UNIVERSITATEA “SPIRU HARET”

FACULTATEA DE DREPT

3527(&�,$�-85,',&��$�'5(3785,/25�

OMULUI Titular de curts:

Conf. univ. dr. AUGUSTIN FUEREA

PARTEA I

FUNDAMENTELE TEORETIC (�ù,�,6725,&(�$/(�'5EPTULUI

,17(51$�,21$/�$/�'5(PTURILOR OMULUI

CAPITOLUL I – NO�,81,� ,1752'8&7,9(. 5(3(5(� ,6725,&(� ù,�

CONCEPTUALE

6(&�,81($�I – OBIECTUL DREPTURILOR

1. Caracterul obiectiv al drepturilor omului

a) $QDOL]D�QR LXQLL

- GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL�WULPLW�OD�LGHQWLWDWHD�XQLYHUVDO��D�SHUVRDQHL�XPDQH�úL�VXQW�

IXQGDPHQWDWH�SH�SULQFLSLXO�HJDOLW� LL�WXWXURU�ILLQ HORU�

b) Nereciprocitatea

- GUHSWXO�LQWHUQD LRQDO�DO�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��LQYHUV�UHJLPXOXL�GH�SULQFLSLX�DO�

GUHSWXOXL� LQWHUQD LRQDO� JHQHUDO�� HVWH� VWU�LQ� RULF�UXL� FRQWUDFW� úL� LJQRU��

SULQFLSLXO�UHFLSURFLW� LL�

c) $SOLFDUHD�FRQYHQ LLORU�HXURSHQH�úL�DPHricane privind drepturile omului

2

2. Neadaptarea conceptului “jus cogens” în materia drepturilor omului

- GHS�úLQG� IXQGDPHQWXO� VWULFW� YROXQWDULVW� DO� GUHSWXOXL�� VH� SRDWH� DILUPD� F��

normele cutumiare relative la drepturile omului au calibru de norme

imperative jus FRJHQV��SHQWUX�F��� vQ� LQWHUHVXO�FRPXQ�VXSHULRU��SDUWLFLS�� OD�

ancorarea principiului de respectare a drepturilor omului ca element

FRQVWLWXWLY�DO�RUGLQLL�SXEOLFH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�

S(&�,81($�$�II-A – TITULARII DREPTURILOR

1. 2PXO��VXELHFW�DO�GUHSWXOXL�REOLJD LLORr ?

a) &DSDFLWDWHD�GH�D�DF LRQD�SH�SODQ�LQWHUQD LRQDO

- FDSDFLWDWHD�GH�DF LXQH�HVWH�FULWHULXO�GHWHUPLQDQW�DO�SHUVRQDOLW� LL�MXULGLFH

b) &RPXQLF�ULOH

- DXWRUXO�XQHL�DVHPHQHD�³DGUHVH�XPDQLWDUH´�SRDWH�VSHUD�OD�XQ�U�VSXQV�GH�OD�

GHVWLQDWDUXO�V�X�

c) 3HWL LLOH�VLPSOH

d) Recursurile contencioase

- HOH�QX�H[LVW��GHFkW�vQ�FDGUXO�FHORU�GRX��PHFDQLVPH�UHJLRRQDOH�GH�SURWHF LH�D�

drepturilor omului: cel european –� &RQYHQ LD� GH� DS�UDUH� D� GUHSWXULORU�

RPXOXL� úL� D� OLEHUW� LORU� IXQGDPDQWDOH�� GLQ� �� QRLHPEULH� ����� –� úL� FHO�

american –� &RQYH LD� DPHULFDQ�� FX� SULYLUH� OD� GUHSWXULOH� RPXOXL�� GLQ� ���

noiembrie 1969.

S(&�,81($�$�III- A – D(67,1$7$5,,�2%/,*$�,ILOR

1. ÌQO�WXUDUHD�SULQFLSLXOXL�FRPSHWHQ HL�QD LRQDOH�H[FOXVLYH

a) 2ULJLQDOLWDWHD�REOLJD LLORU

- GUHSWXULOH� RPXOXL� GDX� QDúWHUH� OD� vQGDWRULUL� DOH� VWDWHORU�� REOLJD LL� D� F�URU�

RULJLQDOLWDWH�UH]LG��vQ�IDSWXO�F��H[HFXWDUHD�ORU�QX�HVWH�VXSXV���FD�vQ�GUHSWXO�

LQWHUQD LRQDO�JHQHUDO��SULQFLSLXOXL�UHFLSURFLW� LL�

b) 0RGDOLW� LOH�GUHSWXOXL�GH�DF LXQH�VWDWDO�

2. Obstacolul principiului neamestecului în afacerile interne ale statului

a) Formularea principiului

3

- SULQFLSLXO�QHLQWHUYHQ LHL�vQ�DIDFHULOH�LQWHUQH�DOH�VWDWXOXL�IDFH�SDUWH�LQWHJUDQW��

GLQ�RUGLQHD�MXULGLF��LQWHUQD LRQDO��

b) 3UDFWLFD�LQWHUQD LRQDO�

c) ³$PHVWHFXO�XPDQLWDU´�vQ�GUHSWXO�GH�DVLVWHQ ��XPDQLWDU�

- obstacolul neamestecului nu esWH� vQ� PRG� UHDO� vQGHS�UWDW� GHFkW� SULQ�

PHFDQLVPH�UHJLRQDOH�GH�FRQWURO�DO�DSOLF�ULL�QRUPHORU�FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�

RPXOXL��FDUH�UH]HUY��SRVLELOLW� L�GH�DF LXQHD�MXGLFLDU��

CAPITOLUL II – BAZELE FORMALE ALE DREPTULUI

,17(51$�,21$/�ù,�(85OPEAN AL DREPTURILOR OMULUI

S(&�,81($�I – MONDIALIZAREA DISCURSURILOR DE PROCLAMARE

1. ,QVWUXPHQWH�FX�YRFD LH�XQLYHUVDO�

A. &X�IRU ��JHQHUDO�

a) &DUWD�LQWHUQD LRQDO��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

- DeFODUD LD�XQLYHUVDO��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL;

- Pactele LQWHUQD LRQDOH�SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL;

- Pactul SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�FLYLOH�úL�SROLWLFH (P.D.C.P.);

- Protocolul facultativ la Pactul SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�FLYLOH�úL�SROLWLFH;

- Al doilea Protocol facultativ la 3DFWXO�LQWHUQD ional privind drepturile civile

úL�SROLWLFH;

- Pactul SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�HFRQRPLFH��VRFLDOH�úL�FXOWurale (P.D.E.S.C.).

b) ,QVWLWX LL�ED]DWH�SH�&DUWD�2.N.U.

- Comisia pentru drepturile omului;

- Subcomisia SHULYLQG�SUHYHQLUHD�GLVFULPLQ�ULL�úL�SURWHF LD�PLQRULW� LORU�

- Comisia privind statutul femeii;

- Procedurile GH�DERUGDUH�D�vQF�OF�ULORU�IODJUDQWH�SULYLQG�drepturile omului;

- Înaltul Comisar pentru drepturile omului.

B. &X�IRU ��VSHFLILF�

- 3URWHF LD�FDWHJRULDO�

4

• FKLDU�GDF��WH[WHOH�FX�IRU ��JHQHUDO��SURFHGHD]��OD�XQ�GHPHUV�JOREDO�úL�

VLVWHPDWLF�� WH[WHOH�SUH]HQWH�UHOHY��XQ�GHPHUV�DQDOLWLF�FDUH�WUDGXFH�R�

WHQGLQ �� GH� GLYL]DUH� D� RPXOXL�� GUHSWXUL� SDUWLFXODUH� VDX� FDWHJRULL�

SDUWLFXODUH�GH�LQGLYL]L�FDUH�VXQW��DVWIHO��SURWHMD L�

2. ,QVWUXPHQWH�FX�YRFD LH�UHJLRQDO�

- Caracteristici comune

A. Pe plan european

a) &RQVLOLXO�(XURSHL�úL�&RQYHQ LD�HXURSHDQ��GH�DS�UDUH�D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�úL�

D�OLEHUW� LORU�IXQGDPHQWDOH��GLQ���QRLHPEULH�����

- drepturile garantate;

- 'HFODUD LD�XQLYHUVDO��

- IQVWLWX LLOH�&RQYHQ LHL

b) Tratatul asupra Uniunii Europene, din 7 februarie 1992

c) ³'LPHQVLXQHD� 8PDQ�´� D� &RQIHULQ HL� SULYLQG� VHFXULWDWHD� úL� FRRSHUDUHD� vQ�

Europa (C.S.C.E.)

- Actul final de la Helsinki;

- procesul O.S.C.E.;

- lipsa de obligativitate a angajamentelor O.S.C.E.;

- catalogul O.S.C.E.�DO�REOLJD LLORU;

- mecanismul dimensiunii umane;

- ÌQDOWXO�&RPLVDU�SHQWUX�PLQRULW� L�QD LRQDOH.

B. Pe plan american

a) &DUWD�RUJDQL]�ULL�VWDWHORU�DPHULFDQH

- Comisia ca organism al CaUWHL��HYROX LD�LVWLWX LRQDO��

- Comisia ca organism al Cartei: practica.

b) &RQYHQ LD�DPHULFDQ��FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL��GLQ����QRLHPEULH�����

c) &RPLVLD�LQWHUDPHULFDQ��SHQWUX�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOui

d) Curtea LQWHUDPHULFDQ��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

C. Pe plan african

a) &DUWD�8QLW� LL�DIULFDQH�GH�OD�$GGLV-Abeba, din 25 mai 1963

5

b) &DUWD�DIULFDQ��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�úL�SRSRDUHORU��GLQ����LXQLH�����

c) &DUWD�GUHSWXULORU�úL�GDWRULLORU�IXQGDPHQWDOH�DOH�RPXOXL

- GUHSWXULOH�úL�vQGDWRULULOH�

• drepturile individuale;

• drepturile popoarelor;

• îndatoriri.

- REOLJD LLOH�VWDWXOXL�úL�P�VXULOH�GH�SXQHUH�în aplicare:

• REOLJD LLOH�VWDWXOXL�

d) 0HFDQLVPXO�SURWHF LHL

- &RPLVLD�DIULFDQ��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�úL�SRSRDUHORU;

- plângerile inter-state;

- plângeri individuale.

D. În lumea arabo –�LVODPLF�

a) &DUWD�DUDE��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��GLQ����VHSWHPbrie 1994

b) 'HFODUD LD�LVODPLF��XQLYHUVDO��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

c) ,QFRPSDWLELOLWDWHD�FX�LQVWUXPHQWHOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�GH�SURFODPDUH

- 'HFODUD LD� LVODPLF�� DUH� PHULWXO� GH� D� HYLGHQ LD� FRQWUDGLF LLOH� GLVFXUVXOXL�

XQLYHUVDO� DO� GUHSWXULORU� RPXOXL� úL� ³JkQGXULOH� DVFXQVH´� FDUH� GLVLPXOHD]��

adeziunile instrumentelor universale de proclamare.

S(&�,81($�$�II-A – N(&21&25'$1�$�-85,',&��$�352&('((/25�'(�

PROCLAMARE

1. 1DWXUD�MXULGLF��D�LQVWUXPHQWHORU�GH�SURFODPDUH

a) Texte declarative

- GHFODUD LLOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�QX�VXQW�LQVWUXPHQWH�MXULdice de constrângere.

b) 1DWXUD�úL�IRU D�'HFODUD LHL�XQLYHUVDOH�D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

- 'HFODUD LD�XQLYHUVDO��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�DUH�DFHHDúL�YDORDUH�MXULGLF��FD�úL�

DOWH� UH]ROX LL� DOH� $GXQ�ULL� JHQHUDOH� D� 1D LXQLORU� 8QLWH�� vQ� FDOLWDWH� GH�

recomandare, ea nu creea]��GUHSWXUL�SHQWUX�VWDWH�úL�QLFL�QX�HVWH�VXUV��GLUHFW��

a dreptului.

c) 7H[WHOH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH

6

- DX�YRFD LD�GH�D�DYHD�FDUDFWHU�REOLJDWRULX�úL�GH�D�WUDGXFH�GRULQ D�VWDWHORU�GH�D�

se angaja într-R�IRUP��H[SOLFLW��vQ�GRPHQLXO�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�

d) $SOLFDUHD�vQ�VSD LX�úi timp

- decalajul temporar;

- GHFDODMXO�VSD LDO�

2. Modularea angajamentelor statale

a) 5H]HUYH�úL�GHFODUD LL�LQWHUSUHWDWLYH

- DX� GUHSW� RELHFW� SH� DFHOD� GH� D� XúXUD� DFFHSWDUHD� LQVWUXPHQWHORU� FRQYH LLORU�

PXOWLODWHUDOH�úL�GH�D�IDYRUL]D�H[WLQGHUHD�FkPSXOXL�ORU�GH�DSOLFDUH�I�U��D�OL�VH�

DGXFH�DWLQJHUH�LQWHJULW� LL�ORU�

b) &ODX]HOH�UH]HUYHORU�vQ�FRQYHQ LLOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DOH�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

- LQWHUGLF LD�

- W�FHUHD�

- autorizarea.

c) (IHFWHOH�úL�DSUHFLHUHD�UH]HUYHORU

d) Pratica rezervelor

- XWLOL]DUHD�IUHFYHQW��GH�F�WUH�VWDWH�D�UH]HUYHORU�úL�GHFODUD LLORU�OD�&RQYHQ LD�

LQWHUQD LRQDO�� D� GUHSWXULORU� RPXOXL� G�� QDúWHUH� XQHL� HYLGHQWH� vPS�U LUL� D�

UHJLPXOXL�FRQYHQ LRQDO�

e) ([HPSOXO�)UDQ HL

PARTEA A II- A

REGIMUL JURIDIC AL DREPTURILOR OMULUI

CAPITOLUL I – ORGANIZAREA DREPTURILOR

6(&�,81($�I – R(675,&�,,/(�'5(3785,LOR RECUNOSCUTE

- Caracterul direct aplicabil al regulii

7

• impactul unui drept recunoscut printr-R�GLVSR]L LH�LQWHUQD LRQDO��HVWH�

FX�DWkW�PDL�PDUH��FX�FkW�UHJXOD�LQWHUQD LRQDO��HVWH�GLUHFW�DSOLFDELO��

• LQGLYLGXO�SRDWH�V��VH�SUHYDOH]H�GLUHFW�vQ�ID D�MXULVGLF LHL�LQWHUQH��DWkW�

vPSRWULYD�XQHL�GLVSR]L LL�QRUPDWLYH�D�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQ��FkW�úL�D�DFWHORU�

indiviuale.

1. Protejarea ordinii publice

a) &ODX]D�GH�RUGLQH�SXEOLF�

- IRU D� XQXL� GUHSW� SRDWH� GHYHQL� IRDUWH� UHGXV��� FKLDU� QXO��� GDF��PRGDOLW� LOH�

H[HUFLW�ULL� OXL� VXQW� DEDQGRQDWH� GH� OHJLVOD LD� LQWHUQ�� D� VWDWHORU� vQDLQWH� GH�D�

UHFXQRDúWH�DFHVW�GUHSW�

b) &RQGL LLOH�SHQWUX�DGPLWHUHD�LQWHUYHQ LHL�

- WUHEXLH�V��ILH�SUHY�]XW��SULQ�OHJH�

- WUHEXLH�V��YL]H]H�XQ�VFRS�OHJLWLP�

- WUHEXLH�V��ILH�QHFHVDU��vQWU-o societate democratiF��

2. 3UHYHQLUHD�DEX]XULORU�GH�GUHSW�úL�D�OLEHUW� LORU��UHFXQRVFXWH

- Pierderea dreptului garantat

S(&�,81($�$�II-A – D(52*�5,/(

- 7HRULD�FLUFXPVWDQ HORU�H[FHS LRQDOH

• 3DFWXO� LQWHUQD LRQDO� SULYLQG� GUHSWXULOH� FLYLOH� úL� SROLWLFH�� &RQYHQ LD�

HXURSHDQ�� úL� &RQYHQ LD� DPHULFDQ�� D� GUHSWXULORU� RPXOXL� FRQ LQ� R�

GLVSR]L LH� VLPLODU�� DXWRUL]kQG� VWDWXO-SDUWH� V�� VXVSHQGH� IRORVLUHD� úL�

H[HUFLWDUHD�GUHSWXULORU�SURFODPDWH�vQ�FD]�GH�U�]ERL�VDX�SHULFRO�SXEOLF�

H[FHS LRQDO�DPHQLQ kQG�YLD D�QD LXQLL�

1. ([LVWHQ D�XQXL�SHULFRO�SXEOLF�DPHQLQ kQG�YLD D�QD LXQLL

a) 6FRSXO�P�VXULL�GHURJDWRULL

b) 0RWLYXO�P�VXULL�GHURJDWRULL

2. &DUDFWHUXO�GH�QHFHVLWDWH�DO�P�VXULORU�GHURJDWRULL

- 3ULQFLSLXO�SURSRU LRQDOLW� LL

8

• P�VXULOH� GHURJDWRULL� WUHEXLH� V�� vPEUDFH� XQ� FDUDFWHU� GH� QHFHVLWDWH�

DEVROXW� úL� V�� ILH� VWULFW� LQGLVSHQVDELOH� SHQWUX� D� IDFH� ID �� SHULFROXOXL�

SXEOLF��HOH�WUHEXLH�V��ILH�OXDWH�³vQ�P�VXUD�vQ�FDUH�VLWXD LD�R�LPSXQH´�

3. 2ELHFWXO�P�VXULORU�GHURJDWRULL

- /LPLWD�GXEO��

• P�VXULOH� GHURJDWRULL� WUHEXLH� V�� ILH� FRPSDWLELOH� FX�FHOHODOWH�REOLJD LL�

FDUH�GHFXUJ�GLQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQD LRQal;

• P�VXULOH� GHURJDWRULL� QX� WUHEXLH� V�� DGXF�� DWLQJHUH� DQXPLWRU� GUHSWXUL�

HQXQ DWH�OLPLWDWLY�GH�ILHFDUH�WH[W�FRQYHQ LRQDO�

S(&�,81($�$�III- A – D,)(5(1�,(5($�'5(3785ILOR

1. Categoria drepturilor individuale

A. Nucleul dur al drepturilor omului

a) Tablou comparativ: P.I.D.C.P., C.E.D.O., C.A.D.O.

b) &RQ LQXW

B. Ierarhia drepturilor omului

a) Indivizibilitatea drepturilor omului

- ³'UHSWXULOH� RPXOXL� úL� OLEHUW� LOH� IXQGDPHQWDOH� LQGLYL]LELOH�� IRORVLUHD�

FRPSOHW�� D� GUHSWXULORU� FLYLOH� úL� SROLWLFH� HVWH� LPSRVLELO�� I�U�� GUHSWXULOH�

econoPLFH�� VRFLDOH� úL� FXOWXUDOH�� 3URJUHVHOH� GXUDELOH� SH� FDOHD� DSOLF�ULL�

GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�SUHVXSXQ�R�SROLWLF��QD LRQDO��úL�LQWHUQD LRQDO��UD LRQDO��úL�

HILFDFH�GH�GH]YROWDUH�HFRQRPLF��úL�VRFLDO�´�

E��'UHSWXULOH�LQWDQJLELOH�úL�DOWH�GUHSWXUL�LQGLYLGXDOH

- toate dreSWXULOH�LQWDQJLELOH�VXQW�GUHSWXUL�LQGLYLGXDOH�DOH�SHUVRDQHL�XPDQH�úL�

VLQJXUHOH�GUHSWXUL� LQWDQJLELOH� FDUH�GDX�QDúWHUH� OD�REOLJD LL� DEVROXWH�SHQWUX�

VWDWH�� QRUPHOH� FDUH� OH� HQXQ �� VXQW� REOLJDWRULL� vQ� WRDWH� HOHPHQWHOH� ORU� úL�

interzic statelor o aplicare incomplHW��

2. 'LVWLQF LD��GUHSWXUL�LQGLYLGXDOH�úL�GUHSWXUL�FROHFWLYH

a) &ODVLILFDUHD�JUHúLW��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�vQ�WUHL�JHQHUD LL�

-����GUHSWXULOH�SULPHL�JHQHUD LL��GUHSWXUL�SROLWLFH�úL�FLYLOH��

9

- GUHSWXULOH�FHOHL�GH�D�GRXD�JHQHUD LL� ��GUHSWXULOH�HFRQRPLFH��VRFLDOH�úL

culturale);

- GUHSWXULOH�FHOHL�GH�D�WUHLD�JHQHUD LL��GUHSWXULOH�GH�VROLGDULWDWH��

A. 'UHSWXULOH�LQGLYLGXDOH�OD�GLPHQVLXQH�FROHFWLY�

a) 'UHSWXULOH�FROHFWLYH�úL�GUHSWXULOH�FROHFWLYLW� LORU

b) 'UHSWXULOH�PLQRULW� LORU

B. Pseudo-drepturile de solidaritate

a) Colectivizarea drepturilor omului

b) Dreptul popoarelor: dreptul omului sau dreptul statului

c) Identificarea drepturilor de solidaritate:

- dreptul la dezvoltare;

- dreptul la mediu.

d) Denaturarea drepturilor omului

CAPITOLUL II – DREPTURILE INDIVIDUALE

S(&�,81($�I – DREPTURILE INTANGIBILE

- Drepturi virtuale

• WRDWH�GUHSWXULOH�DO�F�URU�WLWXODU�HVWH�LQGLYLGXO�QX�DX�SULPLW�R�DXWRULWDWH�

HIHFWLY��GH�D�VDQF LRQD�úL��DVWIHO��U�PkQ�GUHSWXUL�YLUWXDOH�

- 'UHSWXUL�JDUDQWDWH�úL�REOLJD LL�SR]LWLYH

1. 'UHSWXO�OD�YLD �

A. 'HILQL LH

B. &RQGL LLOH�GH�H[HUFLWare

2. ,QWHU]LFHUHD�WRUWXULL�úL�D�SHGHSVHORU�RUL�D�WUDWDPHQWHORU�FUXGH��LQXPDQH�úL�

degradante

- HVWH� YRUED� GH� R� ³SURKLEL LH� DEVROXW�´� FDUH�� SRWULYLW� &XU LL� HXURSHQH��

³FRQVDFU��XQD�GLQ�YDORULOH�IXQGDPHQWDOH�DOH�VRFLHW� LORU�GHPRFUDWLFH«´�

A. Definirea conceptelor

B. CRQWUROXO�UHVSHFW�ULL�LQWHUGLF LHL

10

- în cadrul Consiliului Europei, controlul judiciar al C.E.D.O. a fost

completat printr-XQ�PHFDQLVP�QHMXGLFLDU�GH�LQVSHF LH�SUHYHQWLY��� LQVWDXUDW�

SULQ� &RQYHQ LD� HXURSHDQ�� SHQWUX� SUHYHQLUHD� WRUWXULL� úL� D� SHGHSVHORU� RUL�

tratamentelor inumane sau degradante, din 26 noiembrie 1987.

3. ,QWHU]LFHUHD�VFODYLHL��D�VHUYLWX LL�úL�D�PXQFLL�IRU DWH�úL�REOLJDWRULL

A. Câmpul de aplicare

- DSDUH�vQ�WRDWH�FRQYHQ LLOH�FX�IRU ��JHQHUDO��úL�HVWH��vQ�SDWLFXODU��vQW�ULW��SULQ�

QXPHURDVH�FRQYHQ LL�VSHFLILFH.

B. Specificitatea Cartei africane a drepturilor omului

- &DUWD�FRQGDPQ��VFODYLD��GDU�QX�PHQ LRQHD]�� LQWHU]LFHUHD�PXQFLL�IRU DWH�úL�

REOLJDWRULL�� VSUH� GHRVHELUH� GH� DOWH�&RQYHQ LL� JHQHUDOH� FDUH-O� HQXQ �� FD� XQ�

drept intangibil.

4. 3ULQFLSLXO�OHJDOLW� LL�GHOLFWHORU�úi a pedepselor

- Dreptul la neretroactivitatea legii penale

S(&�,81($�$�II-A – D5(3785,/(�&21',�,21$LE

1. /LEHUW� LOH�SHUVRDQHORU�IL]LFH

A. 'UHSWXO�OD�OLEHUWDWH�úL�VLJXUDQ �

a) 3ULY�ULOH�GH�OLEHUWDWH�DXWRUL]DWH

b) *DUDQ LLOH�DFRUGDWH�SHUVRDQHORU�SULYDWH�GH�OLEHUWDWH

B. DreSWXO�OD�OLEHUWDWHD�GH�FLUFXOD LH

2. Dreptul la un proces echitabil

A. Câmpul de aplicare

a) 0DWHULH�³FLYLO�´�úL�PDWHULH�³SHQDO�´�

- SRWULYLW�&XU LL��QR LXQHD�GH�³GUHSWXUL�úL�REOLJD LL�FX�FDUDFWHU�FLYLO´��DFRSHU��

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• FDOLILFDUHD�GDW��vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQ�DO�VWDWXOXL�vQ�FDX]��

• QDWXUD�LGHQWLF��D�LQIUDF Lunii;

11

• gravitatea pedepsei.

B. Regulile procesului echitabil

a) *DUDQ LLOH�JHQHUDOH�

-���GUHSWXO�GH�D�DYHD�XQ�DFFHV�FRQFUHW�úL�HIHFWLY�OD�XQ�WULEXQDO�

- “egalitatea armelor”;

- DVLJXUDUHD� JDUDQ LLORU� FX� SULYLUH� OD� RUJDQL]DUHD� úL� OD� FRPSXQHUHD�

tribunalului.

b) *DUDQ LLOH acordate acuzatului:

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-�����GUHSWXO�OD�DS�UDUH�

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aduce, într-R�PDQLHU��GHWDOLDW��úL�vQWU-R�OLPE��SH�FDUH�V���R�vQ HOHDJ��

• DFX]DWXO�WUHEXLH�V��SRDW��V� se apere într-R�PDQLHU��DGHFYDW��

• DFX]DWXO� DUH� GUHSWXO� GH� D� DVFXOWD� P�UWXULLOH� PDUWRULORU� DFX]�ULL� úL�

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• DFX]DWXO��GDF��QX�vQ HOHJH�OLPED�QD LRQDO���WUHEXLH�V��EHQHILFLH]H�GH�

DVLVWHQ D�JUDWXLW��D�XQXL�LQWHUSUHW�

3. Dreptul la reVSHFWDUHD�YLH LL�SULYDWH�úL�IDPLOLDOH

A. Principii de interpretare

a) 'UHSWXO�OD�UHVSHFWDUHD�YLH LL�SULYDWH�úL�IDPLOLDOH�WLQGH��vQ�SULQFLSDO��OD�D�IHUL�

LQGLYLGXO�GH�LQWHUYHQ LLOH�DUELWUDUH�DOH�SXWHULORU�SXEOLFH

b) 'UHSWXO� OD� UHVSHFWDUHD� YLH LL� SULYDWH� SRDWH�� GH� DVHPHQHD�� DQJDMD� REOLJD LL�

SR]LWLYH�LQHUHQWH�UHVSHFW�ULL�VDOH�HIHFWLYH

B. 3URWHMDUHD�YLH LL�SULYDWH

a) 1R LXQHD�GH�YLD ��SULYDW�

b) &RQ LQXWXO�GUHSWXOXL�OD�UHVSHFWDUHD�YLH LL�SULYDWH�

- GUHSWXO�OD�LQWLPLWDWHD�YLH LL�SULYDWH�

- GUHSWXO�OD�OLEHUWDWHD�YLH LL�VH[XDOH�

C. ProtejaUHD�YLH LL�IDPLOLDOH

a) 'UHSWXO�OD�F�V�WRULH

12

b) 'UHSWXO�OD�UHVSHFWDUHD�YLH LL�IDPLOLDOH

4. Libertatea de gândire

A. /LEHUWDWHD�GH�JkQGLUH��GH�FRQúWLLQ ��úL�UHOLJLH

a) Dreptul de a avea o convingere

b) Dreptul de a-úL�PDQLIHVWD�FRQYLQJHULOH

c) 2ELHF LD�GH�FRQYLQJHUH

B. Dreptul la LQVWUXLUH� úL� GUHSWXO� S�ULQ LORU� OD� UHVSHFWDUHD� FRQYLQJHULORU� vQ�

PDWHULH�GH�HGXFD LH

a) 3DUWLFXODULW� LOH�&�(�'�2�

b) Dreptul la instruire

c) Principiul pluralismului educativ:

- câmpul de aplicare al principiului;

- VHPQLILFD LD�SULQFLSLXOXL

C. Libertatea de expresie

a) &RQ inutul dreptului la libertatea de expresie

b) Libertatea de opinie

c) Libertatea de informare

- FkPSXO�GH�DSOLFDUH�D�OLEHUW� LL�GH�LQIRUPDUH�

- clauza de autorizare;

- UHVWULF LLOH�DXWRUL]DWH�OD�OLEHUWDWHD�GH�H[SUHVLH�

5. /LEHUW� LOH�GH�DF LXQH�VRFLDO��úL�SROLWLF�

A. DreptuO�OD�OLEHUWDWHD�GH�UHXQLXQH�úL�GH�DVRFLHUH

a) (QXQ DUHD�GUHSWXOXL

b) 'LPHQVLXQHD�OLEHUW� LL�VLQGLFDOH

B. Dreptul la alegeri libere

a) )RU D�GUHSWXOXL

b) 8Q�GUHSW�³LQVWLWX LRQDO´�DO�RUJDQL]�ULL�GH�DOHJHUL�OLEHUH

6. Dreptul de proprietate

a) Drepturi protejate prin C.E.D.O.

b) Limitele la dreptul de proprietate

13

c) Privarea de proprietate

d) Reglementarea uzajului bunurilor

e) $WLQJHUHD�VXEVWDQ HL�GUHSWXOXL�GH�SURSULHWDWH

S(&�,81($�$�III- A – DREPTURI INDIRECTE

1. Drepturile complementare

A. Dreptul la un recurs efectiv

a) 6HPQLILFD LH

- ³RULFH� SHUVRDQ�� DOH� F�UHL� GUHSWXUL� úL� OLEHUW� L� UHFXQRVFXWH� vQ� SUH]HQWD�

&RQYHQ LH�DX�IRVW�YLRODWH��DUH�GUHSWXO�OD�FRQFHVLXQHD�XQXL�UHFXUV�HIHFWLY�vQ�

ID D�XQHL�LQVWDQ H�QD LRQDOH´�

b) )RU D�DXWRQRP�

B. 'UHSWXO�GH�D�QX�VXIHUL�GLVFULPLQ�UL

a) 3ULQFLSLXO�QHGLVFULPLQ�ULL

- SUHVXSXQH�F���XQ�WUDWDPHQW�HJDO�WUHEXLH�UH]HUYDW�LQGLYL]LORU�HJDOL�úL�LPSOLF��

H[LVWHQ D�XQHL�QRUPH�SUHVFULLQG�HJDOLWDWHD�GH�WUDWDPHQW�

b) Motivele de discriminare

c) )RU D�LQWHU]LFHULL�GLVFULPLQ�ULL

- autonomia clauzei de nediscriminare se înscrie în art. 14 C.E.D.O.;

- autonomia�GUHSWXOXL�OD�QHGLVFULPLQDUH�UH]XOW��GLQ�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�FRQVWUXFWLY��

I�FXW��SULQ�&RPLWHWXO�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�vQ�DUW�����3�,�'�&�3�

2. Drepturi derivate

A. 'UHSWXULOH�GHULYDWH�DOH�VWU�LQLORU

a) Vidul normativ

b) 'UHSWXO�OD�JDUDQ LL�SURFHGXUDOH�vQ�PDWHULD�H[SXO]�ULL�úL�H[WU�G�ULL

c) Dreptul de a nu fi supus tratamentelor inumane

d) 'UHSWXO�OD�UHVSHFWDUHD�YLH LL�SULYDWH�úL�IDPLOLDOH

B. 'UHSWXULOH�GHULYDWH�DOH�GH LQX LORU

-�'UHSWXO�OD�FRQGL LL�GH�GHWHQ LH�FRQIRUPH�GHPQLW� LL�XPDQH

14

PARTEA A III- A

G$5$1�,,/(�'5(3785,/2R OMULUI

CAPITOLUL I – C21752/8/� -85,6',&�,2NAL AL DREPTURILOR

OMULUI . MODELUL EUROPEAN

- 2ULJLQDOLWDWHD�FRQWUROXOXL�MXULVGLF LRQDO

- Economia mecanismului de control al C.E.D.O.

- Reformarea mecanismului de control prin Protocolul 11

S(&�,81($�I – EXAMENUL PRELIMINAR AL CERERII

- &RPLVLD�HXURSHDQ��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

1. Sesizarea Comisiei

- &RPSHWHQ D�³UDWLRQH�SHUVRQDH´

A. Recursul interstatal

- Un recurs “obiectiv”

B. Recursul individual

a) Utilizarea recursului individual

b) &ODX]D�IDFXOWDWLY�

c) Titularii dreptului de recurs individual

- orice SHUVRDQ��IL]LF��

- RULFH�RUJDQL]D LH�QHJXYHUQDPHQWDO��

- orice grup de particulari:

• QR LXQHD�GH�YLFWLP��

• QR LXQHD�GH�YLFWLP��SRWHQ LDO��

• QR LXQHD�GH�YLFWLP��LQGLUHFW��

2. Acceptarea cererii

a) Comisia

b) Camera cererilor

c) &RPSHWHQ D�³UDWLRQH�ORFL´

d) &RPSHWHQ D�³UDWLRQH�PDteriae”

15

A. &RQGL LL�GH�DPkQDUH

a) &RPSHWHQ D�³UDWLRQH�PDWHULDH´

b) 3XQFWXO�GH�SOHFDUH�DO�WHUPHQXOXL�GH�úDVH�OXQL

B. (SXL]DUHD�SUHDODELO��D�F�LORU�GH�UHFXUV

a) 6XEVLGLDULWDWHD�PHFDQLVPXOXL�GH�JDUDQ LH

b) &RQGL LLOH�GH�DSOLFDUH�D�UHJXOLL

C. &RQGL LLOH�VSHFLILFH�DOH�FHUHULORU�LQGividuale

a) &RH[LVWHQ D�3�,�'�&�3��úL�&�(�'�2�

b) 5HVWULF LL�OD�H[HUFLWDUHD�VXFFHVLY��D�F�LORU�GH�UHFXUV

c) &HUHUHD�DEX]LY��VDX�JUHúLW�IRUPXODW�

d) Decizia privind acceptarea cererii

3. Examenul fondului cererii

A. Concilierea

a) Stabilirea faptelor

b) 1DWXUD�UHJOHPHQW�ULL�DPLDELle

B. Avizul Comisiei

a) Raportul Comisiei

b) 7HUPHQXO�SURFHGXULL�vQ�ID D�&RPLVLHL

S(&�,81($�$�II-A – REGLEMENTAREA JUDICIA5�

- &XUWHD�HXURSHDQ��D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL

- &RPSHWHQ D�FRQVXOWDWLY��D�&XU LL

1. 6HVL]DUHD�&XU LL

- Alternativa art. 32

• potrivit art. 32, paragraful �� GLQ�&RQYHQ LH�� WUDQVPLWHUHD� UDSRUWXOXL�

&RPLVLHL� OD�&RQVLOLXO�GH�PLQLúWUL�GHVFKLGH�XQ� WHUPHQ�GH� WUHL� OXQL� vQ�

care se va introduce sesizarea organului de decizie, fie judiciar, fie

politic;

• OLWLJLLOH� FX� SULYLUH� OD� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� úL� OD� DSOLFDUHD� &RQYHQ LHL� Vunt

VXVFHSWLELOH�GH�D�IL�WUDQúDWH�QX�GH�RUJDQHOH�MXGLFLDUH�&�(�'�2���FL�GH�

organul politic al Consiliului Europei.

16

A. &RPSHWHQ D�IDFXOWDWLY��D�&XU LL

a) &ODX]D�IDFXOWDWLY��GH�MXULVGLF LH�REOLJDWRULH�GLQ�DUW������SDUDJUDIXO��

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B. Titularii dreptului de sesizare

a) Statul contractant

b) Comisia

c) Extinderea dreptului de sesizare la recurentul individual

2. 3URFHGXUD�vQ�ID D�&XU LL

A. Caracteristici generale

a) (FKLSD�GH�MXGHFDW�

b) 'HVI�úXUDUHD�LQVWDQ HL

B. Locul individului

a) Procedura contradictorie

b) $VRFLHUHD�LQGLUHFW��D�LQGLYLGXOXL�OD�SURFHGXU�

c) 3DUWLFLSDUHD�LQGLYLGXOXL�OD�SURFHGXU�

3. 6ROX LD�LQVWDQ HL

A. 3XWHULOH�LQVWDQ HL

a) 3OHQLWXGLQHD�MXULVGLF LHL�&XU LL

b) -XGHF�WRUXO�

c) CRQWHVWDUHD�YLRO�ULL

d) Repararea

e) 3XWHULOH�VSHLFDOH�DOH�&XU LL

f) 5HJOHPHQWDUHD�DPLDELO�

B. )RU D�KRW�UkULORU�&XU LL

a) Efectele juridice

- caracterul definitiv;

- IRU D�REOLJDWRULH�úL�QRQ-executorie;

- VXSUDYHJKHUHD�H[HFXW�ULL�KRW�UkULL�

E��$XWRULWDWHD�KRW�UkULORU

17

S(&�,81($ A III- A – DECIZIA PRIN ORGANUL POLITIC

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- $QRPDOLD�LQVWLWX LRQDO�

1. 3URFHGXUD�vQ�ID D�&RPLWHWXOXL�GH�PLQLúWUL

A. Organul

a) &RPSR]L LD

b) Dreptul de vot

B. ([FOXGHUHD�LQGLYLGXOXL�GLQ�SURFHGXU�

- Caracterul necontradictoriu

2. 3XWHULOH�&RPLWHWXOXL�GH�PLQLúWUL

- Decizia obligatorie

A. Decizia fondului

a) Caracterul declarator

b) 6DWLVIDF LD�HFKLWDELO�

3. $FWLYLWDWHD�&RPLWHWXOXL�GH�PLQLúWUL

A. Clasarea afacerilor

a) $EVHQ D�YLRO�ULL

b) 9LRODUHD�QHFRQWHVWDW�

B. Non-decizia

a) 5HIX]XO�MXVWL LHL

b) $EVHQ D�PDMRULW� LL�FHUXWH

c) Organul inoperant

C. 3URQXQ DUHD�DVXSUD�SOkQHJHULORU�vQ�DSOLFDUea art. 32

D. Executarea KRW�UkULORU�vQ�DSOLFDUHD�DUW����

CAPITOLUL II – C21752/8/� 1(-85,6',&�IONAL AL

DREPTURILOR OMULUI : SISTEMUL UNIVERSAL

S(&�,81($�I – C21752/8/�/$�$&(/$ù,�NIVEL

- Comitetul drepturilor omului

18

1. &RPXQLF�ULOH�LQGLYLGXDOH

- &RPSHWHQ D�IDFXOWDWLY�

A. Sesizarea Comitetului

a) Titularii dreptului de a comunica

b) 1R LXQHD�GH�YLFWLP�

c) $SDUWHQHQ D�LQGLYLGXOXL�OD�VWDWXO�SkUkW

d) &RQILGHQ LDOLWDWHD

e) Caracterul contradictoriu

B. $FFHSWDUHD�FRPXQLF�ULORU

a) &RPSHWHQ D�&RPLWHWXOXL

b) (SXL]DUHD�F�LORU�GH�DWDF�LQWHUQH

c) ([FHS LD�UHFXUVXOXL�SDUDOHO

- procedurile concurente;

- identitatea afacerii.

d) &HUHUHD�LQFRPSDWLELO�

e) 'HFL]LD�SULYLQG�DFFHSWDUHD�FRPXQLF�ULL

C. Constatarea fondului

a) )RU D�FRQVWDW�ULORU

b) ([HFXWDUHD�FRQVWDW�ULORU

2. &RPXQLF�ULOH�VWDWDOH

A. Sesizarea Comitetului

a) &RPSHWHQ D�IDFXOWDWLY�

b) Mecanismul subsidiar

B. Concilierea

a) 1DWXUD�GLSORPDWLF�

b) Bunele oficii ale Comitetului

c) Comisia ad-hoc

S(&�,81($�$�II-A – CONTROLUL PE RAPOARTE

- Raportul

1. Controlul administrativ

19

A) 3DFWXO�LQWHUQD LRQDO�SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�FLYLOH�úL�SROLWLFH

B) Prezentarea rapoartelor

C) Examinarea rapoartelor

D) PDFWXO�LQWHUQD LRQDO�SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�HFRQRPLFH��VRFLDOH�úL�FXOWXUDOH

2. Controlul politic

A) Controlul politic general

B) Procedurile tematice

C) Noul mod de control

- *UXSXO�GH�GHWHQ LH�DUELWUDU�

20

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. %XHUJHQWKDO��7KRPDV��:HEHU��5HQDWH��³'UHSWXO�LQWHUQD LRnal al drepturilor

RPXOXL´��(GLWXUD�$OO��%XFXUHúWL�������

2. &ORúF���,RQHO��6XFHDY���,RQ��³7UDWDW�GH�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL´��(GLWXUD�(XURSD�

1RYD��%XFXUHúWL�������

3. 'XFXOHVFX�� 9LFWRU�� ³3URWHF LD� MXULGLF�� D� GUHSWXULORU� RPXOXL� – mijloace

LQWHUQH�úL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH´��(GLWXUD�/XPLQD�/H[��%XFXUHúWL�������

4. )XHUHD�� $XJXVWLQ�� ³,QWURGXFHUH� vQ� SUREOHPDWLFD� GUHSWXOXL� LQWHUQD LRQDO� DO�

GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL´��(GLWXUD�(UD��%XFXUHúWL�������

5. Luncan, Victor; Duculescu, Victor, “Drepturile omului – Studiu introductiv

de documente interna LRQDOH� úL� DFWH� QRUPDWLYH� GH� GUHSW� LQWHUQ´�� (GLWXUD�

/XPLQD�/H[��%XFXUHúWL�������

6. 0XUDUX�� ,RDQ�� ³3URWHF LD� FRQVWLWX LRQDO�� D� OLEHUW� LORU� GH� RSLQLH´�� (GLWXUD�

/XPLQD�/H[��%XFXUHúWL�������

7. Soudre, Frédéric, “Droit international et européen des droits de l’homme”,

3e édition, Presses Universitaires de Frances, Paris, 1997;

8. 9LGD�� ,RDQ�� ³'UHSWXULOH� RPXOXL� vQ� UHJOHPHQW�ULOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH´�� (GLWXUD�

/XPLQD�/H[��%XFXUHúWL�������

Conf. univ. dr.

AUGUSTIN FUEREA