Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586)Astrophel and Stella

Sonnet XXXI

With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb’st the skies! How silently, and with how wan a face!What, may it be that even in heav’nly placeThat busy archer his sharp arrows tries!Sure, if that long-with love-acquainted eyesCan judge of love, thou feel’st a lover’s case,I read it in thy looks; thy languish’d graceTo me, that feel the like, thy state descries.Then, ev’n of fellowship, O Moon, tell me,Is constant love deem’d there but want of wit?Are beauties there as proud as here they be?Do they above love to be lov’d, and yetThose lovers scorn whom that love doth possess?

Do they call virtue there ungratefulness?

Sonetul XXXI

Eşti tristă, lună, şi precum un furSui treptele cerescului lăcaş.Ai crede că pârdalnicul arcaşSăgeţile-şi trimite şi-n azur!Surată, dacă ochii ce-s deprinşiCu dragostea o pot şi judeca,Tu-i înţelegi pe cei în mreje prinşi;Blajină milă-i în privirea ta.Statornicia faţă de iubiteE şi la voi o faptă de nătâng?Frumoasele-s la fel de-nchipuite?Le place-a fi curtate dar îl plâng Pe-acel care iubeşte ca nebun?Virtuţii nerecunoştinţă-i spun?

Notes:wan: paledecries: describesdeem’d: consideredwant of wit: lack of intelligence

“Liebe geht durch denMagen.” Dieser Spruchfindet in München seinebesondere Bestätigung…“

The way to people‘s hearts is through their stomachs,” it is said, and this proverb is perhaps particularly true in Munich...“

L‘amour passe parl‘estomac,” affirme un proverbe allemand, quise trouve à Munich amplement confirmé…

[literally: "Love passes through the stomach,"says a German proverb,which is well confirmed in Munich…]24 Xiamen, 26/10/29012 C. Nord: Text Types and Skopos

In the translation of an expressive text(form-focused) (= literary genres such as novels, short stories and poetry), the translator must strive to produce an "analogy" of stylistic effect, allowing the target reader to experience the same impression of the relationship between form and content as the reader of the original. Here, stylistic choices in translation are naturally guided by those made in the source text. (diagrama)

• it is not merely what the author says that matters, but also how he/she says it Þ the main task of the translator is to reflect primarily the form and not the contents

• Difficulty: the form is closely tied to the SL Þ cannot be automatically transferred into the TL

• Reiss: in such cases the translator will not adopt the SL form, but will try to get inspiration, and stimulated by this inspiration he/she will choose the TL form that best approaches the effect in the TL reader that the SL form produced in the SL reader Þ the task of the translator is not to produce identical content, but to create formal analogy

In the translation of an appellative or operative text (e.g. advertisements, politicalpropaganda, satirical prose), the translator should be guided by the overall aim ofprovoking the same reaction in the audience: for example to purchase the relevantproduct or vote for a particular candidate. In this case, the translator may even changethe content and stylistic features of the original if they do not serve the intendedpurpose.

 Xiamen, 26/10/29012 C. Nord: Text Types and Skopos 4

'The core of the expressive function is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. He uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response'. Serious imaginative literature, authoritative statements, autobiography, essays and personal correspondence are typical expressive text-types

CONCLUZIE

When faced with a text the translator has to ask himself several questions:1. To which text-type does it belong?2. Should the focus of translation be on the author or on the readership?3. What purpose does the translation serve?

The answers to these questions help him to decide which method to adopt: semantic translation or communicative translation, with the former mainly for expressive texts and the latter mainly for informative and vocative.