to im#rove the #er$ormance o$ tires as early as the 7?s.Ce este at9t "e s#ecial la nanotehnologie i "e ce este o #roblem acum>Chimistii au interac ionat cu nano#articulele naturale "in tot"eauna. G9n"in"u+ne la moleculesau viru i. /o0icologi, care stu"ia1 nano#articule, s#un c sunt re1ultatul vie ii umane mo"erne, cum ar $i #articule "e carbon evacuate "e motoarele cu combustie. @r a $i con tien i "e actiunea lor, 3nca "in anii7?, #ro"uctorii "e #neuri au utili1at nano#articule, negru "e $um,

#entru a 3mbunt i #er$orman a anvelo#elor. Ae"ieval artists use" gol" nano#articles to achievethe bright re" color in church in"os (gol" #articles in nanometer si1e are re", not gol"en).ou might even say that e are surroun"e" by, an" ma"e o$, nanostructures atoms an"molecules are nanoscale ob8ects a$ter all. 'rti ti me"ievali au $olosit nano#articule "e aur #entrua ob ine culoarea ro u a#rins, utili1ata la #ictarea geamurilor bisericilor (#articule "e aur "e "imensiuni nanometri au culoarea ro ie i aurie). 'm #utea s#une chiar c suntem 3ncon8ura i "e, i crea i "in nanostructuri, atomii i moleculele sunt obiecte la scara nanometric, #9n la urm.

o hat is all the $uss about, an" here "o the ris- issues come $rom all o$ a su""en>/he

ongoing


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obtinerea unor instrumente #recum microsco#ul cu $ort atomic ('@A) i microsco#ul "e scanare cu tunel (/A). Combine" ith re$ine" #rocesses such as electron beam lithogra#hy,these instruments allo us to "eliberately mani#ulate an" manu$acture nanostructures.Dngineere" nanomaterials, either by ay o$ a to#+"on a##roach (a bul- material is re"uce" insi1e to nanoscale #attern) or a bottom+u# a##roach (larger structures are built or gron atom by

atom or molecule by molecule), go beyon" 8ust a $urther ste# in miniaturi1ation. Combinate cu#rocese ra$inate, #recum litogra$ia cu $ascicul "e electroni, aceste instrumente #ermitmani#ularea 3n mo" "eliberat i $abricarea nanostructurilor. *anomaterialele $abricate, $ie #rintr+o abor"are "e sus 3n 8os (un material 3n vrac este re"us 3n mrime "e mo"el la scarananometrica) sau o abor"are "e 8os 3n sus (structuri mai mari sunt construite sau cultivate atomcu atom sau molecul "e molecul), "u+te "incolo "e "oar un #as 3n miniaturi1are. /hey have

bro-en a si1e barrier belo hich


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aer "e 7 #g mH "e "ensitate unitate #entru #articule "e $iecare "imensiune)4

/he e0traor"inarily high numbers o$ nano#articles #er given mass ill li-ely be o$ to0icologicalsigni$icance hen these #articles interact ith cells an" subcellular com#onents. i-eise, theirincrease" sur$ace area #er unit mass can be to0icologically im#ortant. (ource4 ource4 G.6ber"Jrster et al.4


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mai atent la aceste nanostructuri. im#la #re1en a nanomaterialelor nu este 3n sine oamenin are. Dste "oar anumite as#ecte care #ot s le $ac riscante, 3n s#ecial mobilitatea i reactivitate lor a crescut. 6nly i$ certain #ro#erties o$ certain nano#articles ere #roven harm$ulto living beings or the environment oul" e be $ace" ith a genuine ha1ar".In a""ressing thehealth an" environmental im#act o$ nanotechnology e nee" to "i$$erentiate to ty#es o$

nanostructures4 *umai 3n ca1ul 3n anumite #ro#riet i ale unor nano#articule au $ost "ove"itnocive #entru $iin ele vii sau #entru me"iu ne+ar $i con$runtat cu o a"evrat ha1ar".In abor"areasnt ii i im#actul asu#ra me"iului al nanotehnologiei trebuie s "i$eren ie1e "ou ti#uri "e nanostructuri4

(7) *anocom#osites, nanostructure" sur$aces an" nanocom#onents (electronic, o#tical, sensorsetc.), here nanoscale #articles are incor#orate" into a substance, material or "evice ($i0e"nano+#articles)5 *anocom#o1ite, su#ra$ete nanostructurate i nanocom#onents (electronice,o#tice, sen1ori etc.), 3n ca1ul 3n care #articulele la scara nanometrica sunt 3ncor#orate 3ntr+osubstan , un material sau "is#o1itiv (nano#articule 2$i0e2)5

() $ree nano#articles, here at some stage in #ro"uction or use in"ivi"ual nano#articles o$ asubstance are #resent. ) *ano#articule 2libere2, 3n ca1ul 3n care sunt #re1ente 3ntr+o eta# "e

#ro"uc ie sau "e a $olosi nano#articule in"ivi"uale ale unei substan e. /hese $ree nano#articlescoul" be nanoscale s#ecies o$ elements, or sim#le com#oun"s, but also com#le0 com#oun"shere $or instance a nano#article o$ a #articular element is coate" ith another substance(coate" nano#article or core+shell nano#article). 'ceste nano#articule gratuite ar #utea $is#ecii scara nanometrica "e elemente, sau com#u i "e sim#lu, "ar, "e asemenea, 3n ca1ul 3n carecom#u ii com#lec i, "e e0em#lu, un nano#articulelor "e un anumit element este aco#erit cu o

alt substan (2aco#erite2 nano#articulelor sau 2core+shell2 nano#articulelor). /here seems tobe consensus that, although one shoul" be aare o$ materials containing $i0e" nano#articles, theimme"iate concern is ith $ree nano#articles. Because nano#articles are very "i$$erent $rom theirevery"ay counter#arts, their a"verse e$$ects cannot be "erive" $rom the -non to0icity o$ themacro+si1e" material. e #are c e0ist un consens c, "e i ar trebui s $ie con tien i "e materiale care con in nano#articule $i0e, #reocu#area ime"iat este cu nano#articule gratuite.%eoarece nano#articulele sunt $oarte "i$erite "e omologii lor "e 1i cu 1i, e$ectele a"verse aleacestora nu #ot $i "erivate "in cunoscut to0icitatea materialului macro+urilor. /his #osessigni$icant issues $or a""ressing the health an" environmental im#act o$ $ree nano#articles./ocom#licate things $urther, in tal-ing about nano#articles it is im#ortant that a #o"er or li


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bo"y they are highly mobile an" in some instances can even cross the bloo"+brain barrier. Eothese nano#articles behave insi"e the organism is one o$ the big issues that nee" to be resolve".QD0ist #atru ci "e intrare #entru nano#articule 3n organism4 ele #ot $i inhalate, 3nghi ite, absorbit

#rin #iele sau #ot $i in8ectate 3n mo" "eliberat 3n tim#ul #roce"urilor me"icale. 6"at interiorulcor#ului ei sunt $oarte mobile i 3n unele ca1uri #ot traversa chiar bariera hemato+ence$alic.

Ao"ul 3n care aceste nano#articule se com#orte 3n interiorul organismului este una "intre marile#robleme care trebuie re1olvate.QBasically, the behavior o$ nano#articles is a $unction o$ theirsi1e, sha#e an" sur$ace reactivity ith the surroun"ing tissue. /hey coul" cause overloa" on

#hagocytes, cells that ingest an" "estroy $oreign matter, thereby triggering stress reactions thatlea" to in$lammation an" ea-en the bo"ys "e$ense against other #athogens. &ractic,com#ortamentul "e nano#articule este o $unc ie "e mrime, $orm i su#ra$a reactivitatea cu esutul 3ncon8urtor. Di ar #utea #rovoca 2su#ra3ncrcare2 #e $agocite, celule care ingera si

"istruge cor#uri strine, "eclan 9n" ast$el reac iile "e stres care "uc la in$lamarea i slbi a#rarea organismului 3m#otriva altor agen i #atogeni. '#art $rom hat ha##ens i$ non+ orsloly "egra"able nano#articles accumulate in organs, another concern is their #otential

interaction ith biological #rocesses insi"e the bo"y4 because o$ their large sur$ace,nano#articles on e0#osure to tissue an" $lui"s ill imme"iately absorb onto their sur$ace some o$the macromolecules they encounter. Can this, $or instance, a$$ect the regulatory mechanisms o$en1ymes an" other #roteins> n a$ar "e ceea ce se 3nt9m#l 3n ca1ul 3n care nano#articule nonsau lent "egra"abile se acumulea1 3n organe, o alt #reocu#are este interac iunea lor #oten ial cu

#rocesele biologice "in interiorul cor#ului4 "in cau1a su#ra$e ei lor mari, nano#articule #rivin"e0#unerea la tesuturi si $lui"e vor absorbi ime"iat #e su#ra$a a lor o #arte "in macromoleculecare se con$runt. &oate acest, "e e0em#lu, s a$ecte1e mecanismele "e reglementare aleen1imelor i alte #roteine>

Environmental Issues*ot enough "ata e0ists to -no $or sure i$ nano#articles coul"have un"esirable e$$ects on the environment. /o areas are relevant here4 %ate su$icient "eIssues*ot me"iului e0ista #entru a ti sigur "ac nano#articule ar #utea avea e$ecte ne"oriteasu#ra me"iului. %ou "omenii sunt relevante aici4

(7) In $ree $orm nano#articles can be release" in the air or ater "uring #ro"uction (or#ro"uction acci"ents) or as aste by#ro"uct o$ #ro"uction, an" ultimately accumulate in the soil,ater or #lant li$e. n $orm liber nano#articule #ot $i eliberate 3n aer sau a#a in tim#ul(acci"ente sau "e #ro"uc ie), "e #ro"uc ie sau ca #ro"us secun"ar "e euri "e #ro"uc ie, i, 3n

$inal se acumulea1 3n via a solului, a#ei sau a #lantelor.

() In $i0e" $orm, here they are #art o$ a manu$acture" substance or #ro"uct, they illultimately have to be recycle" or "is#ose" o$ as aste. =e "ont -no yet i$ certainnano#articles ill constitute a com#letely ne class o$ non+bio"egra"able #ollutant. In case they"o, e also "ont -no yet ho such #ollutants coul" be remove" $rom air or ater becausemost tra"itional $ilters are not suitable $or such tas-s (their #ores are too big to catchnano#articles). n $orm $i0, 3n ca1ul 3n care acestea sunt #arte a unei substan e sau a unui

#ro"us $abricat, acestea vor trebui 3n cele "in urm s $ie reciclate sau eliminate ca "e euri. *u

tim 3nc "ac anumite nano#articule va constitui o nou clas "e #oluant non+bio"egra"abile. nca1ul 3n care o $ac, avem, "e asemenea, nu tiu 3nc cum, cum ar #oluanti ar #utea $i eliminate


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"in aer sau a#a, "eoarece cele mai multe $iltre tra"i ionale nu sunt #otrivite #entru ast$el "esarcini (#orii lor sunt #rea mari #entru a #rin"e nano#articule).

Potential or release and exposure to nanoscale substances

Potential pentru eliberarea i expunerea la substan!e scara

nanometrica

(ource4 Loyce . /su8i4= +is3 Assessment of Nanoparticles


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materials that contain them are sub8ect to any s#ecial regulation regar"ing #ro"uction, han"lingor labeling. /he Aaterial a$ety %ata heets that must be issue" $or certain materials o$ten "onot "i$$erentiate beteen bul- an" nanoscale si1e o$ the material in


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o#timi1area bene$iciilor nanotehnologiei minimi19n" 3n acela i tim# i controlul riscurilor. (htt#4.nanoer-.coms#otlights#oti"S7KT7.#h#)

Nanotech: The Unknown Risks

Its green, its clean, its never seen thats nanotechnology!That exuerant otto, use" y an executive at a tra"e grou# $or nanotech entre#reneurs, re$lects theuoyant enthusias $or nanotechnology in soe usiness an" scienti$ic circles%

&'ste ver"e, e curat, nicio"at( nu a v()ut *! +sta e nanotehnologia&

( otto*ul exuerant, $olosit "e un executiv "e la un gru# coercial #entru antre#renori Nanotech,re$lect( entu)iasul #lutitoare #entru nanotehnologie -n unele cercuri "e a$aceri i tiin i$ice%

.art o$ the slogan is in"is#utaly true: nanotechnology which involves creating an" ani#ulatingcoon sustances at the scale o$ the nanoeter, or one illionth o$ a eter is invisile to thehuan eye%

/ #arte "in sloganul este in"iscutail a"ev(rat: nanotehnologiei * care #resu#une crearea iani#ularea sustan elor coune la scara nanoetri, sau o iliar"ie "intr*un etru * esteinvi)iil #entru ochiul uan%

0ut the rest o$ the otto is o#en $or "eate% Nanotech "oes hol" clean an" green #otential, es#ecially$or su##lying chea# renewale energy an" sa$e "rinking water% 0ut nanoaterials also #ose #ossileserious risks to the environent an" huan health risks that researchers have arely egun to#roe, an" regulators have arely egun to regulate%

1ar restul otto*ul este "eschis #entru "e)atere% Nanotech "e ine #oten ial curat i ver"e, -n s#ecial #entru $urni)area "e energie "in surse regeneraile ie$tine i a#( #otail(% 1ar, "e aseenea,nanoaterialele #re)int( #osiile riscuri grave #entru e"iu i s(n(tatea uan( * riscurile cacercetatorii au ince#ut aia la son"a, i autorit( ile "e regleentare au -nce#ut aia "e a regleenta%

2hats ore, the #otential "aage coul" take years or even "eca"es to sur$ace% 3o these tiny#articles coul" soon ecoe the next ig thing only to turn into the next ig "isaster%

e e ai ult, #re4u"iciul #oten ial ar #utea "ura ani sau chiar "ecenii la su#ra$a (% 1eci, aceste #articule inuscule ar #utea "eveni in curan" uratorul lucru are * "oar s( se trans$ore -nur(toarea are "e)astru%

Nano enthusiasts see it as the next #lat$or technology one that will, like electricity or icro*co#uting, change the way we "o alost everything% 2hile that #re"iction is still un#roven, theresno 5uestion that nanotech is ooing% Universities, in"ustry, an" governents aroun" the gloe are#ouring illions into creating an" "evelo#ing nano#ro"ucts an" a##lications% + range o$nanotechnologies is alrea"y use" in ore than 677 consuer #ro"ucts $ro electronics totooth#aste with gloal sales #ro4ecte" to soar to 89%6 trillion y 97;%

'ntu)ia ti nano*l v(" ca uratoarea &tehnologia #lat$ora& * cel care va, cu ar $i energie electric(sau icro*co#uting, schia o"ul in care $ace a#roa#e totul%


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-nc( ne"ove"ite, nu e nici o -n"oial( c( Nanotech este -n #lin( ex#ansiune% Universit( ile, in"ustrie,i guvernele "in -ntreaga lue sunt turnare iliar"e -n crearea i "e)voltarea nano#ro"ucts i

a#lica ii% / serie "e nanotehnologiilor este "e4a utili)at -n ai ult "e 677 "e #ro"use "e consu *"e la electronice "e la #asta "e "inti * cu van)ari gloale #roiectat #entru a urca #ana la 9677iliar"e 8 #=n( -n 97;%

'nvironentalists, scientists, an" #olicyakers increasingly worry that nanotech "evelo#ent isoutrunning our un"erstan"ing o$ how to use it sa$ely% onsi"er these exa#les $ro last onthalone:

'cologi ti, oaeni "e tiin (, i $actorii "e "eci)ie #olitica "in ce in ce v( $ace i gri4i c( "e)voltarea Nanotech este "e#asin" intelegerea noastra "e cu s(*l $oloseasc( -n con"i ii "e siguran (% >ua i -n consi"erare aceste exe#le "in ultia lun( singur:

+n anial stu"y $ro the Unite" ?ing"o $oun" that certain caron nanotues can cause

the sae kin" o$ lung "aage as asestos% aron nanotues are aong the ost wi"ely use"

nanoaterials%

Un stu"iu "e aniale "in Regatul Unit a constatat c( anuite nanotuuri "e caron #oate

#rovoca acela i ti# "e le)iuni #ulonare ca a)est% Nanotuuri "e caron sunt #rintre cele ai

utili)ate #e scar( larg( nanoaterialele%

+ coalition o$ consuer grou#s #etitione" the U%3% 'nvironental .rotection +gency to an

the sale o$ #ro"ucts that contain ger*killing nanosilver #articles, $ro stu$$e" anials to clothing,

arguing that the silver coul" har huan health, #oison a5uatic li$e, an" contriute to the rise o$

antiiotic resistance%

/ coalitie "e gru#uri "e consuatori cerut +gen iei #entru .rotec ia @e"iului "in 3U+ "e a

inter)ice v=n)area "e #ro"use care contin #articule nanoargint*uci"ere gereni, "e laaniale -#(iate la haine, arguent=n" c( argintul ar #utea a$ecta s(n(tatea uan(, otrav(

via a acvatic(, i s( contriuie la cre terea a re)istentei la antiiotice%

Researchers in 3inga#ore re#orte" that nanosilver cause" severe "evelo#ental #roles in

)era$ish eryos olstering worries aout what ha##ens when those antiicroial #ro"ucts, like

soa# an" clothing, leak silver into the waste strea%

ercetatorii "in 3inga#ore au ra#ortat ca nanoargint cau)at #rolee "e "e)voltare severe in

erioni )era$ish * sus inerea gri4i "es#re ceea ce se -nt=#l( atunci c=n" aceste #ro"use

antiicroiene, cu ar $i s(#un i -r(c(inte, scurgeri "e argint -n $luxul "e "e euri%

The U%3% 1e#artent o$ 1e$ense, in an internal eo, acknowle"ge" that nanoaterials

ay #resentA risks that are "i$$erent than those $or co#arale aterial at a larger scale% Thats

an overarching risk with nanoaterials: Their tiny si)e an" high sur$ace area ake the ore

cheically reactive an" cause the to ehave in un#re"ictale ways% 3o a sustance thats sa$e at a

noral si)e can ecoe toxic at the nanoscale%

1e#artaentul +#ararii al 3U+, -ntr*o not( intern(, a recunoscut c( nanoaterialele #ot

+sta e un risc a4or cu nanoaterialele &.re)ent %%% Riscuri care sunt "i$erite "e cele #entru

ateriale co#araile la o scar( ai are%&: 1iensiunea lor ici i su#ra$a ( are a le

$ace ai chiic reactiv i $ace ca acestea s( se co#orte -ntr*un o" i#revi)iil% 1eci, osustan ( care este -n siguran ( la o "iensiune noral( #oate "eveni toxic la scara

nanoetrica%


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+ustralian $arers #ro#ose" new stan"ar"s that woul" exclu"e nanotechnology $ro organic

#ro"ucts%

$erierii australieni #ro#us noi stan"ar"e, care ar exclu"e "in "oeniul nanotehnologiei

#ro"use ecologice%

The 'uro#ean Union announce" that it will re5uire $ull health an" sa$ety testing $or caron

an" gra#hite un"er its strict new cheicals law, known as R'+B C$or Registration, 'valuation, an"

+uthorisation o$ heical 3ustancesD% aron an" gra#hite were #reviously exe#t, ecause

theyre consi"ere" sa$e in their noral $ors% 0ut the U%?% stu"y co#aring caron nanotues to

asestos, along with a siilar re#ort $ro Ea#an, raise" new alars aout these seeingly harless

sustances%

Uniunea 'uro#ean( a anun at c( va solicita testarea co#let( "e s(n(tate i siguran ( #entru

caron si gra$it -n con$oritate cu legisla ia strict( nou chiice, cunoscut su nuele "e

R'+B C#entru -nregistrarea, evaluarea, i autori)area sustan elor chiiceD% aron si

gra$it au $ost scutite anterior, "eoarece acestea sunt consi"erate sigure -n $orele lor

norale% 1ar stu"iul ritanic a co#arat nanotuuri "e caron la a)est, -#reun( cu un

ra#ort siilar "in Ea#onia, a ri"icat noi alare cu #rivire la aceste sustan e a#arent

ino$ensive%

Old Materials, New Risks

The 'Us ove is a critical ste# towar" recogni)ing nanoaterials as a #otential new ha)ar" thatre5uires new rules an" new in$oration%

@utare a U' este un #as i#ortant s#re recunoa terea nanoateriale ca un #otential #ericol nou,

care necesit( noi reguli i noi in$ora ii%

The raw aterials o$ nanotechnology are $ailiar% aron, silver, an" etals like iron an" titaniuare aong the ost coon% 0ut at the nanoscale, these well*known sustances take on new an"un#re"ictale #ro#erties% Thats what akes the so versatile an" valuale% It also akes the#otentially "angerous in ways that their larger*scale counter#arts are not%

@ateriile #rie "e nanotehnologiei sunt $ailiari)a i% aron, argint, i etale #recu $ierul i titan sunt #rintre cele ai coune% 1ar la scara nanoetrica, aceste sustan e cunoscute ia #e #ro#rietatinoi si i#revi)iile% +sta e ceea ce le $ace at=t "e versatil i valoros% 1e aseenea, le $ace #oten ial #ericuloase -n o"uri care oologii lor la scar( ai are nu sunt%

Fet governents are only eginning to gra##le with those "angers% Ea#ans laor "e#artent issue"a notice in Geruary re5uiring easures to #rotect workers $ro ex#osure to nanoaterials: It aye the worl"s $irst nano*s#eci$ic regulation a$$ecting actual #ractices% .reviously, 0erkeley,ali$ornia ever rea"y to stan" alone ha" a"o#te" what is a##arently the only nano*s#eci$icregulation in the Unite" 3tates: a re5uireent that co#anies suit toxicology re#orts aoutnanoaterials theyre using%

u toate acestea, guvernele sunt "oar -nce# s( se con$runte cu aceste #ericole% 1e#artaentul "eunc( "in Ea#onia a eis un avi) -n $eruarie necesit( (suri #entru a #rote4a lucr(torii -#otrivaex#unerii la nanoateriale: +r #utea $i #riul regulaent nano*s#eci$ice "in lue care a$ectea)(

#racticile e$ective% +nterior, 0erkeley, ali$ornia * -ntot"eauna gata s( stea singur * a a"o#tat ceea ceeste a#arent regulaentul nuai nano*s#eci$ice "in 3tatele Unite: o cerin ( #e care co#aniile#re)int( ra#oarte "e toxicologie "es#re nanoateriale #e care -l $olosesc%


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+t the $e"eral level, the '.+ launche" a voluntary re#orting #rogra in EanuaryH in"ustry#artici#ation has een aneic% 0oth the '.+ an" the Goo" an" 1rug +"inistration have so $ar"ecline" to regulate nanoaterials as such, saying theyre covere" un"er existing regulations% TheNational Institute $or /ccu#ational 3a$ety an" Bealth has issue" recoen"ations $or han"lingnanoaterials, ut the agency has no en$orceent #ower%

>a nivel $e"eral, '.+ a lansat un #rogra "e ra#ortare voluntar(, -n ianuarieH .artici#area in"ustrieia $ost aneic(% +t=t '.+ i Goo" an" 1rug +"inistration au sc()ut #=n( -n #re)ent #entru aregleenta nanoaterialelor ca atare, s#unan" ei regleentate -n con$oritate cu regleent(rile -nvigoare% Institutul National #entru 3ecuritate si 3anatate a eis recoan"(ri #entru nanoateriale"e ani#ulare, "ar agen ia nu are nici o #utere "e a#licare%

The 'uro#ean Union, y contrast, is taking a #recautionary a##roach% 2hile U%3% regulatorsgenerally #resue #ro"ucts to e sa$e until #roven har$ul, the 'Us new R'+B legislation"ean"s that anu$acturers "eonstrate the sa$ety o$ their cheicals% Eust last week, the 'Urelease" a "ocuent conclu"ing that nanorisks can e "ealt with un"er the current legislative

$raework, with soe o"i$ications% Gor exa#le, the "ocuent says that un"er R'+B, whenco#anies intro"uce nano$ors o$ existing sustances, they ust #rovi"e a""itional aterial aoutthe s#eci$ic #ro#erties, ha)ar"s, an" risks o$ the nanoaterials%

Uniunea 'uro#ean(, #rin contrast, este "e a lua o aor"are #recaut(%


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tiny si)e an" high sur$ace area give the unusual characteristics: insolule aterials ecoesoluleH noncon"uctive ones start con"ucting electricityH harless sustances can ecoe toxic%

Nanoaterialele sunt at=t "e ici -nc=t acestea c(l(toresc cu u urin (, at=t -n organis i -n e"iul -ncon4ur(tor% 1iensiunea lor ic( i su#ra$a ( are s( le "ea caracteristici neoisnuite: aterialele insoluile "evin soluileH cele necon"uctive -nce#e e$ectuarea "e energie electric(H sustan eino$ensive #ot "eveni toxice%

Nano#articles are easily inhale"% They can #ass $ro the lungs into the loo"strea an" otherorgans% They can even sli# through the ol$actory nerve into the rain, eva"ing the #rotective loo"*rain arrier% Its not clear whether they #enetrate the skin% /nce theyre insi"e the o"y, its notclear how long they reain or what they "o% 2hats ore, current science has no way o$ testing $ornano*waste in the air or water, an" no way o$ cleaning u# such #ollution%

Nano#articulele sunt u or "e inhalat% 'le #ot trece "e la #laani in sange si alte organe% 'le #otaluneca chiar #rin nervul ol$activ in creier, se sustrage ariera "e #rotec ie heato*ence$alic(% Nueste clar "ac( #(trun" #rin #iele% 1u#( acestea sunt in interiorul cor#ului, nu este clar c=t "e ultti# r(=n sau ceea ce $ac% e e ai ult, tiin a actual( nu are nici o o"alitate "e a testare #entru

nano*"e eurilor -n aer sau a#(, i nici o o"alitate "e cur( are o ast$el "e #oluare%

The tiny cylin"ers known as caron nanotues, or NTs, are aong the ost wi"ely use"nanoaterials% These tues, which coe in "i$$erent si)es an" sha#es, len" extraor"inary strengthan" lightness to icycle $raes an" tennis racketsH researchers are also investigating uses ine"icine, electronics an" other $iel"s% The recent U? stu"y $oun" that long, straight NTs, whenin4ecte" into la ice, cause scarring even $aster than asestos% /ne o$ the investigators #re"icts thescarring will lea" to cancerH other ex#erts are less sure% The stu"y "oesnt #rove whether its #ossileto inhale enough NTs to cause the sae results as the in4ections% 0ut which workers want to serveas the test cases

@ici cilin"rii cunoscut su nuele "e nanotuuri "e caron, sau NT, sunt #rintre cele ainanoaterialele utili)ate #e scar( larg(% +ceste tuuri, care vin -n "i$erite "iensiuni si $ore, "au$or ( extraor"inar( i u urin ( la ca"re "e iciclet( i rachete "e tenisH ercetatorii au investigat, "e aseenea, utili)(ri -n e"icina, electronica si alte "oenii% 3tu"iu recent "in @area 0ritanie aconstatat c( NT lungi, "re#te, atunci can" in4ectate in soareci "e laorator, cau)a cicatrici chiar aire#e"e "ecat a)est% Unul "intre investigatorii #re)ice cicatricile va "uce la cancerH al i ex#er i sunt ai #u in sigur% 3tu"iul nu "ove"i "ac( este #osiil s( inhale)e su$icient NT #entru a "eterinaacelea i re)ultate ca in4ec iile% 1ar care lucr(torii "oresc s( serveasc( "re#t ca)uri "e testare

+nother re" $lag is silver% @anu$acturers are lacing or"inary househol" o4ects $ro tooth#aste tote""y ears with nano#articles o$ silver, long known $or its "isin$ecting #owers% + recentex#erient on nanosilver*containing socks, toute" as o"or*eating, $oun" that silver #articles leake"out into the wash water% /nce there, the silver coul" inter$ere with water*treatent e$$orts, in #art ykilling goo" icroes as well as the nasty ones, an" ight threaten a5uatic li$e Ca $ear su##orte" ythe )era$ish stu"yD%

Un alt steag rosu este "e argint% .ro"uc(torii sunt cheotoare oiecte "e u) casnic or"inare * "e la#asta "e "inti la ursule i "e #lu * cu nano#articule "e argint, lung cunoscut #entru #uterile sale "e "e)in$ectare% Un ex#erient recent #e sosete care con in nanoargint, toute" ca iros*a anca, aconstatat c( #articule "e argint scurgeri -n a#a "e s#(lare% /"at( a4un i acolo, argintul ar #uteainter$era cu e$orturile "e tratare a a#ei, -n #arte, #rin uci"erea icroi un, #recu i #e cele ur=t, i s*ar #utea aenin a via a acvatic( Co tea( sus inut( "e stu"iul )era$ishD%

2hen 3asung starte" arketing a washing achine that eits silver ions two years ago, a nationalassociation o$ wastewater treatent authorities aske" the U%3% 'nvironental .rotection +gency to


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regulate such e5ui#ent as #estici"es% +n" in"ee", '.+ has re5uire" soe anu$acturers to registernanosilver*containing #ro"ucts like co#uter keyoar"s as #estici"es or "ro# their ger*killingclais%

=n" 3asung a -nce#ut coerciali)area o a in( "e s#(lat care eite ioni "e argint -n ur( cu "oiani, o asocia ie na ional( a autorit( ilor "e e#urare a solicitat +gentiei #entru .rotectia @e"iului "in 3U+ "e a regleenta ast$el "e echi#aente ca #estici"e% i -ntr*a"ev(r, '.+ a cerut unii #ro"uc(toris( -nregistre)e #ro"use care con in nanoargint * cu ar $i tastaturi "e calculator * ca #estici"e sauaan"onea)( crean ele*uci"erea gereni%

+ $ar*oriente" #estici"e law "ating to K;L is scarcely the right tool $or a""ressing the 9st*centuryha)ar"s o$ nanotechnology% 0ut its the only tool that '.+ en$orcers have, since the agencys#olicyakers have ex#licitly "ecline" to regulate nanoaterials as such%

:n orientate s#re $erm #estici"e lege "at9n" "in 7?PK este greu instrumentul #otrivit #entruabor"area #ericolelor 7+lea ale nanotehnologiei. %ar e singurul instrument care autorit ile "ea#licare '&D au, "eoarece $actorii "e "eci1ie #olitica agen iei au sc1ut 3n mo" e0#licit "e a

reglementa nanomaterialelor ca atare.

What Price Convenience?

/$ the hun"re"s o$ nano*enhance" #ro"ucts now on the arket, any are cosetics, an" anyothers, such as clothing an" co#uter #eri#herals, are s#ike" with silver $or unnecessaryantiacterial e$$ects% onvenience ites, like stain*resistant so$as an" static*$ree $leece, are a thir"ig category%

1in sutele "e consoli"ate nano #ro"use acu #e #ia (, ulte sunt #ro"use cosetice, i ulte altele,

cu ar $i -r(c(inte i "e calculator #eri$erice, sunt ghi#at cu argint #entru e$ecteantiacteriene inutile% 'leente "e con$ort, cu ar $i cana#ele re)istente la #ete i $leece*staticgratuit, sunt a treia categorie are%

It woul" e easy to say, 2ho nee"s this stu$$ Eust wash your han"s Cor $eet, in the case o$ the sell*resistant socksD, clean u# your s#ills an" kee# the nano agic on the shel$ until we know whether itssa$e% In"ee", soe environental grou#s are calling $or a oratoriu on nano*containing#ro"ucts%

+r $i u or "e s#us, &ine are nevoie "e asta 1oar s#(la i*v( #e =ini Csau "e #icioare, -n ca)ul osete re)istente irosD, curata scurgeri "uneavoastr( i #(stra i*agia nano #e ra$t #=n( nu ti "ac( e

sigur% &


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The Bouse ill an"ates a "etaile" i#leentation #lan $or environental, health, an" sa$etyresearch% Thats an i#ortant ste# $orwar", ut its not enough% +s we hurtle into this very sall$uture, we nee" to #ay uch ore attention to the #otentially large risks%

)asa mandate facturii Eun plan detaliat de punere -n aplicare pentru, cercetarea in domeniul

sanatatii, mediului i de siguran .E +cesta este un pas important -nainte, dar nu este de a3uns. + a cum am hurtle -n acest viitor foarte mici, trebuie s acorde o aten ie mult mai mult la riscurilepoten iale mari. >http$DDe:F0.yale.eduDfeatureDnanotechGtheGun!nownGris!sD202?D(

riscurile nanotehnologiei

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