Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

29
Capitolul II TIPOLOGIA SISTEMELOR AGRICOLE CONTEMPORANE $JULFXOWXUD FD GRPHQLX GH DFWLYLWDWH œL VHFWRU SULPDU DO HFRQRPLHL SUHVXSXQH FXOWLYDUHD SODQWHORUœLFUHœWHUHDDQLPDOHORUSHQWUXRE LQHUHDSURGXVHORUDJURDOLPHQWDUHQHFHVDUHvQSULPXOUkQG KUDQHLXPDQHÌQDFHODœLWLPSDJULFXOWXUDHVWHFRQVLGHUDW D IL UDPXU GLVWLQFW GDU œL LPSRUWDQW D HFRQRPLHL GHFL SDUWH D VLVWHPXOXL HFRQRPLF QD LRQDO œLVDX PRQGLDO 3ULQ XUPDUH DJULFXOWXUD WUHEXLH V VH VXSXQ RULF URU UHJXOL RELHFWLYH VL LQVWLWX LL FH JXYHUQHD] VLVWHPXO HFRQRPLF LQ aQVDPEOXO VDX vQ FDGUXO F UXLD VH UHJ VHœWH vQWUXFkW HD vQV œL UHSUH]LQW XQ VLVWHP GLVWLQFW interconectat la celelalte subsisteme din economie. 7HRULDHFRQRPLF DERUGHD] VLVWHPXOHFRQRPLFFDILLQGRPRGDOLWDWHGHRUJDQL]DUHœLIXQF LRQDUHD DFWLYLW LLHFRQRPLFHDVWIHOvQFkWFXDFHOHDœLUHVXUVHV VHVDWLVIDF FkWPDLELQHFHULQ HOHGHFRQVXPDOH SRSXOD LHL’REURW 1- ’LF LRQDUGHHFRQRPLH(G(FRQRPLF %XFXUHœWLSDJ $JULFXOWXUD FD VLVWHP RUJDQL]DW œL IXQF LRQDO SXV vQ VOXMED VRFLHW LL HVWH DERUGDW vQ SODQ œWLLQ LILF GLQ XQJKLXUL GLIHULWH FHHD FH G SRVLELOLWDWHD FD SH ED]D XQRU FULWHULL GH FODVLILFDUH ELQH GHILQLWHV VHRE LQ PDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVLVWHPHDJULFROH La stabilirea criteriilor de clasificare se au în veGHUH GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL FRQGL LLOH FOLPDWLFHHFRQRPLFHœLVRFLDOHH[LVWHQWH&ULWHULLOHGHFODVLILFDUHDVLVWHPHORUDJULFROHDERUGDWHvQ DFHDVW OXFUDUHVXQWGHQDWXU LVWRULF HFRORJLF œLGXS SHUIRUPDQ 1.Criteriul istoric HVWHSULPXOGDUœL cel mai des întâlnit în literatura de specialitate. 6LVWHPHOHDJULFROHIRORVLWHGHRPGHODFRQœWLHQWL]DUHDDJULFXOWXULLFDDFWLYLWDWHXPDQ XWLO- SURGXFWLY œLSkQ vQSUH]HQWDXIRVWGHQXPLWHJHQHULFVLVWHPHDJULFROHFRQYHQ LRQDOHîntâlnite de cele maLPXOWRULVXEDFFHS LXQHDGHDJULFXOWXU FRQYHQ LRQDO SULQFDUHVHvQ HOHJHSURGXFHUHDGH DOLPHQWHSHED] GHHQHUJLHVRODU œLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSODQWHORUIL[DWHvQVRO 3ULQFLSDOHOHWLSXULGHVLVWHPHDJULFROHFRQYHQ LRQDOHvQIXQF LHGHJUDGXOGHSHUIHF LRQDUHD PHWRGHORU GH SURGXFHUH D KUDQHL œL GH SULQFLSDOHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH DFHVWRU PHWRGH VXQW VXJHVWLY UHGDWHLQWDEHOXOXUP WRU

Transcript of Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

Page 1: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

Capitolul II

TIPOLOGIA SISTEMELOR AGRICOLE CONTEMPORANE

$JULFXOWXUD� FD� GRPHQLX� GH� DFWLYLWDWH� úL� VHFWRU� SULPDU� DO� HFRQRPLHL� SUHVXSXQH� FXOWLYDUHD�

SODQWHORU�úL�FUHúWHUHD�DQLPDOHORU�SHQWUX�RE LQHUHD�SURGXVHORU�DJURDOLPHQWDUH�QHFHVDUH�vQ�SULPXO�UkQG�

KUDQHL�XPDQH��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS�DJULFXOWXUD�HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW �D�IL�UDPXU �GLVWLQFW ��GDU�úL�LPSRUWDQW �D�

HFRQRPLHL� �� GHFL� SDUWH� D� VLVWHPXOXL� HFRQRPLF� QD LRQDO� úL�VDX� PRQGLDO�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� DJULFXOWXUD�

WUHEXLH� V � VH� VXSXQ � RULF URU� UHJXOL�� RELHFWLYH� VL� LQVWLWX LL� FH� JXYHUQHD] � VLVWHPXO� HFRQRPLF� LQ�

aQVDPEOXO� VDX�� vQ� FDGUXO� F UXLD� VH� UHJ VHúWH�� vQWUXFkW� HD� vQV úL� UHSUH]LQW � XQ� VLVWHP� GLVWLQFW�

interconectat la celelalte subsisteme din economie.

7HRULD�HFRQRPLF �DERUGHD] �VLVWHPXO�HFRQRPLF�FD�ILLQG�R�PRGDOLWDWH�GH�RUJDQL]DUH�úL�IXQF LRQDUH�D

DFWLYLW LL�HFRQRPLFH�DVWIHO�vQFkW�FX�DFHOHDúL�UHVXUVH�V �VH�VDWLVIDF �FkW�PDL�ELQH�FHULQ HOH�GH�FRQVXP�DOH�SRSXOD LHL���'REURW �1��- 'LF LRQDU�GH�HFRQRPLH��(G��(FRQRPLF ��%XFXUHúWL��SDJ�������

$JULFXOWXUD�FD� VLVWHP�RUJDQL]DW� úL� IXQF LRQDO�SXV� vQ� VOXMED� VRFLHW LL�HVWH�DERUGDW �� vQ�SODQ�

úWLLQ LILF��GLQ�XQJKLXUL�GLIHULWH�FHHD�FH�G �SRVLELOLWDWHD�FD�SH�ED]D�XQRU� FULWHULL� GH�FODVLILFDUH�ELQH�

GHILQLWH�V �VH�RE LQ �PDL�PXOWH�WLSXUL�GH�VLVWHPH�DJULFROH�

La stabilirea criteriilor de clasificare se au în veGHUH� GH� FHOH� PDL� PXOWH� RUL� FRQGL LLOH��

FOLPDWLFH��HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH�H[LVWHQWH��&ULWHULLOH�GH�FODVLILFDUH��D�VLVWHPHORU�DJULFROH��DERUGDWH�vQ�

DFHDVW �OXFUDUH�VXQW�GH�QDWXU �LVWRULF ��HFRORJLF �úL�GXS �SHUIRUPDQ ��

1.Criteriul istoric HVWH�SULPXO��GDU�úL cel mai des întâlnit în literatura de specialitate.

6LVWHPHOH�DJULFROH�IRORVLWH�GH�RP�GH�OD�FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD�DJULFXOWXULL��FD�DFWLYLWDWH�XPDQ �XWLO-

SURGXFWLY �úL�SkQ �vQ�SUH]HQW�DX�IRVW�GHQXPLWH�JHQHULF�VLVWHPH�DJULFROH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH��întâlnite de

cele maL�PXOW�RUL�VXE�DFFHS LXQHD�GH�DJULFXOWXU �FRQYHQ LRQDO ��SULQ�FDUH�VH�vQ HOHJH�SURGXFHUHD�GH�

DOLPHQWH�SH�ED] �GH�HQHUJLH�VRODU �úL�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�SODQWHORU�IL[DWH�vQ�VRO�

3ULQFLSDOHOH�WLSXUL�GH�VLVWHPH�DJULFROH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�JUDGXO�GH��SHUIHF LRQDUH�D�

PHWRGHORU� GH� SURGXFHUH�D�KUDQHL� úL� GH� SULQFLSDOHOH�FDUDFWHULVWLFL� DOH�DFHVWRU� PHWRGH� VXQW� VXJHVWLY�

UHGDWH�LQ�WDEHOXO�XUP WRU�

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Tabel 1

6LVWHPHOH�DJULFROH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH

Caracteristici definitorii Necesarul de teren agricol pentru a KU QL�R�SHUVRDQ -��SHUVRDQ ���KD-

3URGXF LD�H[SULPDW �vQ�kcal/m2/an

1. Sisteme naturale

Hrana se procura direct din QDWXU � GH� F WUH� JUXSXUL� GH�FXOHJ WRUL� úL� YkQ WRUL� FDUH� vQ�’’limita unui teritoriu’’ se PLúFDX� FRQWLQXX�� SHQGXODWRULX�VDX� FLUFXODU� �� vQ� IXQF LH� GH�sezoQ� VDX� DQRWLPS� úL� GH�animalul vânat.

100-500

1-5

2. Agroecosisteme complexe

2.1. Agricultura LQFLSLHQW

Presupune orientarea unei S U LL� D� SRSXOD LHL� F WUH�cultivarea plantelor ca urmarea D� LQYHQW ULL� SOXJXOXL�� /LQLLOH�generale parcurse au fost : -� GHIULúDUHD� YHJHWD LHL�OHPQRDVH��DUERUL��DUEXúWL��� -� GHV HOHQLUHD� WHUHQXULORU� úL�cultivarea plantelor agricole timp de 1-�� DQL� SH� DFHHDúL�VXSUDID �� - abandonarea terenurilor cultivate pentru refacerea IHUWLOLW LL� VROXOXL� WLPS� GH� �-20ani;

4

25-30

2.2. Agricultura PL[W �SULPLWLY

Caracteristicile definitorii de la subsistemul precedent; - animalele domestice sunt IRORVLWH� SHQWUX� SURGXF LH�� LDU�HUELYRUHOH� PDUL� �� FDLL�� ERLL� úL�ELYROLL��SHQWUX�WUDF LXQH�

2

50

2.3. Agricultura WUDGL LRQDO

$GRSW � WHKQLFL� úL� WHKQRORJLL�superioare precedentelor VLVWHPH��6H�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �SULQ�IDSWXO�F � - cerealele devin dominante în structura culturilor ( grâu, orz, RUH]��VHFDU ��SRUXPE� -�VH�DSOLF �DVRODPHQWXO� - animalele domestice sunt IRORVLWH�úL�SHQWru producerea de vQJU ú PLQWH�

1

100

2.4. Agricultura LQGXVWULDOL]DW

(VWH� UH]XOWDWXO� GLUHFW� úL�QHPLMORFLW� DO� UHYROX LHL�industriale care în plan tehnic a

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DGRSWDW� IRU D� PHFDQLF �� LDU� vQ�cel demografic a condus la o H[SOR]LH� D� SRSXOD LHL�� $�presupXV�XUP WRDUHOH�DF LXQL� - utilizarea combustibililor IRVLOL� FD� VXUV � VXSOLPHQWDU �GH�energie: -� DGRSW � SH� VFDU � ODUJ � D�PHFDQL]DUHD�� vQJU ú PLQWHOH�FKLPLFH� úL� SHVWLFLGHOH��insectofungicidele etc. -� FXOWLYDUHD� SODQWHORU� úL�FUHúWHUHD� DQLPDOHORU� VXQW�delimitate în sectoare agricole distincte; - factorii de progres tehnic sunt LQWURGXúL� FRQWLQXX� vQ� VFRSXO�FUHúWHULL�UDSLGH�D�SURGXF LHL�

1

180-1000

ÌQFHSXWXULOH� DJULFXOWXULL� VH� UHJ VHVF� vQ� FXOWLYDUHD� XQRU� SODQWH� V OEDWLFH�� FDUH� Ge-a lungul

WLPSXOXL�DX�IRVW�VXSXVH�FRQWLQXX�SURFHVHORU�GH��VHOHF LH�úL�DPHOLRUDUH�vQ�VFRSXO�FUHúWHULL�FDSDFLW LL�

ORU�GH�SURGXF LH��(WDSHOH�úL�VWDGLLOH�GH�GH]YROWDUH�vQ�FDUH�V-a aflat agricultura au fost determinante în

HYROX LD�VRFLHW LL�XPDQH��GDU�úL�D�RPXOXL�FD�HQWLWDWH�ELRORJLF �

�$VWIHO�� � DJULFXOWXUD� D� FRQVWLWXLW�� SULQ� FRQVHFLQ HOH� HL�� QX� QXPDL� XQ� PRG� FX� WRWXO�

QHPDLvQWkOQLW��GDU�úL�GH�QHvQORFXLW�vQ�OXPHD�YLH�GH�SURFXUDUH�D�DOLPHQWHORU�SHQWUX�RPHQLUH��GDU�úL�XQ�

IDFWRU�RUJDQL]DWRU�GH�VWUXFWXUL�VSD LDOH� vQ�RLNXPHQ��RJRU��DúH] ULL� UXUDOH�úL�XUEDQH��úL�GH�JHQH] �D�

QRLL��UHOD LL�VRFLDOH��GLQ�DFHDVW �FDX] �FHD�PDL�PDUH�SDUWH�GLQ�VWUXFWXULOH�VRFLDOH��PDL�YHFKL�VDX�PDL�

QRL��VXQW��XUPDUHD�ILUHDVF �D�LQYHQW ULL�DJULFXOWXULL�úL�D�GLYL]LXQLL��PXQFLL��

AgriculturD�RGDW �LQYHQWDW ��V-a transformat într-R�FRQGL LH�XPDQ �HVHQ LDO �DFFHOHUkQG�SURJUHVXO�VRFLDO�vQ�WRDWH�SULYLQ HOH� �,�� 3XLD� úL� 9�� 6RUDQ� - $JURHFRVLVWHPHOH� úL� DOLPHQWDúLD� RPHQLULL, Ed. Ceres, %XFXUHúWL������

ÌQ� DFHODúL� WLPS� vQWUH� DJULFXOWXU � úL� HYROX LD� VSHFLHL� XPDQH� D� � H[LVWDW� � R� VWUkQV �

LQWHUGHSHQGHQ � SXWkQGX-VH� DILUPD� F � úL� DJULFXOWXUD� D� UHFODPDW� SHQWUX� HYROX LD� VD� R� GH]YROWDUH� D�

LQWHOHFWXOXL�XPDQ��'H�SLOG ��IRORVLUHD�OLPEDMXOXL�úL�SRVLELOLWDWHD�WUDQVPLWHULL�FXQRúWLQ HORU�DFXPXODWH�

a fost un pas decisiv în progresul agriculturii, trecându-VH�OD�DFXPXO UL�GH�FXQRúWLQ H�úL�WHKQLFL�

Un alt element important al definirii agriculturii la începuturile sale a fost utilizarea pe

OkQJ �UHVXUVHOH�HQHUJHWLFH�QDWXUDOH��HQHUJLD�VRODU ��HROLDQ ��KLGUDXOLF ��úL�D�HQHUJLLORU�UH]XOWDWH�GLQ�

WUDF LXQHD�DQLPDO ��IDFWRUXO�FDUH�D�DGXV�XQ�VXUSOXV�GH�SURGXF LH��FHHD�FH�D�vQVHPQDW�R�HWDS �QRX �vQ�

HYROX LD��DJULFXOWXULL��HWDS �IXQGDPHQWDO�GLIHULW �ID �GH�FHD��LQFLSLHQW ����

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)LHFDUH�HOHPHQW�QRX�LQWURGXV�vQ�SHUIHF LRQDUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�úL-D�GRYHGLW�HILFLHQ D�GH-a lungul

WLPSXOXL�vQ�VSRUXULOH�GH�SURGXF LH�DGXVH��IDSW�FH�D�

GHWHUPLQDW�DWkW�FUHúWHUHD�SRSXOD LHL��GDU�úL�D�QLYHOXOXL�GH�WUDL�DO�DFHVWHLD�

Termenul de ecosistem a fost introdus în 1935 de botanistul englez Arthur G. Tansley, FDUH�vQ HOHJHD�SULQ�DFHDVWD�R��XQLWDWH�GH�ED] �D�QDWXULL�FDUH�FXSULQGH�VDX�LQWHJUHD] �vQWU-un singur tot comunitatea vie cu mediul fizic sau cu locul de trai". Mai târziu, în anul ������ 5D\PRQG� /�� /LQGHPDQ� FRQVLGHU � HFRVLVWHPXO� �R� VXP � RE LQXW � SULQ� LQWHJUDUHD�SURFHVHORU�DFWLYH�IL]LFH��FKLPLFH��ELRORJLFH�FDUH�VH�SHWUHF�vQ�LQWHULRUXO�XQHL�XQLW L�VSD LX-WLPS� GH� RULFH� P ULPH�� $FHVWH� SURFHVH� LQWHJUDWH� GH� QDWXU � IL]LF �� FKLPLF � úL� ELRORJLF �OHDJ �RULFH�FRPXQLWDWH�ELRWLF �GH�PHGLXO�HL�DELRWLF�� PorQLQG�GH�OD�DFHVWH�GRX �DERUG ULL�FRQFHSWXDOH�DOH�WHUPHQXOXL�GH�HFRVLVWHP��SULQ�H[WHQVLH�FD�R�HWDS �VXSHULRDU �vQ�SURFHVXO�FXQRDúWHULL��VH�DMXQJH�OD�agroecosistem, care se SUH]LQW �FD�XQ�VLVWHP�HFRORJLF�DJULFRO�DO�F UXL�RELHFWLY�HVWH�RE LQHUHD�GH�SURGXVH�DJricole necesare hranei omului.

3DUWLFXODULW LOH�HFRVLVWHPHORU�QDWXUDOH�ID ��GH�DJURHFRVLVWHPH�VH�UHJ VHVF�FX�GHRVHELUH� vQ�

H[SORDWDUHD� LQWHQVLY � úL� UHJODUHD� DUWLILFLDO � D� DFHVWRUD�� GDU� úL� vQ� � DOWH� HOHPHQWH� � DúD� FXP� VXQW�

prezentate în tabelul 2.

Tabel 2

3DUWLFXODULW LOH�XQXL�DJURHFRVLVWHP�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�XQ�VLVWHP�QDWXUDO

Nr. crt.

Caracteristici Agroecosistem Ecosisteme naturale

1. 3URGXFWLYLWDWHD�QHW SXWHUQLF medie 2. /DQ XO�WURILF simplu, liniar FRPSOH[ 3. Diversitatea speciilor VODE puternic 4. 'LYHUVLWDWHD�JHQHWLF VODE LPSRUWDQW 5. Cicluri biogeochimice deschise vQFKLV 6. Stabilitate VODE SXWHUQLF 7. 3HUPDQHQ �vQ�WLPS OLPLWDW OXQJ 8. (WHURJHQLWDWHD�DúH] ULL VLPSO FRPSOH[ 9. Fenologia VLQFURQL]DW VH]RQLHU 10. Maturitate sWDGLL�LQL LDOH�DOH�VXFFHVLXQLL�

ecologice matur

Sursa: Environnement et Agriculture: Bernard Le Clech Editions: Synthese Agricole

3UDFWLFDUHD� XQXL� DJURVLVWHP� WUDGL LRQDO� D� FDUDFWHUL]DW� SHULRDGD� FXSULQV � vQWUH� DQWLFKLWDWH� úL�

UHYROX LD� LQGXVWULDO ��$FHVW� WLS� UXGLPHQWDU�GH�VLVWHP�DJULFRO�D�DYXW� OD�ED] � OHJ WXUD�VWUkQV �GLQWUH�

SURGXF LD�YHJHWDO �úL�FHD�DQLPDO ��DJULFXOWRUXO��vQFHSkQG��V �SXQ �SUREOHPD�UHDOL] ULL�XQXL��PLQLP�

FRQWURO�DVXSUD�HFRVLVWHPXOXL�vQ�FDUH�vúL�GHVI úRDU �DFWLYLWDWHD����

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În acest sistem DJULFRO���vQFHSH�IRORVLUHD�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�RUJDQLFH��SHUIHF LRQDUHD�XQHOWHORU���

VHOHF LD�SODQWHORU�úL�UHDOL]DUHD�XQRU�WHKQLFL�GH�FXOWLYDUH�FHHD�FH�D�GXV�OD�FUHúWHUHD�OHQW ��GDU�FRQWLQX �

D� SURGXF LHL�� $FHDVW � FUHúWHUH� GH� SURGXF LH� D� GHWHUPLQDW� GH]YROWDUHD� VRFLHW LL� RPHQHúWL� SULQ�

GH]YROWDUHD�RUDúHORU�úL�D�VFKLPEXULORU�FRPHUFLDOH

'DU�DJULFXOWXUD�D�VXIHULW�PRGLILF UL�HVHQ LDOH�RGDW �FX�UHYROX LD�LQGXVWULDO �FDUH�D�GHWHUPLQDW�

LQWURGXFHUHD�WUDF LXQLL�PHFDQLFH�úL�IRORVLUHD�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�FKLPLFH��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPp agricultura a

IRVW� FHD� FDUH� D� FUHDW� VXUVHOH� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD� UHYROX LHL� LQGXVWULDOH�� SULQ� H[FHGHQWHOH� GH� SURGXVH��

IRU �GH�PXQF �úL�FDSLWDO�UHDOL]DWH�vQ�GRPHQLX�

3UREOHPD� FUHúWHULL� FHULQ HL� SHQWUX� SURGXVHOH� DJURDOLPHQWDUH� D� GHWHUPLQDW� GH]YROWDUHD�

sisWHPXOXL�DJULFRO�LQWHQVLY��FKLPL]DW�úL�PHFDQL]DW�JHQHUDWRU�GH�SURGXF LL�ULGLFDWH��6H�SRDWH�DSUHFLD�

F � DFHDVW � DJULFXOWXU � D� vQIORULW� vQ� SHULRDGD�DQLORU� ����� � FkQG�H[SORDWD LLOH� FDUH�QX� VH� LQWHJUDX� SH�

FDOHD�LQWHQVLILF ULL�HUDX�PDUJLQDOL]DWH�GH�VWUXFWXULOH�DJricole oficiale. Din nefericire acest tip

GH� DJULFXOWXU � D� DGXV� � úL� QHDMXQVXUL� VRFLHW LL� RPHQHúWL� SULQ� GDXQHOH� SURGXVH� VROXOXL� úL� PHGLXOXL�

vQFRQMXU WRU�GH�F WUH�WHKQRORJLLOH�SUDFWLFDWH�

'HúL�SH�SODQ�PRQGLDO�GH]YROWDUHD�DJULFXOWXULL�HVWH�LQHJDO �GH�OD�R�]RQ �OD�DOWD��GH�OD�R� DU �OD�

alta, iar problema crizei alimentare nu s-D� UH]ROYDW� � vQF �� ULOH� GH]YROWDWH� RGDW � FX� DWLQJHUHD�

DXWRVXILFLHQ HL� DOLPHQWDUH�� LQWHQVLILFDUHD� H[SRUWXULORU� úL� UHGXFHUHD� SRQGHULL� FKHOWXLHOLORU� SHQWUX�

aceste produse în bugetul famLOLHL�DX�SXV�SUREOHPD�DFKL]L LRQ ULL�GH�SURGXVH�GH�FDOLWDWH�VXSHULRDU ��

ELRORJLFH��FX�FRQ LQXW�ULGLFDW�vQ�VXEVWDQ H�XWLOH�

2. Criterii ecologice alternative

$QLL�����DX�vQVHPQDW�R�UHRULHQWDUH�D�SROLWLFLORU�DJULFROH�VSUH�R�DJULFXOWXU �PDL�HFRQRPLF �úL�

mai�DXWRQRP � 5 VSXQVXO� OD� DFHVWH� QRL� FHULQ H� úL� OD� QHDMXQVXULOH� DJULFXOWXULL� LQWHQVLYH� V-au

PDWHULDOL]DW�vQ�GH]YROWDUHD�VLVWHPHORU�DOWHUQDWLYH�vQ�UkQGXO�F URUD�VH�QXP U ��DJULFXOWXUD�UD LRQDO ��

DJULFXOWXUD� LQWHJUDW �� DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF �� DJULFXOWXUD� HFRORJLF �� SHUPDFXOWXUD�� DJULFXOWXUD�

GXUDELO ��$FHVWH�DOWHUQDWLYH�OD�DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY �VXQW�DGXVH�GH�HFRORJLH��úL�DX�FD�SULQFLSDO �FDOH�

GH� XUP ULW� UHVSHFWDUHD� PHGLXOXL� vQFRQMXU WRU�� 6XFFLQW� DFHVWH� WLSXUL� GH� DJULFXOWXU � � SRW� IL� GHILQLWH�

astfel:

• agricultura ra LRQDO �� YL]HD] � DPHOLRUDUHD� SUDFWLFLORU� DFWXDOH� SULQ� OLPLWDUHD� IRORVLULL�

vQJU ú PLQWHORU�úL�D�SHVWLFLGHORU��GDU�FX��PHQ LQHUHD�UDQGDPHQWHORU�OD�FRWH�ULGLFDWH�

• DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHJUDW ���vQ�68$�HVWH�GHQXPLW �/RZ�,QSXW�6XVWDLQDEOH�$JULFXOWXUH�VDX�/,6$�DUH�

un cRQ LQXW�FRQFHSWXDO�DSURSLDW�GH�FHO�SUH]HQWDW�DQWHULRU��GDU�UDQGDPHQWHOH�YL]DWH�VXQW�PDL�SX LQ�

vQDOWH�� 2ELHFWLYXO� HVWH� RE LQHUHD� GH� DOLPHQWH� GH� FDOLWDWH� IRORVLQG� WHKQLFL� GH� SURGXF LH� FDUH�

IDYRUL]HD] � PHFDQLVPHOH� QDWXUDOH� GH� UHJODUH� úL� LPSXQH� OXDUHD� vQ� FDOFXl a asolamentelor

UHJLRQDOH��VSD LLOH�QDWXUDOH�vQFRQMXU WRDUH��

Page 6: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

• DJULFXOWXUD� ELRORJLF � GHQXPLW � úL� RUJDQLF � VH� FDUDFWHUL]HD] � SULQ� UHIX]XO� GH� D� XWLOL]D�

vQJU ú PLQWHOH�PLQHUDOH�VROXELOH�úL�D�SHVWLFLGHORU�GH�VLQWH] �

• DJULFXOWXUD� HFRORJLF � SUHVXSXQH� RE LQHUHD� GH� SURGXVH� DJULFROH� H[FOXVLY� SH� FDOH� QDWXUDO � úL�

DFRUG � R� DWHQ LH� GHRVHELW � SURWHF LHL� PHGLXOXL�� SUHYHQLQG� GHJUDGDUHD� DFHVWXLD� FX� VXEVWDQ H�

FKLPLFH��UHPDQHQ D�DOH�SHVWLFLGHORU�úL�vQJU ú PLQWHORU��SUHFXP�úL�FX�OXFU ULOH�VROXOXL�úL�LULJD LLOH�

utilizate necorHVSXQ] WRU�

• permacultura: VH� ED]HD] � SH� WUDGL LD� DJULFRO � GLQ� ]RQ �� IRORVLUHD� GH� vQJU ú PLQWH� QDWXUDOH��

GLYHUVLWDWH�ELRORJLF �úL�UHVSLQJH�IRORVLUHD�SHVWLFLGHORU�úL�D�vQJU ú PLQWHORU�FKLPLFH�

• DJULFXOWXUD� GXUDELO �� HVWH� GHILQLW � GH� 6KDOOHU� ������� FD� ILLQG� DJULFXOWXUD� FDUH� XUP UHúWH�

FRQVHUYDUHD�UHVXUVHORU�QDWXUDOH�úL�SURWHF LD��SH� WHUPHQ�QHGHILQLW��D�PHGLXOXL�� VSRULUHD�V Q W LL�

SXEOLFH�úL�SURGXFHUHD�XQRU�FDQWLW L�GH�KUDQ �DGHFYDWH�úL�SURILWDELOH�SHQWUX�IHUPLHUL���

Nebeneficiind decât indirect de rezultatele�FHUFHW ULORU�DJURQRPLFH��FDUH�DX� IRVW� vQGUHSWDW �

FX�GHRVHELUH�F WUH�DJULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY ��DFHVWH�VLVWHPH�DOWHUQDWLYH�U PkQ�vQF �vQ�ID]D�HPSLULF ��1X�

s-DX� VWXGLDW� vQF � VXILFLHQW� LPSRUWDQ D� DFHVWRU� DOWHUQDWLYH� DJULFROH� úL� LPSDFWXO� FDUH� vO� DX� DVXSUD�

triunghLXOXL��FDQWLWDWH��FDOLWDWH��PHGLX�vQFRQMXU WRU�úL�FRPSURPLVXO�FDUH�WUHEXLH�J VLW�vQWUH���FRVWXO�GH�

SURGXF LH��FRVWXO�SHQWUX�PHGLX�úL�FRVWXO�SHQWUX�FRQVXPDWRU�

3ULQ� JUDILFXO� XUP WRU� VH� vQFHDUF � R� SR]L LRQDUH� D� DFHVWRU� VLVWHPH� DJULFROH� ID � GH� GRXD�

UHVWULF LL�PDMRUH�FH�VWDX�vQ�ID D�VLVWHPHORU�DJULFROH��SURGXFWLYLWDWH�úL�PHGLX�vQFRQMXU WRU�

���&ULWHULL�GXS �SHUIRUPDQ

6LVWHPHOH�DJULFROH�vQWkOQLWH�SH�JORE�GLIHU �GH�OD�R� DU �OD�DOWD��SRUQLQG�GH�OD�FHOH�SUDFWLFDWH�vQ�

PRG�WUDGL LRQDO�SH�VXSUDIH H�PLFL�úL�PHGLL�GH�WHUHQ�FX�LQWU UL�UHGXVH�GH�IDFWRUL�GH�SURGXF LH�SkQ �OD�

FHOH�LQWHQVLYH�FX�LQWU UL�PDVLYH�GH�RXWSXWXUL�FXOWLYDWH�SH�VXSUDIH H�vQWLQVH��,QGLYLGXDOL]DUHD�ILHF UXL�

sistem agricol se face pe baza unor caracteristici specifice ce definesc elementele comune

VLVWHPHORU� vQ� DQVDPEOXO� ORU�� LQGLIHUHQW� GH� JUDGXO� GH� SHUIRUPDQ � VDX� HYROX LH� DWLQV�� 3HQWUX�

H[HPSOLILFDUH�� UHG P� � vQ� WDEHOXO� ��� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� GH� LGHQWLILFDUH� D� WUHL� VLVWHPH� DJULFROH��

FRQYHQ LRQDO��ELRORJLF�úL�LQWHJUDW�

Page 7: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

Tabel 3 �&RPSDUD LD�GLIHULWHORU�WLSXUL�GH�DJULFXOWXU

Nr. Specificare �����������������������WLSXUL�GH�DJULFXOWXU crt.

Agricultura FRQYHQ LRQDO

Agricultura ELRORJLF

3URGXF LH�LQWHJUDW

I. BAZA ),/2=2),&

ùWLLQ �DJURQRPLF

Antropozofie Apropiere VLVWHPDWLF

II. SCOP Producerea de FDQWLW L� úL�FDOLW L�comerciale

&DOLWDWHD�QXWULWLY �D�alimentelor, Fertilitatea solului. Eliminarea SROX ULL�

&DQWLWDWHD� RSWLP ��FDOLWDWHD� LQWHUQ � D�SURGXF LHL��0HQ LQHUHD�IHUWLOLW LL��Reducerea schimburilor cu PHGLXO�vQFRQMXU WRU�

III. STRATEGIA Tehnicile cele mai performante

Excluderea PDMRULW LL�produselor chimice

Recurgerea UH]RQDELO � OD� DJHQ LL�GH�SURGXF LH� Alegerea tehnicii cel PDL�SX LQ�G XQ WRDUH�mediului natural.

1. SOLUL Suportul culturilor $U WXU �SURIXQG

)LLQ �� WU LQG�pentru a conserva úL�DPHOLRUD� ÌQJU ú PLQWH�YHU]L� Respectarea straturilor solului.

)LLQ �� WU LQG� SHQWUX�D� FRQVHUYD� úL�ameliora. ÌQJU ú PLQWH�YHU]L� Respectarea straturilor solului.

���527$ ,$ 'DF �HVWH�SRVLELO �economisirea, GDF � QX�tratamente chimice.

Foarte strict, ordinea culturilor obligatorie.

([LJHQ � PLQLP �UHVSHFWDW �

3. FERTILIZAREA Norme de vQJU ú PLQWH�SX LQ�GLIHUHQ LDWH� ÌQJU ú PLQWH�chimice. ÌQJU ú PLQWH� GH�IHUP �

6H� ED]HD] � SH�humus. ÌQJU ú PLQWH�naturale: calcare, FUHW �� URFL�VI UkPDWH�� IRVID L�dH�$IULFD��FHQXú ���

Organic: optim de PDWHULH�RUJDQLF � &KLPLF �� VH�DQDOL]HD] � QHYRLD�plantei.

4. PLIVIREA Erbicide Prevenirea PHFDQLF � úL�WHUPLF �

3UHYHQLUHD� PHFDQLF �úL� FKLPLF � �� vQ� GR]H�limitate)

Page 8: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

5. LUPTA CONTRA 3$5$=, ,/25

Chimic. Tratamente sistematice.

Prevenire. 3UHJ WLUHD� GH� ED] �a plantelor: vQJU ú PkQW� OLFKLG�GLQ�XU]LF ��� Aromoterapia. Insecticide vegetale: rotenone, pyrethrine, nicotine. Fungicide: Cu, S /XSW �ELRORJLF

Prevenire. 3UDJXO�GH�WROHUDQ � Alegerea produsului FHO� PDL� SX LQ�G XQ Wor. Evaluarea riscului. Observarea echilibrului biologic. 'DF � HVWH� SRVLELO �OXSWD�ELRORJLF �

IV. METODE DE &5(ù7(5(� $�ANIMALELOR

Rase productive. Metode performante,

Rase rustice. $OLPHQWD LH�V Q WRDV �SURYHQLW �din agricultura ELRORJLF �

-

V. REZULTATE 3URGXF LD ([LVWHQ D�XQHL�SLH H�specifice.

&DOH� HYROXWLY � GH�PLMORF���FHD�PL�EXQ �producere".

Sursa: Environnement et Agriculture: Bernard Le Clech

2.1. Sistemele agricole contemporane

'H]YROWDUHD� úL� PRGHUQL]DUHD� DJULFXOWXULL� �SURFHV� RELHFWLY� QHFHVDU�� GHWHUPLQ � DGkQFLUHD�

GLYL]LXQLL� PXQFLL�� D� VSHFLDOL] ULL� úL�� LPSOLFLW�� DSDUL LD� úL� PDQLIHVWDUHD� XQRU� VLVWHPH� DJULFROH� QRL��

alternative la cele existente în prezent.

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criteriu suprem: V Q WDWHD�RPXOXL��$FHVW�FULWHULX�SUHVXSXQH�UHDOL]DUHD�D�GRX �RELHFWLYH��VHFXULWDWHD�

DOLPHQWDU �úL�SURWHF LD�PHGLXOXL�

)LHFDUH� VLVWHP� DJULFRO� DERUGHD] � GLIHUHQ LDW� DFHVWH� GH]LGHUDWH� PDMRUH�� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� R�

multitudine de factori cum ar fi:

- gradul de dezvoltare general al economiei;

-�DEXQGHQ ��FDOLWDWH��úL�DFFHVLELOLWDWH�UHVXUVHORU�GLQ�DJULFXOWXU �

-�UHOD LLOH�úL�VWUXFWXULOH�GH�SURGXF LH�

-�SXWHUHD�GH�DEVRUE LH�D�FRQVXPDWRULORU�

-�QLYHOXO�GH�FLYLOL]D LH��HWF�

Principalele sisteme agriFROH�SUDFWLFDWH�DVW ]L�SH�SODQ�PRQGLDO�VXQW�

1. $JULFXOWXUD�WUDGL LRQDO �VDX�IDPLOLDO �

2. $JULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY �VDX�LQGXVWULDO �

3. $JULFXOWXUD�ELRORJLF �

Page 9: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

4. Permacultura;

5. $JULFXOWXUD�GXUDELO �

6. $JULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF �

�������$JULFXOWXUD�WUDGL LRQDO �VDX�IDPLOLDO

AJULFXOWXUD�WUDGL LRQDO �VH�ED]HD] �H[FOXVLY�SH�WUDQVIRUPDUHD�HQHUJLHL�OXPLQRDVH�vQ�HQHUJLH�

FKLPLF �SULQ�FDSWDUHD�UD]HORU�VRODUH�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�IRWRVLQWH] �

$FHDVW � FDUDFWHULVWLF �R�GHRVHEHúWH�QHW�GH�DJULFXOWXUD� FRQWHPSRUDQ �

care are ca suport folosirea îQ�FDQWLW L�PDUL�D�HQHUJLHL�FDUEXUDQ LORU�IRVLOL� (Ionescu A. - $JULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF ��(G��3HGDJRJLF ��������%XFXUHúWL�

3URGXF LD� RE LQXW � vQ� VLVWHPXO� DJULFRO� WUDGL LRQDO� HVWH� GHVWLQDW � FX� GHRVHELUH� FRQVXPXOXL�

IDPLOLHL� GH� DJULFXOWRUL�� LDU� HILFLHQ D� HFRQRPLF � GH� DQVDPEOX� HVWH� H[WUHP� GH� UHGXV �� 'LQ� DFHDVW �

FDX] �VLVWHPXO�HVWH��YXOQHUDELO�OD�SUHVLXQLOH�H[HUFLWDWH�GH�PHGLXO�vQFRQMXU WRU�úL�VH�DGDSWHD] �JUHX�OD�

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comerciale cu mediul extern.

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FHD�DQLPDO ��SH�VXSUDIH H�PLFL�GH�WHUHQ��SH�FDUH�VH�DSOLF �FX�SUHSRQGHUHQ �IHUWLOL]DUHD�QDWXUDO �úL�

QXPDL�DFFLGHQWDO�VXEVWDQ HOH�FKLPLFH��LDU�URWD LD�FXOWXULORU�HVWH�H[WUHP�GH�UXGLPHQWDU �

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WHKQRORJLL�úL�FXQRúWLQ H�PDL�YHFKL��SDUWH�GLQ�HOH�FX�U G FLQL�FH�VH�SLHUG�vQ�LVWRULH��)LLQG�DWRPL]DW �SH

JRVSRG ULL�GH�DJULFXOWRUL�� JRVSRG ULL�FH�DX�FD�SLYRW� FHQWUDO� IDPLOLD��FHHD�FH�D�GHWHUPLQDW�� vQ�PRG�

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H[SHULHQ H��SURSULHW LL�IXQFLDUH��DQLPDOH��LQYHQWDU�DJULFRO��IRDUWH�SX LQ�PRGLILFDWH��FD�GLPHQVLXQH�úL�

perforPDQ H��vQ�WLPS�

6LVWHPXO� IXQF LRQHD] � GLIHULW� SH� JORE� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� FRQGL LLOH� SHGRFOLPDWLFH�� SUHJ WLUHD�

WHKQRORJLF ��VWUXFWXUL�VRFLR-HFRQRPLFH��UHVXUVH�ILQDQFLDUH��(VWH�GRPLQDQW�vQ� ULOH�VXEGH]YROWDWH�úL�

V UDFH�HFRQRPLF��ÌQ�5RPkQLD��V-D�LPSXV�GXS �DSOLFarea Legii 18/1991 privind fondul funciar, fiind

SUHGRPLQDQW�vQ�VHFWRUXO�SULYDW�SDUWLFXODU�GLQ�DJULFXOWXU ��FFD������GLQ�VXSUDID D� ULL��

6XSUDYLH XLUHD�VLVWHPXOXL��vQ�DFHDVW �VLWXD LH�VH�IDFH�SH�VHDPD�VXEFRQVXPXOXL�IDPLOLDO�

Page 10: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

6H� DSUHFLD] � F � ULOH� vQ� Fare acest sistem agricol este dominant sunt tributare în cea mai

PDUH�SDUWH��LPSRUWXULORU��GHRDUHFH�SURGXF LD�DJULFRO �LQWHUQ �QX�SRDWH�DVLJXUD�VHFXULWDWHD�DOLPHQWDU �

QD LRQDO �

$JULFXOWXUD� WUDGL LRQDO � DUH� vQV � XQ� PDUH� DYDQWDM� UH]XOWDW� GLQ� PLQLPHOH� SHUWXUED L� VDX�

GH]HFKLOLEUH�SH�FDUH�OH�SURGXFH�DVXSUD�PHGLXOXL��vQ�FDUH�VH�PDQLIHVW ��'LQ�DFHDVW �FDX] ��VLVWHPXO�

DJULFRO�HVWH�FHO�PDL�VXVFHSWLELO��SULQ�FRVWXULOH�PLQLPH�UHFODPDWH��DGDSW ULOH�OD�FHULQ HOH�úL�SULQFLSLLOH�

LPSXVH�GH�DJULFXOWXUD�HFRORJLF ������

2.�����$JULFXOWXUD�LQWHQVLY �VDX�LQGXVWULDO

$JULFXOWXUD� PRGHUQ �� � LQWHQVLY � HVWH� RSXVXO�� GDU� úL� DOWHUQDWLY � OD� SUHFHGHQWXO� VLVWHP��

3UHVXSXQH� IRORVLUHD� VXSUDIH HORU� PDUL� DJULFROH� FHHD� FH� SHUPLWH� DSOLFDUH� XQHL� URWD LL� úWLLQ LILFH� D�

culturilor. Acest sistem UHFODP � LQWU UL�PDVLYH�GH�HQHUJLL� FRPHUFLDOH� �� VXE� IRUPD� vQJU ú PLQWHORU�

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GH�DSRUWXO�úWLLQ HL�vQ�WRDWH�VHJPHQWHOH�GH�DFWLYLWDWH��6WUXFWXUD�FXOWXULORU�HVWH�IRDUWH�YDULDW ��SURFHVHOH�

WHKQRORJLFH�VXQW�GLYHUVLILFDWH��VSHFLDOLúWL�SRVHG �vQDOWH�FXQRúWLQ H�GH�VSHFLDOLWDWH��GDU�úL�HFRQRPLFH��

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vQ�WRDWH�UHOD LLOH�GH�SLD �

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VXUVH�� GH� UHJXO �� QRQ-DJULFROH�� (VWH� VLVWHPXO� DJULFRO� vQ� FDUH� SUHGRPLQ � PHWRGHOH� LQWHQVLYH� úL�

VXSHULQWHQVLYH��vQ�FDGUXO�F URUD�FXOWXULOH�VH�SURGXF�vQ�FkPS�deschis sau acoperit.

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(ILFLHQ D�VLVWHPXOXL�WUHEXLH�MXGHFDW �vQ�IXQF LH�GH�GRX �FULWHULL�GLVWLncte:

-����JUDGXO�GH�DVLJXUDUH�D�VHFXULW LL�DOLPHQWDUH�

- 2. nivelul veniturilor în raport cu cel al cheltuielilor.

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alimentare. Pe fond acest avantaj este princiSDOD�PRWLYD LH�SHQWUX�FDUH�D�IRVW�DGRSWDW�GH�F WUH� ULOH�

practicante.

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RE LQHUHD�GH�SURILW�

Page 11: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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dar numai cu cRQGL LD� FD� SROLWLFD� HFRQRPLF � úL� FX� GHRVHELUH� FHD� DJUDU �� V � FRQWUROH]H� HIHFWHOH�

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deoarece numai statele cu o� SRWHQ LDOLWDWH� HFRQRPLF � VXSHULRDU � SRW� SURPRYD� úL� VXV LQH� VSRULWHOH�

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Page 13: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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Page 14: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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Page 15: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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Page 16: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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Page 21: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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a agriculturii;

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14. �6WLPXODUHD�XQHL�GH]YROW ULL�GXUDELOH�FX�DMXWRUXO�FRPHU XOXL� * Document programatic al Uniuni Europene pentru primii ani din mileniul trei.

Page 22: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

15. �6WLPXODUHD�GH]YROW ULL�XQRU�DúH] PLQWH�GXUDELOH�

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Page 23: Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

- aplicarea de tehnologii ecologice.

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