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MINISTERUL EDUCAIEI AL REPUBLICII MOLDOVA

UNIVERSITATEA LIBER INTERNAIONAL DIN MOLDOVA

FACULTATEA ISTORIE I RELAII INTERNAIONALE

CATEDRA RELAII INTERNAIONALE I POLITOLOGIE

GRUPUL TARILOR G7

GRUPUL TARILOR G20

B.R.I.C

B.R.I.C.S

A prezentat Secrier Tatiana

A c!ntr!"at # P$R!%ca

Chisinau ,2015

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CUPRINS

Introdu!r!

1 Gru"u# Tari#or 7

2 Gru"u# Tari#or 20

$ Gru"u# B.R.I.C

% Gru"u# B.R.I.C.S

Con#u&ii

Bi'#io(ra)!

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Intr!#cere

In "ti&" #eceni' rap!rt" #e (!rte in ec!n!&ia &!n#ia"a %)a &!#i(icat$ A apart n!i ten#inte

%i in("ente ec!n!&ice'p!"itice %i %trate*ice pe care n!i"e pteri e&er*ent "e e+ercita "a ni,e"

&!n#ia"' pe "in*a tari"e *rp"i G -$

Criza ec!n!&ica a i&p% n!i criteria #e ana"iza %i #ez.ateri a pr!."e&e"!r *"!.a"e$ La renini"e

&ari"!r pteri in#%tria" a a#erat %i *rp" &"t &ai "ar* G /0 a" %tate"!r care a re%it %a i%i

i&pna parerea in c!nte+ta" ec!n!&ic &!n#ia" pentr r&at!are"e #ecenii ' prin (apt" ca #e%i

criz1 (inanciar1 a a,t n caracter *"!.a"' e"e a (1ct (a21 3!c"i' &"t &ai .ine #ec4t a"te"e'

c!ntri.in# %.%tan2ia" "a #ina&ica ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e$ Ace%te 21ri a re3it prin p!"itici"e

ini2iate %1 atin*1 rit&ri #e cre3tere ec!n!&ic1 %pectac"!a%e$

Criza ec!n!&ica ' "a (e" ' a a,t n i&pact %i a%pra rei&partirii %(ere"!r #e in("enta &!n#ia"a$

Ace%t c!nte+t a in("entat pternic a%cen%inea %tate"!r in cr% #e #ez,!"tare ' a &!#i(icat

p!n#erea "!r in ec!n!&ia *"!.a"a %i a *enerat %c5i&.ari in ca#r" in("entei #ecizi!na"e

internati!na" $

Deci rap!rt" #e (!rte G -a (!%t #epa%it ' iar n!ii act!ri i&p!rtanti pe %cena n!ii !r#ini

&!n#ia"e 'ca B$R$I$C$S '%i)a i&p% p!zitii"e ' #e care %perpteri"e %nt ne,!ite %a tina c!nt $

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GRUPUL TARILOR G- 678

9Grp" ce"!r Sapte: reprezinta &ari"e 21ri in#%tria"izate$ La renini"e ace%ti *rp' %tate"e

%nt reprezentate #e 3e(ii #e *,ern %a #e &ini3trii ec!n!&iei 3i (inan2e"!r$ Sc!p" r&1rit e%te

c!!r#!narea p!"itici"!r &acr!ec!n!&ice 3i' in &!# %pecia"' a p!"iticii rate"!r #e %c5i&. intre

21ri"e re%pecti,e$ 1ri"e &e&.re a"e *rp"i %nt ce"e &ai pternice #in "&e' e"e (iin# ace"ea

care #eter&in1 rap!rtri"e #e (!r2e pe p"an interna2i!na"' !r#inea ec!n!&ic1 &!n#ia"1$

Grp" ce"!r Opt 6G78 reprezint1 n (!r& interna i!na" a" *,erne"!r n!r %tate #ez,!"tate #in

pnct #e ,e#ere ec!n!&ic' te5n!"!*ic i &i"itar;Cana#a' Fran a' Ger&ania' Ita"ia'

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ace%t *rp e%te C5ina' care a nre*i%trat 3i n c!n#i2ii"e crizei (inanciare *"!.a"e n rit& ana" #e

cre3tere ec!n!&ic1 care a !%ci"at ntre 3i >/@$ C5ina a (!%t 3i ea "!,it1 #e 3!c" crizei' n%1

#at!rit1 &1%ri"!r "ate' ce" &ai %c1zt ni,e" #e cre3tere a (!%t #e '/@' nre*i%trat n pri&"

tri&e%tr a" an"i /00$ U"teri!r ec!n!&ia c5inez1 3i)a re,enit 3i n pri&e"e trei "ni a"e an"i

/0>0' a a,t ! cre3tere #e >>'@' n rap!rt >0'-@ n "ti&" tri&e%tr #in /00$

In /0>? Pr!#%" Intern Brt a" C5inei a nre*i%trat ! cre3tere #e -'?' %. 2inta #e cre3tere (i+at1

#e at!rit12i"e #e "a Beiin*' #e -'@' #p1 n a,an% #e -'-@ n /0>$Rit&" #e cre3tere a

ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e n a c!.!r4t nici!#at1 %. -'@ #p1 >0' an n care PIB)" C5inei a

cre%ct c #!ar '7@ #in caza %anc2ini"!r interna2i!na"e intr!#%e #p1 &a%acr" #in Pia2a

Tianan&en$ Bir!" Na2i!na" #e Stati%tic1 #in C5ina a ann2at c1 in,e%ti2ii"e (i+e' principa"a (!r21

#in %pate"e cre3terii ec!n!&iei c5ineze' a a,an%at c >'-@ n rit& ana" n /0>?' #p1 !

cre3tere #e /0@ n /0>/ 3i /0>$ De a%e&enea' pr!#c2ia in#%tria"1 a cre%ct c 7'@ n /0>?#p1 n a,an% #e '-@ n /0>' iar ,4nz1ri"e c a&1nnt" a cre%ct c >/@ n /0>?

c!&parati, c >'>@ n /0>$

Ec!n!&ia c5inez1 %e c!n(rnt1 n "ti&ii ani c ncetinirea pie2ei i&!.i"iare' n &e#i

#e("a2i!ni%t 3i pr!."e&e c %pracapacit12i"e in#%tria"e$ Pentr ace%t an' c!n#cerea #e "a

Beiin* ar r&a %1)3i re#c1 2inta #e cre3tere p4n1 "a apr!+i&ati, -@ pe &1%r1 ce cererea

intern1 3i pr!#c2ia in#%tria"1 ,!r r1&4ne "a n ni,e" %c1zt$

A*en2ii"e interna2i!na"e 3i)a re,izit n %c1#ere e%ti&1ri"e pri,in# cre3terea ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e

n" #in &!ti,e (iin# 3i ncetinirea ec!n!&iei c5ineze' n" #in &!t!are"e ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e$

F!n#" M!netar Interna2i!na" a re,izit e%ti&1ri"e pri,in# cre3terea ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e c 0'

pncte pr!centa"e$ De a%e&enea' FMI a re,izit 3i e%ti&1ri"e pri,in# cre3terea ec!n!&ic1 a

C5inei p4n1 "a '7@ n /0>' #e "a -'>@ c4t e%ti&a n !ct!&.rie 3i c ! &1tate #e pnct p4n1

"a '@ pentr /0>$

Grp" 9pteri"!r e&er*ente: #e,an%eaz1' n p"an" rit&ri"!r #e cre3tere ec!n!&ic1' *rp"

21ri"!r #ez,!"tate 6State"e Unite' Uninea Er!pean1' 3i '@)>'@$

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=n c!nte+t" n care %e ,!r &en2ine ace%te #i(eren2e #e cre3tere ec!n!&ic1' %t#ii"e #e ten#in21 ne

arat1 c1 n /0> ace%te 21ri ,!r an*e #in r&1 *rp" 21ri"!r #ez,!"tate 6G)- ) SUA'

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C5ina' In#ia' A%tra"ia' In#!nezia' Ara.ia Sa#it1' A(rica #e S#' C!reea #e S# i Trcia' care

c!&pn z!na e&er*ent1 a ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e' a"1tri #e reprezentan i ai Uninii Er!pene' ai

F!n#"i M!netar Interna i!na" i ai B1ncii M!n#ia"e$ P4n1 n /007' renini"e G/0 a a,t n

caracter e+c"%i, te5nic' (iin# rezer,ate &ini3tri"!r #e Finan2e 3i *,ernat!ri"!r .1nci"!r centra"e'

care #i%cta pe &ar*inea n!r a*en#e pe care %e a("a c5e%tini .*etare 3i &!netare' "e*ate #ecre3terea ec!n!&ic1' #e c!&er2 %a ener*ie$ Fapt" c1' n "ti&ii #!i ani' 21ri"e &e&.re G/0 a

#eci% %1 %e renea%c1 "a ni,e" #e "i#eri' pentr a "a n #i%c2ie a%pecte ce pri,e%c 3i #ecizia

p!"itic1' arat1 *rp" 21ri"!r c"a%i(icate ca a,4n# ec!n!&ii e&er*ente' n %pecia" C5ina a,4n# n

c,4nt #in ce n ce &ai *re n "area 5!t1r4ri"!r *e!%trate*ice$

1ri"e G/0 reprezint1 #!1 trei&i #in p!p"a ia p"anetei i apr!ape 0@ #in Pr!#%" Intern Brt

a" ace%teia$

Grp" G/0H e%te n ."!c #e 1ri n cr% #e #ez,!"tare (!n#at n zia #e /0 a*%t /00$ Grp"

a "at (iin 1 "a cea #e)a cincea c!n(erin 1 &ini%teria"1 a Or*aniza iei M!n#ia"e a C!&er "i'

*1z#it1 n Cancn' Me+ic ntre >0 %epte&.rie i >? %epte&.rie /00$ G)/0H n*"!.eaz1 0@

#in p!p"a ia *"!."i' -0@ #intre (er&ieri i /@ #in e+p!rtri"e a*ric!"e a"e "&ii$

=n &!&ent" acta"' *rp" e (!r&at #in / #e na ini; Ar*entina 'B!"i,ia' Brazi"ia 'C5i"e 'C5ina

C.a' Eca#!r' E*ipt 'Gate&a"a' In#ia' In#!nezia 'Me+ic' Ni*eria' PaJi%tan' Para*aK 'Per

Fi"ipine'A(rica #e S# 'Tanzania' T5ai"an#a 'Ur*aK' Veneze"a' i&.a.e$Li#erii #in ca#r" G/0 %)a renit #ea #e 3a%e !ri' n n!ie&.rie /007 "a a%5in*t!n 6SUA8' n

apri"ie /00 "a L!n#ra 6Marea Britanie8' n %epte&.rie /00 "a Pitt%.r*5 6SUA8' n inie /0>0

"a T!r!nt! 6Cana#a8' n n!ie&.rie /0>0 "a Se" 6C!reea #e S#8 ' n n!ie&.rie /0>> "a Canne%

6Fran2a8$Me+ic" a a%i*rat %e#inta #in /0>/ ' R%ia in /0>' A%tra"ia n /0>? 3i Trcia n /0>$

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GRUPUL B$R$I$C

In ca#r" *rp"i #e 9pteri e&er*ente:' %e re&arc1 pr!ce%" c!"a.!r1rii ntre patr ec!n!&ii

e&er*ente ) Brazi"ia' R%ia' In#ia' C5ina pr!ce% %e&na"at' #e &ai &"t ti&p' #e c1tre 0 %)a %ta.i"it c!!r#!nate"e &ari a"e nei c!"a.!r1ri

in(!r&a"e pe p"an p!"itic 3i ec!n!&ic' care p!ate e+ercita pre%ini a%pra State"!r Unite pentr a

!.2ine an&ite %c5i&.1ri n p!"itica *"!.a"1$ C t!ate ace%tea' %)a (1ct an&i2i pa3i n #irec2ia

c!n%titirii ni %i%te& !r*aniza2i!na" #e ac2ine' Or*aniza2ia #e "a S5an*5ai$

P!n#erea *rp1rii BRIC n ec!n!&ia *"!.a"1 e%te i&p!rtant1$ =n an%a&."" "!r ace%te 21ri

cprin# ?0@ #in p!p"a2ia "&ii' #e2in pe%te /@ #in %pra(a2a tere%tr1 a p"anetei' iar pr!#%"

intern .rt c&"at reprezint1 >@ #in PIB) " p"anetei 6>$? tri"i!ane 8$ A #e,enit e,i#ent c1

#at!rit1 ace%ti rit& #e cre3tere ec!n!&ic1' n" #in !.iecti,e"e *rp"i e%te i&p"icarea n

c!ncren2a c ec!n!&ii"e !cci#enta"e$ Un a"t !.iecti, c!&n a" *rp"i BRIC' e%te c!n%trc2ia

ni %i%te& interna2i!na" &ai #e&!cratic' nte&eiat pe re%pect" "e*ii 3i pe #ip"!&a2ia

&"ti"atera"1$ P!"itici"e ini2iate #e BRIC p!t (ace ca ace%ta%1 #e,in1 n centr #e c!a*"are 3ipentr a"te 21ri' ceea ce ar (ace ca p!n#erea *rp1rii %1 #e,in1 n (act!r e%en2ia" n "area

#ecizii"!r participan2i"!r "a renini"e G)/0 3i i&p"icit %1 re#c1 in("en2a n p!"itica &!n#ia"1 a

*rp"i G)-$ Dac1 ace%t1 e,!"2ie ,a a,ea "!c' acea%t1 c!"a.!rare p!ate %1 capete c!ntrri"e

ni 9"ea#er%5ip c!"ecti,: a" "&ii' ceea ce ar crea %eri!a%e pr!."e&e pentr p!"itica e+tern1 a

State"!r Unite$ =n ace%t %en%' a (!%t %e&ni(icati,1 ! %ec,en21 a nt4"niri"!r #e "a S&&it"

=nc1"zirii C"i&atice #e "a C!pen5a*a' #in #ece&.rie /00' care a renit > #e %tate$ Pre3e#inte"e

O.a&a a" State"!r Unite' ne&"2&it #e &er%" "cr1ri"!r' a #!rit %1 #i%cte n partic"ar cpri&" &ini%tr a" C5inei$ La nt4"nirea pr!*ra&at1' pre3e#inte"e O.a&a a a,t %rpriza %1

*1%ea%c1 a"1tri #e en

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ec!n!&ice' (ie accept1 ne"e #in e"e #p1 ne*!cieri %tr4n%e' prin care %e r&1re3te pr!tearea

pr!prii"!r ec!n!&ii #e pre%ini"e c!rp!ra2ii"!r *"!.a"e$

=n an%a&."" "!r' ace%te practici %nt e+pre%ia nei 9#ecp"1rii %e"ecti,e: #e practici"e B1ncii

M!n#ia"e 3i a"e FMI$ Acea%t1 apreciere n pne %. %e&n" ntre.1rii ,a"i#itatea "i.era"i%&"i

ca #!ctrin1' ci are n ,e#ere na #in ,ariante"e %a"e 3i an&e ne!"i.era"i%&" pr!&!,at #in

ini2iati,a pre&ier"i Marii Britanii Mar*aret T5atc5er 3i a pre3e#inte"i State"!r Unite R!na"#

Rea*an n anii 70 ai %ec!""i trect$ A+" principa" a" #!ctrinei a (!%t i#eea #e)re*"e&ent1rii

pie2e"!r 3i a retra*erii %tat"i #in %(era ec!n!&ic1$ Acea%t1 interpretare a #e,enit 95e*e&!nic1:'

! para#i*&1 i&p%1 #i%cr%"i %!cia" 3i ! 9art1 a *,ern1rii *"!.a"e:$7 O a%e&enea !rientare

%i&i"ar1 *4n#irii (n#a&enta"i%te nt4"nite n p"an" #!ctrine"!r re"i*i!a%e a pr!&!,at n

c!&p!rta&ent p!"itic a" 21ri"e !cci#enta"e c!n%i#erat in(ai"i.i" 3i a,4n# ! ,a"!are ni,er%a"1 prin

inter&e#i" in%tit2ii"!r interna2i!na"e #e tip" B1ncii M!n#ia"e 3i FMI$

=n #epen#en21 #e %ita2ia "!r c!ncret1 ec!n!&ic!)%!cia"1 3i i%t!ria a%cen%inii "!r "a

in#epen#en21 3i %,eranitate' pteri"e e&er*ente a "i&itat %a a renn2at "a 9a%i%ten2a

(inanciar1 e+tern1:' (!"!%in# c pri!ritate re%r%e"e interne' iar n re"a2ii"e ec!n!&ice

interna2i!na"e 3i n p!"itica #e in,e%ti2ii %tr1ine a p% accent" pe criterii ec!n!&ice 3i &"t &ai

p2in pe c!n%i#erente p!"itice' e+pri&4n#)3i ne&"2&irea (a21 #e re*"i"e #e(a,!ra.i"e 21ri"!r

n cr% #e #ez,!"tare$

Ace%t c!&p!rta&ent n p!"itica intern1 3i e+tern1' a a%i*rat ! #ez,!"tare p!ziti,1 n p"an

ec!n!&ic' 3i a rec!n(ir&at r!"" #eci%i, a" nei *,ern1ri inte"i*ente' capa.i"e %1 re%pecte c4te,a

re*"i e%en2ia"e; a8 %1 ai.e ini2iati,1 p!"itic1 n .aza ni pr!*ra& #e per%pecti,1Q .8 %1 ap"ice

re*"i #e c!n#it1 pr!(ita.i"e pentr ntrea*a %!cietateQ c8 %1 %priine (!r2e"e ec!n!&iei' (1r1 a

#e,eni priz!niera ace%t!raQ #8 %1 (ie pra*&atic1' ("e+i.i"1' a#ic1 e"i.erat1 #e c5in*i"e ni

#!*&ati%& i#e!"!*ic$

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GRUPUL B$R$I$C$S

Re,enin# "a acr!ni&" BRICS' S: a (!%t a#1*at pe > apri"ie /0>> pentr a &arca a#&iterea

A(ricii #e S# n *rp" BRIC' #e3i' ini2ia"' ntr)n #!c&ent p."icat n /00' Me+ic" i

C!reea #e S# era %in*re"e 1ri care a,ea 3an%e #e a a#era "a BRIC$ Dat!rit1 (apt"i c1 ace%tea

era #ea &e&.re a"e Or*aniza iei pentr C!!perare i Dez,!"tare Ec!n!&ic1' ec!n!&ii"e "!r a

(!%t e+c"%e ini2ia"$

Apari2ia BRICS e%te c!n%i#erat1 #e nii #intre ana"i3ti ca (iin# ! ncercare a C5inei' #e a %par*e

IBSA' n *rpare &"ti"atera"1 a"c1tit1 #in In#ia' Brazi"ia i A(rica #e S#$ C intrarea A(ricii

#e S# n 1ri"e BRICS' IBSA ,)a #e,eni t!t &ai ire"e,ant$

=n &!# para#!+a"' ce"e 21ri &e&.re BRICS %nt c!n%i#erate ca (iin# 21ri e&er*ente' ceea ce

n%ea&n1 c1 %nt a%i&i"ate #e (act! c 21ri care a (!%t c4n#,a 6c!n(!r& criterii"!r #e cre3tere

ec!n!&ic18 %.#ez,!"tate' #ar care a re3it %1 re"an%eze ec!n!&ia a%t(e" nc4t %1 nceap1 n

pr!ce% #e ac&"are a .!*12iei #."at #e &!#i(ic1ri %trctra"e i&p!rtante "a ni,e" ec!n!&ic 3i

%!cia"$ =n rea"itate' ace%te 21ri (!r&eaz1 ! entitate ne!&!*en1 n care %e re*1%e%c %tate c& ar (i

C5ina' P!"!nia' Trcia %a Me+ic$ Din ace%t &!ti,' %inta*&a #e 21ri e&er*ente %)a ncet12enit ca

(iin# ! e+pre%ie *eneric1 pentr a ac!peri %ita2ii care n rea"itate %nt c &"t #i(eren2iate$ Ct!ate ace%tea' 21ri"e inc"%e n ace%t c". a ! %&1 #e caracteri%tici c!&ne care 3i a !ri*inea

n /000' c4n# ace%tea a cn!%ct ! cre3tere ec!n!&ic1 %%2int1' c rate #e cre3tere ce a

#ep13it ana" >0@' 3i care %e p!ate e+p"ica prin #e%c5i#erea pie2e"!r ace%t!r 21ri' ! cre3tere a

pre2ri"!r &aterii"!r pri&e 3i ! %c1#ere a pre2ri"!r #e pr!#c2ie$

C& ace%te e,!"2ii %)a nre*i%trat pe (!n#" cre3terii cererii #e a%t(e" #e pr!#%e #in partea

21ri"!r #ez,!"tate' a per&i%' n (ina"' 21ri"!r e&er*ente %1 ac&"eze i&p!rtante e+ce#ente

c!&ercia"e 3i %1 atra*1 n&er!a%e in,e%ti2ii$ C!n3tiin2a ace%ti a"*!rit& ec!n!&ic a (!%ta&e"i!rarea ni,e""i #e trai a p!p"a2iei care a ncept %1 %e apr!pie rapi# #e %tan#ar#e"e

e+i%tente n 21ri"e #ez,!"tate' c5iar #ac1 %e &en2in n c!ntinare #i(eren2e i&p!rtante$ =n p"%'

rata in("a2iei a intrat pe n tren# #e%cen#ent' an*4n# %. >0@ #p1 ce n peri!a#a ani"!r 0

acea%ta #ep13ea >00@

Din p1cate' &a!ritatea 21ri"!r e&er*ente nre*i%treaz1 n ace%t &!&ent ! ncetinire a rit&"i

ana" #e cre3tere' pr!ce% care p!ate (i p%' n principa"' pe %ea&a ncetinirii ec!n!&ii"!r #in

21ri"e #ez,!"tate$ N&ai c1 %i&p"a re(erire "a ace%t e"e&ent n p!ate e+p"ica e,!"2ia #i(eren2iat1

a 21ri"!r e&er*ente$ O a%t(e" #e e+p"ica2ie %i&p"i%t1 n ar ptea n%1 e+p"ica pr1.3irea pie2ei

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.r%iere c5ineze c -@' nici a&p"!area &ani(e%ta2ii"!r #in Brazi"ia n &!&ent" %c&pirii

.i"ete"!r #e &etr!' "pte"e #e %tra#1 #in Trcia #p1 ann2area pr!iect"i #e %i%te&atizare a

ni parc p."ic %a cea &ai i&p!rtant1 pan1 #e crent nre*i%trat1 n i%t!rie n In#ia' c4n#' n

/0>/' pe%te 00 &i"i!ane #e per%!ane a r1&a% (1r1 crent e"ectric$

C& area"" #e 21ri circ&%cri%e %inta*&ei #e %tate e&er*ente e%te e+tre& #e ,a%t pentr a

ncerca %1 e+p"ic1& #ec"in" #in "ti&a peri!a#1 a ec!n!&ii"!r ace%t!ra' ne ,!& "i&ita #!ar "a

c4te,a #intre e"e' c!n%i#erate ca (iin# "i#eri n #!&eni; BRICS$ Ace%tea n%&eaz1 apr!ape

&1tate #in p!p"a2ia "&ii 3i %nt c!n%i#erate ca (iin# 21ri"e care a nre*i%trat cea &ai

&arcant1 cre3tere ec!n!&ic1 #in /000 3i p4n1 ac&$ A&p"!area 3i ,iteza #e #ez,!"tare a

ec!n!&ii"!r ace%t!r %tate a (1ct ca e%ti&1ri"e "e*ate #e e,!"2ia p!n#erii "!r n PIB)" &!n#ia"

%1 ec5i,a"eze p4n1 n /0?0 c cea 21ri"!r #in *rp" G7 a" ce"!r &ai #ez,!"tate 21ri 6SUA'

/ acea%ta n era #ec4t #e 0'@'

iar pentr an" crent e%te #e a3teptat ca rata #e cre3tere %1 (ie #eza&1*it!are$

=n R%ia' ec5i"i.r" .*etar 3i &ara #e &ane,r1 a %tat"i #epin# apr!ape e+c"%i, #e pre2"

5i#r!car.ri"!r 3i n %pecia" #e ce" a" *az"i &etan' n c!n#i2ii"e n care e+p!rt" ace%t!r &aterii

pri&e reprezint1 0@ #in t!ta"" e+p!rtri"!r r%e$ C& ncetinirea ec!n!&ic1 &!n#ia"1 a (!r2at

%c1#erea cererii #e a%t(e" #e pr!#%e 3i i&p"icit a pre2"i ace%t!ra' ec!n!&ia r%1 are ! &are

pr!."e&1$ C at4t &ai &are c c4t' n "ti&a peri!a#1' 5i#r!car.ri"e c"a%ice: %nt %.&inate

#e ce"e #e 3i%t$

=n In#ia' cre3terea pentr /0>/ e%te cea &ai pr!a%t1 nre*i%trat1 n "ti&ii >0 ani$ A%t(e"' #e3i rata

#e cre3tere %e &en2ine n r" ,a"!rii #e @' ec!n!&ia n p!ate (ace (a21 pre%inii #e&!*ra(ice3i nici %1 "pte e(icient &p!tri,a %1r1ciei' pentr acea%ta a,4n# ne,!ie #e ! rat1 #e cre3tere

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ec!n!&ic1 #e ce" p2in 7@$ In#ia a in,e%tit &a%i, n %er,icii 6n %pecia" in(!r&atice8' #ar ace%t

%ect!r n e%te capa.i" %1 a.%!ar.1 #ec4t ntr)! &ic1 &1%r1 (!r2a #e &nc1$ Rez"tat" e%te

re("ectat n cre3terea ten%ini"!r %!cia"e 3i ! in("a2ie ri#icat1' pr!."e&e care ,in %1 %e %prapn1

pe%te %eri!a%e #i(ic"t12i a#&ini%trati,e 3i #e in(ra%trctr1$ A%ta %e tra#ce prin (apt" c1 e%te

&ai p2in c!%ti%it!r i&p!rt" ni pr!#% #ec4t %1)" tran%p!r2i #intr)! z!n1 ntr)a"ta a In#iei$

C5ina tra,er%eaz1 ! peri!a#1 #e"icat1 3i c ! e,!"2ie i&p!%i.i" #e anticipat$ =n /0>/ rata #e

cre3tere a (!%t 3!r in(eri!ar1 ,a"!rii #e 7@' iar pentr an" n cr% e%te e%ti&at1 n r" ,a"!rii

#e -@$ O cre3tere e+tre& #e #epen#ent1 #e in,e%ti2ii"e n z!na i&!.i"iar1 3i in(ra%trctr1$ F1r1 !

cre3tere rea"1 n ace%te %ect!are' ec!n!&ia ,a nre*i%tra ! rat1 #e cre3tere c &"t &ai re#%1

#ec4t cea e%ti&at1' n ci#a e(!rtri"!r (1cte #e %tati%tica !(icia"1 n a trca rea"itatea$ =n p"%' n

%e p!ate ne*"ia (apt" c1 ec!n!&ia c5inez1 e%te ,icti&a rece%inii er!pene 6principa""

i&p!rtat!r #e pr!#%e c5ineze8' ceea ce ar ptea in#ce teza #epen#en2ei e+tre&e #e C5inei #ee,!"2ia a"t!r ec!n!&ii$ Mai *ra,1 e%te n%1 pier#erea #e c!&petiti,itate a ec!n!&iei c5ineze

rez"tat1 at4t #in %c1#erea pie2e"!r #e e+p!rt' c4t 3i #in cre3terea c!ntin1 a %a"arii"!r' ace%tea

nre*i%tr4n#' ncep4n# c /00/' &a!r1ri ana"e #e >@$ La acea%ta %e a#a*1 aprecierea

&!ne#ei na2i!na"e' ceea ce (ace' pentr pie2e"e !cci#enta"e' &"t &ai intere%ante re"a2ii"e

c!&ercia"e c 21ri"e ,ecine C5inei' c& ar (i Vietna& %a In#!nezia$ =n p"%' pr!#%e"e c5ineze

%e "!,e%c #e c!ncren2a acer.1 a pr!#c2iei #in 21ri"e #in %#" Er!pei' care 3i)a a&e"i!rat

c!n%i#era.i" c!&petiti,itatea pentr a %pra,ie2i crizei$

=n ace%te c!n#i2ii' C5ina intr1 n c!&peti2ie #irect1 c Me+ic"' 2ar1 care p!ate #e,eni &ai

c!&petiti,1 #ec4t C5ina #at!rit1 pre2ri"!r #e pr!#c2ie e+tre& #e %c1zte rez"tate #in ni,e""

re#% a" %a"arii"!r 3i ! pia21 a ener*iei &ai .n1$ De e+e&p"' %e e%ti&eaz1 c1 n /0> %a"ari"

&e#i n Me+ic ,a (i c 0@ &ai %c1zt #ec4t ce" #in C5ina' ceea ce !(er1 n a,anta %.%tan2ia"

pentr ! 2ar1 ,ecin1 c ! %perptere c& e%te SUA$ =n ace"a3i ti&p' Me+ic" #i%pne #e

i&p!rtante rezer,e #e *az 3i petr!" #e 3i%t' care ar per&ite %c1#erea n c!ntinare a c!%tri"!r %a"e

#e pr!#c2ie$

Pe #e a"t1 parte' Me+ic" #i%pne #e n at e+tre& #e i&p!rtant; n&er!a%e"e ac!r#ri #e "i.er

%c5i&.$ P4n1 ac&' 2ara a %e&nat ?? #e tratate c!&ercia"e 6(a21 >7 c4te are "a acti, C5ina8'

printre care %e n&1r1 ALENA 6nc5eiat c SUA 3i Cana#a8' %a A"ian2a Paci(ic1 6%e&nat1 c

C5i"e' Per 3i C!"&.ia8$ =n p"%' Me+ic" e%te cea #e a >?)a ptere ec!n!&ic1 &!n#ia"1 3i e%te

e+tre& #e "e*at1 ec!n!&ic #e SUA' 2ar1 n care %e re*1%e%c -@ #in e+p!rtri"e &e+icane$ =n

ace%te c!n#i2ii' re,enirea ec!n!&iei a&ericane p!ate (i e+tre& #e .ene(ic1 pentr Me+ic' #ac1

ace%ta re3e3te %1 (ac1 (a2a pr!."e&e"!r #e c!rp2ie' %ecritate' a#&ini%tra2ie 3i e#ca2i!na"e$

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=ntrea*a "&e pri,e3te c n*ri!rare "a ceea ce %e nt4&p"1 n ace%te 21ri 6&ai a"e% n C5ina8' iar

(apt" c1 ni,e"" in,e%ti2ii"!r %tr1ine n ace%te %tate e%te n c!ntin1 %c1#ere e%te n %e&na" #e

a"ar&1 e+tre& #e i&p!rtant$ F"+" #e in,e%ti2ii c!ntin1 %1 %e #i&ineze 3i a %c1zt' n /0>' c

&i"iar#e ' p4n1 "a >$>? &i"iar#e ' iar pentr an" ,iit!r %e a3teapt1 ca ace%ta %1 %ca#1 c

nc1 &i"iar#e ' re#c4n#)%e p4n1 "a >$>>/ &i"iar#e $ Di&inarea ("+ri"!r nete #e capita"c1tre 21ri"e e&er*ente %e tra#ce' n %pecia"' prin ne"ini3tea in,e%tit!ri"!r re(erit!r "a ,iit!r"

e,!"2iei ace%t!r 21ri ntr)n c!nte+t ten%i!nat 3i incert #eter&inat #e c& 3i p4n1 c4n# ,a %%2ine

FED ec!n!&ia a&erican1$ Per%pecti,a nc5i#erii E pne cap1t *!anei #p1 ran#a&ente

e+cep2i!na"e ce i)a incitat pe in,e%tit!ri' #eter&in4n#)i pe ace3tia %1)3i a%&e ri%cri #in ce n

ce &ai &ari pe &1%r1 ce tiparni2e"e .1nci"!r centra"e tip1rea &ai &"t1 &!ne#1$ Or' !

%c5i&.are ra#ica"1 a p!"itici"!r &!netare a"e .anci""!r centra"e ar ptea a,ea c!n%ecin2e &arcante

n 21ri"e care #epin# #e (inan2area e+tern1' c& ar (i Trcia' R!&4nia' Mar!c %a P!"!nia' c5iarc ri%c" ca ace%tea %1 an*1 "a ! %.(inan2are cr!nic1$

Pentr 21ri"e #ez,!"tate' ncetinirea rit&"i #e cre3tere a 21ri"!r e&er*ente n e%te #e"!c ! ,e%te

.n1' #!arece ace%tea a c!n%titit p4n1 ac& *aran2ia nei re,eniri ec!n!&ice &!n#ia"e$ Mai

&"t' ace%te 21ri %nt ce"e care p"1te%c n!ta #e p"at1 a #ezec5i"i.re"!r ec!n!&ice #in 21ri"e

#ez,!"tate 3i &ai a"e% ce"e "e*ate #e (!n#" #e pen%ii a"e n!r #e&!*ra(ii ne*ati,e %peci(ice

21ri"!r #ez,!"tate$

Se p!ate %pne c1 ten#in2a #e ncetinire a cre3terii ec!n!&ice ,izi.i"1 #ea pentr 21ri"e

e&er*ente reprezint1 ceea ce %e n&e3te .ariera #e cre3tere: care a(ecteaz1 ec!n!&ii"e n

#ez,!"tare at4t n (aza #e e+pan%ine ec!n!&ic1' #ar 3i n cea #ea #e &atritate ec!n!&ic1$ =n

ace%t &!&ent ec!n!&ii"e %e c!n(rnt1 c pr!."e&atica ar&!niz1rii %(ere"!r ec!n!&ice 3i %!cia"e

prec& 3i c ! re#i%tri.ire a .!*12iei$

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C!nc"zii

Pe (!n#" crizei (inanciare care a &arcat n &!# pr!(n# "&ea' %tate"e BRICS n par %1 ! #c1

#e"!c r1$ P!n#erea BRICS n ec!n!&ia &!n#ia"1 e%te %.%tan2ia"1; reprezint1 ?@ #in

p!p"a2ia "&iiQ /@ #in PIB)" &!n#ia"Q >7@ #in c!&er2" &!n#ia"Q atra*e @ #in capita""

%tr1in 3i particip1 c ?@ "a cre3terea ec!n!&ic1 &!n#ia"1 $

Dinc!"! #e !p!rtnit12i"e #e%c5i%e 3i #e p!ten2ia"" inc!nte%ta.i" e+i%tent prin (apt" c1 ace%te

*rpri i&p"ic1 apr!ape t!ate c!ntinente"e' 21ri"e ,!r a,ea #e nt4&pinat' (1r1 n#!ia"1' 3i

n&er!a%e pr!,!c1ri' #e!arece e"e n a #ec4t p4n1 "a n an&it pnct ! a*en#a c!&n1$ =n

practic1' In#ia 3i C5ina %nt at4t c!ncren2i c4t 3i a"ia2i %trate*ici' n%1 In#ia n pri,e3te t!c&ai

c ncre#ere (apt" c1 cea"a"t1 2ar1 are ! ar&at1 n&er!a%1$ R%ia e%te n &are e+p!rtat!r #e

ener*ie' n ti&p ce C5ina i&p!rt1 (!arte &"t$ R%ia r&1re3te c aten2ie c& in("en2a C5inei n

A(rica %p!re3te pe zi ce trece$ Brazi"ia' n %c5i&.' n %e a("1 ntr)! c!&peti2ie at4t #e %tr4n%1 c

ce"e"a"te 21ri 3i e%te %itat1 ntr)! z!n1 n prea c!&!#1$

Se p!ate %pne c1 (iecare 2ar1 BRICS 3i e+ercit1 in("en2a "a ni,e" &!n#ia"' n #!&enii care "e

pne n ,a"!are p!ten2ia"" na2i!na"; C5ina 3i)a a%&at r!"" #e .anc5er *"!.a"' R%ia #e %ta2ie #e

c!&.%ti.i"' In#ia #e .ir! &!n#ia"' Brazi"ia #e (rniz!r #e re%r%e' iar A(rica #e S# #e p!r2i

%pre c!ntinent" a(rican$

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Bi."i!*ra(ie ;

>$Rea"itati %i %trate*ii ec!n!&ice '5ttp;$%trate*ii&ana*eria"e$r!

/ G/0 In(!r&ati!n Centre '5ttp;$*7$t!r!nt!$ca*/0

!r"# Tra#e Or*anizati!n ' 5ttp;$t!$!r*

? iar" L&ina ' artic!")ana"iza G/0: 5ttp;ziar""&ina$r!

B"!*" i"i%tean ' 5ttp;re("ectiiec!n!&ice$zi"i%tean$r!

Det%c5e e""e ' 5ttp;$#$#e

- C!nnctra ec!n!&iei &!n#ia"e /0>>)/0>/' E#itat1 #e In%titt" #e Ec!n!&ieM!n#ia"1' Bcre3tiQ

7 iar" Financiar' 5ttp;$(inanciar"$r!

http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/http://www.wto.org/http://ziarullumina.ro/http://reflectiieconomice.zilisteanu.ro/http://www.dw.de/http://www.financiarul.ro/http://www.wto.org/http://ziarullumina.ro/http://reflectiieconomice.zilisteanu.ro/http://www.dw.de/http://www.financiarul.ro/http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/