Sociologie-note de Curs, Autor Felicia Marian

7/23/2019 Sociologie-note de Curs, Autor Felicia Marian

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UNIVERSITATEA BIOTERRALector dr. FELICIA MARIAN

SOCIOLOGIENOTE DE CURS

20033NOTA AUTORULUICunoaterea i nelegerea dectre studeni afenomenelor, proceselor ievenimentelor sociale, cecaracterizeaz att societiledezvoltate ale lumii ct isocietatea romneasc, estenecesar i util pentru angajarealor contient n efortul deedicare a unei Romnii care srealizeze standardele impuse pe

plan mondial tuturor rilorcare doresc s e primite norganismele internaionale.De aceea, autorul i propune s

prezinte, succint isistematic, ideile generale,formulate n literatura de

specialitate, cu privire laparticularitile socialului cadomeniu al eistenei i ca sistemglo!al, la locul i rolulecrui su!sistem n ansam!lulsistemului, la relaiileacestora, precum i laorganizarea i dinamica generalasocietii."#otele de curs$ furnizeaz,

astfel, informaiile minimenecesare studenilor pentrudo!ndirea acelei pregtiriteoretice de care au nevoie

pentru nfptuirea dezideratelorsociale actuale.Lector dr. Felicia Marian4CuprinsOBIECTUL I PROBLEMATICA

SOCIOLOGIEI ................ 8

I. Evoluia ideilor sociologice.................................................................9A. n doct!n"#"$#o%o$c" ..................................................................... 9

B. Id"! " 'ond&to!#o%oc!o#o(!"! ..................................................... )2C. Soc!o#o(!&o*+n"&%c, ................................................................... )-II. Oiec!ul "i prole#a!icasociologiei ............................................... 20A. O!"ct/# ! 1o#"*&t!c&%oc!o#o(!"! ..............................................2)B. R"#&!& %oc!o#o(!"! c/ t" t!!n" %oc!o

/*&n" .............................. 22METODE DE CERCETARESOCIOLOGIC ..................... 25I. E!apele cerce!$rii sociologice............................................................ 28II. %e!ode "i !e&nici de cerce!aresociologic$ ..................................... 30A. Anc6"t&%oc!o#o(!c, ....................................................................... 30B. O%"7&"&%oc!o#o(!c, ...............................................

................... 3C. E1"!*"nt/#%oc!o#o(!c ................................................................. 38D. M"tod" !%to!c" !co*1&&t!7" ...................................................... 40B. M"tod&*ono('&$c, ...................................................................... 4)SOCIETATEA CA SISTEMGLOBAL ................................. 4I. Socie!a!ea ' do#eniu al e(is!enei.................................................... 4A. E1#!c&"& do*"n!/#/!%oc! ......................................................... 4B. R&1ot/# n&t/,%oc!"t&t" ............................................................... 45II. Socie!a!ea ca sis!e# gloal..............................................................48A. P&t!c/#&!t,!#" %oc!"t,!! c& %!%t"*(#o ..................................... 48

III. S!ruc!ura sis!e#ului social gloal................................................. )


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RELA:II I AC:IUNISOCIALE ......................................... 4I. Relaii sociale..................................................................................... 4II. Aciune social$................................................................................. 5A. St/ct/&%!ncon!c, ....................................................................... -B. St/ct/&d!&con!c, ....................................................................... 9C. St/ct/& 1"do*"n!! ...................................................................... 52

D. St/ct/& &c!/n!! d/1, n&t/&"! .................................................... 52III. S!a!us "i rol social........................................................................... 53SUBSISTEMUL ECONOMIC;ECONOMIA< ...................... 5-I. Sis!e#e econo#ice............................................................................. 58A. S!%t"*"#" "cono*!c"%oc!!%t" ...................................................... 58B. S!%t"*" "cono*!c"c&1!t!%t" ........................................................ 59II. Econo#ia ro#)neasc$..................................................................... -)A. I%to!& "7o#/!"! "cono*!"!o*+n"t! ............................................ -)B. Econo*!& o*+n"&%c,&=! .............................................................. -3STRUCTURA

SOCIAL ...................................................... -5I. S!ra!i*carea social$........................................................................... -5II. Clasele sociale................................................................................... 82A. C#&%,%oc!, .................................................................................. 82B. St&t!$c&"& %oc!, >nRo*+n!& ..................................................... 84

III. Grupurile sociale............................................................................ 89A. Conc"1t/# d"(/1 .......................................................................... 89

B. C#&%!$c&"(/1/!#o ..................................................................... 9)C. L!d"/# d"(/1 ............................................................................... 98IV. Grupurile de v)rs!$...................................................................... )02A. ?+%t&%oc!, ............................................................................... )03B. C!c#/!#" ;%t&d!!#"< d"

7!&, ........................................................... )04C. R&1ot/!#" d!nt"("n"&!! .......................................................... ))4V. Genul social +Gruparea indivi,ilor

-n uncie de se(/ ................. ))9VI. Co#uni!$ile u#ane..................................................................... )23A.@&*!#!& ......................................................................................... )23B.N&!/n"& ....................................................................................... )32C. G/1/# "tn!c !n&!on!t&t"&........................................................ )3-D.R&%&.............................................................................................. )4E. Co*/n!t&t"&%oc!, ..................................................................... )48

@.O(&n!=&!& ................................................................................... )5CULTURA ............................................................................ )5)I. Relaia cul!ur$0na!ur$0socie!a!e.................................................... )52A. R"#&!& c/#t/,n&t/, ................................................................... )52B< R"#&!& c/#t/,%oc!"t&t" ............................................................... )54

II. Anali,a coninu!ului cul!urii......................................................... )5


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A. Mod"#/#c/#t/ ........................................................................... )5B. ?o&"&c/#t/, ........................................................................ )55

C.Eto%/# ........................................................................................... )5-D. Sc6"*"#"c/#t/" ....................................................................... )58E. P"%on!t&t"& d"&=, .................................................................. )58@. Con%t&nt"#"/n!7"%" .................................................................. )59III. Co#ponen!ele cul!urii

.................................................................)59A.S!*o#/# ....................................................................................... )59B.L!*& ........................................................................................... )-0C.No*"#" ........................................................................................ )-2D.?o!#" ........................................................................................ )-4E.T&d!!!#" ....................................................................................... )-IV. Cul!ura popular$.......................................................................... )-5A. C/#t/&1o1/#&, .......................................................................... )-5V. Sucul!ura.................................................................

..................... )--A. C/#t/!#" %1"c!$c"(/1/!#o ....................................................... )--B. I*1ot&n& %t/d!/#/!%/c/#t/!#o ................................................ )-8C.S/c/#t/& .................................................................................... )-8VI. Con!racul!ura............................................................................... )-8

5

A. Noncon'o*!%*/#&nt!c/#t/!! ...................................................... )-9B. Cont&c/#t/& !d"7!&n& .............................................................. )-9

VII. %ul!icul!urali!a!ea...................................................................... )80A. Mod"#/#*onoc/#t/ .................................................................. )80B. C&"n"#" "d/c&!"!*onoc/#t/" ............................................... )80EDUCA:IA .......................................................................... )83I. Concep!ul de educaie..................................................................... )83A. Conc"1t/# d""d/c&!" .............................................................. )83B. C&&ct"!%t!c!#""d/c&!"! .............................................................. )84C. @o*"#""d/c&!"! ......................................................................... )84II. 1unciile educaiei.................................................................

......... )85A. @/nc!& co(n!t!7, !n'o*&t!7, !'o*&t!7, ................................. )85B. @/nc!&!nt"(&t!7, ........................................................................ )8-C. @/nc!& d" d"=7o#t&" & 1ot"n!/#/!!o1%!6!c ........................... )8-D. @/nc!& d" >n(!!" &co1!!#o ....................................................... )8-III. Sis!e#ul ins!i!uional aleducaiei ...............................................

)88A. S!%t"*/# d">n7,t,*+nt ................................................................ )88B. S!%t"*/# d" >n7,,*+nt d!nRo*+n!& ........................................... )89SOCIALIAREA.................................................................. )93I. Concep!ul de sociali,are.................................................................)93A. @o*&"& $!n"!

/*&n" ................................................................ )93


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B. Poc"%/# d"%oc!!=&" ................................................................. )94II. Tipuri de sociali,are "i ageniisociali,$rii ................................... )9A. T!1/!#" d"

%oc!!=&" .................................................................. )9B. A("n!!%oc!!=,!! ....................................................................... )9-C. P"%1"ct!7" d" &n!=, &%oc!!=,!! .............................................)98D.Soc!!=&"& .................................................................................. )99E. @!n!t,!#" 1oc"%/#/! d"%oc!!=&" ............................................

200DE?IAN:A .......................................................................... 202I. Concep!ul de 2devian$3.................................................................202A. Conc"1t/# d"d"7!&n, .............................................................. 203B.D"#!c7"n& .................................................................................... 204

II. S!ra!egiile co#a!erii delicvenei................................................. 20A. Conto#/#%oc! ............................................................................ 20B.Soc!!=&"& .................................................................................. 205C. Cont!!n& 1"d"1%"! ! cont!!n&,%1#,!! .................................... 205III. Tipuri "i ca!egorii de deviani..................................................... 20-A. T!1/! d"

d"7!&n, ........................................................................ 20-B. C&t"(o!! d"d"7!&n! .................................................................... 20-IV. %arginali!a!ea ca eno#en aldo#eniului devianei ................. 20-SISTEMULPOLITIC ........................................................... 2))I. Cons!i!uirea sis!e#ului poli!ic........................................................ 2))

A. nc"1/t/#!%to!"! .......................................................................... 2)2

-B. M&!t+=!/ ..................................................................................... 2)2II. Co#ponen!ele sis!e#ului poli!ic................................................... 2)3

A. Act!7!t,!#" 1o#!t!c"1&ct!c" ......................................................... 2)3B. R"#&!!#"1o#!t!c" ........................................................................... 2)4C. In%t!t/!!#"1o#!t!c" ........................................................................ 2)4D. Cont!!n&1o#!t!c, ........................................................................ 2)4III. S!a!ul

.................................................................

............................ 2)A. O(&n!%*/#1/t"!! ....................................................................... 2)B. S/7"&n!t&t"& ! /!=d!c!&t"!to!, ...........................................2)5IV. Au!ori!a!ea.................................................................................... 2)5A. T!1/! d"&/to!t&t" ....................................................................... 2)-V. Sis!e#e poli!ice ac!uale.................................................................. 2)8A.D"*oc&!& ................................................................................... 2)8B.Tot!t&!%*/# ............................................................................... 220SCFIMBAREASOCIAL ........................................

.......... 224I. Concep!ul de 2sc&i#are social$3................................................. 224A. Conc"1t/# d" %c6!*&"%oc!, ...............................................224B.Sc6!*&"& ................................................................................... 224II. Sursele sc&i#$rii sociale.............................................................22A. M"d!/#$=!c .................................................................................. 22


5/98


6/98

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@&1t/# %oc! t"/!" %, &c!on"="1"nt/ &%!(/&"& od!n!!%oc!" 1!n "/n!/n"& !nd!7!=!#o>n 7"d""& &%!(/,!!'/nc!on,!! >nt"(/#/! %!%t"*%oc!. Ac"%t& d/c" #&'o*&"& %o#!d&!t,!! %oc!"%o#!d&!t&t" c&" & 'o%t*"c&n!c, >n %oc!"t,!#" 1!*!t!7"! o(&n!c, >n %oc!"t&t"&*od"n,. P!n %o#!d&!t&t" %""!="&=, /n!t&t"& d!nt"

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A. O#iect$l %i &ro#leatica

sociologieiSoc!o#o(!& "%t" o t!!n, &%oc!/#/! c& 'o*, ("n", d""!%t"n, & o*/#/! o t!!n, &%oc!"t,!! (#o" & o(&n!=,!! !d!n&*!c!! %" & %/%!%t"*"#o d!nc&" "%t" c,t/!t, %oc!"t&t"&(#o, & "#&!!#o #o &t+t c/%!%t"*/# %oc! (#o c+t ! c/c"#"#t" %/%!%t"*" " &c"%t/!&

;1o'. d. C,t,#!n &*$n c&d/# &c"%to&co*1ot&*"nt/# /*&n >n (/1/!!co*/n!t,! /*&n" %1"c!$c"

d!'"!t"#o 1"!o&d" " "7o#/!"!%oc!".B. Rela'ia sociologiei c$ alte%tiin'e socio($aneC"c"t+nd /n do*"n!/ "!%t"n"! c"# %oc! %oc!o#o(!& %">n+#n"t" !n"7!t&!# c/ t" t!!n"d"%1" o* ! %oc!"t&t",*+n+nd >n%, /n *od %1"c!$cd" &od&" & &c"%to&. P%!6o#o(!& %oc!, %t/d!&=,

*od/# >n c&" &" #oc!n"&c!/n"& co*1ot&*"nt"#o!nd!7!d/" ! d" (/123%t,!#" ! 1oc"%"#" 1%!6!c"co#"ct!7" 1"%on!t&t"& /*&n,%/ &1ot/# cod!!on,!! "! %oc!oc/#t/". Anto1o#o(!& %oc!, %t/d!&=,o*/# n/ >n 1!*/# +nd c&$!n, !o#o(!c, c& !nd!7!d /n"!%1"c!! c! c& $!n, %oc!,


12/98

c& *"*/ /n/! (/1 %&/co*/n!t,! %oc!" c" !nt, >n"#&!! d"t"*!n&t" c/ ! !nd!7!=!%&/ (/1/! %oc!" c&"&" o &n/*!t, 1o=!!" ! &n/*!t"

&t!/!! c&" 1&t!c!1,,t/! d" c"!#!#& "7"n!*"nt" !1oc"%" %oc!" . t!!n"#" "cono*!c" &n!="&=,1od/c!& d!%!/!"& !con%/*/# /n/!#o ! %"7!c!!#o&od+nd 1o#"*"#" c"1!7"%c */nc& &n!! &'&c"!#""#&!!#" "cono*!c"!nt"n&!on"H "#" &cod, o *&!*!c, &t"n!" !nt"&c!/n!!d!nt" o&*"n! >n &ct!7t,!#""cono*!c" %t/ct/!#o %oc!"d!n %'"& "cono*!c,. O! 1"nt/%oc!o#o(!" "cono*!&1"=!nt, !nt""% toc*&! 1"nt/'&1t/# c, "& "%t" *"d!/# d"1od/c"" & /no "#&!! %oc!" !d" &$*&" & o*/#/! c&'o, d" */nc, >n &n/*!t"cont"t" %oc!".

t!!n"#" 1o#!t!c" c"c"t"&=,&%1"ct" " o(&n!=,!! 1o#!t!c"& %oc!"t,!! *od/!#" d"(/7"n&" co*1ot&*"nt/#"#"cto 1&t!c!1&"& 1o#!t!c, "tc.! %oc!o#o(!& %t/d!&=,&%"*"n"& &%1"ct" d& c& "!t,!%oc!" d!%t!nct" ;c& &t&"n"#"(""& %t/ct/!! !'/nc!on,!! "!t,!#o %oc!" c&%/%!%t"*" " %!%t"*/#/!

%oc!H 7!t"=, c/no&t""& t!!n!$c, &%oc!"t,!! (#o"H "1#!c, >n /#t!*, !n%t&n, o1o#"*, "%"n!, &

%oc!/#/! 1o#"*& "#&!"! d!nt"!nd!7!d ! %oc!"t&t" %/to&t" &%1"ct"#" %".Re,u#a!P"="nt&"& %/cc!nt, & "7o#/!"!!d"!#o %oc!o#o(!c" 1"*!t""!n""& &c"#o &/to! c&" &/'o*/#&t !d"! !*1ot&nt" c/1!7!" #& %1"c!$c/# %oc!o#o(!"! c&t!!n, c" %t/d!&=, %oc!/#.P" &=& &c"%to& %& 1"c!=&t%1" %'+!t/# %"co#/#/! )9#"&! >nc"1/t/# %"co#/#/! 20#"&%1"c!$c/# 1o#"*&t!c!!%oc!o#o(!"! ! %& d"$n!t c#&o!"ct/# "!. Cont!/!! >n%"*n&t"&/ &7/tA$g$ste Cote)*er#et S&encer) Eil+$r,-ei )Ma /e#er 0e&oca odern"1)Branisla2 Malino3s,i) R.4.

Merton) 5eorge Siel)Rondall Collins) *er#et Mead)Ir2ing 5o6an 0e&ocaconte&oran"1. E!%t, !cont!/!!2o*+n"t! "*&c&!#" &S&ir$*aret) +iitrie 5$sti)7etre

Andrei'.Soc!/# "%t" %t/d!&t d" c,t"%oc!o#o(!" &t+t c& 'o*,

("n", d" "!%t"n, & o*/#/!c+t ! c& %!%t"* (#oH &c"%t"&%1"ct" %/nt &od&t" d" c,t" /n%!%t"* d" d!%c!1#!n"%oc!o#o(!c" >n !nt"!o/# c,/!& %"d"t&"&=, %oc!o#o(!& ("n",! %oc!o#o(!!#" d" &*/,.Biliogra*e). C6"#c"& S. J C/no&t""& 7!"!!%oc!" I. N. I . )9952. Con%t&nt!n"%c/ ?. J Soc!o#o(!"E.D.P. B/c/"t! )994


13/98

3. M!to'&n ?. 0 @/nd&*"nt" "%!%t"*"#o %oc!" Ed!t/&E*!n"%c/ )999.6!re$ri). C&" "%t" cont!/!& #/! E*!#

D/K"!n #& con%t!t/!"&%oc!o#o(!"! c& t!!n,2. C" %t/d!&=, %oc!o#o(!!#" d"&*/, N/*!! c+t"7& d!nt" "#".3. n c" con%t, %1"c!$c/#%oc!o#o(!"! >n &1ot c/ 1%!6o#o(!&%oc!, &/to1o#o(!& %oc!,t!!n"#" "cono*!c" %&/ t!!n"#"1o#!t!c"25%ETO7E 7E CERCETARE

SOCIOLOGIC8Oiec!iveC"c"t&"& %oc!o#o(!c, /t!#!="&=, o%"&*, d" *"tod" !t"6n!c! 1"nt/ & o!n" !n'o*&!!d"%1" o &n/*" "!t&t"%oc!, 1"nt/ & 1/n" >n "7!d"n,o1!n!!#" o&*"n!#o '&, d"&c"&%t& ! 1"nt/ & 7"!$c&!1ot"=". C/no&t""& #o "%t" /t!#,

1"nt/ c"! c" do"%c %, >n"#"&(,*od/# 1&t!c/#& d" "!=&" &!n7"%t!(&!"! %oc!o#o(!c".Cuvin!e c&eie). Conc"1t/# d" *"tod,.2. Anc6"t, %oc!o#o(!c,c6"%t!on& ! !nt"7!/.3. O%"7&" 1&t!c!1&t!7,.4. E1"!*"nt 1%!6o%oc!o#o(!c.. Mono(&$& %oc!o#o(!c,.Coninu!

). Et&1"#" c"c"t,!! %oc!o#o(!c".2. M"tod" ! t"6n!c! d" c"c"t&"%oc!o#o(!c,.2.). Anc6"t& %oc!o#o(!c,.2.2. O%"7&"& %oc!o#o(!c,.2.3. E1&t!*"nt/# %oc!o#o(!c.2.4. M"tod& !%to!c, !co*1&&t!7,2.. M"tod& *ono(&$c,.2-C& o!c" t, t!!n, %oc!o#o(!&

d!%1/n" ! "& d" o

*"todo#o(!" & c"c"t,!! d"*"tod" ! t"6n!c! 1o1!! d"c/no&t"" & "!t,!! %oc!".T"*"n!! d" *"tod, !*"todo#o(!" 1o7!n d!n

c/7!nt"#"("c"t! *"t6odo% c&">n%"&*n, *!#oc c" *od d""1/n"" ! #o(o% c&">n%"&*n, "1#!c&!" t"o!"t!!n,.6n consecin$9*"tod& d"%"*n"&=, *od/# d" c"c"t&" %!%t"*/# d""(/#! ! 1!nc!1!! d" c/no&t"" ! t&n%'o*&" &/n"! "!t,!H on"&=, c"& do+nd!!! d"c/not!n" no! >nt/n&n/*!t do*"n!/.*"todo#o(!& d"%"*n"&=, &n%&*#/# *"tod"#o 'o#o%!t">nto t!!n, & c,/!'/nd&*"nt ># con%t!t/" %!%t"*/#c"#o *&! ("n"" #"(! !1!nc!1!! " t!!n"! "%1"ct!7"H

&c"& d!%c!1#!n, $#o%o$c, c" %"oc/1, c/ &n!=&t"o"t!c, & *"tod"#o ("n"" c"%" 'o#o%"%c >n t!!n&cont"*1o&n,H >n &c"%t %"n% "&"%t" t!!n& d"%1"*"tod,.28I. E!apele cerce!$riisociologiceSt/d!!nd 1oc"%"#" ! '&1t"#"

%oc!" >nto *&n!",o!"ct!7, %oc!o#o(!& /t!#!="&=,*"tod" t!!n!$c" c" !*1/nc"c"t,!! 1&c/(""& %!%t"*&t!c,! o(&n!=&t, & /no "t&1".). D"$n!"& ! d"#!*!t&"&1o#"*"! c"c"t&t" c"c"t,to/# o1"&!on!="&=,conc"1t"#" &'""nt" t"*"!H0 1" &c"&%t, &=, "# %"#"ct"&=,%/!"ct"#" c" *"!t, %, %" &">n &t"n!& #/! ! c&" 1ot $"&*!n&t" 1!n *"tod" t!!n!$c"H


14/98

'o*/#"&=, o!ct!7"#" ! %co1/!#"c"c"t,!!.2. Doc/*"nt&"& 1&c/(""!t"&t/!! d" %1"c!!t&t"H c/no&t""& 1!nc!1"#o #/c,!

d!n do*"n!/# t"*"! d"c"c"t&t "%t" &%o#/t n"c"%&,1"nt/ "7!t&"& /no d/*/!d"& 1&c/%" %&/ & /nod"%co1"!! d"& ',c/t".3. @o*/#&"& !1ot"="!H !1ot"=& "%t" o 1"%/1/n"" o"1#!c!" 1o7!=o!" "n/n&t,1" &=& /no '&1t" c/ 1!7!" #&&n/*!t" '"no*"n" "#&!!%&/ 1oc"%". >n c"c"t&"& %oc!o#o(!c, "&1"%/1/n" &"=&"& "#&!!#od!nt" 7&!&!#" >nto 'o*, c&"%, 1"*!t, *,%/&"&H o c"c"t&" 1o&t" %, t"%t"=" *&!*/#t" !1ot"=".4. St&!#!"& "&nt!on/#/! ;#ot/#/!n con%"c!n, d!n 1o1/#&!&tot, %" %"#"c"&=, 1" &=&/no c!t"!! %t&!#!t" /n n/*, d"1"%o&n" con%!d"&t""1"="nt&t!7" ! c&" /*"&=, %,$" %/!"c!! c"c"t,!!.. St&!#!"& *"tod"#o !t"6n!c!#o d" c"c"t&" >n '/nc!"

d"t"*& "&%, !1ot"=& 'o*/#&t, !"&nt!on/# %t&!#!t.5. R"co#t&"& d&t"#o %""!="&=, con'o* 1#&n/#/! d" c"c"t&" ! 1" &=& *"tod"#o ! t"6n!c!#o%t&!#!t".-. P"="nt&"& d&t"#o !co*"nt&"& #o %" !*1/n" >n"(!%t&"& ;>n&1ot/# c"c"t,!!< & t/t/od&t"#o "#"7&nt"H

"1/n""& !n'o*&!!#o t"/!"%, $" >n%o!t, d" %c/t"co*"nt&!! c" %/nt /t!#" #&odon&"& d&t"#o ! #&&cc"%!!#!t&t"& #o.

8. Int"1"t&"& d&t"#o c"c"t,!!1"%/1/n" &n!=& !n'o*&!!#o &1ot&t" #&c&d/# t"o"t!c1o#"*&t!c& !n7"%!(&t, !!1ot"="#" 'o*/#&t"H "#&o&"& d" "1#!c&!! 1"nt/%!t/&!!#" d"%1!n%" d!nc"c"t&"& "*1!!c, c&" %, 1/n,>n "7!d"n, cond!!!#" d"*&n!'"%t&" & "#&!!#o d"d"t"*!n&" d!nt" 1oc"%"#" !'"no*"n"#" c" &/ ',c/t o!"ct/#!n7"%t!!"!H "=/#t&t"#" t"/!" co*1&&t" c/"=/#t&t"#" to c"c"t,!.9. @o*/#&"& conc#/=!!#o t"/!"%, $" conc!%, c#&, ! >nconcod&n, c/ t"*& ! %co1/#c"c"t,!!H30

conc#/=!!#" %!nt"t!="&=,1!nc!1"#" d&t" ! !d"! c" %&/cont/&t 1" 1&c/%/# c"c"t,!! !!nt"1"t,!!H "#" t"/!" %, con%"*n"=" d&c,!1ot"="#" &/ 'o%tco*$*&t" %&/ !n$*&t" d"c"c"t&".)0. E7/&"& /t!#!t,!!!n7"%t!(&!"! J >nc6"!" &1ot/# d"c"c"t&"

%" 1"=!nt, *od!t&t"& d"7o!$c&" & "=/#t&t"#o !conc#/=!!#o c"c"t,!!H %" &1"c!&=, 1o%!!#!t,!#" d"1/#!c&" & "=/#t&t"#o >n"7!%t" d" %1"c!!t&t" d""#&o&" & /no c,! %&/co*/n!c,! t!!n!$c"H %" 'o*/#"&=, %/("%t!! d"%t&t"(!! 1!7!nd o1t!*!=&"&do*"n!/#/! c"c"t&t !n%t!t/!!#oc&" ("%t!on"&=,


15/98

1o#"*"#" %"*n&t" d"!n7"%t!(&!& "*1!!c,.II. %e!ode "i !e&nici decerce!are sociologic$

A. Anc-eta sociologic"

E%t" o *"tod, d" "co#t&" &!n'o*&!!#o &t+t c/ 1!7!" #&"7"n!*"nt" 1oc"%" '"no*"n" !%t/ct/! %oc!" c+t ! c/1!7!" #& &t!t/d!n"& o&*"n!#o'&, d" "#"H %" 'o#o%"%c !n &c"%t%co1 c6"%t!on&/# ! !nt"7!/#.). C6"%t!on&/# "%t" /n/# d!nt"c"#" *&! '"c7"nt 'o#o%!t"!n%t/*"nt" d" "!=&" &&nc6"t"#o %oc!o#o(!c". E# "%t" /n3)&n%&*#/ d" >nt",! %c!%"odon&t" #o(!c ! 1%!6o#o(!c c&"!*1/n c"#o &nc6"t&!con%"*n&"& >n %c!% &,%1/n%/!#o.P" &=& *&! */#to c!t"!! %"d"#!*!t"&=, *&! */#t" t!1/!d" c6"%t!on&.&< n '/nc!" d" con!n/t/# #o

"!%t, !nt",! c&" 7!="&=,c!t&t"& !n'o*&!!#o ! c&nt!t&t"o. d!n 1/nct d" 7"d"" c!t,!!!n'o*&!!#o "!%t, c6"%t!on&"#" d" d&t" '&ct/";%&/ &d*!n!%t&t!7"nt",! %/nt1#&%&t" d" "(/#, #& %'>!t/#c6"%t!on&/#/!H c6"%t!on&"#" d" o1!n!" c&"con!n >nt",!*"n!t" %, &d/c, !n'o*&!! c/1!7!" #& 1,"!#"&t!t/d!n!#" *ot!7&!!#"co*1ot&*"nt"#" c"#o

!n7"%t!(&! &%1"ct" c" n/ 1ot $o%"7&t" d!"ct. d!n 1/nct d" 7"d"" c&nt!t,!!!n'o*&!!#o "!%t, c6"%t!on&"#" %1"c!" c&" %/nt

c,t/!t" d!n>nt",! c" 7!="&=, o!n""& d"!n'o*&!! c/ 1!7!"#& /n %!n(/ &%1"ct /n"!&n/*!t" "!t,! %oc!"H c6"%t!on&"#" o*n!/% c&"c/1!nd >nt",! c/1!7!" #& *&! */#t" &%1"ct" /no "!t,! %oc!"32c""& c" c"&=, 1o%!!#!t&t"&

c/no&t"!! co*1#"!t,!!"%1"ct!7"#o "!t,! &!nt"&c!/n!#o !cond!!on,!#o '"no*"n"#oc"c"t&t".< n '/nc!" d" 'o*& >nt",!#o"!%t, c6"%t!on&"#" c/ >nt",! >nc6!%"%&/ 1"cod!$c&t" c&"%/(""&=, c+t"7& 1o%!!#!t,! d"

,%1/n% ;24 1o%!!#!t,!n'o*& >n c&" ># "1"=!nt, c"#*&! $d"#H


16/98

&7&nt&"#" 1"*!t "co#t&"&/no !n'o*&!! o(&t" !co*1#"" c&" n/ %/nt %/("&t"%&/ d!"c!on&t" c""&c" %1o"t" c!t&t"& conc#/=!!#o

c"c"t,!!H d"=&7&nt&"#" %" "'", >n%1"c! #& d!$c/#t,!#" d"1"#/c&" & ,%1/n%/!#o ;!d"c! & d&t"#ont",!#" %, "%1"ct"%/cc"%!/n"& #o %, >n"(!%t"="$d"# ,%1/n%/!#" %,1,%t"=" %"c"t/# &%/1& &c"%to&. C6"%t!on&"#" 1!n t"#"'on &/&n/*!t" #!*!t" n/ %" 1ot&1#!c& d"c+t 1"%o&n"#o c&"

d!%1/n d" 1o%t t"#"'on!c ! c&"%" (,%"%c >n c&t"& d" t"#"'on.n Ro*+n!& %" 'o#o%"t" *&!'"c7"nt &nc6"t& d" t""n d"c,t" !n%t!t/t" %1"c!!=&t" >n%ond&"& o1!n!"! 1/#!c" IRSOPCURS IMAS "tc.2. Int"7!/# "%t" o t"6n!c, d"o!n"" & !n'o*&!!#o 1" &=&/n"! co*/n!c,! 7"" d!"ct">nt" c"c"t,to! ! %/!"ctc/!nt"n!& $" d" & d"%c!" t!!n!$c&n/*!t" '"no*"n" ! 1oc"%"

%oc!" $" d" & 7"!$c& !1ot"="#"'o*/#&t".34@o*/#&"& d" >nt",! d" c,t"c"c"t,to ! d" ,%1/n%/!

d" c,t" %/!"ct/# !n7"%t!(&t '&c"c& "#"*"nt/# '/nd&*"nt &&c"%t"! t"6n!c! %, $" con7o!"&.&< A7&nt&"#" 'o#o%!!! !nt"7!/#/!%/nt "7!d"nt" &t& *&! !d!c&t, & 1&t!c!1,!! %""'", #& '&1t/# c, 1ot$ !*1#!c&t" ! 1"%o&n" c&" n/t!/ %, %c!" ! %, c!t"&%c,%&/ 1"%o&n" c&" %" %!*t *&!1ot"&t" c+nd 7o"%cH

1"*!t" o%"7&"&co*1o&*"nt"#o non7""c""&c" %1o"t" c!t&t"& ! c&nt!t&t"&!n'o*&!!#oH &%!(/, conto#/# &%/1&%/cc"%!/n!! >nt,!#o c/con%"c!n" "n"$c" &%/1&'o*/#,!! ,%1/n%/!#oH ,%1/n%/!#" %/nt %1ont&n"

o1!n!!#" %/nt "1!*&t"d!"ct ',, c"n=/, c/>nc,c,t/, &'"ct!7, ! ',,!nt"7"n!& t"! 1"%o&n"H &%!(/, d" &%"*"n"&'o*/#&"& d" ,%1/n%/! #& to&t">nt",!#" c""& c" d/c" #&%1o!"& 7o#/*/#/! d"!n'o*&!!H 1"*!t" ! &d"%&"& d" >nt",!%/1#!*"nt&" *&!

%/t!#" c&" %, cont!/!" #&o!n""& d" !n'o*&!! *&!1"c!%" *&! d!'""n!&t".< Ut!#!=&"& !nt"7!/#/! 1"=!nt, !&n/*!t" #!*!t" co%t/# d!n 1/nct d" 7"d""$n&nc!& "%t" *&! !d!c&tH n"c"%!t, *&! */#t t!*1H 1ot %, &1&, /n"#" "o! d&to&t"o1"&to!#o d" t""nH3

n/ 1"*!t" %/!"c!#ocon%/#t&"& /no doc/*"nt"


17/98

1"nt/ 'o*/#&"& /no ,%1/n%/!*&! 1"c!%"H n/ &%!(/, &non!*&t/# c""& c"& 1/t"& !n/"n&%!nc"!t&t"& ,%1/n%/!#oH

1"#/c&"& ,%1/n%/!#o "%t"d!$c!#, d&to!t, #!1%"! d"%t&nd&d!=&" & &c"%to&.Int"7!/# "%t" 'o#o%!t '"c7"nt d"c,t" *!#o&c" d"co*/n!c&" >n *&%,H !nt"7!/# d"1"%, "%t" c"nt&t 1" 1o#"*"%oc!" &ct/" &od+nd d""(/#, '&1t" conc"t".B. O#ser2area sociologic"E%t" o *"tod, d" c/no&t"" &"!t,!! %oc!" c&"1"%/1/n" con%t&t&"& !>n"(!%t&"& d" c,t" o%"7&to&'&1t"#o && c/* %" d"%',o&,"#" >n *od n&t/ ;$"%cn con%"c!n,1ot!7!t /n/! 1#&n "#&o&t

d!n&!nt" ! n/ &" /n %co1H o%"7&"& ! >n"(!%t&"& %/nt'&(*"nt&"H &" /n c&&ct" %/!"ct!7 $!ndo!"nt&t, d" !nt""%"#" !

o1!n!!#" c"#/! c" o%"7,H !n'o*&!!#" o!n/t" %/nt 7&(! !n"c!t!c"H d&t"#" con%"*n&t" n/ %/ntt"=&/!=&t".< O%"7&"& t!!n!$c, %" >nt"*"!&=, 1" o conc"1!"%&/ t"o!" t!!n!$c, c&" oo!"nt"&=, ! %!%t"*&t!="&=, ! >!con'", co""n,H "%t" &n!t!c, ! c!t!c,H "%t" *"tod!c, >nt/c+t /t!#!="&=,*"tod" ! t"6n!c!&d"c7&t"H "%t" 7"!$c&t, 1!n con'/nt&"&c/ "=/#t&t"#" too%"7,! t!!n!$c".c< O%"7&"& 1&t!c!1&t!7, %"c&&ct"!="&=, 1!n '&1t/# c,o%"7&to/# "%t" !nt"(&t d!"ct>n co#"ct!7!t&t"& %&/

"7"n!*"nt/# 1" c&" ># c"c"t"&=,1&t!c!1+nd n"*!#oc!t #&/n"#" &ct!7!t,!. O%"7&to/# >n &c"t%t c&=t"/!" %, "%1"ct" &n/*!t""(/#!3- %, !n, %"&*& d" no*"#" !t&d!!!#" #oc/!#oco*/n!t,!#o co#"ct!7!t,!#o!n7"%t!(&t"H

%, n/ '&c, o1!n!" %"1&&t,H %, n/ &$"=" o %/1"!o!t&t"c&" !& 1/t"& !n6!& 1" c"!!n7"%t!(&! c6!& d&c, "& & $/%t!$c&t, d" c!t,!#" #/!d" c"c"t,to >n do*"n!/H %, n/ oc6"=" 1!n #!*&Ht"/!" %, &do1t" t!1/# d"#!*& %1"c!$c co*/n!t,!! >n c&""%t" !nt"(&tH %, n/ %" !*1#!c" c/ o%t!#!t&t" >n&ct!7!t,!#" ! >n d!%c/!!#"c/ %/!"c!!H


18/98

%, $" d!%c"tH %, d"*on%t"=" &d&1t&!#!t&t" #&to&t" cond!!!#" "!%t"nt">n co*/n!t&t"& %t/d!&t, Con!n/t/# &ct!7!t,!!

o%"7&to/#/!H not&"& '&1t"#o o%"7&t"H not"#" t"/!" %, !nc#/d,o#!(&to!/ d&t& o& d/&t&o%"7,!! #oc/# d"%',/,!!'&1t"#o &1&&t"#" /t!#!=&t"'&cto!! c" &'"ct"&=,co*1ot&*"nt"#" %c6!*,!#"!nt"7"n!t" >n t!*1/# o%"7,!!H "!n""& "&ct, & con!n/t/#/!d!o(/#/! c/ 1"%o&n"#"!n7"%t!(&t"H >n"(!%t&"& %"1&&t, &con%!d"&!!#o 1"%on" d&c, "#""!%t,.38 C!t,!#" o%"7&to/#/! !nt/!!"!*&(!n&!" c"&to&"c&1&c!t&t" d" %!nt"=, "1"!"n,!(o&" ! 1"c!=!".3. D"! "%t" /t!#!=&t, '"c7"nt ! c/

/n" "=/#t&t" o%"7&"&t!!n!$c, &" c& *"tod, d"c"c"t&" &n/*!t" #!*!t" n/ 1"*!t" c"c"t&"& /no&n/*" t!1/! d" co*1ot&*"ntd!n *ot!7" #"%n" d" >n"#"% ;".co*1ot&*"nt/# %"/n t""n %&/ >n#&o&to.&< E1"!*"nt"#" >n t""n 1"=!nt,!nt""% d"o&"c" %/1!nd co*1ot&*"nt"#"n&t/" %1ont&n" "%/!"c!#o c&" &/ #oc >n %!t/&!!%oc!" "".< E1"!*"nt/# >n #&o&to &%!(/, /n conto# *&! !(/o% &%!t/&!"! "1"!*"nt"

'&1t 1"nt/ c&" >n #&o&to %/nt1o7oc&t" "1"!*"nt"*&o" 1!n c&" %" t"%t"&=,!1ot"="#" 'o*/#&t".Int"1"t&"& !n'o*&!!#o"=/#t&t" d!n "1"!*"nt !'o*/#&"& conc#/=!!#o %/nt7&!#" n/*&! 1"nt/ (/1/!#"c"c"t&t".4. E1"!*"nt/# 1%!6o%oc!o#o(!c E%t" /n "1"!*"nt 1!n c&" %"&n!="&=, "'"ct"#" /no


19/98

7&!&!#" !nd"1"nd"nt" &%/1&7&!&!#"#o d"1"nd"nt" >nto%!t/&!" conto#&t, c/ %co1/#7"!$c,!! !1ot"="#oH 7&!&!#"#" !nd"1"nd"nt" %/nt

'&cto! !ntod/! >n"1"!*"nt d" c,t" c"c"t,to%&/ d" c,t" t" !n%t&n"c&" %" *od!$c, >n t!*1 7o&"!nt"n%!t&t" d/&t,'"c7"n,.40 P&ct!c %" o(&n!="&=, do/,(/1/! !d"nt!c" >n to&t"d!*"n%!/n!#" #oH >nt/n (/1 %" !ntd/c" o

%c6!*&" ;o 7&!&!#,!nd"1"nd"n,n c&" %" 1od/c" /n

1oc"% %oc! >n #!1%&!nt"7"n!!#o "1"!*"nt&to/#/!. D"! "1"!*"nt/# 1"%/1/n"!nt"7"n!& &ct!7, &c"c"t,to/#/! >n c/no&t""&"!t,!#o %oc!" &c"&%t&n/ >n%"&*n, >n#,t/&"&o!"ct!7!t,!! >n !nt"1"t&"&d&t"#o ! 'o*/#&"& con#/=!!#o.+. Metode istorice %ico&arati2e

n "=o#7&"& &n/*!to t"*"%oc!o#o(!& "%t" n"7o!t, %,"&*!n"=" 1oc"%" ! '&1t"%oc!" c&" &/ &7/t #oc >n1"!o&d"!%to!c" t"c/t".O!c" %oc!"t&t" %" c&&ct"!="&=,1!nto &n/*!t, o(&n!=&"%oc!, ! o &n/*!t, &ct!7!t&t""cono*!c,H 'o#o%"t" o &n/*!t,#!*, ! o &n/*!t, *od!t&t" d"c/no&t"" d!%1/n" d" o

&n/*!t, "#!(!" &t, $#o%o$"*o, t!!n,. Ac"%t"& %/ntcon%t&nt" " c/#t/!! o!c,"!%oc!"t,! d& "#" c&1,t, 'o*"1&t!c/#&" >n $"c&" d!nt" "#".

C"c"t&"& &c"%to& !*1/n"/t!#!=&"& /no *"tod" !%to!c" !co*1&&t!7".4)). M"tod& !%to!c, &1"#"&=, #&c"c"t&"& doc/*"nt"#o!%to!co%oc!" d"%1" 1oc"%"#"%&/ '"no*"no#" %oc!" d!nto&n/*!t, 1"!o&d,. &c"%t" doc/*"nt" 1ot $"c"n%,*!nt"#" co"%1ond"n&

#/c,!#" d" &t, 'o#c#o/#*&t"!"#" d" 1"%,&6!7"#" "tc.2. M"tod"#" co*1&&t!7" %"/t!#!="&=, >n 7"!$c&"& /no!1ot"=" "'"!to&" #& d"o%"!!#"d!nt" %oc!"t,! 1"nt/%/#!n!""& 1&t!c/#&!t,!#o &"#"*"nt"#o c&&ct"!%t!c"$"c,"!& d!nt" "#".

B. Metoda onogafc"E%t" o *"tod, /t!#!=&t, >n %1"c!>n c"c"t&"& "*1!!c, d"t""nH "& 1"%/1/n" o%"7&"&d!"ct, & /n"! /n!t,!%oc!t"!to!"%&/ & /n/! %/%!%t"* %oc! ',, &"c/(" #&"&nt!on&" ! ',, & *&n!1/#&7&!&!#".R"!t&t"& %oc!, c"c"t&t, "%t"

&od&t, >n tot!t&t"&*&n!'"%t,!#o %".). P&t!c/#&!t,! " *"tod"!*ono(&$c" n/ %" 1o&t" 'o#o%! >n #&o&to c!n/*&! 1" t""nH d"! n/ *&n!1/#"&=, 7&!&!#""& 1o&t" %, #" %/1!nd,1"nt/ & #" %t/d!&H d&to!t, 1#&%t!c!t,!! %" &c"&%t,*"tod, >! 1o&t" &%oc!&o!c" *"tod" ! t"6n!c! d""co#t&" & !n'o*&!!#o


20/98

;o%"7&"& %oc!o#o(!c, !nt"7!/#"tcn c"c"t&" &/no "c6!1"

!nt"d!%c!1#!n&" d&to!t,c&&ct"/#/! co*1#" "!t,!#o%oc!" %t/d!&t" ! & n"c"%!t,!!&od,!! */#t!#&t"" &&c"%to&.2. E!%t, 7&!&t" t!1/! d"*ono(&$! %t&!#!t" >n /#t!*,!n%t&n, >n '/nc!" d" 7&!"t&t"&"!t,!#o %oc!" >n %t/d!/#c,o& %/nt /t!#!=&t" !n%t!t/!!%oc!" *&! co#"ct!7!t,!

t"!to!" c&t"(o!! 1o'"%!on"&n/*!t" %/%!%t"*" "%!%t"*/#/! %oc! (#o 1oc"%"%oc!" "tc.E!%t, >n con%"c!n, t!1/!co"%1/n=,to&" d" *ono(&$! *ono(&$! d" '&*!#!" %&/*ono(&$! co#&"H *ono(&$! /&n" %&/ /"H *ono(&$! d" *"%"!! %&/ d"

1o'"%!/n!H *ono(&$! " /no &*/! "!nd/%t!"! %&/ " /no>nt"1!nd"!H *ono(&$! 1!7!nd *!(&!& %&/*o!#!t&t"& %oc!, "tc.n conc#/=!" *"tod"#" ! t"6n!c!#"%oc!o#o(!c" 1ot $ M"tod" ! t"6n!c! d" "co#t&" &!n'o*&!!#o &nc6"t& %oc!o#o(!c,H

o%"7&"& %oc!o#o(!c,H %t/d!""& !o(&$!#o ! & /nodoc/*"nt" 1"%on";%c!%o! *,t/!%!! "tcnt",!#" d"%c6!%"d!n c6"%t!on&


21/98

2. C&" %/nt 1&t!c/#&!t,!#""1"!*"nt/#/! %oc!o#o(!c >n&1otc/ o%"7&"& %oc!o#o(!c,3. C" %oc!o#o(! o*+n! &/

'/nd&*"nt&t ! 'o#o%!t *"tod&*ono(&$c,4SOCIETATEA CA SISTE%GLOBALOiec!iveP"nt/ %/#!n!""&1&t!c/#&!t,!#o do*"n!/#/! %oc!c&*"d!/ %1"c!$c d" "!%t"n, o*/#/! %" !*1/n" &1ot&"& #/!

#& c"#,#t do*"n!/ "!%t"n!n&t/&. E%t" n"c"%& d"&%"*"n"& %, %" 1/n, >n "7!d"n,c&&ct"/# %!%t"*!c %oc!"t,!! %t/c/& ! >n%/!!#"("n"" " &c"%to&.Cuvin!e c&eie). Conc"1t"#" d" %!%t"* !%t/ct/,.2. Conc"1t"#" d" o!"ct!7 !

%/!"ct!7.3. Conc"1t/# d" &/tocond/c"".Coninu!). Soc!"t&t"& J do*"n!/ "!%t"n"!.2. Soc!"t&t"& c& %!%t"* (#o.3. St/ct/& %!%t"*/#/! %oc!(#o.I. Socie!a!ea ' do#eniu ale(is!enei

A. E&licarea doeni$l$i

socialE1#!c&"& do*"n!/#/! %oc!"%/1/n" &1ot&"& #/! #&c"#,#t do*"n/! "!%t"n"! #&n&t/, 1"nt/ %t&!#!"&&%"*,n,!#o ! d"o%"!!#o d!t""#" ! 1"nt/ "7!d"n!""&%1"c!$c/#/! >n /#t!*, !n%t&n, &%oc!"t,!! c& do*"n!/ d!%t!nctc# "!%t"n"!.45

n "=o#7&"& &c"%t"! 1o#"*" %&/ cont/&t c+t"7&

o!"nt,!). O!"nt,! c&" %"%!="&=,%1"c!$c/# %oc!"t,!! >n &1ot c/n&t/& d& ># &%o#/t!="&=,con%!d"+nd c, >nt" %oc!"t&t" !

n&t/, "!%t, o o1o=!!"'/nd&*"nt, ;". t"o!&cont&ct/!%t,conc"1!!#" 1%!6o#o(!=&tnt" "tcn%,o &%o#/t!="&=, "d/c+nd >nc"#" d!n /*, %oc!"t&t"& #&n&t/, !(no+nd d"c! %1"c!$c/#"!;". o(&n!c!%*/#O. S1"(#"t"o!!#" d&!n!%t%oc!"nc"&c, %,d"1,"&%c, !*1&%/# >n c&" &/&/n% &c"%t" "1#!c&!! /n!#&t""1!nto %!nt"=, & "#"*"nt"#o1o=!t!7" "!%t"nt" >n con!n/t/#$"c,"!&. A%t'"# %& 'o*/#&t !d""& 1ot!7!tc,"!& >nt" %oc!"t&t" !

n&t/, "!%t, &t+t /n!t&t" !cont!n/!t&t" c+t ! d"o%"!!d!%cont!n/!t&t".B. Ra&ort$l nat$r"(societate). nt" %oc!"t&t" ! n&t/, "!%t,/n!t&t" ! cont!n/!t&t" >nt/c+t %oc!"t&t"& n/ & &1,/t ',,1"*!%" n&t/" con%t!t/!"& "!1"%/1/n+nd /n 1oc"% co*1#"d" "7o#/!" !o#o(!c,;"t&1"#" &nto1o("n"="! co!nc!d

c/ c"#" " %oc!o("n"="!n *od "%"n!H "!%t,4-d"c! d!%cont!n/!t&t" ! d!'""n"d&t" d" 1"="n& o*/#/!


22/98

>n="%t&t c/ 7!&, 1%!6!c,co*1#", c&1&!# d" c/no&t""! d"&ct" 7o!t" ! do!t"H &c"%t"&'o*"&=, d!*"n%!/n"& %/!"ct!7,

&"!%t"n"! d" t!1 %oc!.3. An!=& %oc!"t,!! 1"%/1/n"&n!=& c"#o do! '&cto! c&"!nt"&c!on"&=, >n c&d/# "!&< n&t/& c&" co"!%t, c/%oc!"t&t"& ! "%t" !nt"(&t,&c"%t"!& *"d!/# ("o(&$c %o#/#%/%o#/# c#!*& o& '&/n&H "%t" o cond!!" n"c"%&, & 7!"!!%oc!" d"o&"c" &%!(/,%/%& d" *&t"!! 1!*" ! d""n"(!" n"c"%&" 1od/c!"!H "& 1o&t" !n/"n& o!"nt&"&&*/!#o d" 1od/c!" c&" %"d"=7o#t, >nto %oc!"t&t" ',, &&7"& >n%, /n o#d"t"*!n&nt >n &n%&*#/#%oc!"t,!!.< '&cto/# /*&n 1o1/#&!ond"*o(&$c! do+nd"t"c"#" n"c"%&" "!%t"n"! "%t" !n/"n&t >n "!%t"n& !d!n&*!c& %& d" '&cto!"cono*!c! 1o#!t!c! c/#t/!%&n!t&!.

48II. Socie!a!ea ca sis!e# gloal

A. 7artic$larit"'ile societ"'iica siste glo#alA1&!n" "1oc!! *od"n" !cont"*1o&n" >nc"c&"& d" &"1#!c& %oc!"t&t"& >nto *&n!",%t/ct/!%t%!%t"*!c,. D!n&c"&%t, 1"%1"ct!7, %&/ %t&!#!t o%"&*, d" 1&t!c/#&!t,! "%oc!"t,!! con%!d"&t" c& %!%t"*(#o.

). Soc!"t&t"& c& %!%t"* (#o &"/n c&&ct" !%to! conc"td"t"*!n&t d" 1"="n& %&/&%"n& >n &n%&*#/ %,/ &&n/*!to co*1on"nt" d" #oc/#

&c"%to& d" "#&!!#" #o c/c"#"#t" co*1on"nt" ! d"'/nc!!#" 1" c&" #" ""c!t, "!%t, co*1on"nt" c&" %"(,%"%c >n o!c" %oc!"t&t"1od/c!" %c6!* con%/*H t"#" %" *od!$c, d" #& o%oc!"t&t" #& t& t!1/# d"o(&n!=&" %t/ct/& %oc!,H /n"#" %/nt 1"="nt" do& >n&n/*!t" "t&1" " d"=7o#t,!!%oc!"t,!! co*/n!t,!#" /*&n";co*/n& 1!*!t!7,t!%oc!"t&t"& *od"n,n&!/n"& "tc.n&n%&*#/# %!%t"*/#/!H

d& %oc!"t&t"& 1o%"d, o%t/ct/, '/nd&*"nt, c/ o#6ot,+to >n &n%&*#/# %!%t"*/#/!%t/ct/& &1ot/!#o d"1od/c!".4. Soc!"t&t"& c& %!%t"* (#o %"c&&ct"!="&=, c& o!c" %!%t"*d"%c6!% 1!n !nt"(!t&t". E& "%t" d&t, d" "#&!!#" d"!nt"d"1"nd"n, d" od!n"!"&6!c, ! ("n"!c, d"%/odon&" ! coodon&" >n c&"%" &, %/%!%t"*"#" %!%t"*/#/!%oc! (#o. D" &c""& $"c&" '"no*"n %oc!"%t" o 1&t" & >nt"(/#/! !%" d"$n"t" >n n&t/& ! '/nc!!#"%" 1!n "#&!!#" c/c"#"#&t" 1,!.0. O!"ct/# ! %/!"ct/# %!%t"*/#/!

%oc! (#o "%t" o*/# &&c/* %" d"$n"t" "# >n &1ot/!#"%oc!" >n c&" "%t" !*1#!c&t. O*/# "%t" o!"ct %!%t"*/#/!%oc! (#o d"o&"c" "#"%t" "#"*"nt/# #/! &ct!7 c"# c&" >#1/n" >n *!c&"H "#&!!#"*&t"!" 1ot '/nc!on& n/*&! >n*,%/& >n c&" d"7!n "#&!!%oc!" 1"%on!$c&t"H O*/# "%t" %/!"ct %!%t"*/#/!

%oc! (#o d"o&"c" "#"%t" %co1/# t/t/o &ct!7!t,!#o%oc!"H "#" 7!="&=, >n /#t!*,!n%t&n, %&t!%'&c""& n"c"%!t,!#o*&t"!" ! %1!!t/" "#"$!n"! /*&n".5. Soc!"t&t"& c& %!%t"* (#o"%t" /n %!%t"* d!n&*!c&/tocond/% ;&/to"(#&t*1#"t!!!d!'"!t"#o 'o" %oc!" >nt+*1#,!!H cont!"nt, >nt"*"!&t, 1"c/no&t""& #"(!#o "7o#/!"!%oc!" ! 1" 'o#o%!"& #o >ncond/c""& !o(&n!=&"& %oc!"t,!!H) d&to!t, c&&ct"/#/! cont!"nt;t!!n!$c< &/tocond/c"!!%!%t"*/#/! %oc! "# >! *"n!n"!nt"(!t&t"& %t&"& d""c6!#!/ d!n&*!c %1"c!$c/# %,/c!t&t!7 '/nc!on!t&t"& !

c&1&c!t&t"& d" 1"'"c!on&"cont!n/,.III. S!ruc!ura sis!e#ului socialgloal+susis!e#ele sis!e#uluisocial/Soc!"t&t"& "%t" && c/* %& %1/%/n %!%t"* &d!c, /n&n%&*#/ d" "#"*"nt" ;t"6n!c&"cono*!& (/1/!#" %oc!"1o#!t!c& &ct!7!t&t"& %1!!t/,


24/98

2. St/ct/& "cono*!c, ;&=&"cono*!c, "#&!!#" d"1od/c!"n '/nc!" d" d!'"!!

'&cto! c#&%"#" %oc!"(/1/!#" %oc!" d!'"!t"#" 'o*"d" co*/n!t&t" /*&n, "tc.4. S/1&%t/ct/& c/1!nd"&n%&*#/# !d"!#o t"o!!#oconc"1!!#o 1o#!t!c" /!d!c"*o" $#o%o$c" &t!%t!c"t!!n!$c" "#!(!o&%" "tc "!%t"nt">nto &n/*!t, %oc!"t&t" ! &!n%t!t/!!#o co"%1/n=,to&" #o.Ac"%t" "#"*"nt" c" conc"t!="&=,

>n 'o*&"& /n/! &n/*!tt!1 d" c/#t/, & /n"! &n/*!t"$=!ono*!! %1!!t/" & /n/!&n/*!t *od d" t&! 1o1!/$"c,"! %oc!"t,!.N!7"#/!#" %t/ct/&nt" "%!%t"*/#/! %oc! (#o%/%!%t"*"#" &c"%t/!& n/$!n"&=, !=o#&t /n"#" d" t"#" c!c&/n &n%&*#/ co""nt >n c&"$"c&" &" /n &n/*" #oc o&n/*"

1ond"" ! /n &n/*" o#.Re,u#a!S1" d"o%"!" d" n&t/,"!%t"n, do& o!"ct!7,%oc!"t&t"& 1"%/1/n" ! "!%t"n&

%/!"ct!7, d&t, d" 1"="n&o*/#/! >n="%t&t c/ 7!&, 1%!6!c,co*1#", c&1&!# d"c/no&t"" ! d" &ct" do!t" !7o!t".3C& %!%t"* (#o %oc!"t&t"& %"c&&ct"!="&=, 1!n &n/*!t"1&t!c/#&!t,! c&&ct" !%to!cconc"tH /n!t&t"& d!nt" o!"ct!7! %/!"ct!7H 1#/!%t/ct/!t&t"H

!nt"(!t&t"H o*/# "%t"o!"ct/# ! %/!"ct/# %!%t"*/#/!%oc! (#oH &/tocond/c"";&/to"(#&"


25/98

Oiec!iveAn!=& %oc!"t,!! c& %!%t"* (#o!*1/n" &od&"& /no&%1"ct" !*1ot&nt" c" 1!7"%c"#&!!#" d!nt" o&*"n! &c!/n!#"

d"%',/&t" d" "! 1o=!!& 1" c&"o d"!n >n &n%&*#/# "#&!!#o! &t!/!!#" !*1/%" d" "&.Cuvin!e c&eie). Conc"1t/# d" "#&!" %oc!,2. Conc"1t/# d" &c!/n" %oc!,3. Conc"1t"#" d" %t&t/% ! o#%oc!.Coninu!). R"#&!! %oc!"2. Ac!/n" %oc!,3. St&t/% ! o# %oc!I. Relaii socialeSoc!"t&t"& c& %!%t"* (#o "%t"'o*&t, d!n %/%!%t"*";"#"*"nt"< &&t" >n !nt"&c!/n".E%"n& %oc!"t,!! "%t" d&t, >n/#t!*, !n%t&n, d" !nd!7!=!!&n(&&! >nt/n &n%&*#/ d""#&!!! >n &n/*!t" &ct!7!t,!. D" '&1t o

%oc!"t&t" "!%t, n/*&! c& o1#/!t&t" d" !nt"&c!/n! >nt"!nd!7!=! c&" "!="&=, o!"ct!7"1" c&" n/ #"& 1/t"& >n',1t/!t'"#.). R"#&!& %oc!, "%t" /n %!%t"*d" !nt"&c!/n! c&" c/1!nd"/*,to&"#" "#"*"nt" do! 1&t"n"! ;!nd!7!=! %&/(/1/!nd&to!! !o#!(&!! 1" c&" 1&t"n"!!t"/!" %, #" "%1"ct".R"#&!& %oc!, c& %!%t"* d"!nt"&c!/n! "c!1oc" no*"d!nt" 1&t"n"! &" #& &=, o&n/*!t, 1#&t'o*,. E& %" "'",#& &t!t/d!n!#" o1!n!!#" !nt""%"#" !7o!#" co*/n" 1o*o7&t"

d" 1&t"n"!.2. E!%t, *&! */#t" t!1/! d" "#&!!%oc!" t"c,to&" %&/d/&!#" d!"ct" %&/ !nd!"ct"1&t!c/#&" %&/ 1/#!c".

E"*1#" d" "#&!!&< R"#&!!#" d!nt/n (/1 d"%t/d"n! %/nt "#&!! d"co#"(!!t&t" d" 1!"t"n!" d& !"#&!! >nt" #!d"/# (/1/#/! !*"*!! %,! >nt" !7! c&"conc/"=, 1"nt/ o 1o=!!"%/1"!o&, >n !"&6!& (/1/#/!>nt" c"! c&" %" %!*1&t!="&=,"tc. E#" %/nt "#&!! d!"ct" !"1"=!nt, /n "#"*"nt "!=,!!co"=!/n!! (/1/#/!.< R"#&!!#" d!n *&!#" co#"ct!7!t,!d" t!1/# >nt"1!nd"!#o!nd/%t!" co#"ct!7!t,!#ot"!to!" ;o&/# %&/ %&t/#n c&=/# &c"%to "#&!! "!%t, do!1&t"n"! /n %!%t"* d"

d"1"nd"n" >nt" "! "!%t, no*"/!d!c" c&" "(#"*"nt"&=,!n"&c!/n!#" #o d& n/ "!%t,;%&/ %" >nt+*1#, 'o&t" &< /ncont&ct d!"ct >nt" "!. R"#&!!#"%/nt "(#"*"nt&t" d" cod/#*/nc!! ;>nt" cond/c""&>nt"1!nd"!! ! #/c,to!


26/98

3. R"#&!!#" %oc!" 1/n >n od!n"con!n/t/# 7!"!! %oc!" >#%!%t"*&t!="&=, ># o(&n!="&=, ! >!&%!(/, cont!n/!t&t"&.II. Aciune social$

O&*"n!! c& "#"*"nt" con%t!t/t!7"" %!%t"*/#/! %oc! !nt,>n "#&!! /n!! c/ !! 1"nt/ &&c!on& >*1"/n, >n 7"d""&"!=,!! /n/! %co1.-). Ac!/n"& %oc!, & 'o%t %t/d!&t,>n *od %!%t"*&t!c >n %"co#/# 20#"& d!n 1"%1"ct!7& *&!*/#to d!%c!1#!n" $#o%o$""cono*!" %oc!o#o(!" c!"n"t!c,

1%!6o#o(!" "tc.E#&o&"& t"o!"! &c!/n!! %oc!"%& >nt"*"!&t 1"c/no&t""& %1"c!$c/#/! "!%t"n"!d" t!1 %oc! ! 1""&*!n&"& &1ot/#/! d!nt"%co1/!#" !nt""%"#" ! 7o!#"c&" ># &n!*, 1" o* c& $!n,cont!"nt, ! no*"#" %co1/!#" !7o!#" 1o*o7&t" d" %oc!"t&t".

E& >! 1o1/n" %, &n!="=" 1"d" o1&t" *ot!7&!& &c!/n!!/*&n" ! 1" d" t, 1&t"%t/ct/& "!.nto &cc"1!/n" ("n",&c!/n"& %oc!, 1o&t" $ d"$n!t,c& o "#&!" d!nt" /n &("nt;%/!"ct< ! /n o!"ct >n 7"d""&t&n%'o*,!! &c"%t/!& 1ot!7!t /n/!%co1.2. St/ct/& &c!/n!! %oc!"

St/ct/& &c!/n!! %oc!" 1o&t" $&n!=&t, d!n 1/nct d"7"d"" %!ncon!c d!&con!c do*"n!!#o %oc!" ! n&t/!!"!.

A. Str$ct$ra sincronic"S" "'", #& "#"*"nt"#"co*1on"nt" " o!c,"! &c!/n!;!nd!'""nt d" do*"n!/# >n c&" %"d"%',o&, ! d" n&t/& "!< !#& !nt"d"1"nd"n& &c"%to&. D!n&c"&%t, 1"%1"ct!7, %t/ct/&

%!ncon!c, & &c!/n!! %oc!"!nc#/d" &("nt/# ;&cto/#nd"1#!n!"& /n"!

'/nc!! %oc!" ! #& "!=&"& /noo!"ct!7"Hco*1"t"n& %oc!, "%t"c&1&c!t&t"& /n/! o* %&/ (/1%oc! d" & &c!on& "$c!"nt 1"nt/>nd"1#!n!"& /n/!%co1 c/ *!#o&c" c+t *&! 1/!n" !c/ co%t/! c+t *&!"d/%" c&1&c!t&t"& d" & o(&n!=&! d" & coo1"& c/c"!#!H

cont!!n& 1&t!c!1&t!7,1"%/1/n" !*1#!c&"&!nd!7!d/#/! !nt"(&"& &c"%t/!&>nto %t/ct/,o(&n!=&!on, 1"nt/ & 1&t!c!1&c"&to #& "!=&"&&c!/n!!H "%1on%&!#!t&t"& "%t" &%/*&"&cont!"nt, & "'"ct"#o;1"nt/ %!n" ! 1"nt/co#"ct!7!t&t"< & 1&t!c!1,!! %"#& o &c!/n" %oc!,.9


27/98

< O!"ct/# &c!/n!! "%t" /n'&(*"nt "!t,!! n&t/" %&/%oc!" &%/1& c,/!& &c!on"&=,&("nt/# ;&cto/#< >n 7"d""&t&n%'o*,!! #/! 1ot!7!t %co1/#/!

'o*/#&t.c< S!t/&!& %" "'", #& &n%&*#/#'&cto!#o n&t/! !%oc!! *&t"!! ! %1!!t/!n"c"%&! ! >nt+*1#,to! c&"!nt"7!n d!"ct %&/ !nd!"ct >n'&7o&"& %&/ >n d"'&7o&"&"!=,!! %co1/#/! &c!/n!!.d< R"=/#t&t/# "1"=!nt, %!nt"=&co*1on"nt"#o &*!nt!t"!nt&t" >n &1ot/! d"t"*!n&t">nt" "#" ! o!"nt&t" %1">n',1t/!"& %co1/#/! ;1"$(/&"&>n 1#&n !d" & "=/#t&t/#/!&c!/n!!nd"%',/&"& &c!/n!!.

c< Po(no=& "1"=!nt, o &1"c!""%!nt"t!c, '/nd&*"nt&t,t!!n!$c &%/1& t"nd!n"#o("n"" ! *od!$c,!#o%t/ct/" 1o&!#" c&" 1ot $

1"7,=/t" >nto 1"%1"ct!7,*&! &1o1!&t, %&/ *&!>nd"1,t&t, 1on!nd d" #&cond!!!#""cono*!c" %oc!"1o#!t!c"d"*o(&$c" ! c/#t/"c&ct"!%t!c" 7!!to/#/! 1"7!=!!#.Po(no=& &" /n co"$c!"nt d"&1o!*&" d" 1o&!#!t&t"d"o&"c" d"t"*!n,!#" d" t!1n"c"%& ! #"(!c %/nt >n%o!t" d"'&cto! >nt+*1#,to!;n"1"7!=!!#!*1,!t" >n"#/! ! %&c!n! 1&!". S"%t&!#"%c >n &c"#&! t!*1*!#o&c"#" ! *"tod"#" n"c"%&""!=,!! &c!/n!!. R"=/#t&t/# 1oc"%/#/! d"

1#&n!$c&" "%t" 1#&n/# c&"t"/!" %, !nd!c" &t+t c""& c"t"/!" o!n/t >n $"c&" "t&1,& "!=,!! #/! c+t ! c""& c"t"/!" 6ot,+t >n %!t/&!!#" no!c&" 7o %/7"n!."< D"c!=!& "%t" "t&1& c" >nc6"!"1"(,t!"& &c!/n!!H "&1"%/1/n" "(""& d!n %t&t"(!&1#&n/#/! & c,!! o1t!*" 1"nt/&t!n(""& %co1/!#o 1o1/%".

D"c!=!& "%t" &ct/# d"#!"&t /n/! !nd!7!d %&/ (/1!n7"%t!! c/ &c"&%t, c!t&t" d" /no(&n %&/ d" o co#"ct!7!t&t"5)/*&n, 1!n c&" %" d"t"*!n,n&t/& /n"! &c!/n! &("n!!*!#o&c"#" d/&t& *od/# d"""c/!" & &c"%t"!&. D"c!=!& "%t" &ct/# %oc! 1!nc&" %" d"c#&n"&=, ! %" 1/n>n *!c&" 'o" ! *!#o&c"*&t"!" >n 7"d""& "!=,!!


28/98

/n"! &c!/n!H d" c!t&t"& d"c!=!"!d"1!nd" %/cc"%/# &c!/n!!1o!"ct&t".'< O(&n!=&"& "%t" "t&1& >n c&"d"c!=!& "%t" con7"t!t, >n

&c!/n! d" >nd"1#!n!". E& &" >n7"d"" "(#"*"nt&"& "t&1"#o!=o#&t" >n "!=&"& 1#&n/#/!&*on!=&"& ! coodon&"&co"%1/n=,to&" & &c!/n!#o"1&t!=&"& %t/ct/, &d!'"!t"#o%&c!n!. S" &%!(/, co#&o&"& c"#oc&" 1&t!c!1, #& &c!/n". S" %t&!#"t" *od/# d" >n',1t/!"& %&c!n!#o $&t" >n 1#&n"%" ! d"c"t&t" 1!n 1oc"%/# d"d"c!=!".(< R"!=&"& &c!/n!! 1#&n!$c&t""%t" d" '&1t 1/n""& >n1&ct!c, & c"#o %t&!#!t" >n "t&1"#"1"c"d"nt".6< Conto#/# %" ""c!t, $" &%/1&*o*"nt/#/! o(&n!=,!!$" &%/1& *o*"nt/#/! d" d"c!=!"

&t/nc! c+nd %" con%t&t, o&&t"" d" #& "!=&"& %co1/#/!&c!/n!!. D&c, "%t" c&=/# %"1oc"d"&=, #& co"ct&"& "t&1"!o(&n!=,!! %&/ & "t&1"! d"c!=!"!1+n, "%t" "!=&t %co1/# 1o1/%. D&c, %co1/# n/ "%t" "!=&td&to!t, /n"! d!&(no=" !1o(no=" n"%&t!%',c,to&" %&/ &/no cond!!! o!"ct!7"*od!$c&t" &t/nc! "%t" n"c"%&"

!n!!""& /n"! no! &c!/n!.52C. Str$ct$ra &e doeniiSt/ct/& 1" do*"n!! & &c!/n!!%oc!" %" %t&!#"t" >n'/nc!" d" 1!nc!1"#" do*"n!! 1"c&" #" &" >n 7"d""&c!/n"&. A%t'"# "!%t, &c!/n" 1od/ct!7,H &c!/n" %oc!o#!t!c,H &c!/n" !n%t/ct!7"d/c&t!7,H d" c"&!" ! c"c"t&" t!!n!$cot"6n!c,H

d" c"&!" &t!%t!c,H d" ocot!" & %,n,t,!! "tc.+. Str$ct$ra ac'i$nii d$&"nat$ra eiSt/ct/& &c!/n!! d/1, n&t/& "!

!*1#!c, d!%t!nc!& >nt" &c!/n"& *&t"!, ;$=!c,conc"t,< ! &c!/n"& !d", ;%1!!t/,nt" &c!/n&"& 1&ct!c, ! &c!/n"& t"o"t!c,.Ac"%t" do/, t!1/! d" &c!/n" n/%" d"%',o&, &%o#/t%"1&&t n/ %" "!="&=, >n 'o*"1/" ;n/*&! 1&ct!c, %&/n/*&! t"o"t!c,n c&d/# &c"%to&.). St&t/%/# %oc! d"%"*n"&=,toc*&! &c"&%t, 1o=!!" 1" c&"o oc/1, o 1"%o&n, >n %oc!"t&t".

Soc!o#o(!& d!%t!n(" *&! */#t"t!1/! d" %t&t/%/!&< St&t/%/# &t!/!t "%t" %t&t/%/#;1o=!!&< &cod&t d" %oc!"t&t"1"%o&n"#o c&" d!%1/n d" c!t,!"c"1!on" ! d" &1t!t/d!n!%1"c!" "*&c&!#" "#"*"nt" c"d"t"*!n, /n!c!t&t"& 1o=!!"!&c"%to 1"%o&n" >n co*/n!t&t".< St&t/%/# do+nd!t "%t" 1o=!!&c+t!(&t, d" o 1"%o&n, 1!n>n7,&" "'ot 1"%on ! 1!nco*1"t!!" c/ to! c"! c&" &%1!,


29/98

#& &c"#&! %t&t/% ;". %t&t/%/# d"%t/d"nt d" d!"cto d"!n%t!t/!" d" 1""d!nt" "tcn &1ot c/ o1ot/n!t,!#" %".c< St&t/%/# '/nd&*"nt "%t" /nt!1 %1"c! d" %t&t/% cont/&t>n '/nc!" d" 7+%t& %"/#oc/1&!& !nd!7!=!#o. n 7!t/t"& &c"%t/! %t&t/%o&*"n!! &t"&1t, /n!! d" #& !! /n&n/*!t co*1ot&*"nt.54 St&t/%/# '/nd&*"nt con%t!t/!"/n& d!nt" c,!#" d" !nt&"

& !nd!7!d/#/! >n t" %t&t/%/! !%"7"t" d"1t "1" 1"nt/o!"nt&"& !nd!7!d/#/! >n ""#"%oc!" c& '&*!#!" co,co*/n!t&t" "#!(!o&%, #oc d"*/nc, "tc.2. Ro#/# %oc! d"%"*n"&=,tot!t&t"& &t"1t,!#o c&"d"$n"%c co*1ot&*"nt/#o&*"n!#o "1!*&t" >n d"1t/! !

"%1on%&!#!t,! c& $!nd 1o1!!%&/ !*1o1!! 1"nt/ oc/1&"&/n/! %t&t/%. D&c, %t&t/%/# d"%"*n"&=,1o=!!& oc/1&t, d" !nd!7!d o#/#%" "'", #& &t!/!!#" !*1/%" d"%t&t/% /n"! 1"%o&n" #&&%1"ct/# 1"%c!1t!7 cond/!t"!%". Ro#/!#" 1/n >n "7!d"n, to&t"%&c!n!#" c"! "7!n %&/ 1"

c&" ! #" &%/*, /n !nd!7!d d!n1o=!!& ;%t&t/%/#< %oc!, 1"c&" o oc/1,. Ro#/# n/ $!n"&=, &/tono*H "#"%t" #"(&t >ntotd"&/n& d" /n&n/*!t %t&t/%H /n/! %t&t/% >! "%t"&%oc!&t /n %"t d" o#/! c&""1!*, co*1#"/# d" &ct!7!t,!c"# 1/n" 1" !nd!7!d >n"#&!" c/ c"!#!. N/ 1ot "!%t&d" ""*1#/ 1o'"%o! ',,%t/d"n! *"d!c! ',, 1&c!"n!co*&nd&n! ',, %/odon&!

&7oc&! ',, c#!"n! %o! ',, %o!!1"o! ',, "no!&! "tc.O&*"n!! %" (/1"&=, d"c! >n""#" d" o#/! "c!1oc".C/no&t""& %t&t/%/!#o !

o#/!#o d" c,t" !nd!7!=! "%t"cond!!& '/nd&*"nt, & !nt"(,!!#o %oc!".5Re,u#a!Soc!"t&t"& %" d"$n"t" 1!n!nt"&c!/n!#" ;"#&!!#"< c" "!%t,>nt" o&*"n! ! 1!n &c!/n!#"&c"%to& 1"nt/ "!=&"& /no%co1/! 'o*/#&t".R"#&!!#" 1"%/1/n do! 1&t"n"! o

#"(,t/, >nt" "! !nt""%"%!t/&!! o#!(&!!.Ac!/n"& c& *od!t&t" d"t&n%'o*&" & "#&!!#o %oc!"%" %t/ct/"&=, d!n 1/nct d"7"d"" %!ncon!c ;&("nt o!"ct%!t/&!" "=/#t&t


30/98

). n c" con%t, !*1ot&n& d"c!=!"!>n d"%',/&"& /n"! &c!/n!2. P!n c" %" d"$n"t" %t&t/%/#do+nd!t5-

SUBSISTE%UL ECONO%IC+ECONO%IA/Oiec!iveE1#!c&"& o#/#/! d"t"*!n&nt &ct!7!t,!! "cono*!c" >n&n%&*#/# %oc!"t,!! "%t" n"c"%&,1"nt/ >n"#"(""& "%"n"!%!%t"*/#/! %oc! (#o ! &*"c&n!%*/#/! d" 1od/c"" &/n/!#o c&" &%!(/, "!%t"n&o&*"n!#o.

Cuvin!e c&eie). Conc"1t/# d" %t/ct/,"cono*!c,.2. Conc"1t/# d" 1o1!"t&t"3. Conc"1t/# d" %!%t"*"cono*!c.Coninu!). S!%t"*" "cono*!c".2. Econo*!& o*+n"&%c,C&&ct"!%t!c& '/nd&*"nt, &

%oc!"t,!! /*&n" con%t, >n&ct!7!t&t"& d" t&n%'o*&" &n&t/!! 1"nt/ 1od/c""& d"/n/! n"c"%&" "!%t"n"!o&*"n!#o.Ac"&%t, &ct!7!t&t" "%t" &ct!7!t&t"&"cono*!c, ! "%t" 1o1!"%!%t"*/#/! "cono*!c.S!%t"*/# "cono*!c /n"!%oc!"t,! "%t" "1!*&t >n1!nc!1 1!n *od/# d" 1od/c!"

&d!c, 1!n '"#/# >n c&"o*"n!! 1od/c /n/!#" *&t"!"n"c"%&" "!%t"n"! %oc!"t,!!&c"%t& &7+nd o# d"t"*!n&t >n'/nc!on&"& ! d"=7o#t&"&%!%t"*/#/! %oc! (#o.58Mod/# d" 1od/c!" %"c&&ct"!="&=, #& +nd/# #/!1!nto%t/ct/, co*1#", "# $!nd

/n!t&t"& d!nt" !n'&%t/ct/&

%oc!"t,!! ;*!#o&c"#" d" 1od/c!"o!"ct/# */nc!! ! 'o& d"*/nc,< ! %tct/& "cono*!c, ;/n%!%t"* d" "#&!! >nt" o&*"n!>n to&t" %'"#"#" "cono*!c/#/!

1od/c!" "1&&!" c!c/#&!"con%/* o(&n!=&"& 1od/c!"!H"%"n& ! *"c&n!%*/# &c"%to"#&!! %/nt d"t"*!n&t" d""#&!!#" d" 1o!"t&t"


31/98

"#!*!n+nd/%" '&cto!! %1ont&n! d!n"cono*!".n =!#"#" no&%t" "!%t, "cono*!!%oc!!%t" >n C/& C6!n&Co"& d" Nod.

B. Sistee econoiceca&italisteC&1!t!%*/# cont"*1o&n1,%t"&=, c&&ct"!%t!c!#" d" &=,d!n 1"!o&d& d" >nc"1/t1o1!"t&t"& 1!7&t, !*&!*!=&"&1o$t/#/!.&< S" >n"(!%t"&=, >n%, o!nt"7"n!" 1/t"n!c, & %t&t/#/! >n"(#"*"nt&"& "#&!!#o "con*!c">n *on!to!=&"& 1"/!#o>n %t&!#!"& %t&nd&d"#o d"1od/c!" & !nd/%t!!#o >n&do1t&"& d" #"(! d" 1ot"&" &d"1t/!#o con%/*&to!#o>nn"(oc!""& co#"ct!7, d!nt"%!nd!c&t" ! 1&ton&t.< Conco*!t"nt c/ &cod&"& /n"!#!"t,! "cno*!c" d"1#!n"%" &" >n 7"d"" o!"nt&"& 1!n

1o#!t!c! (/7"n&*"nt" &1od/c!"! %1" t"/!n"#"!nd!7!=!#o.c< S" %/%!n ;to#""&=,< 1&ct!c!#"*ono1o#!%t" &d!c,conto#/# 1!""! 1"nt/ /n 1od/%d" c,t" o %!n(/, $*, c&"d!ct"&=, 1"/!#" ! %t&nd&d"#"d" c!t&t".-0d< T"6no#o(!& d" &=, & "cono*!"!

c&1!t!%t" "%t" co*1/t"!=&"&! &/to*&t!=&"& 1od/c!"!."< n &n%&*#/# "cono*!"!c&1!t!%t" 1ond""& "%t" d"!n/t,d" !nd/%t!& t"!&, c"nt&t, 1"%"7!c!! ;!nd/%t!& 1!*&,c/1!nd" %"cto&"#" d" "t&c!" &*&t"!!#o 1!*"H !nd/%t!&%"c/nd&, 1"#/c"&=, *&t"!!#"1!*" >n 1od/%" $n!t"n=!#"#" no&%t" o 1/t"n!c,!nt"(&" & "cono*!!#o n&!on">n "cono*!& (#o,. A%t'"#o!c" *od!$c&" d" 1" o 1!&, &"con%"c!n" !*"d!&t" 1" o!c"t, 1!&,.S" "*&c, !nt"n&!on!=&"&"cono*!"! c"t""& o#/#/!co1o&!!#o */#t!n&!on" $*"c/ %"d!/# >nto &, ! c/

$#!" >n */#t" ,! c&"&c!on"&=, n/*&! 1"nt/"!=&"&1o1!!#o !nt""%" ;1o$t< ',, %,!n, %"&*& d" !nt""%"#"n&!/n!! d!n && >n c&" >!d"%',o&, &ct!7!t&t"&.-)II. Econo#ia ro#)neasc$P" t"!to!/# Ro*+n!"! %&/%/cc"d&t to&t" t!1/!#" d"

"cono*!". D!%1/n+nd d" 'o*"7&!&t" d" "#!"' d" "%/%"1/t"n!c" %!t/&t, >nto =on, d"#&(, c!c/#&!" & *,'/!#o d&! & 1o1/#&!!#o Ro*+n!& & d!%1/%d" /n" cond!!! 1"nt/d"=7o#t&"& "! "cono*!c,. D&d!n c&/=& 7!c!%!t/d!n!#o!%to!c" "cono*!& o*+n"&%c, n/& &7/t o "7o#/!"&%"*,n,to&" c"#"! d!n t" 1,!t" #/*!!.


32/98

A. Istoria e2ol$'iei econoieiro!ne%ti:,!#" Ro*+n" &/ d!%1/% d" /n%!%t"* d" 1od/c!" o!"nt&t%1" con%/*/# !nt"n ! %1"

&%!(/&"& 1#,!! t!/t/#/! 1"nt/Po&t& Oto*&n, >n %c6!*/#1,%t,!! &/tono*!"! 1o#!t!c".). P+n, >n &n/# )829 >nt"(/#co*" c/ (+n" ! c/ &n!*" :,!#o Ro*+n" "& conto#&t d"I*1"!/# Oto*&n c"" c" &d"t"*!n&t *"n!n""& "cono*!"!>n %!t/&!& d" d"1"nd"n,!n1!"d!c+nd &c/*/#&"& d"c&1!t.2. D/1, P&c"& d" #& Ad!&no1o#;)820< %& #!"!=&t co*"/#1" D/n," &%t'"# >nc+t 1od/%"#"&(!co#" ! &n!*!"" &/ 'o%t7+nd/t" ! 1" 1!""#" "/o1"n". S&/ >n$!n&t 1!*"#">nt"1!nd"! !nd/%t&!#" %/ 'o*&*&n/'&ct/!#o c&" 1"#/c&/*&t"!!#" 1!*" #oc". A/&1,/t 1!*"#" '&!c! d" 1o%t&7

6+t!" %t!c#, ! &ct!7!t&t"&d" con%t/c!" & 7&%"#o 1"nt/n&7!(&!".-2 C&1!t!%*/# o*+n"%c & 'o%t/n/# co*"c! ! c,*,t,"%cd"=7o#t&"& #/! 7!=+nd %"cto/#co*"c! ! "1#o&t""&t""n/!#o &(!co#".3. D"=7o#t&"& "cono*!c, &Ro*+n!"! %& >*1#"t!t c/ *!c&"&

n&!on, c""& c" & d"t"*!n&t&do1t&"& /no %o#/!!"cono*!c" >n '/nc!" d" c"!n"#">n',1t/!!! /n!t,!! n&!on" &%t&t/#/! n&!on /n!t&.4. n t!*1/# do*n!"! #/! A#. I. C/=&"cono*!& o*+n"&%c,&/n(" #& n!7"#/# *&n/'&ct/!#o ! c&1!t!%*/#/! co*"c!H"%t" *o*"nt/# >nc"1/t/#/! /n/!c&1!t!%* !nd/%t!.

. D/1, &n/# )9)8 %">n"(!%t"&=, /n 1oc"% d"d"=7o#t&""cono*!c, *&! "% >nt" &n!!)933 ! )938 &n/# d" 7+'

>no!!! "cono*!c". C/ to&t" &c"%t"& */#t" %"cto&"" "cono*!"! &/ ,*&% >n%t&d!/# 1"c&1!t!%t %&/ c&1!t!%*/#/! t!*1/!/H&(!c/#t/& %" &d&1t& 'o&t" ("/#& *"c&n!%*"#" %oc!"t,!!c&1!t!%t".5. D/1, !n%t&/&"& "(!*/#/!co*/n!%t "cono*!& !%to7!t, >nt!*1/# c"#/! d" 2#"& ,=o!*ond! & 'o%t %/1/%,t&n%'o*,!#o &d!c" d/1, /nt *od"# c"# %oc!!%t;%o7!"t!cnt"(!! "cono*!! &>n%"*n&t ! d!%t/(""&%!%t"*&t!c, & 1,t/!! d" %1"c!!t!&nt"1"no! !>nt"1!n=,to! "#"*"nt"#" 7!t"" /n"! "cono*!!*od"n" "$c!"nt" ! "nt&!#". n 1#&n %oc!o#!t!c %" &$*,o#/# cond/c,to c#&%"!*/nc!to&" ! 1&t!d/#/!

co*/n!%t. P#&n/!#" d" d"=7o#t&">nt"*"!&t" 1" 7!=!/n! ! t"=""cono*!c" 7&!#" c/ o /*,t&t"d" %"co# >n /*, &/ d/% #&*&! d"c&" "cono*!c" '&, d"t" %t&t". An!! )95)980 %&/ c&c&t"!=&t1!n "'ot/!#" d"1/%"1"nt/ "c/1"&"& ,*+n"!#o >n/*, & "cono*!"! !1"nt/ &t!n(""& /n/! n/7"# d"d"=7o#t&" c&" & $ c"&t


33/98

/n,%t&"& ("n",. nt" )980)989 &t"n!& & 'o%tconc"nt&t, %1" &c6!t&"&d&to!"! "t"n" ;)02*!#!&d"do#&!n&!nt" d" )989H #!1%& o!c,"! "1"!"n" >n("%t!on&"& %!t/&!!#o%1"c!$c" /n"! "cono*!! d" 1!&,H

!n"!%t"n& /no %t/ct/! >nc&d/# %oc!"t,!! c!7!#" c&"%, %" !*1#!c" >n &ct!7!t,!#" d"d"=7o#t&" & "cono*!"! d"1!&,.3. D/1, )995 %& >n"(!%t&t /nd"c#!n 1"*&n"nt d&to!t, #!1%"!/n/! 1o(&* " d""%t/ct/&".4. D/1, 2000 %& o%"7&t oo&"c&" "d"%&" & "cono*!"!o*+n"t! c/ "'"ct" 1o=!t!7" !&%/1& to do*"n!! "

%oc!"t,!!.Re,u#a!S!%t"*/# "cono*!c /n"!%oc!"t,! "%t" "1!*&t >n1!nc!1 1!n *od/# d" 1od/c!"

&d!c, 1!n '"#/# >n c&"o&*"n!! 1od/c /n/!#" *&t"!"n"c"%&" "!%t"n"! #o !d"c! & %oc!"t,!!. St/ct/& #/!!nc#/d" !n'&%/ct/& ! %t/ct/&"cono*!c,.S!%t"*"#" "cono*!c" %"d!'""n!&=, >n '/nc!" d" t!1/# d"1o1!"t&t" 1" c&" %" >nt"*"!&=,1o1!"t&t"& 1!7&t, !-

1o1!"t&"& %oc!, ;co*/n,n /#t!*,!n%t&n, d!'""n!""&%oc!,.). D!'""n!""& %oc!, "%t"1oc"%/# 1!n c&" *"*!! /n"!%oc!"t,! %" d"#!*!t"&=, >nt" "!d&to!t, &ct!7!t,!#o d!'"!t" 1"c&" #" d"%',o&,.-- E& !nd!c, +nd/!"& o&*"n!#o >nc&t"(o!!%t&t/! !(/1/! %oc!" >n '/nc!" d"

1o=!!& %oc!, d"!n/t, d" c,t""! ;d"$n!t, c& %t&t/%n c&d/# ! >nt"d!'"!t" do*"n!! " o!c,"!%oc!"t,!.

< nto 1"%1"ct!7, &n!t!c,%t/d!/# %t/ct/!! %oc!" &/n"! %oc!"t,! >nc"&c, %,%t&!#"&%c, o(&n!=&"& !'/nc!on"&%& >*!n&"& d!'"!t"#o %" 1,!co""n& %& !nt"n,d!7!=!/n!#" ! cont&d!c!!#""7o#/!& ! %c6!*,!#" %".c< D!n 1/nct d" 7"d""co*1&&t!7 %t/ct/& %oc!, %""'", #& t,%,t/!#" co*/n" ! #&t,%,t/!#" d!'"!t" " /no-8%oc!"t,! conc"t" >n %co1/#"(/1,!! #o >n c+t"7& c#&%" *&!%&/ t!1/!.d< Conc"1t/# d" %t/ct/,%oc!, d!n 1"%1"ct!7,%oc!o#o(!c, d"%"*n"&=, *od/#d" c,t/!" ! d" '/nc!on&" &

%!%t"*/#/! (/1,!#o %oc!"!nt"&c!/n"& #oc/# ! o#/# #o >nd!n&*!c& %oc!, 1" o &n/*!t,t"&1t, d" d"=7o#t&" & %oc!"t,!!. Un o# !*1ot&nt >n d"$n!"&%t/ct/!! %oc!" ># &"%t/ct/& d" c#&%, con$(/&!&c#&%"#o ! c&t"(o!!#o%oc!" "!%t"nt" "#&!!#" d!nt""#" *o!#!t&t"& %oc!, &&c"%to&.

L& d"$n!"& %1"c!$c/#/! %t/ct/!!%oc!" cont!/!" !1"c!=,!#" #"(&t" d" >*1,!"&1o1/#&!"! d/1, 1o'"%!!t!1/!#" d" &"=,! /*&n" 7+%t,%" "tn!" "tc.4. C!t"!!#" >n 7!t/t"& c,o& %""!="&=, %&t!$c&"& %oc!,&< %!t/&!& "cono*!c,d"t"*!n&t, d" o(,!";tot!t&t"&7o!#o *&t"!" d" c&"d!%1/n" /n !nd!7!d< ! d" 7"n!t/!


35/98

;%&!!#" 1"nt/ /n!!H 1o$t/#"nt& do+nd& "tc. 1"nt/!!n "#&!!#"&%!*"t!c" d!nt" !nd!7!=! !

(/1/!#" d" !nd!7!=!H ""c!t&"&%& "%t" cond!!on&t, d" od!%t!/!" !n"(, & "%/%"#oH o 1/t"" #"(!t!*, "n"$c!&=, 1"d" o 1&t" d" /ncon%!*,*+nt &ct!7 !& 1" d"t, 1&t" d" o con%!*!""%"*n&t, d!n 1&t"& *&o!t,!!c"#o &%/1& c,o& %"""c!t,H 1/t""& #"(!t!*, %""c/no&t" 1!n n!7"#/# %,/ d"%/%!n"" d& ! 1!n d"1t/#"c/no%c/t d" & con%t+n(" /n

"7"nt/ "cc!t&nt.. Mo!#!t&t"& %oc!,d"%"*n"&=, c!c/#&!& !nd!7!=!#o>nt"c&t"(o!!#" %&/ c#&%"#" %oc!"

"!%t"nt" >n %oc!"t&t".E!%t, do/, t!1/! '/nd&*"nt"d" *o!#!t&t"& %oc!,H&< *o!#!t&t"& 7"t!c, %" "'",#& t"c""& /n/! !nd!7!d d"#& 1o=!!! !n'"!o&" #& 1o=!!!%/1"!o&" d" %t&t/% %&/ !n7"%80d" #& 1o=!!! %/1"!o&" #& 1o=!!!!n'"!o&" d" %t&t/%;&%c"n%!/n"& %&/ "to(&d&"&n c&d/# %&/1" 1&c/%/#&c"#"&! ("n"&!! ;>n &c"%t c&= %"co*1&, c#&%&c,"!& >! &1&!n" !nd!7!d/# #&%'+!t/# c&!""! d"1!#d, c/ c#&%& d!n c&" ',c"&

1&t" #& >c"1/t/# "!! &1&!n"'&*!#!& %& ;t&t,#*&*&< %1" /n t (/1 d!n("n"&!& %& ;>n &c"%t c&="%t" co*1&&t, c#&%& %oc!,c,"!& >! &1&!n"!nd!7!d/# c/ c#&%& %oc!, d!n c&"'&c" 1&t" '&*!#!&

%& n t/# ;d!nto1o'"%!" >n t&< ',, %c6!*&"&1o=!!"! %oc!" ;',, & "!=&&%c"n%!/n"& %&/ "to(&d&"&n d"1#&%&"& n"o(&n!=&t,& !nd!7!=!#o d" #& /n #oc d"*/nc, #& t/# >n c&d/# &c"#"&!!nt"1!nd"! !n%t!t/!! %&/


36/98

&*/! >n &c"!&! #oc!t&t" %&/ >n#oc!t,! d!'"!t" 1o7oc+nd/n"#" d!$c/#t,! >n d"%',/&"&&ct!7!t,!#o.8)

Re,u#a!D!%1/n""& 1o1/#&!"! >n c#&%" !(/1/! %oc!" %""!="&=, >n 7!t/t"& /no c!t"!!%!t/&!& "cono*!c,1"%t!(!/# %oc! 1/t""&.E!%t, o c!c/#&!" & !nd!7!=!#o>nt" c&t"(o!!#" %&/ c#&%"#"%oc!" "!%t"nt" >n %oc!"t&t". E&%" n/*"t" *o!#!t&t"%oc!, ! 1o&t" $ *o!#!t&t" 1"

7"t!c, ;t"c""& /n/! !nd!7!dd" #& 1o=!!! !n'"!o&" #& 1o=!!!%/1"!o&" d" %t&t/% %&/ !n7"%

A. Clas" social"T"*"n/# d" c#&%, %oc!,d"%"*n"&=, >n ("n" /n&n%&*#/ d" !nd!7!=! c&" &/c&&ct"!%t!c! ! co*1ot&*"nt"!d"nt!c" %&/ co*1&&!#".E!%t"n& c#&%"#o & 'o%t 1/%, >n"7!d"n, d" */#! (+nd!to!;!%to!c! '&nc"=! "cono*!t!"n(#"=! .I. Ro/%%"&/ M&"" "tcnc"c,!#" &c"%to& %oc!o#o(!&

cont"*1o&n, d"$n"t" c#&%"#"%oc!" c& $!nd (/1/! *&! "1o1/#&!"! c&&ct"!=&t" 1!n83"#&!! '/nc!! !nt""%" ! &ct!7!t,!c&" #" d!'""n!&=, /n"#" d"t"#". Conc"t c#&%"#" %oc!" %"d"o%""%c >nt" "#" d/1, #oc/#1" c&" ># oc/1, >nt/n &n/*!t%!%t"* d" 1od/c!" %oc!,

!%to!c"t" d"t"*!n&t d/1,&1ot/# #o ;d" c"#" *&! */#t"o! con%$n!t 1!n #"(!< '&, d"*!#o&c"#" d" 1od/c!";1o1!"t&t"no(&n!=&"& %oc!, & */nc!!!d"c! d/1, *od/# d" o!n"" !d/1, *,!*"& &c"#"! 1,!d!n &7/!& %oc!, d" c&" d!%1/n"#".Ac"&%t, d"$n!!" c/1!nd"1!nc!1"#" c&&ct"!%t!c! "c#&%"#o %oc!".


37/98

). E#"*"nt/# '/nd&*"nt 1"nt/c&&ct"!=&"& c#&%"#o %oc!""%t" &1ot/# '&, d" *!#o&c"#" d"1od/c!" 1o%"d&"& %&/n"1o%"d&"& #o.

R&1ot&"& d!'""n!"!! d" c#&%,#& %t/ct/& "cono*!c, !"(!*/# 1o1!"t,!! d"=7,#/!"'&1t/# c, %oc!"t,!#" >n c&""!%t, 1o1!"t&t" 1!7&t, "!%t,! c#&%" %oc!" o1/%" c#&%"c&" n/ 1o%"d, 1o1!"t&t";%c#&7!! !o&(!! 1o#"t&!!< !c#&%" c&" 1o%"d, 1o1!"t&t";%t,1+n!! d" %c#&7! '"/d!!c&1!t!t!!n%, >nt"&(& *&%, & 1o1/#&!"! !n!c! n/ &%!(/, !nt"('/nc!on!t&t"& %oc!"t,!! (#o"H>n o!c" %oc!"t&t",t/!84d" c#&%"#" 1!nc!1" "!%t,c&t"(o!! ! 1,t/! %oc!"!nt"*"d!&" c/ o# !*1ot&nt >n

7!&& %oc!,.2. N&t/& 1o1!"t,!! d"t"*!n, !o#/# d!'"!t c#&%"#o >no(&n!=&"& %oc!, & */nc!!c#&%& c&" d"!n" 1o1!"t&t"&&%/1& *!#o&c"#o d" 1od/c!""%t" ! c#&%& c&" o(&n!="&=, !cond/c" &ct!7!t&t"& d" 1od/c!"Hc"!#! %/nt do& ""c/t&n!H&c"&%t, %!t/&!" "1#!c, ! '"#/# >nc&" d!'"!t"#" c#&%" o!n

&c"& 1&t" d" c&" d!%1/n d!no(,!& %oc!,.3. M,!*"& &c"%t"! 1,! "%t" /nt "#"*"nt c&" d!'""n!&=,c#&%"#" %oc!" c#&%& c&" "%t"1o1!"t&, >! >n%/"t" c"& *&!*&" 1&t" d!n &7/!& n&!on,;1o$t! &1,,!nt""%"#" >n 1#&n !d"o#o(!c.. C#&%"#" %oc!" n/ %/nt %t/ct/!%t&t!c" c! d!n&*!c"

!n/"n&t" $!nd d" 1oc"%"#" c"&/ #oc >n %oc!"t&t" #& /n*o*"nt d&t.B. Stratifcarea social" 9nRo!niaAc!/n!#" "7o#/!on&" d!nRo*+n!& d!n d"c"*!" )989&/ d"t"*!n&t %c6!*,! 1o'/nd">n %t/ct/& %oc!"t,!! >n$=!ono*!& c#&%"#o ! >n &1ot/!#"d!nt" "#".). C#&%& ,,n"&%c, 1!n #"("&'ond/#/! '/nc!& & 'o%t"+*1o1!"t,!t, ',, & ! %"&%!(/& cond!!!#" d" c/#t!7&" &81,*+nt/#/!. P!n &c"&%t, "'o*,%& "n/n&t #& "1#o&t&"&&(!co#, 1" *&! %/1&'"" ! %&"7"n!t #& &(!c/#t/& !(o%1od,!& ,,n"&%c, d"

%/=!%t"n, /1t, d" "cono*!& d"1!&,. @o& d" */nc, d!n &(!c/#t/,"%t" d" %#&, c!t&t" "&$!nd 'o*&t, >n 1!nc!1 d!n,t+n! ! d!n 1"%o&n" c&"!&/ "do+nd!t 1,*+nt/# d&c&" #oc/!"%c #& o&. S" >n"(!%t"&=, o %,,c!" & /n"!/n" 1,! & c#&%"!,,n"t! ! o t&n%'o*&" ;*&!

d"(&, n"(&t!7,< &1o$#/#/! ,&n/#/! ! & %&t/#/!o*+n"%c #/c,to/# &(!co#d" &%t,=! *&! &" 'o&t" 1/!n d!n(+nd!"& !co*1ot&*"nt/# ,&n/#/! o*+nt&d!!on !& %&t/# n/ %"*&! d!%t!n(" 1!nto 7!&, !c/#t/, &/t"nt!c ,,n"&%c,. D&to!t, "7"n!!! #& &(!c/#t/&1&c"#&t, &%!%t,* #& o&cc"nt/&" & !=o#,!! !!nd!7!d/!%*/#/! #/c,to/#/!


38/98

&(!co# >nt,!t" d" n/*"o&%" !d/"o&%" con!ct" ("n"&t"d" "+*1,!"& 1o1!"t,!#o&(!co#". D" &c""& "#&!!#"d!nt" ,&n! %/nt t"n%!on&t" ! %"

c&&ct"!="&=, 1!n%/%1!c!/n" ! #!1%, d" co*/n!c&"",. P/t"* &$*& >n%, c, "!%t, >nRo*+n!& ("*"n!! /n"!d"=7o#t,! *od"n" & &(!c/#t/!!c/ con%"c!n" 1o=!t!7"&%/1& c#&%"! ,,n"t!.2. C#&%& */nc!to&" %& &d&1t&t'o&t" ("/ #& %c6!*,!#""cono*!c" ! %oc!" d" d/1,)989.85 Sc,d""& d&*&t!c, & 1od/c!"!!nd/%t!" %& ""ct&td!"ct >n 1ond""& */nc!to!#o >n&n%&*#/# oc/1&!!#o ;%&d!*!n/&t 'o&t" */#t n/*,/#*/nc!to!#on&(!c/#t/,.3. Int"#"ct/!t&t"& c/1!nd" 1"to! &c"!& c&" cont!/!" #&"!=&"& #& con$*&"& %&/ #&d!'/=&"& 7o!#o &

conc"1!!#o %&/ & c/not!n"#o. Int"#"ct/!! %/nt &c"!& c&"'o#o%!nd/! 1"%t!(!/# %&/&/to!t&t"& d" c"&to! cont!/!"#& "1!*&"& !

1o1/#&!=&"& /no 7o! no! ;%&/#& &1,&"& c"#o 7"c6!n7,,*+nt >n concod&n, c/c"!n"#" 1!""!.4. O&*"n!! d" &'&c"! %/nt o

c&t"(o!" %oc!, &1,/t, >n /*&1!7&t!=,!! d!%1/%, %,! &%/*"!%c/# ;%&c!n&< d" & o(&n!=& !&d*!n!%t& 1o1!!#" &'&c"! %&/&ct!7!t,! d" 1od/c!" d" &!n7"%t! >n !nt"1!nd"! *!c! !*!#oc!!. Ac"%t" !nt1!nd"! &%!(/,%/=!%t"n& /no (/1/!%/1&7!"/!"& /no '&*!#!! %&/&%oc!&!! '&*!#!".

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Sociologie-note de Curs, Autor Felicia Marian

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Transcript of Sociologie-note de Curs, Autor Felicia Marian