Lucrare de Licenta Psihologie

8/9/2019 Lucrare de Licenta Psihologie

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lucrare-de-licenta-psihologie 1/110

UNIVERSITATEA TITU MAIORESCU FACULTATE DE PSIHOLOGIEINVATAMANT ZI

LUCRARE DE DIPLOMĂ

AGRESIVITATEA – FORMĂ DE ADAPTARE ŞICONTRA-REACŢIE LA FRUSTRARE LA COPIIIINSTITUŢIONALIZAŢI DE VÂRSTĂ ŞCOLARĂ

MICĂ

COORDONATOR ŞTIINŢIFIC :CONF.UNIV.DR. MARGARETA DINCA

ABSOLVENTA :MIHAI ANA-MARIA

BUCURESTI 2007



“VIAŢA ESTE LUPTA PENTRU MENŢINEREAUNUI ECHILIBRU ÎN PERMANENŢĂ

AMENINŢAT”.

( BORDET )

2



CUPRINS

CUPRINS . ………………………………………………........…..... 3

INTRODUCERE ………………………………………………….......5PARTEA I – ASPECTELE TEORETICE ALE CERCETĂRII

CAPITOLUL I: ŞCOLARUL MIC1.1. CARACTERIZARE GENERALĂ :1.1.1 Trăă!"r# $% &%'#(#'#!)!% )*% +',*)r"*"# #' …………................11

1.1.2 C,&#*"* +# ()#*#) ………………………..........……………… 1 1.1.3 C,&#*"* +# r%)*#!)!%) ,'#)*ă ………………………….............. 15

1.2. MODELELE EDUCATI/E :1.2.1 M,$%* ()#*#)* …………………………………………......... 10

1.2.3 C,&)r)#% &r##$ ,$%*%*% %$"')!#% 4!r% C%!r"*$% P*))%! +# Ş',)*ă $% )ă …………………….... 21

1.3. RELAIA ADAPTARE-6RUSTRARE-AGRESI/ITATE 1.3.1- D%(##r%) ','%&!%*,r +# r%*)#) $#!r% %*% …………….. 25

CAPITOLUL II : PRO7LEMATICA AGRESI/ITĂII 8N PSIHOLO-GIE9 PSIHOPEDAGOGIE ŞI PSIHOPATOLOGIE

2.1. NORMALITATE ŞI DE/IANĂ 8N CONDUITA SOCIALĂ :

2.1.1 D%(##r%) ','%&!%*,r normalitate !e"ian#$ …………... 3 2.1.2 Pr,(#*"* &%r,)*#!ă## $%#)!"*"# ………………………. 30 2.2. AGRESI/ITATE ŞI COMPORTAMENT AGRESI/ :

2.2.1 Ar%##!)!%) – &r%;%!)r% %%r)*ă …………………. ...... 3< 2.2.2T%,r## %=&*#')!#% )*% ("'#,)*#!ă## )r%##!ă## ……....... 3 2.3. 6ORMELE DE MANI6ESTARE ALE AGRESI/ITĂII :

2.3.1 6%,%%-#&!, $% )#(%!)r% …………………... 51>E='#!)?#*#!)!%) …………………………………….. 52>I&"*##!)!%) …………………………………….. 5

3>Pr,&"*##!)!%) …………………………………… 5>/#,*%) …………………………………………… 55>C,&,r!)%!% )?%r)!% ………………………. ... 5

2.3.2 Ar%##!)!%) %r?)*ă ……………………………… @1> C)*,#) …………………………………………. @2> D%#r)r%) ………………………………………… @3> Ir,#) ………………………………………………. @> S)r')"* ………………………………………… @

2.. AGRESI/ITATEA 8N CADRUL GRUPULUI :1> O'"&)r%) +# )&ăr)r%) ",r &ăr# )*% &)#"*"# ……….... @)> !%r#!,r#"* #$##$")* ……………………………….. @

3



?> $#!)) #$##$")*ă ……………………………… @2> D#&"!)r%) ,?#%'!%*,r ………………………………….. @3> R#)*#!)!%) ……………………………………………… 5> Ar%##!)!%) %=&*,r)!#ă ………………………………. 55> Ar%##!)!%) %$"')!#ă ………………………………… 5

0> C,'"r%) ………………………………………………. 5B> R%)'#) $% r%&#%r% ) ),r)*"*"# …………………. 5<> Ar%##!)!%) %r?)*ă …………………………………… 5

CAPITOLUL III : COMPORTAMENTUL AGRESI/ CA 6ORMĂ DE ADAPTARE ŞI COMPENSARE A 6RUSTRĂRII

3.1. Ar%##!)!%) – ',&,r!)%! $% )$)&!)r% ……………….... 523.2. C,&,r!)%!"* )r%# – (,ră $% ',!r)-r%)'#% *)

(r"!r)r% ……………………………………………………... 50

PARTEA A-II-A – ASPECTELE PRACTICE ALE CERCETĂRII

CAPITOLUL I/ : METODOLOGIA CERCETĂRII.1. O?#%'!#%*% '%r'%!ăr## ……………………………………….. 00.2. I&,!%;%*% '%r'%!ăr## ………………………………………….. 0<.3. Or)#;)r%) )'!##!ă## $% '%r'%!)r% ……………………….... 0@.. M%!,$% +# !%#'# $% '%r'%!)r% ……………………………... B1CAPITOLUL / : PRELUCRAREA DATELOR CERCETĂRII… B5

CAPITOLUL /I : CONCLUZII ŞI RECOMANDĂRI ………... 11

7I7LIOGRA6IE SELECTI/Ă …………………………………… 10



INTRODUCERE

S,'#%!)!%) )#"ră #$##$"*"# ')$r"* $%;,*!ăr## &%r,)*#!ă## )*%9 ,$%*%

$% $#r% %!)*#!ă# > +# $% ',&,r!)%!9 r%*)## #!%r&%r,)*% +# #F*,)'% $%!r)#9 !,)!% )'%!%) r%"#!% 4!r-" ))?*" "#!)r9 4!r-" #!% (,)r!% ?#%,r)#;)! &r# ')r% #$##$"* $%#% $%&%$%! $% ')$r"* ,'#)*.

/#)) #$##$")*ă9 ') +# '%) ',"#!)ră "! 4!r-, ă"ră (,)r!% )r%#(*"%)!% $% ,'#%!)!%9 )!(%* 4'! #$##$"* &,)r!ă &%'%!%) ,$%*%*,r ,'#,-'"*!"r)*% 'ăr,r) %* *% )&)r#%. Pr# )'%!% ,$%*%9 )# "*! )" )# &"##!%r#,r#;)!% $% #$##$9 %* % )$)&!%);ă '%r#%*,r ,'#%!ă##.

D)r9 )+) '" ,'#%!)!%) &r# #!%r%$#"* #!%"*"# $% )*,r# )*% ,$%*"*"#,'#,-'"*!"r)* ',!r#?"#% *) (,r)r%) +# %#%r%) &%r,)*#!ă## ")% 4 *##!%*%

",r !#&)r% &%'#(#'%9 4 %)*ă ă"ră ,"* – &r# )'#"#*%9 $%'#;##*% +# ',$"#!%*%)*% – &,)!% #(*"%) ,'#%!)!%).

M,$%*%*% ,'#,-'"*!"r)*% ,(%r#!% $% ,'#%!)!% "! (,)r!% #&,r!)!% )# )*% &%!r" ',&### ) 'ăr,r &%r,)*#!)!% %!% 4 (,r)r%. 8 )'%! % " r,* $%,%?#!r%#% ()#*#%# ')r% r%&r%;#!ă &r#"* %$#" ,'#)* $% ',!)'! )* ',&#*"*"# +#9!,!,$)!ă9 &r#"* ,$%* $% '"*!"ră +# %$"')#%. Or#9 )!ă;# ) 'r%'"! (,)r!% "*!"ăr"* ()#*##*,r $%;,r)#;)!%9 )* ',&##*,r !ră;##9 &#%r#$ ,$%*%*% ,'#)*%9'"*!"r)*% +# ,r)*% &,;#!#%9 &r#$ – ') )!)r% – '%*% %)!#%9 )$,&!$"-%9 4(#)*9 )r%##!)!%) ') (,ră $% )$)&!)r%.

P% )'%! (,$ )" *,' "ră!,)r%*% a%&e'te :1> , )r% '#?)r% 4 &%r#,)$) +',*)r#!ă## #'#9 '#?)r% $%!%r#)!ă $%)+)-"#!) &%r#,)$ă $% 'r#;ă9 &%r#,)$ă $% r%(%r#ă &%!r" $%;,*!)r%)%%r)*ă9 %'"*)ră "#!ă $% T"%r > ) ',&#*"*"#9 4,#!ă $%')r)'!%r#!#'#*% &%'#(#'% r!%# $%;,*!)r% &#,-,'#)*ă9 $%;,*!)r%',#!#ă9 ,r)*ă >9 &% $% , &)r!%9 #)r &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 )&%'!%*% )#(r)#*% $# &%r,)*#!)!%) ',&#*"*"# )" ) ()#*#%# $% )&)r!%%ă 4)'%!% &%r#,)$% $% !r%'%r%9 $% 'r#;ă ,r)*%9 ','%&#% $%&r% *"% +##)ă9 %!'. >

2> % (,r%);ă !r"'!"r# $% ',&,r!)%!9 !r"'!"r# ,r)*%9 %!)*#!ă#.T,)!% )'%!% )&%'!% %"%r)!% )!%r#,r $%!%r#ă (,r)r%) +# $%;,*!)r%))r%##!ă## +# ) ',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%#9 ',!#!"#$9 !,!,$)!ă9 moti"ele )*%%r##!%%#.

T,! 4 r$"* moti"elor )+ )# &"!%) )$ă") +# intere%(l +# '(rio)itatea &r##$ ,$"* $% )#(%!)r% )* )r%##!ă## *) ',&#*"* $% r!ă +',*)ră #'ă &r#)! $% &r%;%) "%# ()#*## +# #"! 4 $#%r% #!#!"## ')% $% ',&##9 '%!r% $% &*))%!9 %!'. >. 8 )'%!% #!#!"## $% %$"')#%9 $#(%r#!%*% !#&"r# $% )r%##!)!% %)#(%!ă &r%)!.

Pr# "r)r%9 4 #)) ,'#)*ă %=#!ă , 'r%+!%r% ) )r%##!ă##. A'%)!ă &ro*lem$ a a+re%i"it$#ii – (#% 'ă %!% ,r?) $% )'#"# ',*%'!#% )" #$##$")*% – &r%,'"&ă 4 '%* )# 4)*! r)$ ',!%&,r)%#!)!%).

5



L) #%* ,'#)*-*,?)* %=#!ă !"$## $% ,'#,&#,?#,*,#% ')r% %!#%);ă 'ă%',*"* 4 ')r% !ră# %!% )!"r)! 4 (r"!răr# +# )r%##!)!%.

A'%)!) %!% $)!ă $% 4"*#r%) (ără &r%'%$%! ) "r%*,r '" &,!%#)*%%r)!,r9 %#?#*#;)!,r +# $%'*)+)!,r )* ",r !ră#r# $#',(,r!)!% &%!r" #$##$ +#',"#!)!%. C%r#%*% )$r%)!% ,"*"#9 4 %%r)*9 #-J-# $% %')#%*% )*%

)$)&!)!#% % "*!#&*#'ă +# ,*#'#!ă ',""r# "r#)+% $% %%r#%. C) )!)r%9$%',&%ăr#*% %,#,)*% "! (r%'%!%9 #)r )'%)!) r%'*)ă )#!%ă !%r)&%"!#'ă+# %$"')#,)*ă &%'#)*#;)!ă.

6#%')r% %',* %%r%);ă (r#'#*% )*%. A!(%*9 OSCAR MOORE 'r#) $%&r% ?,*#*% ',!%&,r)%#!ă##9 $%&r% ,r(%tr$rile &% ')r% *% %%r%);ă +#9 4 ',%'#ă9$%&r% 'om&ortamentele !e a!a&tare. C) )!)r%9 &"!% )(#r) 'ă " '",)+!%(%*"* ,'#%!ă## 4 ')r% ,# !ră#. P)#') ,r)*ă % r#$#'ă *) #,*%ă9 'r#ă9 *)$%#r)r%) +# $%;#!%r)r%) ()#*#%#. O)%## $% +!##ă ',!)!ă 'ă "*# 'r%$ 'ă*"%) %!% " *,' &%!r" ')r% %r#!ă ă !% ?)#. D)r &r,?*%) %!% '! $% ?#%

&"!% $"'% ?ă!ă*#)9 '! $% ?#% % &"!% )$)&!) 4 )'%)!ă *"%.Pr,?*%%*% )$)&!)!#%9 %%r)!% $% 4?#?)r%) 4 (r"!răr#9 )=#%!ă# +#

)r%#"# ) &%r#,)$%# $% !#& &% ')r% , !ră# % $)!,r%);ă +# )''%*%răr## (ără &r%'%$%! ) '#?ăr#*,r $# %$#"* )!"r)*9 $)r9 )# )*%9 ,'#)* *) !,)!% #%*"r#*%#%##.

8 ',%'#ă9 )#!ă *) $%;%'#*#?r% %=#!%#)*-("'#,)*% 4 &*) #!%r-"?#%'!# +# %=!%r-',&,r!)%!)*9 *) $%;,r$## ?#,&#,*,#'%9 *) #$r,)% $%#)$)&!)r%9 *) ',&,r!)%!% )*#%)!%9 )!#,'#)*% +# )r%#%.

C)&#!)*#"* ,$%r +# !r)(,răr#*% ,$%r%9 '" ')r% % ',(r"!ă 4

"*!#"* !#&9 )" ',$" *) '#?)r%) !#&)r%*,r $% "'ă +# $% ',&,r!)%!9'%%) '% ) )!r) $"&ă #% #%'"r#!)!%) +# r#F) ;#*%# $% #%. C) )!)r%9 ,)%##9#$#(%r%! $% r!ă9 % ',(r"!ă !,! )# "*! '" !%!ăr# +# (#"r# )"!,r#!)r%

&r,$"'ă!,)r% $% (r"!răr#. E(%'!%*% $%(),r)?#*% )*% )'%!,r )&%'!% % r%#! 4,$#(#')r%) %'#*#?r%*,r ,'#,-)$)&!)!#%9 4 'r%+!%r%) &r%)*%%# !ăr#*,r $%!%#"% #!)*ă9 )r%#"# &#,-,)!#'% '" %(%'!% $%;)$)&!)!#%9 )*)$)&!)!#%9#)$)&!)!#%9 4 &*)"* 4!r%## %,*"## ) (##%# ")%.

Ar%#"#*% 'r%' 4 &%r)%ă ') (r%'%ă9 ()&! #*"!r)! $% )!)'"r# (#;#'%9#,*"r#9 #'%!9 4 ')r% "! '"&r#+# $%,&,!r#ă )$"*# +# ',&##9 ()&! '% ',$"'% *) ,

r)!ă 'r%'"!ă ) !r%-"*"# &,!!r)")!#'9 *) , %r#% $% (r"!răr#. E(%'!%*% (r"!răr##)"&r) )$)&!ăr## ,'#,-")% !#$ ă ')&%!%9 4 "*!#"* $%'%#"9 , (,ră '" !,!"* &)r!#'"*)ră 4 '%!r" +# %!"* E"r,&%#.

8 R,#)9 $"&ă )"* 1@@9 (%,%%*% $#'"!)!% "! %%r)!% $%,$#(#'ăr#*% $% )r# &r,&,r## ) %'#*#?r%*,r $% *) !,)!% #%*"r#*% #%## +#,r)#;ăr## ,'#)*%. E*% )&)r ') , ',%'#ă ) &%r!"r?ăr## ,r$### ,?#+"#!% )*"'r"r#*,r +# r#!"r#*,r $% #)ă9 ) '*#)!"*"# )?#%!)*-()#*#)*…

S'#?ăr#*% ,'#)*% )r# +,)F9 r%%9 '#?)r%) !#&)r%*,r $% #)ă9 %!'. >% ,*$%);ă '" 4!r%r"&%r%) ',&,r!)%!%*,r ")% #$##$")* ,r)#;)!% +# '"$#!r"%r%) ,&!##"*"# +# &%r)%#. E*% ',$"' *) #,*%ă +# )r%#"%

0



DOLLARD >. A'%! ,$%* $% r%)*#!)!% %#$%#);ă " !#& $% $#'r%&)ă ')r% )("r#;)! ,$#(#'ăr# ',#!#%9 "r%'#!)r%9 ',$"'$ *) #,*%ă9 )r%##!)!%9"&ăr)r%9 *#&ă $% &%r)ă SPIEL7ERGER >.

N%&"!#)9 $%;,r)#;)r%)9 4!r%r"&%r%)9 )'%!%) )(%'!%);ă #!%%*%%,#,)*% +# ,!#)#,)*% )*% ,)%#*,r #)r %*% ,&%r%);ă %#(#')!# 4 ')$r"*

#!%%*,r $% &%r,)*#!)!% MANDLER K ATSON>. 8 &%r)%ă %',(r"!ă '" #!")## %,#,)*% &%r#'"*,)%9 $%(##!% ') )*!%r)r% ?r"'ă 4 '&"*(,r%*,r ,'#)*% 4 ')r% %=#!ă #$##$"*9 )!(%* 4'! % '#?ă %=&%'!)##*% *"# ()ă$% #% 4"+# +# ()ă $% r%*)##*% )*% '" )*##.

C%r'%!$ (%,%%*% 4 ;,) )# &%'#)*ă ) $%*#'%%# F"%#*%9 &"!%$,?$# ră&""r# $%,%?#! $% %#(#')!#%. Agresivi!e!9 "? ##*% %# ()%!%9%!% &r%!"!#$%# 4 r)&,r!"r#*% $%*#'%!"*"# '" *"%)9 #*"!r$9 4 (,$9in!i,eren#a %a a,e'ti"$ 4 r)&,r! '" '%*ă*)*! #$##$ ') (##ă ,%%)'ă.

/ă 4!r%?)#9 &r,?)?#*9 !e 'e ra&ort(l -'olaritate mi'$ a+re%i"itate / /ă

ră&"$ : $%,)r%'% +',*)r#!)!%) #'ă r%&r%;#!ă , &%r#,)$ă $% ,$%*)r% +# (,r)r% ) &%r,)*#!ă## )$"*!%9 )'" % &,)!% #!%r%# '" "''% 4 )'%! %.

C,&,r!)%!"* ',&##*,r9 !#*"* *,r $% ) r%)'#,)9 $% ) % ?"'"r) )" 4!r#!)9$% ) % 4(r#',+) )" "9 $% ) &%r) )" "9 !,)!% )'%!%) "!9 4 &r#"* r$9 "r%(*%= )* ,$"r#*,r $% ',&,r!)r% +# $#r% 4!*#! 4 ()#*#%.

D% )%%%)9 %!#%!"* %'"r#;ăr## &#,-)(%'!#% '" %(%'!% %?ă"#!% *)#%*"* (,răr## &%r,)*#!ă## *,r %!% )*#%!)! $% ()#*#%9 ,r#'! $% &r%')ră )r (#)'%)!ă. A&,#9 #)#%) $% #% %!% " r%(*%= )* #)### &% ')r% +#-, (,r%);ă 4r"&"r#*% ',"#!)r%.

D)'ă )% 4 %$%r% !,)!% )'%!%)9 , ',!)!) %(%'!%*% (r"!r)!% )*%',&##*,r ') )$ )'%)!ă &r,%#%ă. E*% "! $)!% $% ()&!"* 'ă mo!el(l ,amiliei % '#?ă9 '%%) '% $"'% *) '#?)r%) ,$%*%*,r $% #$%!#(#')r% )*% ',&#*"*"#9 *)'#?)r%) ',&,r!)%!%*,r )*% ','r%!% +# ) !#*"*"# ă" $% r%*)#%.

8 &r%;%! )&)r ()#*## '" " #"r &ăr#!%9 $#,r"r#*% '",' , (r%'%ă"*"#!,)r%9 #)r #!")##*% 4 ')r% " ',&#* $%#% ,?#%'! $% &)r!)F " "! &"#% *)"ăr. T#&"* &%!r%'"! $% &ăr## '" ',&#*"* %!% !,! )# 'ă;"!9 (ă'$ ') )'%!)$# "ră ă $%#ă !,! )# #"r +# ă ')"!% "r% $% ',"#')r% )(%'!#ă 4 )()r)"'*%"*"# &)r%!)*. L) )'%!%) % )$)"ă !)!"!"* ,'#)* +# &r,(%#,)* )* ()#*#%#9

)%#)r%) &#%r$%r## *"F?%*,r9 '%%) '% ',$"'% *) $##")r%) &r)"*"# $%toleran#$ la ,r(%trare.D#!r% !,)!% ')!%,r##*% ")%9 )r%##!ă#*% '",'9 4 &r%;%!9 '%) )#

)r% r)!ă 4 ');"* %*%#*,r. E*% "! $)!% $% )"#!% #!")## (r"!r)!% $% (r"!răr#>$)!,r)!% $% ()&!"* 'ă :

- 4 &%r)%ă %# "! #%r)r#;)#9 %)*")#9 %!#'%!)#9 )'#,)# ,r#r)!#(#')#

- &r,'%"* #!r"'!#-%$"')!# – &r# 4ă+# )!"r) ) – 4# &"% 4 ())#!")##*,r (r"!r)!% &r,$"% (#% $% ()&!"* 'ă " )" *) 4$%ă#!r"%!% +# '",+!#% %'%)r% r%;,*ăr## $% &r,?*%% )&ăr"!%9 (#% $%')*#!)!%) ,r)*ă ) ')$r%*,r $#$)'!#'%9 ,$"* $% &%r'%&%r% $% 'ă!r% ',&## ))'%!,r)9 r%)'##*% $)'ă*#*,r 4 ()) ',(";##*,r ,'#)*%

B



- ()#*#) 4ă+#9 ,$"* %# $% ,r)#;)r% +# ,$%*%*% ,(%r#!% $% %) 'r%%);ă!ăr# (r"!r)!%.

M,$%*%*% ,'#,-',&,r!)%!)*% &,;#!#% +# %)!#% $%# !,! )# r%" $%$%'#(r)!9 "! !,! )# "%r,)%9 #)r F"$%'ă#*% )*,r#'% )*% )$"*#*,r $% )"!,r#!)!%"! !,! )# $#%r%!%. C) "r)r%9 ',&### % )(*ă 4 #!")#) $% %&"!#ă ,&#,)*ă

+# )'#,)*ă9 &"!$ $%;,*!) ',$"#!) ""# ',&*%= $% %&"!#ă ')r)'!%r#;)! &r#*#&ă $% 4'r%$%r% 4 (,r%*% &r,&r##9 )r%##!)!% ') (,ră $% )$)&!)r% +#9 '#)r9',!r)-r%)'#% *) (r"!r)r%.

L) r!) +',*)r#!ă## #'# – ')r% ) (,! '%!r)!ă 4 *"'r)r%) $% ()ă – %4"+%' '%*% )# "*!% ',&,r!)%!% )$)&!)!#%. Pr# )!"r) )9 +',*)r#!)!%)#'ă %!% *%)!ă $% &%r,)*#!)!%) 4 (,r)r%. A'" %'#*#?r%*% %,#,)*% +#

&##'%9 4 %%r)*9 "! (r)#*%9 )'" % ',!#!"#% '*#+%%9 &)!!%r"r#',&,r!)%!)*% &%r#!%!% 4 !#& +# !r)(%r)?#*% "*!%r#,r 4 $#%r% )'!##!ă#.

P% ?);) %=&%r#%%*,r ,'#)*% )'""*)!% 4 )'%)!ă &%r#,)$ă % (,r%);ă :

- #)r#)# ',&,r!)%!)*# - &)!!%r"r# $% ră&" '" !)!"! $% "'*%% )$)&!)!#% ?"% )" r%*%- % (,r%);ă ,$"r# %)*")!#% &r##$ *"%) 4',F"ră!,)r% - r%&%r% $% #$%!#(#')r% &%r,)*ă 4 &*) ,'#)*.T,)!% )'%!%) % ','r%!#;%);ă 4 !)?*,"r# ',&,r!)%!)*% '" &%'#(#'#!)!%

#$##$")*ă.R%(%r#$"-% *) )$)&!)r%) &#,*,#'ă ")ă9 )'%)!) ) (,! ))*#;)!ă

?#,*,#' )" ,'#,*,#'9 (ără ) (# "(#'#%! )''%!")!% ")%*% )*% &#,*,#'%.M%#,ă +# ()&!"* 'ă a+re%i"itatea %!% , &r,?*%ă $% , #&,r!)ă

,'#)*ă $%,%?#!ă9 4!r"'! %) !ă *) ?);) ',&,r!)%!%*,r #,*%!% $% !#&"*'r#%*,r9 )'#"#*,r !%r,r#!%9 %!'.9 !,)!% )'%!%) &"!$ (# &r%%#!% &r# #!%r%##!%r)&%"!#'% r%)*#;)!% 4'ă $% !#&"r#"9 )# &r%'#9 4'ă $# ,%!"* %#;ăr##

&r#%*,r )#(%!ăr# )r%#%.

<



0ARTEA I

ASPECTELE TEORETICEALE CERCETĂRII

@



CA0ITOLUL I

ŞCOLARUL MIC 1 AS0ECTE GENERALE 1

"#"# CARACTERIZARE GENERALĂ"#$# MODELUL FAMILIAL – FACTORDETERMINANT AL AGRESIVITĂŢII

"#%# RELAŢIA ADAPTARE-FRUSTRARE- AGRESIVITATE

1



2.2. CARACTERI3ARE GENERAL4

2.2.2 TR4S4TURI DE S0ECIFICITATE ALE ŞCOLARULUI MIC

5Co&il$ria e%te a'ea "6r%t$ ,eri'it$ 7n 'are elan(l &rimiti" 'are l1a ,$(rit &e om a'ea%t$ nelini-te 7n le+$t(r$ '( %ine -i '( l(mea 'are a 7m&in%(manitatea la 'ele mai no*ile reali)$ri 'a -i la e-e'(rile 'ele mai (%t(r$toarea'e%t im&(l% 'are ne ,a'e %$ ie-im !in noi 7n-ine &entr( a '$(ta 7n a"ent(r$ 'eea'e e%te mai *(n 7n noi n( e%te 7n'$ 7n,r6nat 'on%tr6n%. Co&il$ria e%te "6r%ta

%&eran#ei -i a "i%(l(i. Co&il(l e%te ,iin#a -i %in+(ra ,iin#$ 'are tr$ie-te 7n ea7n%$-i.8 9. C;ATEAU<8 %%r)* $%;,*!)r%) &#,*,#'ă ) ',&#*"*"# % #'*"$% ') ,!ă %%#)*ă9

$%(##!,r#% ) 4ă+# ,#"#*,r $% ',&#* +# ',&#*ăr#%: &'(i)*) %!% (##) ")ă4 $%;,*!)r% &r% !)!"!"* $% &%r,)*#!)!%9 #)r &'(i)+ri! %!% &%r#,)$) $% r!)4 #!%r#,r"* 'ăr%#) % r%)*#;%);ă '%*% )# &r,("$% +# #&,r!)!% &r,'%% $%$%;,*!)r% ) ,r)#;ăr## &#,',&,r!)%!)*% ) ,"*"#.

D# &%r&%'!#) !)$#)*#!ă##9 (eri'!,! &')!r+ .i&+ 0B – 111 )#> &r%;#!ă "ră!,)r%*% 4')$răr#:

"/ s!,i*) ,e0v')+rii (si1's'&i!)e – 4 )'%! !)$#" %!% (,)r!% #&,r!)! ă,(%r# ',&##*,r , )'!##!)!% ',!r"'!#ă9 *##!$ ',&)r)##*% 4!r% '%# ?"#+# '%# ră#$/ s!,i*) ,e0v')+rii &'g2iive9 ')r)'!%r#;)! &r# ,&%r)## ','r%!% )*%$#r## +# 4'%&"!"* ,&%r)##*,r (,r)*%%/ s!,i*) g32,irii .'r!)e: !r);##% $% *) ,r)*#!)!%) ',!r%r## *),r)*#!)!%) ',,&%răr##9 $% *) &r%',%#,)* *) ',%#,)*. A'" )r% *,'

&%r'%&%r%) r%"*#*,r $r%&! 4%*%%r# "!")*%9 $)r9 &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 "&"%r%)*) r%"*#*% ,(#'#)*% % ()'% $# r%&%'! &%!r" )"!,r#!ă# )" &%!r"#&r%#,)r%) '%*,r*)*#.

T,! $# &"'!"* $% %$%r% )* !)$#)*#!ă##9 PIAGET 4')$r%);ă +',*)r#!)!%)#'ă 4 s!,i*) '(er!4ii)'r &'2&ree #!")! 4!r% B +# 12 )#>. A'%!) %

11



')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# )&)r##) r"&ăr#*,r ,&%r)#,)*% ')r% &%r#! ','%&!")*#;ăr# +#',,r$,ăr# $% ','%&!%. S!r"'!"r#*% ,&%r)!,r##9 *")!% 4 #%9 "! )?!r)'!% +#$%(#%' , *,#'ă ')*#!)!#ă ) ,r$### +# '*)%*,r>9 $)r ',#"!"* *,r ră% 4 ?"ăă"ră ','r%!9 $%,)r%'% % $%(ă+,)ră )"&r) ,?#%'!%*,r +# r%*)##*,r ','r%!%$#!r% %*%.

Pr# "r)r% 52v+4!re! $%#% !#&"* ("$)%!)* $% )'!##!)!% URSULAŞC6IOPU>. A'%)!) 4%)ă 'ă )'!##!)!%) +',*)ră ) ,*#'#!) #!% )'!##!)!%)#!%*%'!")*ă9 &r,'%"* $% 4"+#r% r)$)!ă $% '",+!#% '"&r#% 4 &r,r)%*%+',*## %*%%!)r% +# 'ă9 4 ',%'#ă9 ',&#*"*"# # % ,r ,r)#;) +# $%;,*!)!r)!%## $% 4ă)r%9 # % ) ',+!#%!#;) r,*"* )!%#%# +# r%&%!##%#9 %!'.

Pr,r%%*% 4 $%;,*!)r%) #!%*%'!")*ă "!9 $% )%%%)9 %#$%!%. C%%) '%4'%&% ă % &r%'#;%;% '" )# )r% '*)r#!)!% 4 )'%)!ă &%r#,)$ă +',*)ră %!%$#(%r%) $#!r% si)*ri)e &'g2iive. A'%! ','%&! $%%%);ă !%$#) $% )ră&"$% )r#%!ă## )r'##*,r +# &r,?*%%*,r #!%*%'!")*% 4!r-" ,$ &)r!#'"*)r.

C%r'%!ăr#*% ')r% #;%);ă !#*"* ',#!# ()' $%,%?#r%) 4!r% !#*"* #&"*# ()ă $%!#*"* r%(*%=# +# !#*"* ))*#!#' ()ă $% '%* !%)!#'.

R%)*#;$ , %$"')#% #!#!"#,)*#;)!ă +# ,?*#)!,r#%9 &'!)! %)*#;%);ă,'#)* )''%"* *) '"*!"ră 'r%%);ă #r)F"* $% %!)*#!)!% &r% *"%) r%)*"*"#',&*%= #r)r% '% ,*#'#!ă #!% )$)&!)r%)> #&"% ,$%*%*% %# $% #)ă9 &r%'"+# ,$%*%*% ,'#)*% $% ) $# +# )'#,) 'r%%);ă %!#%!% ,'#)*% +# *ăr%+!%#)) #!%r#,)ră9 &r%'" +# ',$##) $% %=&r#)r% %r?)*ă +# ',&,r!)%!)*ă ))'%!"#).

D)r9 *%ă!"r) $#!r% &'!)+ +# vi!4! s'&i!)+9 &,)!% (# )# "*! )" )# &"#

!ră. Tr)(,răr#*%9 r%(,r%*% 4ăă!"*"# $# "*!#"* !#& )" $" *)4ră"!ă#r%) #!")#%# $# +',*#. Tr%&!)!9 )'!##!)!%) +',*)ră #&r#ă ,$#(#'ăr# 4"#%r"* #!%r#,r. S% $%!r)ă #!"* ',&#*ăr#%# +# % $%;,*!ă r%)*#"* ','%&#%#$%&r% *"% +# #)ă 4 ')r% )'#,%);ă ,$%*% ,'#)*% ,# $% ) $#9 ##9 )&#r)+# !%$#%*% $% #$%!#(#')r% '" )'%!%) ')&ă!ă ',#!%ă.

8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% &!r!&erisi&i)e !7e&ive )*% )'%!%# &%r#,)$%9 $,"ă &r,?*%% r%# )!%#): $%*#'%) F"%#*ă +# !"*?"răr#*% ',&,r!)%!)*%. 8)?%*% %"r# %!% #&*#')!ă &r,?*%)!#') )(%'!#ă. 6r"!r)r%)9 &r,,')!ă *) ',&#*$% $#(%r%) $#!r% ',$"* r"&"*"# +# r%"*#*% )$"*#*,r9 4# &,! ',$"'% &% '%# '" ,

',!%*)#% )(%'!#ă )&)r!% *#&) 4'r%$%r## 4 #%9 r%*)#,)r% ,'#)*ă $#(#'#*ă9)!),#9 %!'.> &r% 4'ă*')r%) ,r%*,r. A'%+!# ',&## &)r ) 'ă"!) )!#()'#% +#r%'",)+!%r% 4 )*! ')$r" $%'! '%* +',*)r )" ()#*#)*.

I2erese)e 4'%& ă % $%;,*!% 4 &r,'%"* )!#()'%r## ",r !r%?"#%. 7);)*,r (#;#,*,#'ă %!% *%)!ă $% $,#)#) 'r%)!ă 4 )'!##!)!%) %r,)ă "&%r#,)ră9 44"+# &r,'%"* )!#()'%r## !r%?"#%*,r9 ) ",r (,r% $% )'!##!)!%.

8 &%r#,)$) #'## +',*)r#!ă#9 )'!##!)!%) +# "') +',*)ră 'r%%);ă ')$r"* ",r ',$### r%*)!# ,#9 )# !)?#*% +# )# ,r)#;)!%9 )*% $%;,*!ăr## &##'% ) ',&#*"*"#.Ş',)*) #&"% ',&##*,r , %r#% $% '%r#% +# " )"#! ,$ $% ',$"#!ă %%r)*ă9,?#%'!#)! 4 ,r% +# r%"*#.

F'r.! &!r!&er*)*i % )#(%!ă 4 &)r!#'"*)r#!ă#*% +# &%'#(#'"* )'#"#*,r +# ()&!%*,r ,"*"#. 6,r)r%) ')r)'!%r"*"# $%&#$% 4 )r% ă"ră $%

12



e.(er!.e29 $% $#r#F)r%) v')*2!r+ ! &'2,*iei9 ')r% % $,?$%+!% +# %%=&r#ă &r# ')&)'#!)!%) $% ) !% !ă&# +# &r# )'%%) $% ) )'#,) 4',(,r#!)!% '" " )"#! %*9 +# $% '8i2*i24e9 ')r% ',!#!"#% " &r,$")"!,)!#;)! )* %=&%r#%%# %%r)*% $% #)ă9 )* %$"')#%# +# )* "ăr## *)!%!% )!"!"r,r #(*"%%*,r +# ',$###*,r '% )" )'#,)! )'!# 4 !r%'"! +# )" $%!%r#)!

r%)'## !%r%,!#&#'% &%'#(#'%.8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% re)!4i! e.(er!.e2 – &!r!&er 4 &%r#,)$) +',*)r#!ă##

#'# )r% *,r " #!% &r,'% $% )')r% ) ",r )&%'!% !%&%r)%!)*%. C,&###%!ă&##9 #,#9 4'%& ă % !ă&%)'ă r%*)!#9 #)r ',&### ')r)'!%r#;)# &r#!r-,#%r#% ) )'!##!ă## %r,)% "&%r#,)r%9 !#&"* *)? 4 &%'#)*9 "(%ră &%r)%!,*#'#!ăr#9 "! )'!#)#.

A$%%) % $%'*)+%);ă , &ri0+ ')r% )!#% #;#?#* ',&,r!)%!"* ',&#*"*"#.D%'# 'r%+!%r%) %!% )r')!ă $% ',(*#'!% ') +"# '" )r (# $% )*% 4!r% " !#& $%)'!##!)!% %'# +# )*!"* ,". U) $# '%*% $,"ă )'!##!ă# ')r% % "&"% *%##

'%*%#*)*!% !r%?"#% ă % !r)(,r% +# 4 ',!#")r%9 4+# &#%r$% &"!%r%) $% )r%*%%!) "!#* ',&,r!)%!"* ',&#*"*"#. Tr)(,r)r%) ',&#*"*"# 4 ##!,r"* )$"*! " "r%);ă9 $%'#9 , *##% $r%)&!ă9(ără ?#("r'ăr# +# (ără ,',*"r#. Pr#'#&)*%*% ,r#%!ăr# *) ')r% ',&#*"* % "&"% 4 ,$,r)* ',!#!"#%9 !,!"+#9 , ,');#% (r%'%!ă $% #'%r!#!"$## +# %;#!ăr#. D)r '!% )*!%,');## 4!&*ă!,)r% "-* ,?*#ă ă )*%)ă 4!r% %(,r! )" r%")r% E*% )&)r $#%$#"* 4',F"ră!,r9 %$#" ',!#!"#! $# &%r,)% +# $# *"'r"r#: )) )9 r"$%*%)*%9 4!*#r#*% ,?#+"#!% )" %,?#+"#!%9 +',)*) – ')r% ',!#!"#% !,! )!!%)',!)'!% - 9 r%*)## +# !r"'!"r# $#%r%9 #!#!"##9 &r# ')r% %* !r%?"#% ă % 4')$r%;%9

$% ?"ă,#% )" "9 4 ,'#%!)!%.Li.8!9*) #!%r&"% 4!r% %* +# $,r#%*% *"#9 4!r% %* +# ,)%#9 " ,?!)',*)" " #!r"%! &% ')r% %* &,)!% (# #&#!#! (#% ă *% ,',*%)'ă9 (#% ă *% #) 4!ă&#r%9 +#9 4 &r#"* r$9 ,?#%'!%*% $# )&r,&#%r%) *"#9 '%*% ',(%'#,)!%9'%)+')9 *#"r)9 ,)*)9 )#%*%9 %*%'!r#'#!)!%)9 r)$#,-"*9 ',!#!"#% &%!r" ',&#* ,!F%#r%9 , &r,?*%ă )" " )F"!,r9 4* 4$%&ăr!%);ă )" 4* )!r) +#-# ,$%*%);ă)'!##!)!%).

8 #)) ',&#*"*"# $% B )# % 4!&*ă " )r% %%#%!: i2r!re! )!&'!)+. A'%! ,%! %!% )&*" &r%ă!#! $# &%r#,)$) &r%+',*)ră 4 &*)"*

#!%r%%*,r ',&#*"*"#9 )* &r%,'"&ăr#*,r )*%9 )* 4!r%## $%;,*!ăr# &##'%.P% &*)"* $%;,*!ăr## (r'&ese)'r ,e &*2'!ere9 ',&#*"* $% B )# %!% ')&)?#*$% ) 4%*%% " #!% )# )&*" $% '",+!#%. G32,ire! ) % %=&r#ă $%F) "?(,r) r)#,)%!"*"# $%$"'!# )" "? (,r) F"$%'ă## #$"'!#%. C,&#*"* $% B )##!% &*ă'%r%) ',%r)#%#9 &*)"* ă" #!)* %!% r%*)!# ?,)! – $#r%) %!%)'!#ă9 #',$#!,)r%. E* $#&"% $% '",+!#% "%r,)%9 '% )" 4'%&"! ă # %$%;,*!%. G$#r%) ) $#&"% $% &r,'%% *)r# $% %%r)*#;)r%9 ))*#;ă +# #!%;ă.E* &,%$ă "%*% ,#"# ','r%!%.

Pr# "r)r%9 , )*!ă !răă!"ră &%'#(#'ă ) $%;,*!ăr## ',&#*"*"# $% B )# %!%)'%%) ) e:ise24ei *2*i )!rg ()!2 .i2!); ! ('si8i)i+4ii 7'r.+rii i ,e0v')+rii2'4i*2i)'r9 ) ')&)'#!ă## $% )$#9 $% ) !)?#*# , ','*";#% &% ?);) ",r &r%#%.

13



G$#r%) ',&#*"*"# )r% *) B )# " ')r)'!%r ','r%!9 ')r% "r&r#$% (%*"r#!%*% r%*)##$#!r% (%,%%9 "''%#"%) ')";)*ă9 %')";)*ă9 r%*)##*% ')!#!)!#%9 ')*#!)!#%....

Me.'ri! i i.!gi2!4i! !7e&iv+ "!9 $% )%%%)9 (,)r!% $%;,*!)!%.C,&#*"* $% B )# +!#% 'ă $)'ă " ',&#* )# #' &*% )'%)!) % 4!&*ă )"(##$'ă -) *,#! )" (##$'ă *-) '%r!)! '#%) +# #%$#)! 4!r%)?ă )"&r) &r#'###

&*"*"# 4 )'%!% $#r%'##.A"!,$#'#&*#)r%)9 )"!,',!r,*"* ',$"#!%# )" *) ?);ă 'r%+!%r%) ')r)'!%r"*"#

)'!# )* $#)#'## ',r!#')*%. 8 %%r)9 &% *) B )# 9 ',&#*"* )#(%!ă9 )!! ()ă $%)'!%*% $% ',$"#!ă9 '! +# 4 &r,'%%*% $% '",)+!%r%9 %*%%!%*% %#$%!% $%)"!,$#'#&*#)r%.

2.2.= CO0ILUL ŞI FAMILIA

L"%) "(*%!%)'ă ) ',&#*"*"# )r% &)r!#'"*)r#!ă#*% %# &r# ')r% % $%,%?%+!%$% *"%) "(*%!%)'ă ) )$"*!"*"#. A$"*## % 4+%)*ă )$%%) )!"'# '$ 4'%)r'ă ă!r)&"ă )"&r) ',&##*,r &r,&r#) *,r %!)*#!)!%9 4 *,' ă ()'ă %(,r!"* $% ) 4%*%%%!)*#!)!%) )'%!,r).

P%!r" ',&##9 &ăr### r%&r%;#!ă ,$%*"* )'%!,r). R%*)##*% $#!r% &ăr## +#',&,r!)%!"* )'%!,r) "! ##!)!% $% ',&### $# ()#*#%. < Atit(!inea &$rin#ilor

,a#$ !e 'o&ii "e'toriali)ea)$ atit(!inea 'o&iilor ,a#$ !e &$rin#i &re'(m -i a'o&iilor 7ntre ei 7n 'a!r(l ,ratriei = C# ENĂC6ESCU>.

8 )'%)!ă &r##ă9 '%*% )# #&,r!)!% (,r% $% $%#)% ')r% )&)r "!)#(%!)!% &r# #!)) *r+ 7!.i)i!)+ G# RO>IN>. A'%! !%r%4r%#!r%);ă 7'r.e $#(%r#!%9 G. RO7IN (##$ ""* $#!r% '%r'%!ă!,r## ')r% *%-)$%'r# +# '*)#(#')! )!(%*:

1> *r! ,i2re 7r!4i )r% *) ?);ă r%)'## $% )&ăr)r% #!#'!#ă9 $)r +# $,r#)""#) $% ) $,#)9 &r%'" +# $,r#) '%*"#*)*! $% ) #%+# $% "? $,#)ă. E)%!% %=&r%#) ""# $%;)',r$ *%)! $% <ran+(l !e ,ratrie=9 &r%'" +# )r%(";"*"# $% ) )''%&!) $,#)r%) ""#) $% 'ă!r% '%*ă*)*!. E!% " %!#%!$% r%,*!ă.

2> *r! ,i2re s*r'ri )r% *) ?);) %# )#!)!%) +# ),r"* &r,&r#". E) %!%%=&r%#) $,r#%# (#%'ăr%#) $% ) (# )# "*! )" )*!'%) $%'! '%)*)*!ă ,ră.C)";%*% *% r%ă# 4 %4%*%%r#9 4 %!#%!"* $% %*,;#% %!'.3> *r! ,i2re 7r!4i i s*r'ri )r% *) ?);ă %*,;#)9 ră#r%) ),r"*"# &r,&r#"9)#!)!%). I$%%) $% "&%r#,r#!)!% ) (r)!%*"# )"&r) "r,r## )*% &,)!% $%'*)+)%!#%!"* !)$r" $% &r,!%'#%9 $)r +# r%,*!) )'%!%#) $% ) (# "&"ă#&r%#) 'ă ""* )" ") "! )# ))!)F)# $% &ăr## )" %*#F)#9 %!'.> *r! .!er2+. T# RI>OT )(#r) 'ă 4 ,'#%!ă#*% ")% $r),!%))!%ră %!% %*%%!"* "#%r)*9 !)?#*9 ,$"* #!)*.5> *r! (!er2+ % )#(%!ă &r# ,!#*#!)!%9 !#r)#%9 ră'%)*ă9 $,#)ă9#r,#;)r%9 #&r%#) 'ă $r),!%) ,#%# )*% &%!r" %* %!% ,r#%!)!ă 'ă!r%',&##9 ##$#). S%!#%!"* &)!%r %!% "*! )# #!)?#* $%'! '%* )!%r.

1



0> *r! 7i)i!)+ r%&r%;#!ă '*)#') r#)*#!)!% (#" – !)!ă. E!% ,r?) $% ()&!9$%&r% ',(*#'!"* !)!"!%*,r +# )* r,*"r#*,r9 )#(%!)! &r# !%$#) (#"*"# $% )";"r&) !)!"!"* +# $% ) &r%*") r,*"* !)!ă*"#9 $% ) % "?!#!"# )'%!"#).T,)!% )'%!%) $%,!r%);ă r,*"* )F,r )* 7!.i)iei 4 (,r)r%) +#

$%;,*!)r%) &%r,)*#!ă## ',&#*"*"# +',*)r #'9 "?*##);ă #&,r!)) r%*)##*,r

$#!r% &ăr##9 $#!r% (r)#9 $#!r% &ăr## +# ',&##9 &r%'" +# #&,r!)) ',r+#!,)r%.',e)e)'r 7!.i)i!)e ,(%r#!%.

A)*,9 % &,)!% ,r?# +# $%&r% (,r)r%) &%r,)*#!ă## ',&#*"*"# *#&#! $%()#*#%9 ) ',&#*"*"# )?)$,)! 4 '%!r%*% $% &*))%! "$% ,$%*,r ()#*#)* %!%"?!#!"#!9 4!r-, ă"ră )r%9 $% '%* +',*)r 4 ')r% 4!r%"* &%r,)* $#$)'!#'4ăă!,r#9 %$"')!,r# %!'.>9 '! +# '%* )"=#*#)r "&r)%%!,r#9 4r#F#!,r#9 %!'.>"&*#%' $r),!%) +# &r,!%'#) ()#*#)*ă $% ')r% ',&### )" )!! $% )r% %,#%9 D%)'%%)9 %# !r%?"#% ă (#% #+!% ,$%*% $%% $% "r)!.

1.1.3 COPILUL ŞI REALITATEA SOCIALĂ

8 %%r)*9 *"%) "(*%!%)'ă ) ',&#*"*"# )r% &)r!#'"*)r#!ă#*% %#9 &r# ')r% %$%,%?%+!% $% *"%) "(*%!%)'ă ) )$"*!"*"#. C,&#*"* !ră#%+!% 4!r-, *"% $%#r)',*% 4 ')r% !,!"* %!% 4"(*%#!. E* % ,?#+"#%+!% !r%&!)! '" r%)*#!)!%) &% ')r%+#-, 4"+%+!% &r#!r-" $"?*" &r,'%. $% )##*)r% +# )',,$)r% ?# PIAGET>. 8)'%! %9 %$"')#) %!% #F*,'"* $% ) ',$"'% ',&#*"* $# *"%) #%*,r )*% 4*"%) r%)*ă. A'%)!ă !r%'%r% &,)!% ',!#!"# &%!r" "*+# ',&## , 'r#;ă r)ă '"#&*#')## )"&r) $%;,*!ăr## +# ) ăă!ă## #!)*%.

U r,* $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)! &%!r" )'%)!ă &%r#,)$ă r%#% (,răr## &%r,)*#!ă## ',&#*"*"#. >OU@ER +# MARTIN – SISTERON &" " )''%!$%,%?#! &% "ră!,)r%*% )&%'!% #&*#')!% 4 (,r)r%) &%r,)*#!ă## ',&#*"*"#:

,amilia -'oala -i %o'ietatea.6)'!,r## '%# )# #&,r!)# 4 (,r)r%) &%r,)*#!ă## +# ')r)'!%r"*"# ',&#*"*"#

"!:

1> i2si2&*) ,e ,'.i2!re ')r% )r)!%);ă (,r) &%r,)*#!ă## +# ')&)'#!)!%)$% )$)&!)r% ) #$##$"*"#9 %!#%!%*% )*% $% ,,)r%. 8 ');"* !"*?"răr##)'%!"#)9 &,! )&ăr%) $#(%r#!% !#&"r# $% $%#)% &r%'": or+oli(l "anitateain"i!ia 'on,li'tele a,e'ti"e 'om&le>ele !e in,erioritate#2> e!.! ,e ris& 2e&*2's&* i ,e ,*rere $ă )+!%r% *) &r"$%ă9 )&r%'#%r%)r)#,)*ă ) #!")##*,r9 ',&"r# "!#*% %!'. D%#)%*% ')r% &,! )&ăr%) "!:lenea la-itatea r(tina %(&er,i'ialitatea.3> !(ee24! !)i.e2!r+ %!% " ()&! )!"r)* *) ',&#*. D# &"'! $% %$%r%,r)*9 %) % )#(%!ă ') , !%$#ă #(%r#,)ră. 8 )'%! ');9 &,! )&)r%

"ră!,)r%*% !#&"r# $% $%#)ă r$%,$# re,() alimentar %!'.> e2,i24! ,e ! &'2sr*i )*.i i.!gi2!re %!% , #!")#% (r%'%! 4!*#!ă*) ',&##9 )'%+!#) )$ ,?#'%#"* ă % r%("#%;% 4 #)#)r +# ă #%;%. O

15



)%%%) 4'*#)#% !r%?"#% ă răă " #&*" F,' +# ă " $%#ă "%')# '" )F"!,r"* 'ăr"#) ă %)$%;% $# #!")##*% $#(#'#*%. >LEUER +#CLAUDE )" "?*##)! #&,r!)) )'%!%# &r%$#&,;### 4 )"!# +#'#;,(r%#%. A*!% $%#)% ')r% &,! )&ăr%) "!: o*%e%iile %'r(&(lele ,

,o*iile mitomania. 8 !,)!% )'%!% #!")## ()#*#) %!% &r#) ')r% )r% $)!,r#)

$% ) 4&#%$#') ',&#*"* ă %)$%;% 4 #)#)r 4 )()r) #!")##*,r $% F,'.5> e2,i24! )! &*ri'0i!e #% $% $,r#) ',&#*"*"# $% ) '",)+!%.E!% ();)#!%r,)!#ă ) *"# De 'e/. Tr%?"#% ă # % ră&"$ă $% (#%')r% $)!ă '*)r9','#9 %#!$"-% #r,#)9 r%+%*#*%9 %!'. A!(%* % (,r%);ă '",+!#%*% +#$#r%) *,#'ă. 8 '); ',!r)r9 ',&#*"* ) 'ă"!) ră&""r#*% (#% 4 )()r)()#*#%# )*%9 (#% 4 &r,&r#) ) #)#)#%. D%#)%*% ')r% &,! )&ăr%) %)#(%!ă &r# !e,ormarea +6n!irii i &re"alen#a ima+ina#iei a%(&ra lo+i'ii .0> se:*!)i!e!. L) ',&## % ',#$%ră 'ă %=#!ă 4 %r%% !%$#) *)),)*##*% ##!,)r% )*% )$"*!"*"#. 8 *%ă!"ră '" )'%!% )&%'!% "!

%#,)!% "ră!,)r%*% $%#)%: %a!i%m(l )#(%!)! &r# &*ă'%r%) $% )'#"# )#)*%*%>9 ma%o'?i%m(l )#(%!)! &r# !%$#) $% ) (# "#*#! )"$% ) "(%r# $"r%r#>9 nar'i%i%m(l # R%%$#"* )'%!,r) % ă%+!% 4: )'!##!ă#&,r!#%9 F,'"r# )'!#%9 #)!#'ă9 %!'.B> se2i.e2e)e .'r!)e i re)igi'!se &,! )%) " r,* r%*)!,r– ,$%*)!,r +#"?*#)!# &%!r" )*!% !%$#% ')r% % &,! )#(%!). U%,r#9 #&r%)r%)#$%#*,r )!%#!% &,)!% (# "r)!ă $% ',#%r%) 'ă ,"* %!% *#?%r ă ()'ă,r#'%9 ',(,r ,#%# )*% *#?%r%. 8 ,$ ',!r)r9 #$%#*% *%)!% $% #)$ +#

&%$%)&) ##!,)r% &,! %%r) *) ',&## ),)%9 (,?##9 ,?%##.

2.=. MODELE EDUCATIVE

2.=.2. MODELUL FAMILIAL FACTOR DETERMINANT AL AGRESIVIT4ŢII

8)#!% $% ) (# %* 4"+#9 ',&#*"* %!% )*!"* )" )*##. Or#'% ',&#* %(,r%);ă ') &%r,)*#!)!% $"&ă ,$%*"* ,(%r#! $% #)#%) '%*"#*)*!. Or#'% #!%$% %$"')#% ') )'! $% (,r)r% ) #$##$"*"# 4'%&% '" i.i!4i! +# % 4'%#% '"i,e2i7i&!re! ""# .',e). I#!)#) +# #$%!#(#')r%) *) ',&#* % ()' 4 r)&,r! '" #(*"%%*%9 4%*%$

&r# )'%!%) &r%#"#*% )" r%&r#ăr#*%9 '" ')r)'!%r %=!%r9 %=%r'#!)!% $% &ăr##)"&r) ',&#*"*"#. Or#'% %$"')#% ') &r,'% $% (,r)r% ) ',&#*"*"# !r%?"#% ă 4'%)&ă +# ă %$%(ă+,)r% 4 ')$r"* r"&"*"# ()#*#)*9 $% ,r##% )* )'%!"#). P%r,)%*% 'ăr,r) *%

r%#% )r'#) (,răr## ',&#*"*"# "!9 4 &r#"* r$9 &ăr###. Ur%*% %!)*%*ă)!% $% ()#*#% (#%'ăr"# #$##$ %=%r'#!ă )# !r;#" #(*"%% ,'#)*% 4 '%%) '% &r#%+!% &r%$#&,;##) *"# +# 4 '%%) '% &r#%+!% &"!%r%) 'r%)!,)r% 4 $,%#"*

10



!r)$##%#9 )r!%# +# r%*##%#. S% ,r?%+!%9 $%'#9 $%&r% %=#!%) ""# )+) – "#!&'.()e: 7!.i)i!). Is'ri! &'(i)+rieiT1e 1is'rB '7 &1i),1'',> '"&r#$% &%r#,)$% $#(%r#!%#;,r!% $# %'%#!)!%) $% ) $#!#% %!)&% )*% %=")*#!ă##9 'r#;% $#%r%9)',&)##$ r%&r%#"#*% +# )%;##*% 4 ')r% (#%')r% %,r#% %!% r%*)!ă $% 'ă!r%

#',+!#%!. 8 )'%! %9 (eri'!,e)e "! "ră!,)r%*%:1> I27!2&B s*g!r*)/ % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# )'%%) 'ă ',&#*"* %!% $%&%$%! $%"* )%# &%!r" ră#r%9 #)r &%!r" #"r)ă %!% $%&%$%! $% &r,!%'#)

&ăr##*,r. E* " % &,)!% #+') #$%&%$%! +# "-+# &,)!% )r!#'"*) $,r#%*%+# #$%#*%. A'%)!ă &%r#,)$ă % 4!#$% $% *) na-tere &ă *) 7n#$r'are# L) "%*%

&,&,)r% ă*?)!#'%9 )'%)!ă &%r#,)$ă $"r%);ă 2 – 3 )#. 8 ',"#!ă#*%'##*#;)!%9 4ă9 %) %!% "*! )# '"r!ă – )&r,=#)!# 1 ).2> >!8B1'', – '"&r#$% &%r#,)$) $% *) 3 )# *) 0 )# – +# % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă

&r# $%&r#$%r%) r)$")*ă $% *##!%*% ()#*#%#. C,&#*"*9 $%+# )!)+)! $% )ă

+# #')&)?#* ă $"'ă , %=#!%ă #$%&%$%!ă9 % &,)!% #+')9 ,r?%+!% +# % F,)'ă *#?%r 4 F"r"* )%#. E* 4)ă ă % #+!% )# $%&)r!% $% ()#*#% +#4'%&% ă-+# (#% "(#'#%! *"# 4"+#.3> C1i),1'', – &%r#,)$) &ă *) )$,*%'%ă – %!% %!)&) 'ă*ă!,r##*,r +# )

F,'"*"# '" )*# ',&##9 %!)&ă 4 ')r% % r%)*#;%);ă , r%*)!#ă #$%&%$%ă. E!% &%r#,)$) 4 ')r% !,# ',&### 4'%& ă (#% ###)# 4 *%ă!"ră '" r%*)#) $#!r%%?r## "%# ',"#!ă#9 &r%'" +# &%r#,)$) 4 ')r% % )''%!"%);ă$%&r#$%r%) $% ()#*#%. E!%9 $% ()&!9 ) $,") &%r#,)$ă $% %&)r)r% $% ()#*#%.> A,')es&e24! – '"&r#ă 4!r% 5&(*ertatea &%i?olo+i'$ -i 'om&leta

%o'iali)are mat(r$”9 %!% &%r#,)$) 'om&letei eman'i&$ri ,a#$ !e atmo%,era ,amilial$. 8 ,$ ,r)*9 )$,*%'%) % (r+%+!% '" , '$%$torie +#7ntemeierea (nei noi ,amilii .

8 ')$r"* r"&"*"# ()#*#)*9 ?ăr?)!"*9 4 ')*#!)!%) ) $% !+9 #?,*#;%);ă#!%r$#'#) +# (,r) $#'#&*#)ră9 #)#%) )"!,r#!ă## 9 '%* ')r% &%r#!% $#r#F)r%)$,r#%*,r +# ',!r"'#) &##'ă ) (##%# ")%. P%!r" ,r#'% !)!ă9 ',&#*"* %!%9 4 &r#"* r$9 , )(#r)r% ) #r#*#!ă## )*%9 ')

&r%;%ă 4 ()#*#%. C,',#!%! 4 ');"* 4 ')r% )'%!) %!% ?ă#)!9 %* ) )%)

&%!r" !)!ă* ă" %#(#')#) #?,*#'ă ) ',!#"#!ă## )'%!"#). C) )!)r%9 )+) '"!)!ă* r%&r%;#!ă " )"#! #?,* &%!r" ',&#*9 !,! )+) +# ',&#*"* r%&r%;#!ă "#?,* &%!r" !)!ă. M,$"* 4 ')r% !)!ă* 4+# %=%r'#!ă r,*"r#*% )*% $#(%ră 4 r)&,r! '" i(*) ,e !+.8 )'%! %9 % $#!# '!%) !#&"r# $% !)!ă $"&ă '" "r%);ă C#ENĂC6ESCU>:

)> !+ !gresiv9 #,*%!9 )"!,r#!)r9 #!,*%r)! ?/ !+ 8)32,9 ')*$9 &r#%!%,'/ !+ !2:i's9 $%&r%#9 4'#9 $%(%!#!$> !+ i*8i'r9 #&)!#'9 ă;"! ') " %#-;%".

D%%#! )$"*!9 ',&#*"* ) ##!)9 *) r$"* ă"9 ,$%*"* !)!ă*"# &% ')r% *-))"!. 8 ')$r"* "%# ()#*##9 ?ăr?)!"* %!% +# , +# !)!ă9 #)r (%%#) – ,#% +# )ă9

1B



(#%')r% $#!r% %# 4$%&*##$ $,"ă r,*"r#9 &% $% , &)r!%9 r,*"* ',F")* +#9 &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 r,*"* &)!%r.

P%!r" " ',&#*9 .!.! r%&r%;#!ă '%!r"* %=&%r#%%*,r )*% &% &*)(#;#,*,#'9 &#,*,#'9 )(%'!# +# #!%*%'!")*. E) r%&r%;#!ă "r) %%#)*ă ) 4!r%##$%;,*!ăr# #!)*% ) ',&#*"*"#9 &r%'" +# "r) $% !#"*# %,#,)* – )(%'!##

,r#%!)# 'ă!r% ',&#*. M)) %!% &r#"* ',!)'! '" *"%)9 '" %%##. R%*)#) $#!r%)ă +# ',&#* % r%)*#;%);ă &r# ,'%9 r)ă9 #r,9 %$%r%9 %!#%!"* $%%'"r#!)!%9 )!#()'#%9 F,'9 %!'. C# ENĂC6ESCU>. A!#!"$##*% )!%r% ,'#% &,! $%'*)+) )&)r##) "%# *)r# )% $% ?,*# *)',&#* &% &*) ,)!#'9 &##' )" &#,-,)!#'. Pr# "r)r%9 )) r%&r%;#!ă

&%!r" ',&#* " ")# , "ră $% !#"*# '" %(%'! &,;#!#9 '# +# , "ră $% ,r(%tr$ri +# ')r%% '" %(%'! %)!#. 8 %"* )'%!)9 ))9 4 r)&,r! '" !)!ă*9 )r% " %(%'!"*! )# $#r%'!9 )# #&,r!)! +# #%$#)! )"&r) $%;,*!ăr## ',&#*"*"#. 8 !#& '% %(%'!%*% %)!#% )*% ,$%*"*"# &)!%r % ,r )#(%!) )# !r;#"

4 ',&,r!)%!"* +# )!#!"$##*% ',&#*"*"#9 4 ,$%*"* &%r,)*#!ă## )'%!"#)9%(%'!%*% %)!#% )*% ,$%*"*"# )!%r % )#(%!ă &r%','%9 )# )*% 4 (%r)%,#,)*-)(%'!#ă9 %%!)!#ă +# ,)!#'ă.

A+) '" %=#!ă )"#!% !#&"r# $% !)!ă9 *) (%* % &,)!% &"% 'ă %=#!ă +#)"#!% i(*ri ,e .!.+:

)> .!.! &!(iv+ ')r)'!%r#;)!ă &r# %,#9 )r)# )* ',&,r!)%!"*"#)(%'!#9 ')r)'!%r #&%r#,9 ##*%!

?> .!.! !8*0iv+ %!% !#&"* ')r% " &,)!% $%&r#$% $r),!%) )!%ră $% &r,&r#) ) &%r,)ă

'> .!.! 2ese&*ri0!2+ %!% '%) ')r% &r#%+!% ',&#*"* ') &% " #F*,' +# " ') &% " ',&$> .!.! i2e)e&*!)+ % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# ,r$#%9 ',r%'!#!"$#%9 r#Fă

&%!r" %'#*#?r"* )*#%!)r +# ##%#'%> .!.! &'(ii)'r i27ir.i %!% #&%rr#F"*#%9 'r"&"*,)ă9 )r%#ă "%,r# ()ă$% #(#r.

8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% i27)*e24! &*()*)*i 7!.i)i!) % ',#$%ră 'ă )!! ))9'! +# !)!) #(*"%%);ă ',&#*"* " $,)r &r# ',&,r!)%!"* *,r #$##$")*9 '# +#

&r# )!"r) r%*)##*,r *,r ',F")*%. C,&#*"* ) &%r'%&% r%*)##*% ',(*#'!")*% $#!r%

&ăr##. T"*?"răr#*% $# #!%r#,r"* '"&*"*"# ,r %%r) *) r$"* *,r %'"$)r>!"r?"răr# $# &)r!%) ',&#*"*"#. S-) ,?%r)! 'ă )&r,=#)!# !r%# (%r!"r# $#!r% ',&###'" !"*?"răr# ')r)'!%r#)*% +# $% ',&,r!)%! )" &ăr### $%&ăr##. 4 ');"* ',&##*,r )r%## % ',!)!ă %=#!%) ",r r%*)## ()#*#)*% )r')!% $% #,*%ă +#)r%##!)!% ) &ăr##*,r9 ""* 4&,!r#) '%*"#*)*!. E!% $,%$#! +!###(#' 'ă " ',&#* ')r% 4$"ră $% #' &r%#"%) "%#',&,r!ăr# &ăr#!%+!# $"r% 4+# 4"+%+!% )'%*)+# (%* $% ',&,r!)r% $%#% $"r 4r%*)##*% '" '%#*)*# ',&## +# )&,#9 *) )!"r#!)!%9 '" r%!"* ,)%#*,r9 Ar"%!"* &)*%*,r9 )* ?ă!ă## '" '"r%)") )" %r%)") !r%?"#% ă $#&)ră$# )r%)*"* %$"')#%#. Păr%r%) 'ă ?ă!)#) 4$r%)&!ă '%) ) (,!9 4 %"ăr)!%r$"r#9 #(#r)!ă. L) (%* -) &ră?"+#! )*!ă &r%F"$%')!ă &ăr#!%)'ă9 '%) &r##$')r)'!%r"* #&*)')?#* ră" )* &r,%#!"r## *,r: )r (# ?r"!)*9 )r%#9 'r"$ $,)r &%!r"

1<



'ă )+) -) ă'"!. L#&) $% *,#'ă %!% )!! $% (*)r)!ă9 4'! &ăr### 9 $)'ă )(*ă'ă &r,&r#"* *,r ',&#* *-) ?ă!"! &% )*!"*9 r%'"r !,! *) ?ă!)#%. D% )#'# )&)r% , )!#!"$#%)r%#ă ) &ăr##*,r ()ă $% ',&#*9 #)r *) )'%!)9 , r%)'#% )r%#ă ')r% % &,)!%#!%r#,r#;). S#!")#) % )r)%);ă 4 ');"* ""# &r,! '*#)! ()#*#)*: mi)eria material$mi)eria moral$ ne7n#ele+erea al'ooli%m(l toate ,ormele !e !i%o'iere ,amilial$-i 'on%e'in#ele lor: 'o&ii nele+itimi 'o&ii &ro"eni#i !in a!(lter 'o&ii a!o&ta#i%!'. D% "*!% ,r#9 ',&#*"* )r% 4'*#)#) )!"r)*ă $% )-* )!r)% &% )$"*! &% !%r%"*#,*%%#9 $% )-* 4'%r') )!(%*. S"&%r#,r#!)!%) &ăr#!%*"# % $,%$%+!% )!"'# '$)'%!) % &,)!% !ă&#. D)'ă % *)ă ', $# ră?$ăr# 4%)ă 'ă ) (,!)%r)! $% ',&#* $)'ă 4ă &ăr#!%*% ră% *"'#$9 ',&#*"* 4+# $ă %)) '%4%)ă !ă&#r%) $% #%9 #"r)) r%)'#%# )*%. N%&ă)r%9 ?r"!)*#!)!%9 %&r#'%&%r%9 %,# "! !răă!"r# $% %','%&"!

&%!r" '%%) '% 4%)ă9 4 4%*%"* '%* )# $#r%'!9 ,#"%) $% PĂRINTE. E!%,r)* ') &ăr### ă )#?ă $r%&!"* $% ) (,*,# #F*,)'% $% ',!r%r%9 ') +#r%',&%)r%9 4ă ?ă!)#) " r%;,*ă #&)"r#*%9 $,)r *% )'"$%9 &%!r" ') )&,#9$"&ă " !#&9 )'%!%) ă %r"&ă '" , #,)r% &,r#!ă. A&e)e ,e !gresivi!e )(*)!% &% !r%)&!) *,r )=#ă – #,*%ă – "! $%r%"*ă9 ',#% $% !#%r# *)? )!)+)# .e,i*)*i 4 ')r% !ră#%'9 &')i)e )"(r'7esi*2ii )*%%9 $)r )# %=#!ă +# '%)*)*!ă ()ă ) ,%$%#9 '$ %=%&*"* ,$%*"* %)!#9 )# '" %)ă )* ",r ,)%# )&r,&#)#9 (#% &ăr##9 (#% r"$%9 4* &,!)!r)% &% !ăr &% , &)!ă %=!r% $% &r#%F$#,)ă9 ,'#ă ) )#(%!ăr#*,r

)!#,'#)*%9 (ă#+%9 '"r%!%. D# &"'! $% %$%r% &#,*,#'9 ',&#*"* %!% +# r%;"*!)!"* )!"r## r%*)##*,r $#!r% &ăr### ă#. )'%! )&%'! %!% $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)!9 #)r ))*#;) *"# ) &"% 4%#$%ă )&%'!% )!#!"$#)*% $#(%r%#)!% )*% !)!ă*"# +# )*% )%# ()ă $% ',&#*. C))!)r%9 )) &,)!% r%&#% ',&#*"* )"9 $#&,!r#ă9 ) 4'%r') ă-* ,r#%!%;%4&,!r#) !)!ă*"# ă". T)!ă* &,)!% 'ă"!)9 *) r$"* ă"9 ă ')&!%;% ',&#*"* +# ă-*,r#%!%;% ,!#* 4&,!r#) )%# )*%. D% )%%%)9 ',&#*"* $%;,*!ă i2erese &)!2,esi2e i i.(*)s*ris*8er!2e9 &r# )'%)!) (ă'$"-% r%(%r#r% *) '"r#,;#!)!%) %=")*ă ) ',&#*"*"#. C)

)!)r%9 %=#!ă $,"ă ')!%,r## $% *"'r"r#: ,e&e2e +# i2,e&e2e9 &% $% , &)r!%9 +# (*re+# i.(*re9 &% $% )*!). 8 %&)r)r%) ,e&e2*)*i $% i2,e&e2 r,*"* #&,r!)! r%#% &ăr##*,r +#)# )*% )%# ')r% %=&*#'ă )# "*! $%'%!"*9 #$%'%!"* ră$ ') (##$ '%)%'*)r9 $% %)!#. A$%%)9 )) r%(";ă ă % ,r?%)'ă 4 &r%;%) %# $%&r%<'?e%ti(ni %e>(ale9 4 !#& '% !)!ă* &ă!r%);ă (%r) in!e'ent(l(i &r# &,;##) ) $%)"!,r#!)!% ,r)*ă "&r%ă. A$%%) in!e'ent(l %!% ),'#)! '" %"* $% #ă.

8 ',"#!ă#*% ă!%+!#9 ',&### r%)*#;%);ă )# "+,r $#(%r%%*% $#!r% %=% +#" )" #!%r"* r%&r,$"'%r##9 %# ',#$%r$ )'%!% *"'r"r# ') (##$ ,r)*%. Ş# !,!4 )'%! %$#"9 ?ă!r%*% *% (ă!"#%' &% !#%r%*% )% ') ?ă#)!"* ă $,)ră %&)r)!$% %*%9 +!##$"-% 'ă %r%'##*% #()!#*% $% *) )&r,=#)!# 3 )# $%,!r%);ă 'ă

?ă#)!"* 4+# &r#%+!% )*!(%* )) $%'! ()!).

1@



8 ,%!"* 4 ')r% ',&#*"* 4'%&% ă &r%;#!% ,$#(#'ăr# $%!%r#)!% $%%=9 %!#%!%*% &ăr##*,r "! $#(%r#!% ()ă $% 7ii +# 7ii&e 4 %"* 'ă !+) %$%4 7i* ?ă#)!> &% "''%,r"* *"#9 #"r"* ')r%-* &,)!% 4*,'"# 4 ,&,$ăr#r%)()#*#%#. D)! (##$ )'%)!)9 !)!ă* $%#% )# 'r#!#' +# #(*"%%*% )*% % %=%r'#!ă 4,'*+ ,ire&4ii:

)> $)'ă ?ă#)!"* " ',r%&"$% #$%)*"*"# 4 ')r% !)!ă* 'r%$%9 )!"'# !)!ă* 4+# ))#(%!) ,!#*#!)!%) +# $%;)&r,?)r%)

?> %*)',*#) !)!ă*"# #;$ $#&)r##) +# 4*,'"#r%) ) $%!%r#ă ,!#*#!)!%$# &)r!%) *"#.

C) )!)r%9 ',&#*"* %!% r%&r#)! 4 )?%*% ');"r#: ,!#*#!)!%) !)!ă*"# &r,,)'ăr%)'## $% ră&" )*% ',&#*"*"# !,! 4 %!#%!% ,!#*%. L) r$"* ă"9 .!.! " )r% %!#%!% %)!#% ()ă $% ?ă#)!9 %) " )r%$%'! %!#%!% $% )$#r)#% &%!r" 7i*) ')r% ) $%%# '$) ?ăr?)!. Se2i.e2e)e !+)*i &r##$ 7ii&! – , r%&%!##% ) *"# 4"+# 4!r-, &,!"ră

(%##ă – ',!)" 4 )'%%) 'ă ()!) 4# ă"*%+!% )#!)!%). 8 )'%! %9 %',#$%ră 'ă ()'!,r## ,'#)*# % )%!%'ă '" '%# ?#,*,#'# +#9 ') )!)r%9 !)!ă* %!% )#!)$r" '" ()!) $%'! '" (#"*9 4 !#& '% )) % ',&,r!ă #%r. U ,%! $%,%?#! '% % &%!r%'% 4 F"r"* r!%# $% B )# 4* ',!#!"#%i2r!re! )! &'!)+ ) ',&#*"*"# '$ )r% *,' !r)(%r"* %!#%!%*,r 'ă!r% , )ă-"?!#!"!. A'%)!) " %!% )*!) $%'! 52v+4+'!re! ')r% ) (# &r##!ă '" , !)$r%%

&)#,)*ă9 $)r (ără )*!% %!#%!%. A'%! !r)(%r " !r%?"#% ',("$)! '" !%$#))$,*%'%!"*"# $% ) % 4$ră,!# $% (%%#) )# 4 r!ă9 8ă9 $)'ă )) %!%

&r%) )!)+)!ă $% ',&#*9 )# )*% $% ?ă#)!9 %!#%!%*% *"# ()ă $% %$"')!,)r% , ()'

%*,)ă &r# "r)r%9 )) $%#% #,*%!ă +# 4* ()'% &% ?ă#)! ă "(%r%.M)# !r;#" 4 %,*"#) ',&#*"*"#9 )&)r% "ră!,)r%) (r'8)e.+: $)'ă #$%)*"*!)!ă*"# &r##$"-* &% (#"* ă" ',#'#$% '" #$%)*"* (#"*"#. C$ #$%)*"* !)!ă*"# 4'%&%ă % $%!r)% % )#(%!ă %*##+!%) (#"*"# 4,#!ă $% %,## ',!r)$#'!,r##: -a,e'#i(ne ne&l$'ere@ tan!re#e team$. 8 )'%! ',!%=!9 #$%)*#;)r%) !)!ă*"# ')$%+#9 ') )!)r%9 %!#%!%*% %)!#% "! $,#)!% 4 r%*)#) !)!ă-(#".

U )*! )&%'! $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)! %!% %=#!%) C'.()e:*)*i Oe,i(;)'%!) (##$ " #!% $% )!#!"$## !#&#'% &%!r" , ,'#%!)!% &)!r#)r)*ă9 #)r 4 F"r"*r!%# $% 0 )# )!#!"$##*% ',&#*"*"# #'*"$ %*%%!% )*% "r## +# $,r#%# "&r#)!%.

8 %%r)*9 &'.()e:*) 'e,i( %!% " ))?*" ,r)#;)! $% $,r#% %r,!#'% +#,!#*%9 !,!,$)!ă9 &% ')r% ',&#*"* *% r%#!% ()ă $% &ăr### ă#. S% $%'r#" $,"ăsi*!4ii 'e,i(ie2e: ('0iiv+ i 2eg!iv+ C# ENĂC6ESCU/#

8 (,r) &,;#!#ă % )#(%!ă )!r)'#) ',&#*"*"# &%!r" &ăr#!%*% $% %= ,&"+# r#)*#!)!% ()ă $% '%* $% )'%*)+# %=. 8 (,r) %)!#ă9 ',&#*"* )#(%!ă )!r)'#%

&%!r" &ăr#!%*% $% )'%*)+# %= +# ,!#*#!)!% ()ă $% &ăr#!%*% $% %= ,&".S# FREUD &"% ',&*%="* ,%$#& *) ?);) $%;,*!ăr## &##'% ) #$##$"*"#9

*) (,r)r%) +# )!"r#;)r%) %,#,)*-)(%'!#ă ) &%r,)*#!ă## )'%!"#).S% ',#$%ră 'ă9 $% r%"*ă9 &'.()e:*) 'e,i( %!% *#'#$)! 4 ,%!"* 4

')r% ',&#*"*9 $%%#! !ăr )$,*%'%!9 % ) #$%!#(#') '" &ăr#!%*% $% )'%*)+# %=9#%+#$ )!(%* $% "? $,#)#) +# $%&%$%) &)r%!)*ă +# #$%!#(#'$"-% '" ,"*ă" r,*. D% ()&!9 %!% ,r?) $%&r% " &'27)i& !) r')*ri)'r9 ',(*#'! )* "%# #!")##

2



8 '%*% )# r)% #!")## – )!"'# '$ &ăr### "! $%;#!%r%)#9 r%'#9$#!)#9 &)## 4 '%%) '% &r#%+!% (,r)r%) +# %$"')r%) &r,&r#"*"# ',&#* – )'%+!#)',&###> &r%(%ră ă *,'"#)'ă &% !r)$ă9 4 &)r'"r#9 4 "r#*% $% '))*#;)r%.

8 )'%! %9 )% $%-) ()'% '" $,"ă si*!4ii-(r'8)e.+ 7*g! iv!g!8'2,!9*). D#'#,)r"* %=&*#')!# )* *#?## r,% ',!%&,r)% DE>

$%(#%+!% )!(%* '"#!%*% ("ă +# ))?,$)r%: 7*g! %!% $%&*))r%) '" &)+# r%&%;# )*%r)r%9 ,)ă9 &ără#r%) r)?#'ă )

""# *,' &%!r" ) 'ă&) $% , ',!r%r% )" $% , &r#%F$#% v!g!8'2,!re 4%)ă ) ră!ă'# (ără #!ă9 ,#ăr#$ $#!r-" *,' 4!r-)*!"*

!ră#$ ') " ))?,$.Pr# "r)r%9 7*g! %!% %)*ă '" &ără#r%) ')%# &ăr#!%+!#9 ) +',*##9 )$

&,)!% " %*9 ',&9 $#r%'#%9 &% '$ v!g!8'2,!re! %!% %)*ă '" ră!ă'#r%) $% ',*,9',*,9 (ără #!ă.

L) r$"* ă"9 NOR>ERT SILLAM@ 4 D#'#,)r"* &#,*,#%# 4'%)r'ă

ă (#% +# )# %=)'!:- 7*g! 4%)ă &*%')r% $% *) $,#'#*#"* ă" *) ',&#*9 (##$ %&#*,"* ""#

',(*#'! '" )!"r)F"*9 '!%,$)!ă r%)'#% *) ,&,;##) ()ă $% %$#"* ')r% "-* )!#()'%9!,!,$)!ă , &%r)ă ',(";ă $% ) ă# )#"r%) '%%) '% #-) (,! &ă )!"'# r%(";)!>

- v!g!8'2,!re! % r%(%ră *) )'%%) 'ă ))?,$"* " % (#=%);ă #'ă#%r#9 ")r% $,#'#*#"* (#=9 %!% ""* ')r% 4+# "r%);ă #"r#*%9 ',!r"#$"-+# " (%* $%()?"*ă !ră#!ă DUPRE># L) ',&##9 ))?,$)F"* )&)r% 4 &%'#)* *) #$##;##%,!## – $% %=%&*": (r#') $% ) % 4!,)r'% )')ă $# ')";) "%# ,!% &r,)!% *")!ă*) +',)*ă - 9 *) '%# #!)?#*# +# *#&## $% "&,r! )(%'!# – )?)$,9 $%;%?r)r%)

()#*#%# . . . C,%'#%*% ("## "! )$%%,r# %=!r% $% %r#,)%: ("r!9 )r%##!)!%. 8,r#'% ');9 %!% ,r?) $%&r% " ',&,r!)%! &%'#(#' %)$)&!)!"*"#. 8 )'%! %9re)!4i! $#!r% %*% )r &"!%) (# )!(%* '%)!#;)!ă:

- 7*r ,e-!&!s+ – 7*g+ ,e-!&!s+ – gr*( – !gresivi!eH- 7*g+ ,e-!&!s+ – gr*( – 7*r s'&i!) – !gresivi!eH- gr*( – 7*r ,e-!&!s+ – 7*g+ ,e-!&!s+ – !gresivi!eH- gr*( – 7*r s'&i!) – 7*g+ ,e-!&!s+ – !gresivi!eH- 7*r ,e-!&!s+ – 7*g+ ,e –!&!s+ – (r'si*4ie e&H

D#!)) $#!r% %*% %!% $)!ă $% $"r)!ă: 7*g! )r% " ')r)'!%r $% 'r#;ă9 #)r v!g!8'2,!9*) %!% " (%,% ',&*%= )$ , $%(ă+"r)r% 4 !#&. 8 ("'#% $%')";%9 7*g! )r% $#%r% (,r%: (,r) $% &"*#"% %,!#ă9 ') r%;"*!)! )* "%# !ăr#',(*#'!")*% '" +',)*)9 '" ()#*#)9 , #!")#% ()#*#)*ă $%,%?#!ă %%r)!ă $%$#,'#%r%) 'ă#"*"#9 *#&"r# )!%r#)*%9 !%$#%*% r%%$#')!#%9 %?%(r%##*% $%,r,*#". 6") )# &,)!% (# , %=&r%#% ) "%# $,r#% $% )%!"ră9 $% %)$)r%

&%!r" ) %$%) *"'r"r# ,#9 4 &%'#)* &%!r" ) 4!*# +# ) !ră# , %=&%r#%ă#)#)ră #$"ă &r#!r-, "%!#?#*#!)!% #()!#*ă $# *%'!"r# )" $# #(*"%%r%*)#,)*%.

V!g!8'2,!9*) %!% , r%)'#% ,r)#;)!ă ')r% )&)r% $# *#&ă $% )!)+)%!()#*#)* )" ()ă $% , ',!r%r% $#(#'#* "&,r!)!ă $% )%%%)9 &,)!% (#r%;"*!)!"* ##!)#%# +# )* "%!#%# ') +# )* !%!)#%# $% ,'#)*#;)r% &r# #!r)r%) 4!r-

23



, ?)$ă N# MITROFAN># D"r)!) )r#);ă $% *) (") $% , F"ă!)!% $% ;#9 &ă *))r#*% ("#9 $% 2 – 3 *"#9 4 ')r% "?#%'!"* % ),'#);ă '" &%r,)% &#,&)!% +#!ră#%' $# %=&%r#%% *) ?);) 'ăr,r) !)" '%*% )# $#%r% )#(%!ăr# )!#,'#)*%.

C%!r%*% $% &*))%! ,(%ră )'%!,r ',&## '" &r,?*%% $% )$)&!)r% )" *#&##$% , ()#*#%9 " #!% $% %$"')#%9 " ,$%* +',*)r +# ()#*#)*9 4 %%r)*9 "

"?!#!"! &%!r" &ăr#!%*% )?%! $# &r,'%"* $% (,r)r% +# $%;,*!)r% ) &%r,)*#!ă## )'%!,r ',&##.

8 &r#"* r$9 %$"')#) 4 '%!r%*% $% &*))%! ră&"$% ",r 2ev'is(e&i!)e +#9 $%'#9 #&*#'ă +# (,r)r%) ",r ,?#%'!#% ',&*%%!)r% '%*,r %%r)*%$% %$"')#% +# 4ă)r%.

8 )'%! %9 ','%&!"* $% 2ev'ie %!% $%(##! %=!r% $% $#(%r#!. U##),'#);ă ','%&!"* '" #$%%) $% *#&ă9 ')r%ă9 )*## $% ,!#)#%9 $% !%#"#*% $#,r)#9 #)r )*## % r%(%ră *) ,#"%) $% $,r#ă.

D%(##! #!%!#'9 ','%&!"* $% 2ev'ie -)r r%;") *) , %=#%ă #&"ă $%

%$#"* )!"r)* )" ,'#)* ')r% )r &%$"*) 4!r% $,"ă !#&"r# )r# $% %,#: 2ev'i 522+s&*e )!"r)*%9 (#;#,*,#'%>9 &r#)r%9 #%r%!% ,r)#"*"# +# 2ev'i&3ig!e9 )?%*% (##$ "r&r#% 4 #%r)r#) %,#*,r $# (ir!.i,! )*i MASLO+# )"%:

- (ri.*) 2ive) '"&r#$% %,#*% (#;#,*,#'% r)ă9 'ă*$"ră>- !) ,'i)e! 2ive) '%* $% %'"r#!)!% &r,!%'#) 4&,!r#) &%r#',*%*,r>- !) rei)e! 2ive)9 )&)r!%%ă +# $r),!% $r),!%9 )(%'!##!)!%9 &r#%!%#%>- !) (!r*)e! 2ive)9 r%&%'!"* $% #% 4'r%$%r%) 4 #%9 r%&%'!"* ()ă $%

)*##>

- !) &i2&i)e! 2ive)9 r%)*#;)r%) &%r,)*ă &,#?#*#!)!%) $% )-+# $%;,*!) &,!%#)*"* >.Pr# "r)r%9 (,r)r%) &%r,)*#!ă## +# (%*"* 4 ')r% #$##$"* 4+# r%;,*ă

&r,&r##*% )*% #!")## $% #)ă &r#%+!% &r,'%"* $% 'r%+!%r%9 $%;,*!)r% +# ,'#)*#;)r%)* #$##$"*"#. L) )'%)!) ',!r#?"#% ,'*+ e)e.e2e $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)!%:

!# i27)*e24! .',e)*)*i s'&i'-&*)*r!)9 r%&r%;%!)!ă &r# "ră!,)r%*%)&%'!%: ),'#%r%) *) r"&"r#*% $%*#'!")*% #%*"* $% #!r"'#% +',*)ră )"'"*!"r)*ă ) #$##$"*"# !r"'!"r) r"&"*"# ()#*#)* $% ,r##% )&)r!%%)*) , )"#!ă '*)ă ,'#)*ă !)!"!"* $% %#r)! )" +# $% #,r#!)r %!'

8# r+s+*ri)e i2,ivi,*!)e r%&r%;%!)!% &r#: r!ă9 %=9 #%* $%#!%*#%ă9 ',!#!"#) ?#,-&##'ă ?,*# &##'% )'!")*% )" )!%r#,)r% &r%;%) )" )?%) ",r #(#r#!ă# %!'.

8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% (,r)r%) &%r,)*#!ă## ',&#*"*"#9 #!%r%%);ă reie)e.e2e +# )"%:

"# i.!gi2e! ,e si2e ?ă#)! ?" )$#> ?ă#)! ?" r%&#>$# r!('r*ri i ev')*4ie (r"!răr# +# ')r%% )(%'!#% !r)"% &#,,'#)*%9

()#*#)*%9 &r,(%#,)*%%# *)8*r+ri (si1i&e $% ',&,r!)%!9 %r,!#'%9 &##'%9 &#,&)!#'% C#

ENĂC6ESCU>.S#!")#) $% (r"!r)r% )# " )#!#!ă9 $%!%r#ă )$,&!)r%) ""#

',&,r!)%! )r%# )$,&!)!9 4 "*!#ă #!)ă9 )!! ') , (,ră $% )$)&!)r%9 '!9

2



)# )*%9 ') , ',&%)r%9 ') , (,ră $% ',!r)-r%)'#% *) !)r%) $% (r"!r)r% $%F)%=#!%!ă. A'%)!ă )r%##!)!% &r,#% $#!r-, r)ă #)!#()'#% )(%'!#ă. T,""*)r%# )* r%*)##*,r ,(%r#!% ',&##*,r (ără ()#*#% % ă,)ră9 $%'#9 " ")# &r#

?ă!)#%9 '# +# &r# )?%) )(%'#"## !,! " )'! ,!#* *) )$r%) ',&#*"*"#>.C,&,r!)%!"* )r%# )* ',&#*"*"# *)ă9 $% )'%)!ă $)!ă9 ă % 4!r%;ăr%)'ă "

&r,("$ %!#%! $% #)!#()'#% (##$9 )+)$)r9 !,! $% ,r##% (r"!r)!ă.U )&%'! $% , #&,r!)ă $%,%?#!ă %!% si*!4i! 'e,i(i!2+ ')r% )r% " r,*%%#)* 4 (,r)r%) #$##$"*"#. A?%) %# &,)!% )%) ',%'#% %=!r% $%r)% )!! &%!r" #$##$9 '! +# &%!r" r"&"* ,'#)* 4 ')r% % )(*ă )'%!).A?%) ""# ,$%* &)r%!)* r%)* ')r% ă r%&r%;#!% )"!,r#!)!%9 &r,!%'#% +#

)(%'!##!)!% )r% ',%'#% %r#,)% )"&r) (,răr## ',&#*"*"#. I!#'!%*%9 4 *,' ă(#% )"*)!%9 ,r (# %*#?%r)!% "? (,r) )r%##!ă## +# ) ',$"#!%*,r $% #,*%ă4ă)!%9 ')r% ,r %r# ') (,r% $% )$)&!)r%-#!%r)r% ,'#)*ă ) )'%!,r #$##;#4 ,'#%!)!% C# ENĂC6ESCU>.

C,&### %$,r## $% &ăr##9 )?)$,)# $% )'%+!#)9 (ără ()#*#%9 ,r )%) 4*,'"* &r,!%'#%# )(%'!#% #!")## (r"!r)!% +# ')r%% %,#,)*%. E# % ,r (,r) ')

&%r,)*#!ă# )r%#%9 &%!r" ')r% ,'#%!)!%) %!% , &#%$#'ă +# , ;,ă $%#!%r$#'#%.

L#&) ,$%*"*"# ()#*#)* )r% ',%'#% %)!#% )"&r) )!"r#;ăr## *,r %,#,)*-)(%'!#%9 #!%*%'!")*%9 4 #!%r)r%) ,'#)*ă9 4 ',"#')r%) +#r%*)#,)r%) '" '%#*)*#9 4 (#)*9 4 '%%) '% &r#%+!% &r,&r#) *,r #$%!#!)!%. L#&),$%*"*"# ) ()'% '% #$%!#!)!%) )'%!,r) ă % (,r%;% 4 r)&,r! '" '%) )r"&%*,r ##*)r% $% #$##;# "?,'#)*#;)#9 r"&"r# $% $%*#'%#9 $% ))?,;#9

$% &r,!#!")!%. E# $%# (#% $%&%$%# ,'#)*#9 (#% ,'#,&)# )!#,'#)*#. P"*#"#*% &r#)r%9 *#&#!% $% '%;"r) S"&r)-E"*"# ,r)*9 *% ,r ',(%r# " &r,(#* &#,*,#'&%'#(#'.

2.. RELAŢIA ADA0TARE FRUSTRARE AGRESIVITATE

2..2 DEFINIREA CONCE0TELOR ŞI RELAŢIA DINTRE ELE

O"* !r%?"#% ă % )$)&!%;% %r%" *) %$#"* 4 ')r% !ră#%+!%9 *)%%#%!%*% $% #)ă '" ')r% %!% ',(r"!)!. E* !r%?"#% ă 4(r"!% &#%$#'#9 ă"&,r!% ',(*#'!%9 ă 4#ă (r"!răr# )" ă $%&ă+%)'ă #!")##*% !r%)!%. A$%%) ,"* "răr%+!% r%)*#;)r%) )# "*!,r ',&"r#9 )&#r)##9 $,r#%.R%"r%*% %$,%% )" %=,%% $% ')r% $#&"% &%r,)) ")ă "! 4ă*##!)!%. D# &"'! $% %$%r% &#,*,#'9 )!"'# '$ % #&"% , )*%%r% 4!r%,!#% $#(%r#!%9 "!")* %='*"#%9 )&)r% " ',(*#'!. 8 )'%! ');9 )"&r) #$##$"*"#% %=%r'#!ă $,"ă )" )# "*!% (,r% '" )*%% $#(%r#!%9 $)r $% #!%#!)!%

25



)&r,=#)!# %)*ă. 8 ("'#% $% ')r)'!%r"* )'%!,r (,r% % !)?#*%' rei i(*ri ,esi*!4ii &'27)i&*!)e

C'27)i&*) !r!&4ie – !r!&4ie A – A/ %!% #!")#) 4 ')r% )*!%r)!#%*% &"%4 ()) #$##$"*"# "! *) (%* $% $%;#r)?#*%9 )$#'ă )?%*% )*%% "! &,;#!#%. D%,?#'%#9 4 ');"* )'%!"# !#& $% ',(*#'! $%'#;##*% "! *")!% r)&#$9 $"&ă , '"r!ă

&%r#,)$ă $% ,'#*)#%. U%,r# 4ă9 '$ )*%%r%) %!% (,)r!% #&,r!)!ă9 ',(*#'!"*A – A &,)!% %%r) ',&,r!)%!% %)$)&!#%. C'27)i&*) ,e i( evi!re – evi!re E – E/ )&)r% 4 ');"* 4 ')r% "?#%'!"*!r%?"#% ă )*%)ă 4!r% )r#)!% *) (%* $% #$%;#r)?#*% )?%*% )*%% "! %)!#%>.U%,r# % ')"!ă Qră"* '%* )# #'. A*!%,r# ,*"#) )&)r% 4 %);#"%) (#;#'ă )"#)#)ră ,r# 4 ',&,r!)r% )r%#ă. C'27)i&*) ,e i( !r!&4ie – evi!re A – E/ )&)r% )!"'# '$ " ',& )r%)!! )&%'!% )*%%> &,;#!#%9 '! +# %)!#%. S"?#%'!"* 4+# $%;,*!ă , )!#!"$#%)?#)*%!ă9 ##$"-% 4 )'%*)+# !#& )!r) +# r%&# $% " ,?#%'!-',& )" ,

)r'#ă. A'%! !#& $% ',(*#'! %!% '%* )# (r%'%! 4 #)) $% ;# '" ;#. %* )&)r% )#)*% "? (,r) )*%%r## 4!r% $,"ă )" )# "*!% )*!%r)!#% ')r% )" #"*!) )!!)*%% &,;#!#%9 '! +# %)!#%.

U ',(*#'! %r%;,*)! )" 'r,#'#;)! %!% , "ră $% FRUSTRARE. A'%)!)% $%(#%+!% ') (##$ !)r%) '%*"# ')r% %!% &r#)! $% , )!#()'#% *%#!#ă +# %!%4+%*)! 4 &%r)%*% )*%.

6r"!r)r%) &,)!% (# $)!,r)!ă )?%%# ""# ,?#%'! $% %=%&*"9 *#&) $%')r% &%!r" " , 4(,%!)!>9 *#&%# $% ?)#9 $% *,' $% "'ă )" 4!*#r##""# ,?!)',* 4 ')*%) 4$%&*##r## $,r#%*,r ?,)*ă9 (,$"r# %)!#(ă'"!%9

$#(#'"*!ă# $% 4')$r)r%>. 6r"!r)r%) % )#(%!ă 4 ');"* 4 ')r% " % ,?#% '%)*) ')r% &%r,)) ',#$%ră 'ă )r )%) $r%&!"* , &r,,')r%9 , %)*")r% &,r!#ă9%!'.>. D#(#'"*!ă#*% "! $%"#!% e:er2e '$ "! &r,%#!% $# %$#" +# i2er2e'$ %*% $%&#$ $% #$##$.

N" +!# $)'ă , #!")#% %!% (r"!r)!ă &%!r" " #$##$ $%'! !"$##$',&,r!)%!"* ă". R%)'##*% *) (r"!r)r% "! (,)r!% )r#)!%: %*% $%&#$ $% )!"r))%!"*"# (r"!r)! +# $% &%r,)*#!)!%) '%*"# ')r% %!% "&" )'%!"#). 8 %%r)*9ră&""* %!% )r%#. Agresivi!e! &,)!% (# $#r#F)!ă &r% " ,?!)',*9 $%&*))!ă

&% " "?!#!"! )" r%4!,)ră 'ă!r% #%. 8 "%*% ');"r#9 )r%#"%) !,!)* ##?)!ă

%!% 4*,'"#!ă $% r%r%#) *) " !)$#" )!%r#,r $% $%;,*!)r% r%)&)r##) "%#',$"#!% %'#> )" &,)!% (# $#r#F)!ă &r% %=!%r#,r9 e:r!(*2iiv+ )" % ',%r!%+!%4 r%)'#% $% )"!,)'";)r%9 $%'# % 4$r%)&!ă &r% #!%r#,r9 $%%#$ i2r!(*2iiv+.E) &,)!% (# +# !(*2iiv+9 )$#'ă ##)*#;)!ă *) %=!r% ') %#(#')#% +##&,r!)ă.

6#%')r% $# r%)'##*% *) (r"!r)r% &,! (# $% &%r#!%ă )"&r) ,?!)',*"*"# )"#!")#%# (r"!r)!% )" $% )&ăr)r% $% #% )"9 4 (#%9 ră&""* &,)!% (# ,r#%!)!&r% ă#r%) "%# ,*"##. D)!ă (##$ #&,r!)) *,r +# ,%!"* '$ % &r,$"'97r*sr!4ii)e )!r%%);ă ',%'#% )# "*! )" )# &"# $"r)?#*% *) '%# '% *%-)""(%r#!. E*% " '" )!! )# r)% '" '! % )#(%!ă )# &r%','% +# )# (r%'%!.

R#SPITZ ) ',!)! 'ă9 4 %%r)*9 ',&### &r#)# $% )ă &r%;#!ă ,%#?#*#!)!% 'r%'"!ă *) #(%'## ?))*% 4 r)&,r! '" '%#*)*#. 6r"!r)##*% )# &"#

20



r)%9 ') &r##r%) $% ?*$%%) )!%ră9 )" ',%'#ă ')r)'!%r#)*%. C,&#*"* $%#%%,#!9 #&%r%#?#* +# $%&%$%! $% &ăr### ă#. E$"')#) " ',#!ă 4 ) "&r#)(r"!r)##*%9 '# 4 ) *% $,;) 4 ("'#% $% r%;#!%) #$##$"*"#.

A+)$)r9 &r# 7r*sr!re "## &" (r"!r)#%> % $%%%);ă $,"ă (%,%%:(#% 4&#%$#')r%) '"#) ă-+# r%)*#;%;% " $r%&! )" , $,r#ă9 (#% !)r%) &##'ă '%

r%;"*!ă $# )'%! ?*,')F. N,# , !"$#) )&%'!"* &#,*,#'. 6r"!r)r%) "%# &%r,)% $"'% *) , 'r%+!%r% ) !%#"## +# *) , %r#% $% r%)'##.

/,r?# $% , ?)r#%ră ")# '$ " ,?!)',* %!% r%'",'"!9 %!% !ră#! '))!)r% $% &%r,)) r%&%'!#ă. D% %=%&*"9 $%?#*#!)r%) ""# ',&#* &,)!% 4&#%$#')4'%&%r%) +',*## &r#)r%. E) )r &"!%) (# , ?)r#%ră &%!r" &ăr##9 $)'ă %# $,r%' ă-*)$ă *) +',)*ă9 $)r " +# &%!r" ',&#*9 ')r% " r%) ă 4'%)&ă 4ăă!"r). 7)r#%r%*%"! ,?#%'!#% )" "?#%'!#%.

>!riere)e '8ie&ive &,! (# (%,%% )*% )!"r##: , #"$)#% 4&#%$#'ă ,()#*#% ă ()'ă , %='"r#% $% "*! $,r#!ă. D)r &,! (# +# % )!"ră ,'#)*ă9 '$ ,

&%r,)ă $,r%+!% ă ,'"&% " &,!9 #)r *) " ','"r % &r%;#!ă +# )*! ')$#$)!9 )# ?#% &r%ă!#!9 )" $)'ă , &r%F"$%')!ă ,'#)*ă #!%r;#'% ""# !ăr ă % 'ăă!,r%)'ă'" , ()!ă (ă'$ &)r!% $# )*!ă %!#%.

>!riere)e s*8ie&ive # $% &%r,)) (r"!r)!ă. %*% &,! (# $% ,r$# (#;#':%$%r%) *)?ă %!% , &#%$#'ă &%!r" ) $%%# +,(%r &r,(%#,#!. P,! )%) +# "')r)'!%r &##'9 )!"'# '$ )?,*%!) ""# *#'%" r%) ă "r%;% )r#!%'!"r)9 $)r " )r% $%*,' )&!#!"$## &%!r" $%%. D#!#'#) $#!r% "?#%'!# +# ,?#%'!# " %!%)+) %!ă 4 "%*% ');"r#. D% &#*$ă9 !ăr"* 4&#%$#')! *) r%)*#;)r%) 'ăă!,r#%# $% ,

&r%F"$%')!ă9 "(%ră +# " ?*,')F "?#%'!#9 $%,)r%'% ")# (##$'ă ) $%%#! ,

',#%r% &r,&r#%9 %) ',!#!"#% , ?)r#%ră.Re!&4ii)e 7!4+ ,e 8!riere "! "ră!,)r%*%:"/ e)i.i2!re! 8!riereiH$/ '&')ire! '8s!&')*)*iH%/ re!&4ii &'.(e2s!'rii

!/ s*8si*ire! .'iv*)*i '" % ');"* ""# !"$%! *) ',%r)!,r94$ră,!#! $% , ',*%ă ')r% % ăr#!ă '" )*!'#%). A'%)!ă(r"!r)r% &"!%r#'ă 4* &,)!% ()'% &% !ăr ă 4;%'%)'ă %(,r!"r#*%)*% &r,(%#,)*% &ă )!"'# #,r%> +# ă )F"ă " )r%

'!ăr%. D)'ă #"?#r%) ) )r (# (,! )!#(ă'"!ă9 &r,?)?#* 'ă -)r (#)F" *) , )%%%) &%r(,r)ă.ALFRED ADLER ) "?*##)! )'%! % $% r%)'##: ,)%## ')r% )" ,

#(%r#,r#!)!% ă$#!ă !#$ ă +#-, ',&%%;%9 'ă"!$ ă-# $,#% &% '%#*)*# 4!r-"$,%#" )" )*!"*. %* % (,*,%+!% $% %=%&*%*% ",r $#'!)!,r#: N)&,*%,9 6r)',!,# )" (,! #'# $% !)!"ră '%%) '% )r 'r%) " ',&*%= $% #(%r#,r#!)!% >. U%,r#9%(,r!"* $% ',&%)r% %!% %,r: % ,r?%+!% $% "&r)',&%)r%. U )!(%* $%'); %!% '%* )* "%# )!*%!% )%r#')%. 8 ',&#*ăr#%9 ) )"! &)r)*#;#% #()!#*ă9 $"&ă')r% ) ră) '" "%*% $#(#'"*!ă# *) %r. Tr%?"#$ ă ()'ă %=%r'### r%'"&%r)!,r##9 %)-) 4$rF#! 4 )+) ă"ră9 4'! ) $%%#! )*%ră!,)r% $% &%r(,r)ă9 )F"$'#)r ')&#,)ă. 8/s*8si*ire! '8ie&*)*i re!&4iei#

2B



/ re!&4ii ,e !(+r!re ! E*)*i. T%r%"* ) (,! 'r%)! $% S# FREUD &%!r" )$%'r#% , %r#% $% r%)'## *) (r"!r)r%. E* ) ##!)! 4$%,%?# )"&r) r%("*ăr##.

!/ re7*)!re! r%&r%;#!ă )'!"* &r# ')r% %ă ',&*%! " ',(*#'! +# ,!#"*ă" &r#'#&)*. D)r &r,'%"* " %!% ',+!#%!9 " % )# $ă %)) $%%=#!%) *,r. N" ,r#'% ##?##% %!% , r%("*)r%9 '# $,)r )'%%) $%,%?#!

$% #!%ă9 4 )+) (%* 4'! &%r,)) #,ră '" #'%r#!)!% %=#!%) *"#.8/ &'.(e2s!re! (ri2 7!2e0ie# C$ '#%) )r% #"''%% r%&%!)!% )" %

*,%+!% $% ?)r#%r% #"r,!)?#*%9 % ',,*%);ă ,)r%'" 4 #)r%. 8$,;% #'#9 #)r%) 'r%);ă ,)r%')r% $%!#$%r% ,%!)ă. D%#% 4ă

&%r#'"*,)ă9 '$ %!% 4,#!ă $% ',""* )*',,*"*"# +# )# r) $%$r,"r#.

&/ i,e2i7i&!re! A$"*!"* ')r% ) $,r#! 4 !#%r%% ă!"$#%;% %$#'#) +# -)r%"+#!9 % #$%!#(#'ă9 % !r)&"% 4 *,'"* (#"*"# ă" +# ()'% !,)!% %(,r!"r#*%

&%!r" ') )'%!) ă r%)*#;%;% ')r#%r) #)!ă $% %*.

,/ (r'ie&4i!. C$ %!% ,r?) $% , ?)r#%ră "?#%'!#ă9 $%(#'#%) %!% "%,r#)!r#?"#!ă )*!"#)9 &r,#%'!)!ă )"&r) *"#9 )!(%* 4'! ă #-, &,)!ă r%&r,+).

e/ r!4i'2!)i0!re! r%&r%;#!ă " ,$ $% $#r% %r,)! 4 %"* )!r#?"#r## $%,!#% "&%r#,)r% "%# ',$"#!% r%&r,?)?#*%. D% %=%&*"9 " %?r" )*

&)r!#$"*"# );#! 4+# $%"ă (r)!%*% $% ) (# 4*%#! (") ""# %r%". %* ,()'% '" ',#%r%) $% ) ',!r#?"# *) !r#"("* ')";%#9 '$9 4 (,$9 *)

?);ă ) !)! "r) ) 4&,!r#) (r)!%*"# &r%(%r)! +# ră(ă)! $% &ăr##.7/ !i*,i2e! re!&4i'2!)+ , ',!)!ă )!"'# '$ '#%) 4&#%$#')! ă-+#

r%)*#;%;% , $,r#ă9 )'#,%);ă 4!r-" % ',!r)r %#. C$ ))

#!%r;#'% ?ă#)!"*"# ă %)ră *) '#%) +#-* 4$%)ă ă % F,)'% 4 '"r!%9%* % 4("r#% +# % )&"'ă $% 4ă)! 6r"!r)r%) ) (,! ','%&"!ă $# &"'! $% %$%r% ,?#%'!#9 ',&,r!)%!)* ')si*!4ie 7r*sr!2+ )" $# &%r&%'!#) #$##$"*"#9 ') %entiment al ,r(%tr$rii ; ')" $%;%'#*#?r" )(%'!# r%;"*!)! $# ?*,')r%) r%)*#;ăr## ",r $,r#%9 )&#r)##9',&"r#9 %!'.

D#!r-, &%r&%'!#ă #!%r)#,#!ă9 7r*sr!re! % $%(#%+!% ') , r%)'#%)(%'!#ă *) , #!")#% &%r'%&"!ă ') (r"!r)!ă. D%'#9 " #!")#) ') )!)r% %!%(r"!r)!ă9 '# #!")#) &%r'%&"!ă9 4%*%)ă9 )r% )'%)!ă ')r)'!%r#!#'ă. A'!%*% $%

#%'#!)!%9 #r,##*% )r')!#'%9 )+!%&!ăr#*% &r%*"#!% +# %+")!%9 )&#r)##*% %r%)*#;)!%9r%(";"r#*% "! si*!4ii ,e 7r*sr!re. R%)'##*% %%r)!% $% )'%!% #!")## "!$%;%'#*#?r"* )(%'!# $% %=%&*"9 #)> 4F"ră!"r)9 r#&,!) %r?)*ă9 )!)'"* (#;#'.

R%)'##*% ',&,r!)%!)*% i.e,i!e *) (r"!r)r% &,! (# ',#$%r)!%&'2se&i24e )" si.('.e )*% (r"!răr## +# &,! (# '"&r#% 4 '!%) ')!%,r##:

Ne!s3.(+r*) i e2si*2e!. C,&#*"* &r#)! $% F"'ăr#) $,r#!ă $%#%%)!&ăr)!9 % )#!ă )" &*%9 !r% &"##9 4'*%+!%);ă (ă*'#*%. %*% &,! (# 4ă"?!#!"#!% "&! $%%!9 %!%')! $% "ă9 (")!9 %!'>.

Agresivi!e! 6,)r!% )$%%) &%r,)) (r"!r)!ă $%;,*!ă , r%)'#% )r%#ă.6r"!r)#) – "#% ?#DOLLARD +# ',*)?,r)!,r## ă# – !#$% ă &r,,)'% ,)r%#"% $#r%'!ă )"&r) "r%# (r"!răr##. Ar%#"%) %!% '" )!! )# )r% '" '!(r"!r)r%) %!% )# )''%!")!ă.

2<



Ar%##!)!%) %!% ,ire&+ '$ %!% 4$r%&!)!ă &r% "r) (r"!răr##&%r,)ă9 ,?#%'! )" #!")#%>. D% %=%&*"9 ',&#*"* )!)'ă &)r!%%r"* $% F,)'ă '% #-)*")! F"'ăr#). C$ %!% 4$r%&!)!ă )"&r) ""# ,?#%'! $% %=%&*"9 ,?!)',*(#;#'>)r%##!)!%) &,)!% )%) )*%% )$)&!)!#%9 $%%#$ " ,$ %(#')'% $%

r%;,*)r% ) &r,?*%%*,r.E=#!) +# #!")#) '$ "r) (r"!răr## %!% !.8ig*+; i2!2gi8i)+ )" (re!

(*er2i&+# 8 )'%! '); )r%##!)!%) %!% ,e()!s!+ )"&r) )*!,r ,?#%'!% )" &%r,)% $%'! '%*% ')r% ',!#!"#% "r) (r"!răr##. Că"!)r%) ""# )& #&ă+#!,r%!% %=&r%#) "%# )r%##!ă# $%&*))!%. D% ,?#'%#9 )'%)!ă )r%##!)!% #;%);ă#'!#% #%r%!%9 *#&#!% $% )&ăr)r% &% &*) #$##$")* )" r"&"r# ,'#)*%.

U%,r# r%)'#) *) (r"!r)r% %!% $% !(!ie9 #;,*)r% )" #$#(%r%ă. S% &)r%'ă !(!i! %!% r%)'#) "*! )# ră&$#!ă &%!r" i2r'veri4i9 )+) '"!gresivi!e! %!% &%'#(#'ă &%r,)%*,r e:r!verie. Tr%?"#% #"! ',! $% ()&!"*

'ă r%)'#) *) (r"!r)r% &,)!% (# r%;"*!)!"* "%# 4ăăr# ') ,r#')r% )*!ă $%&r#$%r%. U',&#* ')r%9 (##$ (r"!r)! ) r#&,!)! )r%# +#9 &r# )'%)!ă r%)'#% ) 4*ă!"r)! "r)(r"!răr##9 ) $%;,*!) , r%)'#% +# 4 )*!% #!")## (r"!r)!%. 8 ');"* 4 ')r% r%)'#))r%#ă " ) (,! r%',&%)!ă " ) %*"$)! "r) (r"!răr##> $"&ă !%!)!#%%r%"+#!%9 r%&%!)!%9 ) $"'% *) (,r)r%) "%# r%)'## )&)!#'%.

R%)'#) )&)!#'ă &,)!% )%)9 "%,r#9 )*%% )$)&!#% $%,%?#!%. A!"'# '$(r"!r)r%) %!% (,)r!% #!%ă +# $% *"ă $"r)!ă9 )&)!#)9 $%!)+)r%) %!% )# )$)&!#ă$%'! , )r%##!)!% (ără +)% $% r%"+#!ă. R%)'#) )&)!#'ă &r%*"#!ă &,)!% $"'% 4ă*) , $%&r%#% )" *) #"'#$%r%.

I%+#r%) $# )&)!#% % ()'% &r# r%$,?$#r%) #!%r%"*"# &%!r" )"#!% &r,?*%%9 )#"r)r%) ""# "&,r! ,'#)* &r#%!%#9 ()#*#%9 %!'.> )" &r# %(%'!")r%)"%# )'!##!ă#9 #$#(%r%! $% %.

Ev!0i*2e 52 i.!gi2!r# U%,r#9 4 ');"* "%# (r"!răr# $%,%?#!%9#$##$"* 4'%!%);ă 'ă"!)r%) ,*"##*,r r%)*%. Pr,?*%) %!% !r%'"!ă 4 r%#!r"*#)#)r"*"# +# ')&ă!ă ,*"## #)#)r%. D% %=%&*"9 ',&## &r#)# $% &,#?#*#!)!%)%(%'!"ăr## ",r ',!r"'## $# ,?#%'!% )!%r#)*% 4'%&%)" ă-+# 4'#&"#%9 ă$%%%;% )" ă ,r?%)'ă $% &,#?#*) ',!r"'#%.

E);#"%) % $%(ă+,)ră 4 #"* '" ,'## $%'#+# ,!B,re!.s> )" 4 #"*

$# !#&"* ,"*"#. E);#"%) 4 #)#)r )r% )*%% &,;#!#%: !imin(ea)$a+re%i"itatea re!('e tri%te#ea %!'. $)r &%r&%!")!ă9 %) $"'% *) &#%r$%r%) ')&)'#!ă##$% ) $#!#% 4!r% ()!)% +# r%)*#!)!%9 '" ',%'#% &#,!#'%.

Sere'i(i!. A$)&!)r%) *) '%*% )# "*!% $#!r% #!")##*% &% ')r% *%4!*# &r%"&"% (*%=#?#*#!)!%) ',#!#ă +# ',&,r!)%!)*ă. D)'ă 4ă #!%r#%, (r"!r)r%9 "## "?#%'# !#$ ă r%&%!% %r%" )'%*%)+# ',&,r!)%!% !%r%,!#&%r%#)" ,r?%+!% , )'#"% ')r% -) $,%$#! %%(#')'%.

D"&ă '% % (,r%);ă9 , !%r%,!#&#% %!% (,)r!% r%" $% '#?)!. C#)r $)'ă#$##$"* )r% +# )*!% )*!%r)!#% ,?#%'!#%9 (#=)#) ) ',&,r!)%!)*ă )"*%);ă

&r)'!#' r%)*#!)!%) &#,*,#'ă ) )'%!,r )*!%r)!#%.

2@



U%,r# !%r%,!#&#) )r% %(%'!% )$)&!)!#%. R%("#"* 4 )"!,)!# r%$"'%)=#%!)!%)9 &,r%+!% &%r%%r%)9 $#*"%);ă &r%#"%) ",r &r,?*%% &%!r" ')r%#$##$"* " )r% 4'ă ,*"##9 %!'.

Regresi! C,(r"!)! '" , #!")#% (r"!r)!ă9 #$##$"* &,)!% r%'"r% *) "',&,r!)%! $# ',&#*ăr#% ')r% #-) ',(%r#! %'"r#!)!% $% %=%&*"9 ) !r#)

"%*% )%#> )" *) " ',&,r!)%! #&*#!9 &r##!#9 )!%r#,r )&)r##%#(r"!răr##.

D% %=%&*"9 ',&## (r"!r)# 4 F,'"* *,r )" r%")! *) F,)'ă r%'"r$ *)',&,r!)%!% r%,*"!%: *%ă)r%)9 "&!"* $%%!"*"#9 %!'.

R%r%#) &,)!% (# )!! ',&,r!)%!)*ă9 '! +# )(%'!#ă. 8!r-, &%r#,)$ă $%!r#!%% &r#'#"#!ă $% %r%)*#;)r%) "%# $,r#%9 r%%$%r%) ",r (,!,r)(## $#!r-,

&%r#,)$ă (%r#'#!ă % &,)!% #$"'% %,## ##*)r%.C) )!)r%9 % &,)!% &"% 'ă r%)'##*% #%$#)!% *) (r"!r)r% )" )!! )*%%

&,;#!#% 9 '! +# %)!#%. D)'ă %*% ()' )# "&,r!)?#*) #!")#) $% (r"!r)r%9 $)'ă

',%'#%*% *,r "*!%r#,)r% &,r%' )$)&!)?#*#!)!%) &%r,)%#9 %*% "! %=&r%#)4'%r'ăr## $% ) r%;,*) (r"!r)r%). D)'ă9 4ă9 )'%!% r%)'## % &r%*"%' $"&ă!#%r%) (r"!răr## )" $)'ă "! !r)(%r)!% *) #!")## %',r%&";ă!,)r%9 )!"'#"! %"* "%# !"*?"răr# ) %'#*#?r"*"# &##'. D%',!%=!")*#;)!% +# )"!,)!#;)!%9r%)'##*% #%$#)!% *) (r"!r)r% $%# %')#% $% )&ăr)r%9 $% )$)&!)r%.

A!(%*9 % '"#% ă &"% '!%) *"'r"r# +# $%&r% ADAPTARE. A'%)!)% $%(#%+!% ') (##$ ',$"#!) )" ',&,r!)%!"* '% &"% ,r)#"* 4 ',$###$% r%&*#%r% "&*ă *) ',$###*% )r#)?#*% )*% %$#"*"# 4 ')r% )'%!) !ră#%+!%. E)r%&r%;#!ă ')&)'#!)!%) ,r)#"*"# $% ) % ,$#(#') 4 r)&,r! '" '#?ăr#*%

#!%r%#!% 4 ',$###*% )*% $% #)ă +# &r# ')r% %* $%#% )&! $% ) 4$%&*##("'##*% )*%.A$)&!)r%) %!% %(,r!"* &%r)%! $% ) ră&"$%9 &% $% , &)r!% *) $"?*)

%=#%ă ) #$%!#!ă## &%r,)*%9 ) ',!)%# #!%r% +#9 &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 *)$#(%r%#%r%) #&"ă $% ,?!)',*"* )" r%;#!%) *"## %=!%r#,)r%.

A$)&!)r%) % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă ') (##$ %'#*#?r"* ')r% %=#!ă 4!r% )'#"#*%,r)#"*"# )"&r) %$#"*"# +# #%r. D%'#9 )$)&!)r%) %!% , $"?*ă #+')r%: $%!si.i)!re " )"#! (%* $% ) )?,r$) r%)*#!)!%) %=!%r#,)ră> +# $% !&'.',!re ")"#! (%* $% ) "!#*#;) '%%*% $% ',&,r!)%! )!%r#,r %*)?,r)!%9 4 r)&,r! '"

#!")#) )'!")*ă>9 )'%!) %(##$ )*!'%) $%'! i2e)ige24! ',#$%r)!ă $% ) (# "#!r"%! "?!#* )* )$)&!ăr##.D% )*!(%*9 ?# PIAGET ) +# $%'# ,'*+ .e&!2is.e &r#'#&)*% )*%

)$)&!ăr##: )##*)r% +# )',,$)r%. Pr# !si.i)!re9 #$##$"* 4+# )!r%%);ă')&)'#!ă#*% 4ă'"!% 'ă"!$ ,');## $% ) *% %=%r'#!). 8 !&'.',!re ',$###*%%=#!%%# $%!%r#ă ,$)*#!ă# $% )$)&!)r%. C)&)'#!)!%) #$##$")*ă $% )$)&!)r%%!% $%&%$%!ă $% !%&%r)%!9 $)r +# $% )!#!"$##*% ')r)'!%r#)*%9 $% !%$#%*%9ă;"#%*% &%r,)*#!ă##.

A&%'!%*% '%*% )# "?!#*% )*% )$)&!ăr## % ()' 4 ',$###*% %$#"*"# ,'#)* +#% !r"'!"r%);ă ') (,r% $% #!%r,)r% 4 ()#*#%9 r"&"r# ,'#)*%9 &r,(%#"%9',*%'!##!ă# #(,r)*% +# ,r)#;)!%. A'%!%) 'r%%);ă " &r,(#* ',&*%= +#

3



"*!#$#%#,)! $% r,*"r# +# !)!"!% ,'#)*% &r# ')r% % %=%r'#!ă $r%&!"r#*% +#r%&,)?#*#!ă#*% ,"*"# 4 ,'#%!)!%.

A+)$)r9 )$)&!)r%) ,'#)*ă &%r#!% )*,r#(#')r%) &%r,)*#!ă##9 ')&!%);ă +#)*#%!%);ă )&,r!"* +# 'r%)#) %#.

8 &#))*#;ă9 )$)&!)r%) %!% ',#$%r)!ă ') (##$ " %')# $% )&ăr)r% )

E"*"# FREUD>. A!! )$)&!)r%) '! +# )&ăr)r%) ',!#!"#% %')#% $%,%,!);#%9 $% &ă!r)r% ) %'#*#?r"*"# &%r,)*#!ă## +# %*% $"' *) ',,*#$)r%) +#',!)) E"*"#.

S&"% )# " 'ă , r%)'#% *) (r"!r)r%9 ') +# , (,ră $% )$)&!)r% %!%AGRESIVITATEA# D!r &e ese !gresivi!e!

Agresivi!e! %!% ""* $#!r% '"#!%*% '",'"!% $% !,)!ă *"%)9 $)r ','%&!"* $% )r%##!)!% ,'"&$ " )! '& )* ',&,r!)%!"*"# ") +# $%)'%%) %!% r%" $% $%(##!.

P#)%! .- 99P#,*,#) #!%*#%%#99 9 E$.S!###(#'ă9 7"'. 1@05

C" !,)!% )'%!%)9 !gresivi!e! %!% , ,#"% '% $%r#ă $# *)!#%'"*!gressi' ')r% 4%)ă ! !!&!# E!% $%'#9 , !)r% ) #!%"*"# &#,(#;#,*,#' &r#')r% &%r,)) ră&"$% &r#!r-" ))?*" $% ',$### ,!#*% 4 &*) ',+!#%!9#',+!#%! +# ()!))!#'9 '" ',&"* $#!r"%r##9 $%r)$ăr##9 ',!r%r##9 %ăr##

)" "#*#r## "%# (##% &% ')r% )r%,r"* *% #!% ') )!)r% +# r%&r%;#!ă &%!r" %* , &r,,')r% PĂUNESCU/#

D#'#,)r"* ALLMAN $%(#%+!% )r%##!)!%) ') (##$ !%$#) $% ) )ră!),!#*#!)!% &r# )#(%!)r% $% )'!% )r%#% !%$#) $% ) $%&ă+# ,&,;###*% 4!*#!%!%$#) $% )"!,)(#r)r% &r# &r,,)r%) %)?ă!"!ă ) &r,&r##*,r #!%r%%#&%r%%r#% 4 )!#!"$## +# r%)'## !%$#) &%r)%!ă $% $,#)r% 4 r"&"*,'#)* )" ',"#!)!%.

A+)$)r9 )r%##!)!%) %=&r#ă 4"+#r%) $% ) (# )r%# – ',&,r!)%!"*')r)'!%r#;)! &r# )'!% $% )!)'9 $% ,&"%r% ')!%,r#'ă9 !%$#) $% $#!r"%r%.

C,$"#!%*% )r%#% "! )'#,)?#*% $%,)r%'% &r,,)'ă "(%r#%. E=#!ă (,r%$% )r%##!)!% ',!,r#,)!% &r% #% 4"+# ') +# (,r% *)!%!% +# %=&r#)!% )*%)r%##!ă##.

S% ',#$%ră 'ă )r%##!)!%) )r% *) ?);ă i.(*)s*ri 522+s&*e )" i2si2&e#T,!"+# %=#!ă r%;%r% ()ă $% )'%)!ă ,&##%. ONRAD LORENZ ) %#$%#)! 41@00> ()&!"* 'ă *) )#)*%*% '",'"!% ') (,)r!% )r%#% %!% $#'"!)?#*ă)r%#"%) ') #!#'! $% ?);ă9 #!%r&%'##9 $)'ă ',#%"#%' 4&r%"ă 4,!,%%;) !#&"r#%. 8 '#?9 $)'ă $% #'#9 &"## )'%!,r )#)*% 4'%& ă "'#$ă9$%# )r%## +# '" #!#'!% $% ă!,)r% 4'ăr')!%.

D"&ă DOLLARD; )r%#"%) %!% r%;"*!)! )* (r"!r)#%# $%'# %!%$%!%r#)!ă $% ',$### $% %=#!%ă>. 6r"!r)#) $"'% !,!,$)!ă *) )r%##!)!%9 $"&ă)'%! )"!,r.

31



MILLER r%!r% &r# #&,!%;)9 ',#$%r$ 'ă (r"!r)#) $"'% $,)r "%,r#*) )r%#"% +# )r%##!)!%. C) )!)r%9 )r%##!)!%) ') #&"* %!% *%)!ă $% 52v+4!re! s'&i!)+# E=#!ă $#(%r%% $% ',$"#!% )r%#% 4 ("'#% $% #%*"*'"*!"r)*. 8 ',*%'!##!ă# %=#!ă , )"#!ă ')!#!)!% $% )r%##!)!% !#"*)!ă $%',&%!#!##!)!% 6ITE/#

C) )!)r%9 % #&" rei i,ei 1> E=#!ă , )"#!ă ')!#!)!% $% )r%##!)!% *) ')r% !r%?"#% ă % ()'ă

)$)&!)r%) '#)r 4 ,!,%%;ă 2> E%r##*% )r%#% &,! (# '))*#;)!% &r% )'#"# ,'#)*% ',!r"'!#%9

&,;#!#% &r# ')r% % &,! )!#()'% !r%?"#% '% $# *#&ă &,! (# "r% $% (r"!r)#% +#)r%##!)!%.

3> S% &,! "!#*#;) )'!##!ă# ',&%!#!#% &,r! – $% %'#&ă +# $% &%r(,r)ă>')r% ',"ă )r%##!)!%) 4)#!% $% ) % !r)(,r) 4!r-, ',&,%!ă',&,r!)%!)*ă !)?#*#;)!ă #,*%!ă.

Ar%##!)!%) ) (,! !"$#)!ă +# $% &#))*#+!# &r%'" LAGAC6E; ?#LACAN# S% ',#$%ră 'ă ),'#"* )" )"!,&%$%&#r%) "! (,r% ',%r!#!%$% )r%##!)!%. T%$#) $% )"!,$#!r"%r% +# #!#'!"* )''%!")! )* ,r## – *) (%*.

Ar%##!)!%) )"!,&%$%&#r## %=&r#ă , ,&,;##% ) &%r,)%# 4&,!r#) )4ă+# – ')r% % (,')*#;%);ă 4 #)#%) $% #% 4 #!")##*% $% &%r'%&%r% +# #!"#r% )

&,#?#*#!ă## $% )*!%r)r% &r,,')!ă %%!")* $% <!)er=#D"&ă 7re*,ii )r%##!)!%) *)!%!ă !r%'% &r# $#(%r#!% !)$##9 (##$ )#

','%!r)!ă %=&r%##!)!%) %# 4 <s!,i*) 'g)i20ii= &"?%r!)!%> '$ % (,r%);ă("'##*% "*!#&*% )*% E"*"#.

32



CA0ITOLUL II

0ROBLEMATICA AGRESIVIT4ŢII N 0SI;OLOGIE 0SI;O0EDAGOGIE ŞI

0SI;O0ATOLOGIE

$#"# NORMALITATE ŞI DEVIANŢĂ JN CONDUITASOCIALĂ

$#$# AGRESIVITATE ŞI COMPORTAMENT AGRESIV

33



$#%# FORMELE DE MANIFESTARE ALEAGRESIVITĂŢII

$## AGRESIVITATEA JN CADRUL GRUPULUI

=.2. NORMALITATE ŞI DEVIANŢ4

=.2.2. DEFINIREA CONCE0TELOR:NORMALITATE ŞI

DEVIANŢ41COM0ARAŢIE1O"* %!% <7ii24+ &*ge+'!re re7)e:iv+ DESCARTES/; ese <.+s*r!

**r'r )*&r*ri)'r< PROTAGORAS/; ese <7ii24! &'2ie2+ &!re !s(ir+ &+re*2ivers!) (ri2 i2egr!re! (!2&'s.i&+< P# TEIL6ARD ,e C6ARDIN/#

8 %%r)*9 &%r,)) ")ă )r% "ră!,)r%*% ')r)'!%r#!#'#: se !*'re7)e&+Hse ,es(ri2,e ,e )*.e (ri2r-*2 (r'&es ,e i2,ivi,*!)i0!reH !re ' i,e2i!e(r'(rie; &!re-) ,i7ere24i!0+ ,e &ei)!)4iH se (r'ie&e!0+ 52 r!2s&e2,e24+;!s(ir32, &+re *2 i,e!)H ese 7ii24! i2e)ige2+ &!re ,es&'(er+; &*2'!e i

&ree!0+H !re &!(!&i!e! ,e ! re!)i0! ' re)!4ie ,e &'.*2i*2e s*7)ee!s&+ &*&e)e)!)e (ers'!2e C# ENĂC6ESCU/#A'%!%) )r (# ')r)'!%r#!#'#*% (ers'!2ei *.!2e 2'r.!)e. D)r '% %!%

normalitateaC,'%&!"* $% NORMALITATE %!% !r *%)! $% )*,r#*% +# ,r%*% "%#

'"*!"r# +# $% #$%#*% ,'#)*-&,*#!#'% )*% %&,'## #!,r#'% r%&%'!#%. A'%!%) 4ă9 4');"* ,"*"#9 &,r%' $% *) )&r%'#%r#*% $% ,r$# ?#,*,#'9 #;$ !)r%) $%%'#*#?r" (#;#,*,#' )* ,r)#"*"#9 ') #!% #!)*.

?# ,e A?URIAGUERRA "#% 'ă ,e 7!(; 2'r.!)i!e! &! !!re 2*e:is+; e! 7ii2, ' &re!4ie 52 &!,r*) ('si8i)i+4i)'r &!re 2e s*2 ,!e i !!&1i0i4ii)'r (e &!re )e-!. ,'832,i. N,r)*#!)!%) % $%(#%+!% +# % )&r%'#);ă 4r)&,r! '" )$)&!)r%).

3



8 %%r)*9 NORMAL %!% ',#$%r)! ',&,r!)%!"* &#,-,'#)* )*)F,r#!ă## &,&"*)#%# "%# ',*%'!##!ă# ")%9 ',(,r ,r%*,r ,'#)*-F"r#$#'% +#)*,r#*% ,$%*"*"# '"*!"r)*. T,! '%%) '% % #!"%);ă 4 )()r) )'%!,r *##!%-')$r""! (,r% %,?#+"#!% $% ',&,r!)%!. U%*% $#!r% %*% )" ')r)'!%r )!#,'#)*)$ " ')r)'!%r ră"9 %)!# $# &"'! $% %$%r% %!#',-,r)*.

D%(##$"-% ',&)r)!# '" !)r%) $% ,r)*#!)!%9 ')r% r%&r%;#!ă %'#*#?r"* &##' +# ,'#)*9 ANORMALITATEA %!% !)r%) $% $%;%'#*#?r" &##' +# ,'#)*.

8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% 'ara'teri%ti'ile %t$rii !e e'?ili*r( )*% ,r)*#!ă##>9 CL#6ERZLIC6 $#!#% "ră!,)r%*% !s(e&e: !)r%) $% ?#% (#;#' )?%) ,?,%*##!)r%) $% ?#% &##' %)*#!)!%) $#&,;##%# %,#,)*% %(#'#%) )'!##!ă## r%*)##*%

&,;#!#% '" '%#*)*# )$)&!)r%) *) r%)*#!)!%) +# *) #!")##*% #%##. 8 ("'#% $%%=#!%) )'%!,r)9 #$##$"* )$,&!ă " ',&,r!)%! )$%')! ,r)*.

AF"r#)"%rr) . – 99M)")* $% &##)!r#% #()!#*ă99.M), 9 P)r#91@B

O&" )'%!%#)9 ANORMALITATEA r%&r%;#!ă ,r#'% )?)!%r% $% *) ,ră.E) %!% , !)r% $% $%;%'#*#?r" &% )# "*!% &*)"r#: $%;%'#*#?r" #$##$")*$%;)',r$ 4 r%*)##*% #!%r&%r,)*% #)$)&!)r% ,'#)*ă )" *) #!")##*% #%##$%#)ă ',&,r!)%!)*ă ,',(,r# 4 r)&,r! '" #!%"* $% )*,r# )*%%$#"*"# ,'#,-'"*!"r)* ,!#*#!)!% ()ă $% %%#9 $% r"&"* ,'#)* )" #!#!"##.

Pr# "r)r%9 " r,* %%#)* 4* )r% ','%&!"* $% 2'r.+ s'&i!)+. Or#'% #$##$

&,)!% (# , &%r,)ă ')r% "!#*#;%);ă9 !r)(,ră )" 'r%%);ă ,r%*% ,'#)*%9 '" 4%)*ă ă"ră9 &,)!% ă *% #,*%;% &r# ,$"* *"# $% #)ă9 ',&,r!)%! )")'#"#. A+)$)r9 DEVIANŢA %!% , #,*)r% ) ,r%*,r ,'#)*%9 ')r% ',!#!"#%#$"* ',&,r!)%!"*"#. D# )'%!% ',#$%r%!%9 ,'#%!)!%) %!#'%!%);ă)%%%) ',$"#!% ') )$ " ')r)'!%r %)!#9 )!#,'#)*9 $% !#& $%#)! +# *%',$)ă.

8 !#& '% !2'r.!)i!e! &r%"&"% , !"*?"r)r% $% ,r$# !r"'!"r)* )"("'#,)* ) ,r)#"*"#9 ) ',r&"*"# )" ) &##'"*"#9 ,evi!24! &r%"&"% ,!"*?"r)r% $% ("'#,)*#!)!% ) r%*)##*,r ,'#)*% , $##")r% ) ')&)'#!ă## $%

)$)&!)r% ,'#)*ă ) #$##$"*"#.P%!r" E# SC6UR 9 $%#)) #&*#'ă " ,$ &)r!#'"*)r $% ) (# )" $% )

()'% )*% #$##$"*"# '" ')r)'!%r $%#)! 4 r)&,r! '" ,r%*% #&"% $% ,'#%!)!%9')r% )&)r 4 ')$r"* ',&,r!)%!"*"# )'%!"#) +# ')r% ()' ') &%r,)) r%&%'!#ă ă% $#'r%$#!%;% 4 r)&,r! '" ,r%*% ,r)*%9 r%*##,)% +# ,'#)*-F"r#$#'% )*%r"&"*"# ,'#)* 'ăr"#) 4# )&)r#%.

R%*)#) $#!r% r!) +# 4'*#)##*% 'ă!r% ',#!%r%) $% )'!% )!#,'#)*% &)r% ) (#9 $"&ă "*# )"!,r#9 #$#'"!)?#*ă. A!(%*9 $"&ă ADOLP6EKUETELET9 "6r%ta 'on%tit(ie ,$r$ &o%i*ilitate !e 'ontra)i'ere 'a()a 'are

a'#ionea)$ '( 'ea mai mare ener+ie &entr( !e)"oltarea %a( &entr(aten(area 7n'lina#iei la 'om&ortamente a+re%i"e 9'rim$<.

35



D"&ă '" )ră!) C# OANCEA *##!%*% ')$r"*"# ,'#)* 4 ')r% !ră#%'',&### "! $%!"* $% %'*)r $%*##!)!%. M,$%*)r%) ',&#*"*"# $%&#$% (,)r!%"*! $% )!#!"$##*% &)r%!)*%9 &r# ')r% % 4%*%% %!"* $% ',#%r# +#','%&## ')r% *% ',$"'9 4 &r)'!#'ă9 ',$"#!). L) )&)r##) 4 ()#*#% ) ""#',&#* )$#')&)! ,!,r %&#*%&!#'9 &#,!#' )" ")# '" )"#!% &)r!#'"*)r#!ă#

$% r%)'!##!)!%9 r%)'##*% &)r%!)*% !#$ ă ')&%!% ')r)'!%r"* $% r%F%'#% )" $%"&r)&r,!%'#%.

8 )'%! %9 C# OANCEA $ă "ră!,)r%*% e:e.()e :"/ C)!%,r#) &'(ii)'r gre* e,*&!8i)i. A'%+!# ',&## #&%r%='#!)?#*#9#!)?#*# +# '" r%)'## %=)%r)!%9 $%!%r#ă )$%%) )!#!"$## &)r%!)*% $%r%F%'#%9 ')r% )r #&"% , *##!)r% %=!r%ă ) *#?%r!ă## $% )'#"% )',&#*"*"#. A+) -)r ',!#!"# 'om&ortament(l &atolo+i' a+re%i" +#rea'#ia a+re%i"$ ne%o'iali)at$ &rel(n+it$.$/ A $,") ')!%,r#% $% ');"r# %!% )'%%) ) &'(ii)'r !,'(!4i.

T"*?"răr#*% $% ',&,r!)%! *) )'%+!#) )" , (r%'%ă $"?*ă ()ă $%',&### %)$,&!)#. 6r%'%) 'r%'"!ă )r r%;"*!) $# %&,!r##r%) $#!r%%=&%'!)%*% &ăr##*,r +# !%&%r)%!"* ',&#*"*"#.%/ A*!ă #!")#% %!% )'%%) ) !#%r#*,r .i2'ri &* *)8*r+ri ,e&'.('r!.e2 52 &ri0e9 $)!,r#!ă ",r %=)'%r?ăr# &"*#,)*%. A!#!"$#%)

&)r%!)*ă $% #&"%r% ?r"'ă +# #,*%!ă ) ""# r%# $% #)ă %=!r%$% r%!r#'!#9 '" '%r!"r# +# ',(*#'!% (,)r!% $"r%9 &,)!% %%r)9 $%)%%%)9 r%)'## )r%#% %,'#)*#;)!%./ A!#!"$#%) &)r%!)*ă $% 1i(er(r'e&4ie9 '" 4&#%$#')r%) )''%"*"#

*) #$%&%$%ă9 $"'% *) )&)r##) "%# #()!#*#;ăr# "&*#%!)r%. 8 &%r#,)$) &r%&"?%r!)ră %!% ')r)'!%r#!#'ă )&)r##) "%# r%)'## $%#$%&%$%ă #,*%!%9 '" )#(%!ăr# )r%#%.S% &,)!% ','#$% 'ă 4 $%;,*!)r%) )r,#,)ă ) "%# &%r,)*#!ă#9 $%

)=#ă #&,r!)ă %!% %=%&*"* &ăr#!%' &,;#!#9 ,$%* ()#*#)* $% $%"r)!. /)*,)r%) %$#"*"# )&)r% $% %!ăă$"#! 4 $#r#F)r%) ',&,r!)%!%*,r.M# STOIAN9 !r%'$ 4 r%#!ă 7!&'rii ,e)i&'ge2i $# )()r) ');"r#*,r

&)!,*,#'% 9 '#!%);ă in,antili%m(l a%o'ialitatea %entimentele !e in,erioritate!e ,r(%trare ten%i(nile ,amiliale 'a()ele a,e'ti"e -i e!('ati"e *r(talitatea

,i)i'$ -i "er*al$ al'ooli%m(l re+im(l moral.Pr# "r)r%9 ,r# $% '!% ,r# % $#'"!ă &r,?*%) ,evi!24ei9 )'%)!ă#&*#'ă rei ,i.e2si*2i :

- ,i.e2si*2e! s'&i!)+9 *%)!ă $% ',(,r#!)!%) )$)&!ăr## #$##$"*"# *))*,r#*% ,r)!#% )*% ,$%*"*"# ,'#,-'"*!"r)*

- ,i.e2si*2e! (si1')'gi&+9 *%)!ă $% ,!#)##*% +# ',&"*',&,r!)%!"*"# #$##$")*

- !s(e&e)e (si1'(!')'gi&e9 *%)!% $% $%'ăr')r%) &"*#,)*-)r%#ă )!%$#%*,r )!#,'#)*% )*% #$##$"*"#.

8 ','*";#%9 )(#ră 'ă $%#)) %!% ),r)*#!)!%) ',&,r!)%!"*"# &r,$"ă &r# $%#%r# )" )?)!%r# $% *) ,r%*% $% ',$"#!ă ,'#)*ă #&"%$% ,$%*"* ,'#,-'"*!"r)* +# ,r)*9 )$9 ') "r)r%9 )'!% )!#,'#)*%.

30



Pr# "r)r%9 !"*?"r)r%) $% ',&,r!)%! &,)!% (# &r##!ă ') ,$#(#'"*!)!% $% )$)&!)r% : #)$)&!)r% )" %)$)&!)r%. Pă *) &"?%r!)!% )"9 )#

&r%'#9 *) r!) +',*)r#!ă## #'#9 ',&,r!)%!"* $%#)! % )#(%!ă )#)*% ') ina!a&tare %o'ial$ ,amilial$ %a( -'olar$ -i rareori 'a mani,e%t$ri anti%o'iale URSULA ŞC6IOPU >.

=.2.= 0ROFILUL 0ERSONALIT4ŢII DEVIANTULUI

R# A# DENTLER +# # T# ERICSON &r,&" rei i('e0e 4 %%;)',&,r!)%!"*"# $%#)! :

)> C,&,r!)%!"* $%#)! !#$% ă (#% #$"9 &%r# +# "#"! $% ")"#! !#& $% r"& ,'#)* (),r#;)!

?> 6"'##*% ',&,r!)%!"*"# $%#)! )F"!ă *) %#%r%) !)?#*#!ă##

r"&"*"# r%&%'!# '> Gr"&"* &,)!% r%;#!) ")# &r# ')*#!)!%) $% ) (# $%#)! )

',&,r!)%!"*"# %?r#*,r ă# .D)r &%!r" ') '%*% $% )# " ă (#% &,#?#*%9 !r%?"#% ') #$##$"* ')r%

)&)r#% ""# r"& $% $%*#'%# )" )r% %* 4"+# " ',&,r!)%!$%#)!9 ă $#&"ă $% , )"#!ă !r"'!"ră ) &%r,)*#!ă## )*%. C) )!)r%9% ',#$%ră 'ă9 ,r# $% '!% ,r# % ,r?%+!% $%&r% ',$"#!% $% !#& $%#)!9%*%%!"* '%!r)* ')r% !r%?"#% *")! 4 ',#$%r)r% %!% E*) i2,ivi,*!) +#9 )#)*%9 $#)#') +# !r"'!"r) )'%!"#). D# )'%)!ă &%r&%'!#ă9 $%#)%*% !r%?"#%

',#$%r)!% ') r%&r%;%!$ , &ro*lemati'$ a E(l(i .8 )'%! %9 !inami'a -i %tr('t(ra E(l(i in!i"i!(al &r%;#!ă $,"ă)&%'!% $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)!% :

"/ E*) ,e i( !re '" , $#)#'ă r%)'!#ă9 #!")#% 4 ')r% )?)!%r%) $% *),r)*#!)!% % &,)!% )#(%!) (#% "? (,r) )(#răr## 9 (#% "?(,r) #,*%%# . A7ir.!re! – *)!"r) )'!#ă ) E"*"# !)r% – %')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# $,#)ă9 $%,!r)!##!)!% +# #!r#,#. Vi')e24!

– *)!"r) ),!#'ă ) E"*"# !)r% – % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# #&"*##!)!%9 ')r)'!%r #r)#,)*9 %r%(*%=# +# %!%r,)r%##!)!%. 8 !#& '% &r#) %!% ,r#%!)!ă

4 r)&,r! '" )*,)r%) S"&r)-E"*"# ,r)*9 '%) $%-) $,") %!% ,r#%!)!ă4 r)&,r! '" &"*#"#*% &r#)r% #',+!#%!% .$/ E*) ,e i( s)!8 '" , $#)#'ă )r%)'!#ă9 4 ')r% )?)!%r%) $% *)

,r)*#!)!% % &,)!% )#(%!) (#% "? (,r) r%("#"*"# 9 (#% "?(,r) $% $%&%$%%#. Re7*gi*) – *)!"r) #)'!#ă ) E"*"# *)? – %')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# r%!r)%r% 4 ()) #!")##*,r #%##9 '" #;,*)r% &ă *))"*)r%) )"!,)r%#ă ) #$##$"*"#. E) % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# $%(%!#9)=#%!)!%9 )"!,)r%##!)!%9 &#%r$%r%) 4'r%$%r## &r# $%)*,r#;)r%) &r,&r#%#

&%r,)%. De(e2,e24! – *)!"r) ),r(ă ) E"*"# *)? – % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# #)!"r#!)!% )(%'!#ă ) &%r,)%#9 ')r% " )!#% r)$"* $% r%)*#;)r%',&*%!ă9 *#&) "%# #)## $% #%9 ) "%# )*,r# &%r,)*%. E) %

3B



')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# "?###!)!%9 %,#) $% &r,!%'#% %&"!$ %=#!)#$%&%$%!9 '# ")# &r# )*## >9 (r"!r)r% ve0i s&1e.! >.P% ?);) '%*,r $% )# "9 &,)!% (# !)?#*#! " (r'7i) !) (ers'2!)i+4ii

,evi!2e. A'%! &r,(#* ) (# )r')! $% )&%'!%*% &#,-,'#)*% $% !#& $%#)!.S%#,*,#) $%#)!"*"# %!% r%&r%;%!)!ă &r# "ră!,)r%*% gr*(e ,e

.!2i7es+ri :"/ U )"#! !#* $% %=#!%ă )r')! &r# "ră!,)r%*% : #!)?#*#!)!%9

#&"*##!)!%9 #)$)&!)?#*#!)!%9 !%$#) *) #!,)#%9 $##"*)r%))'!%*,r ',#%.

$/ O ',&#*ăr#% !"*?"r)!ă9 4 ')r% ,!ă : )*!%r)) $% )&)!#% +#"r%'#!)r%9 )'!##!)!% +',*)ră %r%"*)!ă9 )'!% $% #$#'#&*#ă9 'r#;% $%#%9 ("#.

%/ A''%!")r%) )'%!,r !"*?"răr# 4 &%r#,)$) )$,*%'%%#9 '$ )&)r :',(*#'!% '" )"!,r#!)!%) &ăr##9 %$"')!,r# >9 #!)?#*#!)!% )"

#%)*#!)!% +',*)ră "r)!ă $% %+%'"r#9 (r%'%!)r%) ",r r"&%)r#)*% )" $%*#'!")*% *) ')r% % ),'#);ă ("r!9 *,#r% >9(r%'%!)r%) ("#*,r9 !%!)!#% $% "#'#$9 ',""* $% )*',,*9

&r,!#!"#% )" ,,%=")*#!)!%9 "!r)%r%) $% *) %=%'"!)r%)%r#'#"*"# #*#!)r9 $%;%r!ăr# $# )r)!ă9 !ăr# r%)'!#% C#ENĂC6ESCU >.

E*%%!"* %%#)* )* $%#)!"*"# %!% ,e0e&1i)i8r*) .'r!) ')r%)!r%%);ă ,$#(#'ăr# &##'% $% ',&,r!)%! +# ',+!##ă. L) %* ),)*#)$% &%r,)*#!)!% % !r)$"'% &r# $#(#'"*!ă# $% )$)&!)r% )" &r#!r-,

&%r)%!ă !)r% $% #)$)&!)r% *) ,r%*% +# *%#*% #%## ,'#)*%9 (,*,#$$r%&! ',&%)r% $#(%r#!% (,r% $% )#(%!)r%9 $"&ă '" , %$%) 4',!#")r%) *"'răr##.

=.=. AGRESIVITATE ŞI COM0ORTAMENT AGRESIV

=.=.2 AGRESIVITATEA1 0RE3ENTARE GENERAL4 1

Ar%##!)!%) %!% ""* $#!r% '"#!%*% '",'"!% $% !,)!ă *"%) +# $%)'%%) %!% r%" $% $%(##!. 8 %%r)*9 ','%&!"* $% AGRESIVITATE $%r#ă$# *)!#%'"* a+re%%io ')r% 4%)ă ) )!)'). E!%9 $%'#9 , !)r% ) #!%"*"#

&#,(#;#,*,#' &r# ')r% &%r,)) ră&"$% &r#!r-" ))?*" $% ',$"#!%,!#*% 4 &*) ',+!#%!9 #',+!#%! +# ()!))!#'9 '" ',&"* $#!r"%r##9',!r%r##9 %ăr## )" "#*#r## "%# (##% &% ')r% )r%,r"* *% #!% '))!)r% +# r%&r%;#!ă &%!r" %* , &r,,')r% PĂUNESCU >.

P% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 % ',#$%ră +# %!% 4 )r% ă"ră )''%&!)!ă #$%%)'ă " ',&#* %!% &,!%#)* )r%# 4'ă $# ,%!"* )+!%r##9 #)r &#))*#+!##

3<



'" %=&%r#%ă 4 !r)!)%!"* ',&##*,r )(#ră 'ă )'%+!#) ',&###> $%# )">()!%;## $%!r"'!#% $% , #!%#!)!% 4&ă#!ă!,)r% .

8 )'%! %9 % ',#$%ră 'ă ,!#*#!)!%) )" %$#"* %(),r)?#*r%&r%;#!ă "r) &%!r" )r%##!)!%) #()!#*ă. L) )'%!%) ) &"!%) )$ă") :7r*sr!re!; ,is('0i4i! 522+s&*+ (e2r* !gresivi!e i 2* 52 *)i.*) r32,

e7e&e)e (r'gr!.e)'r T#V#C) )!)r%9 $%"# AGRESIVITATE !,)!% )'%*% )'#"# ,*"!)r%

,r#%!)!% )"&r) "%# &%r,)% )" ) ""# ,?#%'! ')r% )" $r%&! ,!# &r,$"'%r%) – 4!r-, (,ră $%'#ă )" #?,*#'ă – ) "%# &)"?%9 F##r# )"$"r%r# .

D# '%*% $% )# " r%;"*!ă 'ă '%) )# #&,r!)!ă &r,?*%ă ')r%)&)r% %!% )'%%) ) &!r!&er*)*i v')*2!r )* )'!"*"# )r%#. 8 %%r)*9*#!%r)!"r) $% &%'#)*#!)!% )''%&!ă ,*"!)r#!)!%) )'#"## $r%&! 'r#!%r#" )*)&r%'#%r## )r%##!ă## SEARSH MACCO>@H LEINH >ANDURA i

ALTERS> 4 &,(#$) ()&!"*"# 'ă &r,&r#"-;# #!%#) " #% $% )'#"%9 '#%!% $,)r &r%#) )'#"##9 +# 'ă $%',&%r#r%) #!%#%# ')r% !ă *) ?);))'!"*"# r#$#'ă (r%'%! $#(#'"*!ă# %r#,)%. Ş# )"%9 ')r)'!%r"* #!%#,)! )*)'!"*"# " %!% %)&ăr)! #$%!#' '" &r,,')r%) &'2ie2+ ) &)"?%# )" )

F##r##9 +# "! ');"r# '$9 &% ?"ă $r%&!)!% &ăr#!%*% )" &%$),"*9 &r%"&" !gresivi!e '#)r +# )!"'# '$ ',&#*"* ')r% ) &r,,')! &)"?))" $"r%r%) % #!% 2evi2'v!.

8 )'%! %9 >US 1@01> &"% 'ă &,)!% (# '"!#! $% 4#"#r%) $% ) (#)r%# ,"* ')r% 4!r-" r,* ,'#)* r%'",'"! &r,$"'% '"#) $"r%r% )"

%&*ă'%r%. U %=%&*" $% r,* ,'#)* r%'",'"! &,)!% (# )r'#) $% %$"')r%)" $#'#&*#)r% r%)*#;)!ă $% &%$), )" &ăr#!% >. T,! >US )(#r) 'ă $)'ă &ăr#!%*% )" &%$),"* )'#,%);ă $,)r "? )') r,*"*"#9 $%,)r%'% $"r%r%)9%&*ă'%r%) )" $#&%r)r%) ')";)!% ',&#*"*"# ',!#!"#% &%!r" %# "r) $%)!#()'## %,#,)*%9 )!"'# )'!"* *,r %!% ')*#(#')! ') (##$ )r%#.

P% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 % '"#% ă %"%ră &r#'#&)*%*% &rierii ,e<gr*(!re< ! &'.('r!.e2e)'r !gresive. A'%!%) "! "ră!,)r%*%:

"# C'24i2**) .'r!) !) &'.('r!.e2*)*i.8 )'%! %9 $#!#%:!gresivi!e !2is'&i!)+ $#!r"'!#ă> ,r#%!)!ă 4&,!r#) ',*%'!##!ă##9 +#

!gresivi!e (r's'&i!)+ ')r% %r%+!% #!%r%%*,r ',*%'!##!ă## +# )*%#$##$"*"#. C) )!)r%9 &%$%)&) $)!ă $% %$"')!,r %!% )r%##!)!% &r,,'#)*ă 4');"* 4 ')r%9 &% $% , &)r!%9 %) ră% 4 ')$r"* )+!%&!ăr#*,r '"*!"r)*% *%)!%$% r,*"* $)!9 #)r &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 $)'ă %) " )r% $r%&! ,!# ră;?")r%)9 '#'%r#) ,'#)*#;ăr##9 ) $%;,*!ăr## ,r)*%9 )r,#,)% ) &%r,)*#!ă##.

$# Agresivi!e! &! .i9)'& s!* s&'(. C,(,r )'%!"# 'r#!%r#"9 $#!#% :!gresivi!e i2sr*.e2!)+ )#(%!)!ă '$ #$##$"* r%'"r% *) )r%##!)!%(##$'ă $,)r &% )'%)!ă ')*% 4+# %$% r%)*#;)?#* " &*)9 ',&9 #$%% ,)r%')r% +# !gresivi!e e.'4i'2!)+ – '$ #$##$"* r%'"r% *) )r%##!)!%#$%&%$%! $% " ))!)F – &%!r" ) &r,$"'% )*!"#) , $"r%r%9 %&*ă'%r%9 )'!*) ')r% 4* 4$%)ă $# #!%r#,r " )(%'! ,)r%')r%.

3@



%# D*(+ &!r!&er*) )'r '7e2siv s!* ,e7e2siv )'%!) ) (,! '%r'%!)! 4 &r#"* r$ $% %!,*,# &% ?);) ,?%r)##*,r +# %=&%r#%!%*,r r%)*#;)!% 4*"%) )#)*ă > % $#!#: !gresivi!e '7e2siv+ i !gresivi!e ,e7e2siv+ $%)&ăr)r%>. Pr#) % r%(%ră *) )r%##!)!%) ')r% )&)r% 4 ')$r"* &%'#%#9 )#)*% 4!r% )'"*# )r%##!)!% #!%r)*% – MO@ER >9 &r%'" +# )r%##!)!%)

&ră$ă!,)r% F%("#!,)r% > )#(%!)!ă 4!r% &%'##. C%) $%-) $,") '"&r#$% :)r%##!)!%) )'"*"*"# &%!r" )-+# )&ăr) !%r#!,r#"*9 '%) ) (%%*%# &%!r" )-+#)&ăr) &"#"* +# '%) $% )"!,)&ăr)r%9 %*% (##$ &r%'%$)!% $% , 4'%r')r% $% ("ă9')r%9 $)!,r#!ă )&r,&#%r## ,r)#"*"# !ră#9 % !r)(,ră 4!r-" )!)'$#&%r)!. R%;"*!ă $% )#'# r%*)#) $#!r% ("ă +# )!)'.

D"&ă FREUD9 )r%##!)!%) %!% " &'.('r!.e2 i2si2&iv re)!iv94 !#& '% %!#%!"* "&ărăr## )r (# ',%'#) )r%##!ă## (r"!r)!%:"&ăr)r%) % (,r%);ă )!"'# '$ #?,*$"* &%!r" )r%##!)!% %!% &"!%r#'9$)r 4&r%F"răr#*% 4&#%$#'ă %=&r#)r%) $%'#ă ) )'%!%#). C) )!)r%9 "&ăr)r%)

%!% , "&)&ă $% #"r)ă &r# ')r% % $%)F%);ă "r&*""* $% %%r#% +#)!(%* ,r)#"* ')&ă $% %=&*,;#% .

8!r-, &%r#,)$ă "*!%r#,)ră ) )'!##!ă## )*%9 FREUD +#-) '#?)!r)$#')* ','%&#). A'" %* $%'r#% )r%##!)!%) ') , (,ră ,?'"ră9 #;,r!ă$# #!%r#,r9 ')r% " % ,r#%!%);ă 4&,!r#) %$#"*"#9 '# !#$% ă $#!r"ă E"*#!#'!"* ,r##>.

8 %%r)*9 (si1!2!)i0+ .',er2+ r%(";ă !%,r#) *"# FREUD '*ă$#!ă &%#!#'!"* ,r##9 +# $%'r#% )r%##!)!%) ') , )#(%!)r% #!#'!#ă r%)'!#ă6ORNE@H SAULH 6ARTMANN> 4 ) 'ăr%# (,r)r% " r,* (,)r!% #&,r!)!

4* F,)'ă %=&%r#%%*% ',&#*"*"# &r##!,)r% *) ,'#)*#;)r%) ).E')'gi! – +!##ă ()'#)!ă +# r%*)!# r%'%!ă – ',#$%ră )r%##!)!%) !,!') " #!#'! r%)'!#. D% %=%&*"9 ONRAD LORENZ9 &% ?);) ,?%r)##*,r +#'%r'%!ăr#*,r r%)*#;)!% )"&r) )#)*%*,r9 ',#$%ră )r%##!)!%) " #!#'! ')r%%r%+!% *) ',%r)r%) &%'#%#9 &% ')r% )"## !#"*# )" ',!%*)## $% !#"*# 4*$%'*)+%);ă 4 ,$ *%#'9 #)r )*# !#"*# 4* ?*,'%);ă !,! 4 ,$ %r%$#!)r +# *%#'.6#r%+!%9 )!! (,r%*% )r%##!ă##9 '! +# !#"*## ')r% *% $%'*)+%);ă )" ?*,'%);ă

&% )'%!%)9 $#(%ră $% *) , &%'#% *) )*!).DOLLARD ) $%,!r)! 'ă #&,!%;) 7r*sr!4ie – !gresivi!e !r%;%+!%

"&ăr)r%). D"&ă %*9 (r"!r)r%) $"'% 4 ,$ *%#' *) !%$#% )r%#% +#"&ăr)r%) )&)r% )!"'# '$ " %!% &,#?#*ă )r%##!)!%) $%'#ă.L) v3rs! &')!r+ % ,?%ră 'ă )r%##!)!%) ()ă $% &ăr#!% %

)#(%!ă 4 $%!ră)r%) ,?#+"#%*,r ##%#'% &r,)&ă! (,r)!% : $% %=%&*"9',&#*"* $%#% ""* '" %"r%;# ,'!"r. P#))*#;) $%"%+!% )'%! !)$#"$% #)ă (eri'!,! !2!)+9 #)r )r%##!)!%) )&ăr"!ă 4 ')$r"* %# – !gresivi!e!2!)+. P#))*#;) '*)#'ă %=&*#'ă )#(%!ăr#*% )r%#% )*% &%r#,)$%# ))*%

&r# ')";% )# "*!% &%'"*)!#%9 #!#'%. A!ă;# +!# 'ă *) ?);) *,r !r%?"#%ă 'ă"!ă ',(*#'!% ,'#)*%.

8 r%&%r!,r#"* $% ',&,r!)%!% )* ',&##*,r $% r!ă +',*)ră &"!%$%',&%r# , )r% ?,ă#% $% !&4i*2i re(resive :



!/ grev! 7'!.ei %!% &,)!% '%) )# (r%'%!ă. 8 (,r) ) '%) )##&*ă9 %) %!% r%;"*!)!"* "%# !%$#% ',+!#%!% )" )r%#% :',&#*"* +!#% 'ă *ă?#r% ) ')";%);ă &ăr##*,r "*!% r#F#. 6##$"&ăr)! &% &ăr##9 ',&#*"* " % )!#% $% ')r% 4 &r%;%) *,r.I)#%) !)!ă*"# $#&%r)! +# ) )%# ')r% % r,)ă $% %* %!% "

$"*'% ?)*) &%!r" "(*%!"* ă" ')r% )r$% $% "&ăr)r% +# 4* ()'% ăr%;#!% 4 ',!#")r%.

8/ 52r+*+4ire! r!2,!.e2*)*i &')!r. Ră;?")r%) ',&#*"*"# )&)r%(r%'%! "? )'%)!ă (,ră : 4'%&% ă ')$ă %)+!%&!)! +#4(r#',+ă!,r $% r)&#$ %$#) *) 4ăă!"ră.

C,&#*"* &,)!% ă 4%% )!#!"$#%) )r%#ă +# &r# #!%r%$#"* ##!)#%9'" ',$##) ') ,$%*"* – )* 'ăr"# ',&,r!)%! 4* ##!ă – ă (#% , &%r,)ă)r%#ă. C%r'%!ăr#*% $% &#,*,#% MACCO>@H LEINH >ANDURA iALTERS> ',(#ră 'ă )F,r#!)!%) ',&##*,r )r%## &r,# $# ()#*## 4

')r% &ăr#!%*% 4"+# %!% )r%#. A'%! ()&! % &,)!% %=&*#') $%,&,!r#ă &r#e'ri! r!2s7er*)*i ,e !gresivi!e i (ri2 e'ri! .',e)*)*i !gresiv ',&#*"*(r"!r)! – &% ')r% (r#') $% &%$%)&ă 4* ,?*#ă )')ă *) r%&%'!)r%) $#'#&*#%# – 4+# !r)(%ră )r%##!)!%) )"&r) %$#"*"# ă" +',*)r9 )"&r) ',*%#*,r ă#9 +#4 !#& '% 4+# ?)!% ',*%##9 %* r%)*#;%);ă ',&,r!)%!"* ,$%*"*"# ă")r%#9 )* &ăr#!%*"#.

E=#!ă ,)%# r"&% $% ,)%#9 (,r% $% ',$"#!ă> ')r% ',!#!"#%%',$##,)! +# #%#!)?#* ,$%*% &%!r" )*##9 ',%'#ă )'#"#*% *,r +# - 4)"#!% 4&r%F"răr# – '#)r +# F"$%'ă#*% *,r $% )*,)r%9 %!#%!%*% *,r9 )&)r

*%#' 4 ',&,r!)%!"* *,r9 4 #)) &#r#!")*ă +# )(%'!#ă ) )*!"#).P,r#$ $% *) )'%)!ă )(#r)#%9 &r#) 4!r%?)r% ')r% % &"% %!%"ră!,)r%): Ci2e s*2 &e)e .!i i.('r!2e .',e)e !)e &'.('r!.e2*)*ii27!2i) i &!re s*2 !&e)e &'2,i4ii 52 &!re !&4i*2i)e )'r serves& &! .',e)e(e2r* !i*,i2e! &'(i)*)*i

C%r'%!ăr#*% $% &#,*,#% ,'#)*ă r%*%ă9 4 %%r)*9 $,"ă !#&"r# &r#'#&)*% $% .',e)e ,e i,e2i7i&!re :

"/ Pr#"* %!% )+)-"#!"* r') &'.()e.e2!r. Pr# &"r!ă!,r## r,*"r#*,r ',&*%%!)r% 4%*%% )'%*% &%r,)% &r% ')r% % ,r#%!%);ă

)F,r#!)!%) )'!##!ă#*,r +# )+!%&!ăr#*,r #()!#*%.$/ C%*ă*)*! %!% (*ere! s'&i!)+ &r# ')r% 4%*%% &%r,)%*% ')r%!)?#*%' '%*% )# #&,r!)!% ,r% )*% %r"*"# #%## ',&#*"*"# +#')r%9 4!r-, (,ră )" )*!) &r%!#$ r%&%'!)r%) )'%!,r ,r%. A#'#%!% ,r?)9 4 &r#"* r$9 $% &ăr###9 $% &%$),## +# ',*%##',&#*"*"# r"&%*% $% )'%%)+# r!ă >.

E=#!ă +# )*# ()'!,r# ')r% &,%$ă 4 ,'## ',&#*"*"# , (,ră %%r)!,)r%$% ,$%*%9 '" )r (# :

- #?,*"* $% !)!"! $% %=%&*"9 %)!) %$#')*ă 4 ) $,'!,r"*"#9"#(,r) $% ,(#%r9 %!'. >

- r%"%*%9 r%&"!)#) $% %=%&*"9 &r%!##" &r,(%#,)* >- #$%!#!)!%) $% %=.

1



M"*!% *"'răr# $% &#,*,#% >ANDURA +# ALTERS > ',(#ră 'ă9$% r%"*ă9 ',&### )r%## &r,# $# ()#*## 4 ')r% '#)r +# &ăr### "!)r%##. 8+# &%$%&%' ',&### '" ?ă!)#)9 '" "&r#)r%) &r##*%##*,r9 4'"r)F$!,!,$)!ă )r%##!)!%) %=!r)()#*#)*ă r%&# ,r#'% )&r,&#%r% ) ',&#*"*"#%,',!#$ %,#) *"# $% $%&%$%ă. 8 %%r)*9 *) )'%+!# !#%r# 4!*# ,

r)ă )=#%!)!% $% $%&%$%ă : %# " $#'"!ă '" &ăr### &r,&r##*% &r,?*%%9" *% '%r ()!"* #'#,$)!ă9 (,)r!% r)r % )&r,&#% $% %# '" %!#%!% $%'#%9

&,;#!#%. U )%%%) ',&#* #%r%+!%9 ') "r)r%9 '" )*%% *#?%r% 4 r"&"*)!#,'#)* )# 'ăr"# %?r##9 r%&%'!# #)ă ,r)*ă9 &,! (#=) "+,r )'%!%)*%%9 ()'!,r## )#!## $%%#$ &%!r" %# ,$%*%.

C,r%&";ă!,r #%*"*"# ă" $% )&!#!"$##9 (#%')r% ',&#* 4+# 4"+%+!%)'#"#*% )r%#% )*% ,$%*"*"#9 $)r %* )r% &,#?#*#!)!%) ă " !r)&"ă)'%!% )'#"# 4 4&r%F"răr# $#(%r#!% ()ă $% #!")#) ,$%*)!ă. Să %=)#ă

&% r$ )'%!% $,"ă &,#?#*#!ă#.

Pr#) 4%)ă 'ă $)'ă ,$%*"* ) (,! &%$%&#! &%!r"',&,r!)%!"* ă"9 ,r# $)'ă &% ',&#* 4* )%#ă &%$%)&) 4 ');"*r%)*#;ăr## $%'#% ) ',&,r!)%!"*"# r%&%'!#9 )!"'# ',&#*"* " ) )&*#')',&,r!)%!"* 4ă)!. E=#!ă $,)r , #"ră &%$%)&ă ')r% )%#ă %r%"9#$%&%$%! $% #!")#%9 +# )"% )'%%) $)!ă $% &r,&r#) ',+!##ă. D%'#9 ,#$%!#(#')r% &"!%r#'ă $"'% *) %*%'!)r%) ,$%*%*,r ,?%r)#,)*%9 4 %"* 'ă%) 4&#%$#'ă r%)*#;)r%) )'%*,r ',&,r!)%!% 4"+#!% ')r% " ',r%&"$ '",r%*%9 '" !)$)r$%*% #$%!#(#')!%.

D)'ă !,!"+# #&#!) %!% )!! $% &"!%r#'ă 4'! ',&#*"* '%$%);ă 4 ())

%#9 )!"'# ',&,r!)%!"* $%'# ) (# "r)! $% " %!#%! )*'"*&)?#*#!ă##9 ')r% r#$#'ă " ,?!)',* 4 ()) )&)r##%# r%&%!)!% ) )'#"##.A+)$)r9 &ă " % (,r%);ă9 r%&%'!# " % ',,*#$%);ă " #!%,!#)#,)* #!%r9 &ă )!"'# 4!ăr#r%) +# #!%r;#'%r%) %=!%ră ) )'#"#*,r ',&#*"*"# ',!#!"#% &ăr# #!%r)!% )*% ,$%*"*"# $% ',&,r!)r% %$"')!#ă.

M"*# '%r'%!ă!,r# )(#ră 'ă: 4!r;#%r%) &%$%&#r## ',&,r!)%!"*"#%$,r#! F,)'ă " r,* #&,r!)! 4 ()&!"* 'ă "*!%r#,r ',&#*"* – )(*$"-% ()ă4 ()ă '" &,#?#*#!)!%) $% ) % ',&,r!) 4!r-" ,$ #!%r;# – ) r%;#!)#&#!%# )" ) %(%'!") )'#"%)9 $"&ă ')r% 4# )&)r% ',+!##) '"*&)?#*#!ă##.

A$#'ă9 $)'ă &%$%)&) % )',r$ă 4 ,%!"* )&)r##%# )'#"## #!%r;#%9 )!"'#',&#*"*"# # % ) $%;,*!) r%;#!%) *) #&#!ă9 4 '#? $)'ă 4* &%$%&#$"&ă ',#!%r%) )'#"##9 )!"'# # % $%;,*!ă ',+!##) '"*&)?#*#!ă##.

D%'#9 %%) )!#!"$### %$"')!#% )$,&!)!ă ()ă $% ',&#* -)r &"!%)(,r"*) &r# r%*%)r%) ()&!"*"# 'ă #!%r;#'%r%) ',&,r!)%!"*"# %$,r#! +#4!ăr#r%) )'#"#*,r ',r%'!% "! (,)r!% #&,r!)!%9 )# )*% 4 &%r#,)$%*%!#&"r## )*% #%##9 $)r 'ă *)"$) +# $,F)) "! %(#'#%!% $,)r )!"'# '$%$"')!,r"* 4"+# &r)'!#'ă (,r%*% $% ',&,r!)%! r%',&%)!% *) ',&#* +#%#!ă %r%" &% )'%*%) &% ')r% *% &%$%&%+!%. A!(%*9 ',&#*"* % #$%!#(#'ă '"%$"')!,r"* ă" +# '#)r $)'ă 4+# 4"+%+!% ',&,r!)%!"* ,$%*"*"#9 %* " )r%)*#;) ',&,r!)%!"* r%&%'!# $)'ă )'%!) " %!% 4 ',',r$)ă '"#!%"* $% ,r% #$%!#(#')!.

2



A*!ă #$%% $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)!ă ')r% !r%?"#% %#,)!ă9 %!% )'%%)',(,r 'ăr%#) )r%##!)!%) %!% +# .',!)i!e ,e re)!4i'2!re #!%r")ă 4')r% ""* $#!r% &)r!%%r# "!#*#;%);ă (,r). 6,r) '%) )# #,*%!ă ) r%*)#%#r%;#$ă 4 %=%r'#!)r%) (,r%# (#;#'% 4 ',&"* 4*ă!"răr## '%*"#*)*!. A+)$)r9)r%#"%) %!% ,r#'% ',&,r!)%! $%!#)! ă ()'ă ră" '"#). A$%%) %)

4?r)'ă (,r) #,*%%# – )'#"% $#!r"'!#ă 4$r%&!)!ă 4&,!r#) ,)%#*,r )" ) &r,&r#%!ă##.

T,! 4 ')$r"* #!%rr%*)#,ăr## ")%9 %=#!ă +# (,r% $% )r%##!)!%')r% " ()' )&%* $#r%'! *) (,r) (#;#'ă9 +# )"% : #"*!)9 ("r!"*9 ',!r%r%)

&r# +)!)F )" )%#)r%. A*!%,r#9 #&"*"* )r%# %!% *##!)! *) ',&%!##%9)!)' %r?)* )" ,r#'% )*!ă %=&r%#% ) ,!#*#!ă## #F"r#%9 $#&r%9 %*,;#%9r)'#"ă >.

L) r$"* ă"9 ALFRED ADLER 4 *"'r)r%) ) C*2'!ere! '.*)*i 91@@1> ))*#;%);ă !răă!"r#*% $% ')r)'!%r $% )!"ră )r%#ă9 '" )r (# :

"anitatea in"i!ia a"ari#ia (ra. E* )&r%'#) 'ă )r%##!)!%) % $##"%);ă )"% )"*%);ă &r# !r);##) $% *) !7e&e ,is'&i!e #)9 !r#!%%)9 $%;"!"*9 (r#')>*) !7e&e !s'&i!e ?"'"r#)9 ',&)#"%) >.

C)*%) '%) )# #&,r!)!ă &%!r" 4ă?"+#r%) )r%##!ă## $# #$##$ ,',!#!"#% r%)*#;)r%) ""# e&1i)i8r* #!%r#,r '% &r%"&"% $%;,*!)r%))"!,r%*)F"*"# ',+!#%!9 ')r% (),r#;%);ă !ă&#r%) +# ',!r,*"* %,##*,r +#)(%'!%*,r #,*%!% r,);)9 ("r#) >9 $,#)r%) $#r## )"&r) #!#'!%*,r +##&"*"r#*,r &r#)r%9 #!%r)r%) !"!"r,r )#(%!ăr#*,r #',+!#%!"*"# $% 'ă!r%',+!#%!.

8 )'%%)+# ,r$#% $% #$%#9 )*!% .',!)i+4i $% ,r$# &#,*,#' $%,i.i2*!re i re,*&ere ! !gresivi+4ii "! "ră!,)r%*% :!/ Pr# &*2'!ere ',+!#%!#;)r% +# ))*#;ă ,?#%'!#ă > )r%,r"* &,)!%

r%)*#;) 'ă %!% ',(r"!)! '" )'%*%)+# &r,?*%% )r# $% #)ă ') +# &)r!%%r"* ă" : $%(ă+"r)r%) "%# )'!##!ă# 4 ',&"* )"!,r%)*#;ăr##9',(r"!)r%) '" )%#)r%) ?,*##9 )))r%) 4 r!ă9 %!'. C,$##)%%#)*ă ) '",)+!%r## r%'#&r,'% , ',!#!"#% ',"#')r%) 4 )?%))'%!%#)9 '",)+!%r%) '%*"#*)*! )r% " ')r)'!%r !r"'#)!9 r"$#%!)r.

8/ A*!ă %!,$ă +# '%) )# %(#')'% $%'! '",)+!%r%) &r# ',"#')r%

%!% !2g!9!re! 52r-' !&ivi!e &'.*2+. N##' " )&r,&#% )#"*! ,)%## $%'! $%(ă+"r)r%) "%# )'!##!ă# ',"%9 4&ăr!ă+#r%))'%*"#)+# ',&. P%!r" )'%)!) %!% %'%)ră 4*ă!"r)r%) ',$##%# $%',&%!##% )r%#ă +# 4*,'"#r%) %# '" ',,&%r)r%) ',!r"'!#ă.

=.=.=. TEORII E0LICATIVE ALE FUNCŢIONALIT4ŢII AGRESIVIT4ŢII

8 *%ă!"ră '" ,r##%) !%$#%*,r )r%#%9 %=#!ă )# "*!% e'rii.

3



"/ TEORIA IMPULSULUI NATIV $"&ă ')r% )r%#"%) )r% *) ?);ă" #!#'! 4ă'"!9 )+) '" "#% FREUD9 ,r?#$ $% in%tin't(l mor#ii .8 "*!#%*% $%'%##9 # LORENZ9 ?#,*,9 ) (ă'"! '%r'%!ăr# r#"r,)%$%,!r$ %=#!%)9 *) )#)*%9 ) ",r !%$#% $% )r%#"% #!r)&%'##.

S% ',#$%ră 'ă )r%##!)!%) &,)!% )&ăr%) 4 "r) %#$%#%r## "%#

*.'ri &% 'r%#%r 4 r%#"%) #!%"*"# *#?#'9 "$% % &r%"&"% %=#!%)",r '%!r# 4 r%*)#% '" ',&,r!)%!"* )r%#. A&,#9 )r%##!)!%) )&)r% +#4 "%*% 8')i .i2!)e 9 4$%,%?# !"r?)r%. Pr# "r)r%9 &)r% %#$%!ă %=#!%)",r '%!r# '% &,! $%'*)+) )'!% )r%#%.

L) " ,%! $)!9 -) 'r%;"! 'ă )r%##!)!%) )r (# 4 ("'#% $% 2*.+r*),e &r'.'0'.i : "! &%r,)% *) ')r% %=#!ă " 'romo)om "&*#%!)r ')r% )r

&r%$#&"% *) #,*%ă +# )r%##!)!%. I%!#$"-% #!")#) )'%!"#'r,,;, *) '%# ',$))# &%!r" #,*%%9 -) ă#! &r#!r% %# " &r,'%!$% 29@ &%r,)% )$ " 'r,,;, "&*#%!)r – ',&)r)!# '"

&,&"*)#) ,?#+"#!ă "$% &r,'%!"* )'%!%# ),)*## %%!#'% %!% $,)r 92.D)r9 &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 ?ă#%## '" 'r,,;, $"?*" "! "*! )# 4)*# +#)# #"r,+# $%'! '%# ,r)*#9 )!(%* 4'! %!% (,)r!% &,#?#* ') )'%)!ă

&)r!#'"*)r#!)!% ă (# (),r#;)! )r%##!)!%) *,r.E=#!ă +# a+re%i"itatea mali+n$ , )#(%!)!ă 4ă *) ,)%## *olna"i

mintal . E# FROMM !)?#*%+!% , ',r%*)#% 4!r% )'%)!ă (,ră $% )r%##!)!%+# )$#9 &*ă'%r%) $% ) *,#9 $% ) ')";) "(%r#ă9 $%(,r)r% '" ,r##%) 4t(l*(r$rile in%tin't(l(i %e>(al .

E='%&!$ ');"r#*% &)!,*,#'%9 *) ,)%## ,r)*# %=#!ă (,r)#"#

%r,)% ')r% &,! $%'*)+) )r%##!)!%)9 $)r ") $% ,r$# r%)'!#9 ') ră&"*) )!)'"r#*% )*!,r)9 #)r )&*,)r%) )r%##!ă## &)r% ă $%&#$ă (,)r!% "*! $%',$###*% ,'#)*% +# $% %$"')#%. C) )!)r%9 4 ');"r#*% &)!,*,#'%9 !#"*)r%))" )?*)#) )"#!,r r%#"# '%r%?r)*% &,! )!r%) %&#,)$% $% )r%##!)!%.A!(%*9 *) (##) ")ă9 ami+!alotomia *ilateral$ )" ?i&otalamotomia

&o%terioar$ "! #!%r%## &#,'#r"r#')*% ')r% &,! $##")',&,r!)%!"* )r%# .

$/ TEORIA FRUSTRAŢIEI ')"!ă ă %=&*#'% %')#"* )r%#"#*,r &r# )&)r##) ",r (r"!răr# !ăr# $% !%#"% 'r%)!% &r# )&)r##) ""#

,?!)',* 4 ')*%) r%)*#;ăr## $,r#%*,r "%# &%r,)% >. 8ă " ,r#'% (r"!r)#%$"'% *) )r%#"#. 8 *%ă!"ră '" )'%! &"'! $% %$%r%9 ALFRED ADLER %#,) 'ă ,)%## )$ %!#%!"* "%# #(%r#,r#!ă# " )"$ ?#%9 )" "ă$ ?#%9 "(%ră $% !r)?#9 "! #'# $% !)!"ră9 %!'. > &,! )F"% '#)r *) "',&*%= $% #(%r#,r#!)!% ')r%-# ()'% (,)r!% "'%&!#?#*#9 r%)'#,$ %=)%r)! *),r#'% ',!r)r#%r%.

%/ TEORIA SOCIALĂ A JNVĂŢĂRII A# >ANDURA/ "#% 'ă)r%##!)!%) % 4)ă ') !,)!% '%*%*)*!% ',&,%!%9 4 &%'#)* &r#,?%r)r%) ",r ,$%*%. C,&### ?ă!"# $% &ăr### *,r )" )#!$ *) )'!% $%#,*%ă 4!r% &ăr##9 $%# +# %# ?ă!ă"+#. S"! +# ');"r# '$ &ăr### "!,*%r%);ă #,*%) 4 ()#*#%9 $)r 4'"r)F%);ă ',&,r!)%!"* 4$ră;%9)r,)! +# '#)r #,*%! ()ă $% '%#*)*# ',&##.



8 "*!% ăr#9 (#*%*% ,(%ră ;#*#' &%'!)',*"* ",r #,*%%9 ?ă!ă#9,,r"r#. L) (%*9 'ăr#*% $% )%!"r# ',)'ră "!% $% &)## $%!)*##*,r r%(%r#!,)r% *) '" ă ,r)#;ă F%("#r%) ",r ?ă'# )" ă %*##ă ,r#'%

&r,?ă 4 *%ă!"ră '" " ,,r.E=#!ă +# %!)*#!ă# &r# ')r% ,'#%!)!%) (),r#;%);ă )r%#"% ,'#

&%!r" ,'#9 $#!% &%!r" $#!%>9 ră;?")r%)9 *ă"$$ &% '%* &"!%r#' ')r% &,)!%ă-* !r#%)'ă &% '%* *)?. P% ă"ră '% 'r%'9 ',&### )$#ră &% '%# ')&)?#*#)-# ?)!ă &% '%# )# &"# "'"*,+# .

>ANDURA )(#r) 'ă 7n"$#$m ă (# )r%## $# "ră!,)r%*% %it(a#ii :"/ 4ăă ă (# )r%## $% *) ,)%## $# F"r"* ,!r" &ăr### 4#

4)ă &% ',&## ă " (#% )r%##9 $)r 4# ?)! +# 4# &%$%&%' >$/ 4ăă ă (# )r%## $# )!#!"$##*% ,'#%!)*% 4 "*!### )# %

,?%ră " )! 4r#F,ră!,r )* )&%'!%*,r )r%#% 4 ,'#%!)!%>%/ 4ăă ă (# )r%## $% *) !%*%#;,r9 $# (#*%*% $% r,);ă ')r%

&r%;#!ă 'r#% #$,)%9 ?ă!ă# #,*%!% +# #*"#r# ""* $#!r% *"'r"r#*%')r%-# )*)r%);ă (,)r!% "*! &% ',&## %!% ă ă%)'ă '%%) '% %!%4 )&)r%ă ?" %!% 4 r%)*#!)!% ră" . A!!) r%% '! ?""* +#ră"* "! %&)r)!% +# ',&#*"* $%*##!%);ă ?#%*% $% ră"9 %* !,*%r%);ă#,*%)9 ,)r!%)9 %!'.>.

/ TEORIA CAT6ARSIS-ULUI "#% 'ă9 )!"'# '$ )#!ă *)&%'!)',*% #,*%!%9 &r##!,r"* 4+# ',"ă &% &*) #)#)r %%r#) )r%#ă9$%'# #;#,)r%) '%%*,r ?r"!)*% )r $"'% *) $##")r%) )r%##!ă##9 +# " *)#!%#(#')r%) %#. S-)" r%)*#;)! %=&%r#%!% ')r% )r)!ă '" #&"*"* )r%#

4&,!r#) "%# &%r,)% ')$% ")# $)'ă )'%) &%r,)ă %!% )r%)!ă9 &%$%&#!ă $% )*!'#%).8 ','*";#%9 *) ,r#'% , ,r)*9 %=#!ă !r"'!"r) ))!,,-(#;#,*,#'ă

#&*#')!ă 4 $%'*)+)r%) ",r )'!% )r%#%. 8 ,$ ,r)*9 %*% % &" 4#+')r% $,)r 4 ');"* 4'ă*'ăr## )?";#% +# ?r"!)*% ) ",r $r%&!"r# . 6r"!r)r%))r%9 (#r%+!%9 " r,* . /#,*%) r%&*#'#*,r +# ,$"* $% )#(%!)r% "! 4 ("'#%$% #(*"%%*% ,'#)*% +# $% %$"')#%. C! $%&r% #,*%) )*#ă 9%F"!#(#')!ă &r# #!")#%9 %) %!% $% ,r##% &)!,*,#'ă9 )$ *) ?);ă$%r%*ăr# ,r,)*% )" $% ,r$# (#;#,*,#' .

=.. FORMELE DE MANIFESTARE ALE AGRESIVIT4ŢII

Agresivi!e! r%&r%;#!ă !%$#) $% ) )ră!) ,!#*#!)!% &r# )#(%!)r%) $%)'!% )r%#% !%$#) $% ) $%&ă+# ,&,;###*% 4!*#!% !%$#) $% )"!,)(#r)r%

&r# &r,,)r%) %)?ă!"!ă ) &r,&r##*,r #!%r%% #&%r%%r#% 4 )!#!"$## +#

r%)'## !%$#) &%r)%!ă $% $,#)r% 4 r"&"* ,'#)* )" 4 ',"#!)!% .P%!r" )'%)!) % "!#*#;%);ă $#%r% (,r% $% )r%##!)!%. 8 )'%! %9%=#!ă )# "*!% 'riterii !e +r(&are a 'om&ortamentelor a+re%i"e9 +#

5



)"% : ',#"!"* ,r)* )* ',&,r!)%!"*"# a+re%i"itate anti%o'ial$ +#a+re%i"itat e &ro%o'ial$> )r%##!)!%) – #F*,' )" ',& a+re%i"itateain%tr(mental$; a+re%i"itatea emo#ional$> $"&ă ')r)'!%r"* *,r ,(%# )"$%(%#: a+re%i"itatea o,en%i"$ )r%##!)!%) 4 ')$r"* &%'#%# )r%##!)!%)

&ră$ă!,)r%> a+re%i"itatea !e,en%i"$ $% )&ăr)r%>.

P% ?);) )'%!,r 'r#!%r## %"%r)!% )# "9 )" (,! !)?#*#!% )# "*!%7'r.e ,e .!2i7es!re ! !gresivi+4ii9 $"&ă '" "r%);ă :

=..2. FENOMENE1SIM0TOM DE MANIFESTARE

"/ E>'ita*ilitatea %!% !)r%) #!%"*"# %r, ')r)'!%r#;)!ă &r#!r-,%#?#*#!)!% $% r)$ )=#)* ()ă $% ()'!,r## $% %$#" %=!%r )" #!%r.D%(##r%) )'%!%#) )r% *) ?);ă ,#"%) &#,(#;#,*,#'ă $% e:&i!4ie ')r%#% $# *)!#%'"* e>'ita#io ')r% 4%)ă %tim(lare .

>ORDENAT +# PRIGNE@ ',#$%ră 'ă %='#!)#) &#,*,#'ă &r%"&"% r#$#')r%) !%#"## &#,*,#'% +# %=)'%r?)r%) $#)#"*"# &##'9!ăr# ')r% $%# &)!,*,#'% )!"'# '$ "! 4,#!% $% , !"*?"r)r%)(%'!,%ă r%)'!#ă9 ',%'#) "%# %,## #!%% )" ) ""# #'#$%! r).

C,&### &ă *) r!) )$,*%'%%# &,! &r%;%!) %&#,)$% $%#&%r%='#!)#% 4 ')$r"* ,r)*#!ă##9 $)r 4 ');"r# $% "(%r#ă %"r,&##'ă)'%!% !ăr# ')&ă!ă ')r)'!%r &%r)%! +# $%# &)!,*,#'% .

6,r%*% $% )#(%!)r% )*% #&%r%='#!)?#*#!ă## "! : +e%t(ri !e

ner$*!are ton ri!i'at -i iritat al "o'ii e,er"e%'en#$ a lim*a(l(i la*ilitateemo#ional$ 7n're!ere e>a+erat$ 7n %ine a+re%i"itate# C,*,r)!"r) )(%'!#ă %!%)r')!ă &r# ("r#%.

E='#!)#) &#,,!,r#% %!% ',&,%!ă ) !)?*,"*"# '*##' 4 %in!roamein,e'#ioa%e en'e,alite -i menin+o1en'e,alite@ into>i'a#ii '( !i,erite %(*%tan#e:al'ool anti!e&re%i"e ?alo+ene : e&ile&%ie oli+o,renie %'?i)o,renie @ e&i%oa!e

&%i?oti'e a'(te &arali)ia +eneral$ &ro&ri(1)i%+ 4 &%'#) *) $%?"! >tra(mati%me 'raniene @ *oli en!o'rine %a( le)i(ni ,o'ale ale 'orte>(l(i

&re,rontal %a( ?i&otalam(%(l(i "entrome!ian ori a lo*ilor tem&orali .

$/ I.(*)sivi!e! %!% , !răă!"ră ')r)'!%r#!#'ă '% #&*#'ă " ,$#&"*# $% ) r%)'#,) &r# i.(*)s*ri . I&"*"r#*% "! ,$)*#!ă# )'#,)*%$% r%)'#% #,*"!)ră9 ?r"'ă9 %',!r,*)!ă +# %#!%r)!% 4!r-, )'!##!)!%r)#,)*ă )'!% #,*%!%9 $%'ăr'ăr# %=&*,;#%9 r%)'## $% #%9 %!'. >.

LAFON &"% 'ă i.(*)sivi!e! %!% , !e%'$r'are in'oer'i*il$ -i ime!iat$ a (nei %t$ri !e ten%i(ne emo#ional$ 7ntr1(n a't %a('om&ortament . A'!"* #&"*# ()'% ') !%#"%) &##'ă ă 4'%!%;%. E*

&,)!% (# %',!r,*)!9 #&r%#;#?#*9 #r)#,)*9 )$"-+# ,r##%) 4 ,!#)##"?#%'!#% )" 4!r-, r%)'#% r%(*%=ă .

%/ Pr'(*)sivi!e! r%&r%;#!ă $%'*)+)r%) )r%##!ă## $)!,r#!ă ""#r%,r! #!%r. E) )&)r% 4 ,$ (,r)!9 )"!,)!9 (ără ă % "&"ă ',!r,*"*"#,*"!)r. C) ,$ $% )#(%!)r%9 &r,&"*#"#*% &,! (# ineti'e monoto&ii

0



ritmi'e ?)*))r%) ')&"*"# )" ) ""# %?r" >9 mi-'$ri &ara)ite a''e%e !ea(tomati%me am*(latorii #

A'%!% )#(%!ăr# -)" %9 "! #!#'!#%9 4+# )" ,r##%) 4!%$#%*% ("$)%!)*% )*% #',+!#%!"*"#. E*% "! $%!%r#)!% $%!r%?"#%*% +# %=&r%##*% %,#,)*%.

8 %%r)*9 i2si2&e)e r"&%);ă &"*#"#*%9 !r%?"#%*%9 !%$#%*%9!,!)*#!)!%) )'!%*,r r%(*%=%9 )"!,)!% +# #',+!#%!% '" ')r% #$##$"* % )+!%+# ')r% &,)r!ă )&r%!) !#&"*"# ')r)'!%r#)* )* &%r,)*#!ă## )'%!"#). S#FREUD &"% #!#'!%*% *) ?);) #%## &##'% )',r$$ '%) )# )r%#&,r!)ă #!#'!"*"# %=")*. ADLER ,r?%+!% $%&r% !%$#%*% )"#!#'!%*% ,r#%!)!% 'ă!r% &"!%r%9 'ă!r% $,r#) $% )(#r)r% +# $,#)r% )#$##$"*"#9 )*,r#(#'$ 4 )'%! % )&%'!"* *,r &#,,'#)*.

A&%'!"* '%* )# #&,r!)! )* #%## #!#'!#% ) #$##$"*"# %!%r%&r%;%!)! $% !gresivi!e . P%!r" A# POROT )r%##!)!%) %!% ""* $#!r%

')r)'!%r%*% ("$)%!)*% )*% ',&,r!)%!"*"# "). E) &%r#!% ,r)#"*"#ă (,*,%)'ă '%%) '%-* 4',F,)ră &%!r" )!#()'%r%) %,#*,r %%#)*% )*%#%## )*%. A'%*)+# )"!,r %#,%);ă 'ă 4 ');"* #$##$"*"#9 )r%##!)!%)

&,)!% )%) ,'*+ !s(e&e :!/!gresivi!e! &'2si*4i'2!)+9 )#(%!)!ă &r#!r-" !%&%r)%!

#&"*# +# #,*%!9 4!*#!% *) !%&%r)%!"* %&#*%&!#' )" &)r),#'9 4');"* &%r%r+#*,r $%;%'#*#?r)# +# )* #!,)#*,r )r%##.

8/ !gresivi!e ,'832,i+ )''#$%!)*ă>9 *%)!ă $% )"#!% !ăr# &#,&)!,*,#'% &%'#)*%9 &r%'": im&re+narea al'ooli'$ en'e,alo&atiile

&o%ttra(mati'e %a( &o%tin,e'#ioa%e %'?i)o,renie !elir ?al('inator 'roni'. 8 ')$r"* (%r%# #!#'!")*% ) &%r,)*#!ă##9 $#r%'#) $% %=!%r#,r#;)r%',&,r!)%!)*ă %!% r%&r%;%!)!ă $% ',$"#!) #!#'!#ă $% !#& )r%#.A'%)!) %!% $% ,'*+ 7e)*ri :

!/ ,e i( .!s'&1is s!* ,e !*'!gresivi!e ,,%=")*#!)!%9)"!,"!#*)r%9 "#'#$ >

8/,e i( s!,i& s!* 1eer'!gresivi!e ,#'#$"*9 '*%&!,)#)9#;)!r,(#)9 #&%r%=")*#!)!%) >.

/ Vi')e24! – $%r#ă $# *)!#%'"* vis ')r% 4%)ă ,or#$ &r# "r)r%

#,*%) 4%)ă "!#*#;)r%) (,r%# &%!r" ) )#(%!) "&%r#,r#!)!%). D%(##r%)#,*%%# &r%"&"% rei ,ire&4ii MIC6AUD > :!/#,*%) ') , s!re ,e ,e0'r,i2e %!% , (,ră ',r"&!ă ) &"!%r##

)" " )?"; $% &"!%r%9 #&"ă ',!r)r ,#%# )*!,r) 8/#,*%) ') 7'r.+ ,e &'.('r!.e2 ')r% &r,$"'% ă!ăăr#

',r&,r)*% )" "(*%!%+!# *) '%# )"&r) 'ăr,r) )'#,%);ă. D%+##,*%) #&*#'ă (,r)9 %*% "! ','%&!% %&)r)!%. F'r4! #&*#'ă)%#)r%) "!#*#;ăr## #,*%%#9 &% '$ vi')e24! %!% )'!"* 4 #%

&r# ')r% (,r) % r%)*#;%);ă ') )'#"% )"&r) )*!"#).&/ #,*%) ') !&4i*2e ,e &'2r')9 4 %"* $% ',!r%r% )

)'#"#*,r ,'#)*% )&*#')!% $% )"#!% &%r,)% )" (,r% ,'#)*- &,*#!#'% )"&r) r%!"*"# ,'#%!ă## 4 ',&"* ,?#%r## ",r ,$%*%

B



&%'#(#'% $% ',&,r!)%!9 )'#"% )" ) "%# %!)*#!ă# ',*%'!#%#$%!#'%.

?EAN-CLAUDE C6ESNAIS !)?#*%+!% "ră!,)r%*% ;,% %)!#'%#'*"% 4 $%(###% :

!/ vi')e24! 7i0i&+ %!% '%) )# r)ă 4!r"'! ')";%);ă ,)r!%)

&%r,)%#9 ă!ă)r%) ',r&,r)*ă +# *#?%r!)!%) #$##$"*"#. E) %!% ?r"!)*ă9 'r"$ă9 ă*?)!#'ă.

8/ vi')e24! e&'2'.i&+ r%&r%;#!ă !,)!% )!#%r#*% +# (r"!răr#*% )"&r) ?""r#*,r )!%r#)*% .

&/ vi')e24! .'r!)+ '% '"&r#$% vi')e24! (riv!+: 'r##)*ă ,r!)*ă9',r&,r)*ă9 %=")*ă > +# ,'r##)*ă "#'#$9 )''#$%!% > &r%'" +#vi')e24! &')e&iv+ : #,*%) '%!ă%#*,r ',!r) &"!%r## !%r,r#9 r%%9r%,*"## >9 #,*%) &"!%r## ',!r) '%!ă%#*,r !%r,r# $% !)!…>9#,*%) &)r,=#!ă ră;?,#"* >.

/ C'.('r!.e2e !8er!2e 8 % *)r9 ',&,r!)%!"* %!% ))?*"* r%)'##*,r ",r (##% ')

ră&" *) , #!")#% !ră#!ă9 4 ("'#% $% !#"*## $# %$#" +# $% !%#"#*%#!%r% )*% ,r)#"*"#9 ')r% 4!r-, !r"'!"ră "#!)ră $#&"% $% , )"#!ă,!#)#%9 , )"#!ă $#r%'#% +# " )"#! ',&.

8 % *,?)*9 ',&,r!)%!"* )r% rei !s(e&e :- ',+!##) #!")#%# !ră#!% ))F)r%) &%r,)%# 4 )'#"% '" !,)!%

&%r'%&##*%9 %!#%!%*% +# &,#?#*#!ă#*% &%r,)%# $% ) r%;,*)

#!")#) >.- )#(%!ăr#*% ') r%)'## (#;#,*,#'%9 (#;#'% >9 )'#"# ,&%r)##.- )#(%!ăr#*% *%)!% $% r%*)#) "?#%'!"*"# '" %$#"* $% #)ă +# '"

%$#"* ă" #!%r#,r.C,&,r!)%!"* )!#,'#)* ') (,ră $%#)!ă " )&)r% &%!r" &r#)

$)!ă *) r!) )$"*!ă9 '# %* % ,r)#;%);ă &% " !%r% "'*%"> %=#!%! $#',&#*ăr#%. C,&,r!)%!"* )r%# 4%)ă )!#!"$## +# )'!%9 ()&!% ',!)!%+# r%&%!#!#%9 '" ',#"! )!#,'#)*9 '" )#(%!ăr# $% )r%##!)!% +# #,*%ă9$% '%*% )# "*!% ,r# %=&*,;#% )" &r%%$#!)!%9 )!#'#&)!%9 ()ă $% &r,&r#)

&%r,)ă )"!,)r%##!)!% > )" ()ă $% )*## %!%r,)r%##!)!% >.C,&,r!)%!"* #!r)&%'#(#' ',&,r!)%!"* &r# ')r% % !)?#*%' r%*)##4!r% '%* &"# $,# #$##;# )&)r#$ )'%*%#)+# &%'##> #'*"$% $,"ă )r#'ate+orii !e !i%tan#are )" $% r%&#%r%> +# !e a&ro&iere )" r"&)r%>.

Pr#'#&)*) (,ră $% )#(%!)r% ) ',&,r!)%!"*"# !e !i%tan#are ,',!#!"#% !gresivi!e! i2r!s(e&i7i&+. A'%)!) ) r%&r%;%!)! " "?#%'!%=!r% $% ',!r,%r)! %%r$ ,&### $%!"* $% $#(%r#!9 )$%%) ',!r)$#'!,r##.A!(%*9 $"&ă A# 6E@MER 9 mo!el(l mai "e'?i al a+re%i"it$#ii &ro!(%e !e

,r(%trare9 %*)?,r)! $% ?# DOLLARD +# mo!el(l a+re%i"it$#ii !o*6n!ite9%")! $% A# >ANDURA )" (,! )$%%) ,&"% ,$%*"*"# )r%##!ă###!#'!#% )" &"*#,)*% )+) '" ) (,! %* ','%&"! $% FREUD *) , +#LORENZ *) )#)*%. 6E@MER ',#$%ră 'ă )'%!% !r%# ,$%*% "

<



%&"#;%);ă &,#?#*#!ă#*% $% ) %=&*#') )r%##!)!%) +# '#!%);ă 4 )'%! %4'%r'ăr#*% *"# #E# MO@ER $% ) #!%r&r%!) 'om&ortament(l a+re%i". I)!ă')r% "!9 $"&ă MO@ER 9 &r#'#&)*%*% 7'r.e ,e !gresivi!e :

"/ !gresivi!e! ,e (r+,!re s!* (re,!'!re %!% $%'*)+)!ă $% ""ăr r%$" $% !#"*# +# %!% *)? #(*"%)!ă $% &r%;%) )"

)?%) ,r,#*,r ,)$,!r,&#. C,&,r!)%!"* $% &ră$)r% %!%',!r,*)! 4 &%'#)* $% #&,!)*)""* *)!%r)*.

$/ !gresivi!e! i2,*s+ ,e 7ri&+ %=#!ă 4!r-" "ăr #' $% ');"r#9)# )*% '$ r%)'#) $% ("ă -) $%'*)+)!9 $)r % % &,)!%$%(ă+"r) ,r)*.

%/ !gresivi!e! i2,*s+ ,e iri!re &,)!% (# 4!ăr#!ă &r# (r"!r)r%9 &r#)r% )" $"r%r%. H#&,!)*)""* %!r,%$#) %!% #&*#')! 4,$ $%,%?#! 4 $%!%r#)r%) )'%!%# (,r% $% )r%##!)!%.

/ !gresivi!e! eri'ri!)+ i !gresivi!e! .!er2+ "! r%)'##

&%'#(#'% *) #!")## $%!%r#)!%./ !gresivi!e! i2r!gr*(!)+ % )#(%!ă 4!r% #$##;## )'%*"#)+#

r"&./ !gresivi!e! i2ergr*(!)+ #'*"$% ',(*#'!% +# *"&!% 4!r% $#(%r#!%

r"&"r#9 &,&"*)## )" '*)"r# 4 #!%r#,r"* )'%*%#)+# &%'##.6,r%*% '%*% )# #&,r!)!% )*% )r%##!ă## "! :!/ !*'!gresivi!e! )" #,*%) 4$r%&!)!ă 4&,!r#) &r,&r#%# )*%

&%r,)%9 )#(%!)!ă &r# : a(tom(til$ri a'te !e %(i'i! &)#,)* +#'," >9 to>i'omanii al'ooli%m.

8/ 1eer'!gresivi!e! )" #,*%) 4$r%&!)!ă 4&,!r#) '%*,r*)*#9)#(%!)!ă &r# a+re%i"itate "er*al$ "iol(l ; %!'. Ar% " ')r)'!%r )$#'-)r%#. M,!#%*% &,! (#: a,e'ti"e %*,;#)9 "r)9 &)#"# $#(%r#!%>9 ne"oi (tilitare '+!#9 ("r!9 ,?!)',*%> )" %o'iale ră;?"ăr#9 r%,*"##9 %!'.>.

=..=. FORMELE DE AGRESIVITATE VERBAL4 !/ C!)'.2i! %!% '%) )# )r%#ă (,ră %r?)*ă. E=#!ă9 )# 4!#9

%*%'!)r%) #!%# '% &r%"&"% )'""*)r%) $% r%%!#%!%9 $% &,;###)$%r)!#%9 $% ##$#%9 $% "ră. S% &r,$"'% 4!r% $,"ă &%r,)% )(*)!%4 ',(*#'!9 $)r &,)!% (# +# &"?*#' &r# &r%ă9 r)$#,9 ;,"r# *))!%

&%r#,$#' +# #!%)!#'.8/ De2igr!re! ',!ă 4 &r%,'"&)r%) '%*"# '% , )#&"*%);ă $% )

$%',&%r# )'%*% !răă!"r# $% &%r,)*#!)!% )" ()&!%9 4&r%F"răr#9

#!%## '" ')r)'!%r %)!# )" &%#,r)!# )*% )$%r)r"*"# &% ')r% *%4r,)+ă9 *% $%)!"r%);ă &ă *) r,!%'9 $,r#$ ă ,?#ă ,$%')*#(#')r%9 , ',&r,#!%r% ,r)*-,'#)*ă ) )$%r)r"*"#.

@



&/ Ir'2i! %!% ,$)*#!)!%) $% )r%)r% ) "%# #!")##9 &%r,)%9 &r#!r-" F,' "?!#* $% #!%*#%ă9 ')r% ă &r,$"'ă ,?#%'!"*"# )!)')! "

&r%F"$#'#" ,r# , !r)"ă &##'ă. Ir,#) %=&r#ă , &%r,)*#!)!%',(*#'!")*ă ')r% )!(%* 4+# $%')r'ă &,!%#)*"* )r%# *)!%!.

,/ S!r&!s.*) %!% (,r) '%) )# )'"!ă9 )# &%r!#%!ă +# )#

!r)")!#;)!ă ) )r%##!ă## &r# *#?)F. E!% , #r,#% "+'ă!,)r% .S)r')!#'"*"# 4# &*)'% " ")# ă ră%)'ă %r?)* #'!#)9 '# +# ă)#!% *) !ră#r%) $"r%r## $% 'ă!r% )'%)!).

=.H. AGRESIVITATEA N CADRUL GRU0ULUI

E=#!ă , %r#% $% si*!4ii i(i&e 4 ')r% % )#(%!ă )r%##!)!%)

#!r)r"&)*ă :1.O&*(!re! i !(+r!re! *2'r (+r4i !)e s(!4i*)*i. A'%)!) % r%(%ră *) :

!/ Teri'ri*) i2,ivi,*!) – ,)%## 4+# (,r%);ă r)&#$ )?#!)!"r#&)#)*% $% %=%&*" : )+%;)r%) "%# ()#*## 4 F"r"* %%# *,'"r#*% *) )ă9,'"&)!% $% %?r## ()#*#%#9 "! %#"!% ',%'%!. 8 !%%#"* "%#4%*%%r# !)'#!%9 (#%')r% r%&%'!ă *,'"* '%*"#*)*! >. A'%!% )?#!)!"r# &)#)*%)&)r 4'ă $% *) r!) $% 2 )# ',&### "! %#$%! $%r)F)# $)'ă !r%?"#%ă-+# '#?% *,'"* >.

8/ Dis!24! i2,ivi,*!)+ &% ')r% , %#% ()ă $% '%#*)*# $%&#$%$% #!%#!)!%) !#"*#*,r %#+# $% )'%+!#) 4?ră'ă#!%9 #r,>.

2.Dis(*!re! '8ie&e)'r. A$%%)9 ',&### % '%)r!ă $)!,r#!ă ",r ,?#%'!%$,r#!% $% !,#. A&)r $,"ă #!")## :

!/ &'(iii .!i .i&i 4'%)r'ă ă #!r% 4 &,%#) ,?#%'!%*,r $,r#!%9"*$"-*% &)r!%%r"*"# $% F,'. D% ,?#'%#9 &,%,r"* % )&ără 'r)&,$"-% $% ,?#%'! )" &r# &r,!%! +# ,*#'#!)r%) &r#F#"*"# ""# )* !r%#*%) )" &r#("ă. C%# ')r% )" (,! $%&,%$)# $% ,?#%'!"* *,r &r,!%!%);ă &*> +# " $%

&"#% ,r# !r%' *) ',!r)-)!)'9 4'%r'$ ă "*ă ,?#%'!"* )!)')!,r"*"#.A*!%,r# ră"(ă'ă!,r"* %!% )!)')! $#r%'!9 (##$ *,#!9 ;r#)!9 !r) $% &ăr )"

4&#.8/ &'(iii .!i .!ri r%&%'!ă &r,&r#%!)!%) : $)'ă %!% ("r)!ă , F"'ăr#%9

)!"'# &ă"?)+"* , &,)!% r%%$#') '" "''% &r# &r,!%! +# r%&%!)!ă)(#r)r% ) &,%#%# )*%.

3.Riv!)i!e! – ,)%## ','"r%);ă 4!r% %# &%!r" ) ,?#% (),)r%))"#!,r &%r,)% ',&### r#)*#;%);ă &%!r" $r),!%) &ăr##*,r.

.Agresivi!e! e:()'r!iv+. C,&,r!)%!"* )r%# %!% "!#*#;)!)$%%) &%!r" !%!)r%) &)#"*"# ,'#)* $% #+')r%. C,&### % ',&,r!ă )r%#

&%!r" ) %$%) '! $% $%&)r!% &,! %r%. Ră&""* '%*,r*)*# *% #$#'ă

*##!%*% !,*%r)%#. D)'ă ră&""* 4!r;#% ă #ă9 )!"'# )r%##!)!%)%=&*,r)!#ă %!% %')*)$)!ă. Ar%##!)!%) %=&*,r)!#ă F,)'ă " )"#! *,' +#

5



4 ');"* ',(r"!ăr#*,r &%!r" , &,;##% 4 #%r)r#) r"&"*"# #'. E) &%r#!%$%',&%r#r%) &"'!%*,r *)?% )*% &)r!%%r#*,r.

5.Agresivi!e! e,*&!iv+. 8'ă*')r%) r%"*#*,r ',#%"#r## )!r)% $"&ă#% &%$%)&). 8 r"&"r#*% $% ',&##9 ',&### )# )r# 4# &" *) &"'! &% '%#')r% 4')*'ă r%"*#*% F,'"*"# : #,)## "! #r,#;)# +# )$%%) &%$%&## (#;#'.

0.C'2&*re24!9 (#% 'ă "răr%+!% r%',&%)9 (#% 'ă "răr%+!% )*!%',&"r#9 ',$"'% *) $%*##!)r% )r%#ă +# $"+ă#% 4!r% r"&"r# )"

&%r,)%.B.Re!&4i! ,e res(i2gere ! !2'r.!)*)*i. M%?r## ""# r"& ')r% %

)?)! 4 4(ă#+)r% +# ',&,r!)%! $% *) ,ră $%# #!) )r%#"##. C#)r )!"'# '$ $%#)!"* %!% )!# $% ?,)*ă )" )''#$%!9 $%%#$ #(#r9 '$%!% &r%) r) )" % ?*?#%9 %* $%#% !,!"+# #!) #r,##*,r. 6,r%*%r#!")*#;)!% $% %=&r%#% "! : )ră!)r%) $##*,r9 '"#&)r%)9 %!'.

<.Agresivi!e! ver8!)+. 7)!F,'"r) %r% $% *) $%r)$)r% &ă *)

$%;")#;)r%. C%*"# ?)!F,',r#! # % $)" "% $% )#)*% )" # % )!r#?"#%$%(%'!% ,'#)*% )" ',r&,r)*% )" )!)'"r# %r?)*% ')r% % r%(%ră *) $%(%'!%*%(#;#'% )*% '%*"# )!)')! )" ')r% ()' $# ără'#% " r%&r,+. O"* &,)!% ă'r%%;% &r# '"#!% #!")## $%'*)+)!,)r% )*% )r%##!ă##9 ') $% &#*$ă : $%)'" 4)#!% " )# ,r?%' '" !#%

D# !,)!% '%*% $% )# " % &,)!% $%&r#$% ()&!"* 'ă )r%##!)!%)%!% *%)!ă $% )!#()'%r%) %,#*,r %%#)*% )*% #%##9 &"'! $% %$%r%4"+#! $% &#))*#;ă. FREUD ,r?%+!% '#)r $% $,"ă #!)% ("$)%!)*% :in%tin't(l "ie#ii )" Ero%9 )$ *) ?);ă &"*#"#*% %=")*% +# in%tin't(l

mor#ii )" T?anat?o%9 )$ *) ?);ă &"*#"#*% $% )r%##!)!%.D% )%%%)9 !r%?"#% %")!ă +# #$%%) 'ă )r%##!)!%) &,)!% (# ,(,ră $% ',&%)r% ) (r"!răr## &r# )'#"#-%!"r# '" %#(#')#%')r#')!"r)*ă. A'%!% !&4i*2i-ges*ri &,! (# ',#$%r)!% ') , ',!r)-r%)'#% *)(r"!r)r%. C) )!)r%9 % &,)!% ,r?# $% , #%r)r#;)r% 4 ("'#% $% !)!"! +# r,* $%&r% , ,es&+r&!re 52 re(e ! &'27)i&e)'r.

51



CA0ITOLUL III

COM0ORTAMENTUL AGRESIV CA FORM4 DE ADA0TARE ŞI COM0ENSARE A FRUSTR4RII

.2. AGRESIVITATEA COM0ORTAMENT DE ADA0TARE

6%,%"* ADAPTĂRII %!% ','%&"! +# !,!,$)!ă &r,?*%ă *,?)*ă '%#!%r%%);ă !,)!% +!##%*% $%&r% ,. Pr# (%r) +# ',#"!"* %=!r% $% *)r9)$)&!)r%) % *%)ă $% !,! '%%) '% %!% #+')r%9 )'#"%9 #)ă PIAGET>.

R%(%r#$"-% *) &r#'#&)*%*% (#)*#!ă# )$)&!#% &"!% &"% 'ă (##) ")ă9)$)&!$"-%9 ră&"$% ",r ',&"r# $% #!%r% &%r,)* +# ,'#)*. A'%)!) -)r

52



!r)$"'% &r# )'%%) 'ă #$##$"* r%"+%+!% ă % &,!r#%)'ă9 ă % ,$#(#'% #!%r +#%=!%r !,!(!re! !*'()!si&+>9 ,r# ă &r,$"'ă '#?ăr# *) #%*"* )?#%!)*!,!(!re !)'()!si&+>. 8 (%*"* )'%!)9 (##) )$)&!)!ă %!% <a&t$ !e=; <'a&a*il$!e=; <'om&ati*il$ '(=; ',&*%%!)ră '"9 <7n ra&ort '(= LAFON>. E) %#!% 'a a'a%$9 #)r &%!r" '%#*)*# n( mai e%te (n %tr$in9 !)?#*#$9 )!(%*9 ,

',r%*)#% $% r%(%r#ă &%!r" #% +# %$#" +# ',!r#?"#$9 !,!,$)!ă9 *) #)) ,'#)*ă9) 'r%+!%r%) !r%&!)!ă ) #$%&%$%%# (##%#.

P% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 )$)&!)r%) #;%);ă:!/ ',%r)r%) +# $%;,*!)r%) ("'#,)*ă ) !r"'!"r#*,r ?#,&#,*,#'% 4

*##!%*% *,r9 4 ',$### )r#)!%9 '#)r )r%)!% $# &)r!%) %$#"*"#8/ ,$#(#')r%) ""# '#'*" ,r)#;)!&/ ,r)#;)r%) E"*"# +# , #$%&%$%ă &r,r%#ă ) )'%!"#)9 r%;"*!)!ă $#

!)?#*#r%) &##"*"# 4 %"* "%# !)?#*#!ă# '#%)!#'% ')r)'!%r#;)!ă &r#!r-, $%'#$%r% 'r%'$ă ) &,#?#*#!ă#*,r $,?$#!% 4 '"r"*

%,*"#%# ,!,%%!#'% &r# $%&*)ăr# $% %'#*#?r% 4 r)&,r! '" ,$%*%)"!,r%*)!,)r%.

U!#*#!)!%) &%!r" &%r,)*#!)!% ',!ă 4!r-, %#(#')#% ("$)%!)*ă ))$)&!ăr## &r# r%*)#) '" '%)9 '" '#%). Or#'% )'#"% %!% 4$r%&!)!ă &r% , #!ă9#)r )'%)!) " &,)!% (# 4$r%&!)!ă $%'! 4 ("'#% $% "!#*#!)!% %# &%!r" #))

&%r,)*ă ) #$##$"*"#. 8 ',%'#ă9 &%r,)*#!)!%) ")ă &r%"&"% "$#)# ',r%&";ă!,r '% %=&*#'ă ,r)#;)r%) $#r## +# ',&,r!)%!"*"#. 8 )'%*)+# !#&9 (%,%%*% #%## "! "&"% &)r#)* $%!%r##"*"#%=!%r9 $)r %*% % $%(ă+,)ră 4 ',(,r#!)!% '" " ',& +# #$ %)) $% "

)"% (#* %%!#'. C)r)'!%r"* !%*%,*,#' ()'% $# &%r,)*#!)!% " "?#%'! )*)'#"## 4 %"* 'ă %) " r%)'#,%);ă ")# *) !#"*## $# %$#" &%!r" ) %)$)&!)9 '# )'#,%);ă )"&r) *"## 4 (,r) &r)'!#'ă9 )$#'ă 4+# r%)*#;%);ă &r,&r##*%)*% &r,#%'!% +# !,!,$)!ă '#?ă %$#"* &%!r" )* )$)&!) *) &r,#%'!%*% )*%.Me&!2is.e)e !,!(+rii

Pr#'#&)*%*% %(%'!% +# #$#')!,r# )$)&!## "!: inte+rarea e'?ili*r(l !inami'-i a(toor+ani)area. L% ,# ))*#;) &% r$9 4 ',!#")r%:

"/ I2egri!e! $%%%);ă 4"+#r%) ""# #!% $% ) r%"# 4!r-" !,!"#!)r ',&,%!%*% )*% %*% (##$ )!(%* "?,r$,)!% ("'#%# 4!r%"*"#. D)r

(#%')r% ',&,%!ă )" ,r) *")! %&)r)! " )r% 4"+#r%) (##%# 4 !,!)*#!)!%) ). $/ E&1i)i8r*) ,i2!.i& &,)!% (# 4%*% ') " (*"= &%r)%! $% )!%r#%9%%r#%9 #(,r)#% $#&r% " #!% 'ă!r% %$#"* )?#)! +# #%r9 4 ',$###*%

&ă!răr## #!%r)*#!ă## ,r)#"*"# #!%"*"#.E'#*#?r"* %!% %=&r%#) $% !)?#*#!)!% ) "%# %!#!ă# 4 %$#"* $% )&)!%%ă9

',',#!%! '" !%$#) ) $% ) % $%,%?# $% r%!"* *"##. E* ',!ă 4 %#%r%))'%*%#)+# !ăr# $% #+')r% )" r%&)"9 4 ',$###*% '$ )"&r) (##%# % %=%r'#!ă(,r% ',!r)r##. L) r$"* ă"9 r"&%r%) %'#*#?r"*"# $#)#' &r,$"'% &ră?"+#r%)9$%;,r)#;)r%) !r"'!"r)*-("'#,)*ă ) #!%"*"#.

%/ A*'reg)!re! !*''rg!2i0!re!/ r%&r%;#!ă , &r,&r#%!)!% ) 4!r%"*"#9 $)r +# ) &ăr#*,r )*% ',!#!"%!%9 #&*#'$"-% 4 %*%'!)r%) #(,r)##*,r +#$%%r"r#*,r )$%')!% '% ră&"$ #!%r%%*,r $% ,%! +# $% &%r&%'!#ă )

53



#!%"*"#. A$%')r%) ră&""*"# *) %'%#!ă#*% #!%"*"# &r%"&"%9 $% (#%')r%$)!ă9 ',&)r)r%) )*,r#*,r !r"'!"r)*-("'#,)*% )!#% $% " #!% '" ',)$))'%!"#).

A"!,r%*ăr#*% &r%"&" ',&)răr# )'!#% 4!r% )"#!% ,r% +# &%r!"r?ăr#%=!%r% "(%r#!% )" )!#'#&)!%. S"!9 )!(%* #&*#')!% ',,r$,ăr# $% ))?*"9

#%r##9 ',!r,)*% &%r#,$#'% )*% ,%,r%#"*"# &r# r%*)r%) #!%;%*,r $%)##*)r% ) r#!"r#*,r #!%;%# &r,&#'%9 ) ,r%*,r $% r%)'#%9 ) )$)&!#?#*#!ă##94%*%)ă 4 %"* "%# ')&)'#!ă# $% ) ()'% ()ă ",r #!")#9 (,r%9 r%;#!%%.

?# PIAGET ',#$%ră 'ă '(er!4ii)e 7*2,!.e2!)e !)e !,!(+rii "!:a%imilarea +# a'omo!area. E* ',#$%ră 'ă )'%!% ,&%r)## % ',!#!"#% ') &,*#',&*%%!)r# '% ("'#,%);ă #'r,9 #%r#'.

Asi.i)!re! &r%"&"% 4',r&,r)r%) ",r %*%%!% )'!")*% *) , ,r)#;)r% &r%)*)?#*ă ) "?#%'!"*"#9 *) !r"'!"r) )'%!"#). E) &,)!% (# ',#$%r)!ă ') )$"'%r% *)"#!,r"* '",)+!%r## #$##$")*% ) ",r $)!% ,#.

A##*)r%) &,)!% (# 7*2&4i'2!)+ +# 4 )'%! ');9 %) % %=&r#ă &r# r%&%!)r%)'""*)!#ă +# r)',r$)r%) ""# ,?#%'! *) , ("'#% $)!ă. 8 )'%! ');9 '%%*% ră%'#?)!% )" % '#?ă &"#9 (ără $#',!#"#!)!%) !ăr## &r%'%$%!%9 &"!$"-% )',,$) $#r%'! *) ,") #!")#%. U ')r)'!%r %%r)*#;)! )r% ,r#'% )##*)r%9 &r%"&"$ r%&%!)r%)'""*)!#ă9 4',r&,r)r%) !r%&!)!ă ) ,?#%'!%*,r 4!r-" ')$r" )!(%* r%&r,$".A"#!% ',$### $"' *) r%&%!)r%) &,!)ă. A##*)r%) % &r,$"'% "? (,ră $% '#'*"r#9 $% #+'ăr# )" )'!% ')r% %)!r%%);ă "%*% &% )*!%*% +# % 4'#$9 $%%#$ " !,! ANO6IN>. A'%! !#& $%

)##*)r%)9 "#! ge2er!)i0!'!re9 $ă )+!%r% *) &r,'%$%% ')r% ă-# &%r#!ă4',r&,r)r%) $% ,?#%'!% $# '% 4 '% )# )r#)!% *) '%%*% %=#!%!%9 $% %=%&*"9*) , '%ă r%(*%=ă. A&'.',!re! )r% $r%&! ',r%&,$%! &*)"* !r"'!"r)* +# )r% $r%&! ',&$%!%r#)r%)9 ,?#+"#r%)9 &,!r##r%)9 ()#*#)r#;)r%)9 %#?#*#;)r%) ) '%) 4 r)&,r!'" )*!'%). E) $%%%);ă ,r#'% ,$#(#')r% ) '%%*,r $% )##*)r% "? #(*"%)#!")##*,r %=!%r#,)r%.

A',,$)r%) %!% )F"!)r%) *) 4&r%F"răr# ,# ) '%%*,r )!%r#,r ',!#!"#!%. L) 4'%&"!9 ,r?# $% , )F"!)r% *,?)*ă9 #)r 4 &%r&%'!#ă9 $% ',$"#!%

$# '% 4 '% )# &r%'#%9 ,*$)!% '" $%&r#$%r%) !r%&!)!ă ) r%)*"*"# $% "?#%'!9"?#%'!"* $%'%!r$"-% !,! )# "*!9 #)r r%)*#!)!%) 4',F"ră!,)r% (##$ &%r'%&"!ă!,! )# ,?#%'!#.

A,!(!re! #&*#'ă )'!# "?#%'!"* ")9 )'%!) !r%?"#$ ă ()'ă ()ă &%r)%! )r%##!ă#*,r $% !,! (%*"*9 )# "*! )" )# &"# #!%%. S&%'#(#'"*#!")#,)*9 #(*"%%*% %$#"*"# % $,%$%' ) (# $%,%?#! $% #&,r!)!% &%!r"

&r,'%"* )$)&!#. D)r %*% " 'r%%);ă ,r)% ?#,*,#'% )" &#,*,#'%9 '# ")#%*%'!%);ă )r#)##*% (%,!#&#'%9 *% (#=%);ă9 *% $%;,*!ă. D% %=%&*"9',&,r!)%!% #%!#'%9 ,,'r,##9 ##!)## %=#!ă *) #%*"r#*% $% %,*"#% )*%,"*"#. D% )%%%) !gresivi!e! &,)!% (# ',#$%r)!ă ) (# <' &!r!&erisi&+ !!&e)'r 7'r.e ,e &'.('r!.e2 'rie2!e 52 se2s ,isr*&iv 52 ve,ere!

5



(r',*&erii *2'r ,!*2e; 7ie e)e .!eri!)e; .'r!)-(si1')'gi&e s!* .i:e= N#MITROFAN/#

C$ )'#"%) )"&r) %$#"*"# ')&ă!ă )&%'! $#!r"'!#9 %(##$ ,!#)!ă $%%,#*% #$##$"*"# +# )*% &%'#%#9 % ,r?%+!% $% " !& !gresiv#

C) )!)r% &"!% ,r?# $% !,!(!re s'&i!)+ &r# (,*,#r%) &'.('r!.e2*)*i

!gresiv +# ) !gresivi+4ii9 4 %%r)*9 4$r%&!)!ă (#% &r% ',*%'!##!)!%9 4 &%'#)*&r% *%#*% ,r)*%9 (#% &r% r%;"*!)!%*% "'## – $#!r"%r# $% ?""r#9 $% ,&%r% $%)r!ă9 ("r!"r#9 )$)*#%9 #'%$##9 %!'.9 (#% &r% &r,&r#) &%r,)ă – )"!,)r%##!)!%9)"!,"!#*)r%9 %!'. Agresivi!e! &! .',!)i!e ,e !,!(!re &,)!% 4?ră') , %r#% $% (,r%. O4'%r')r% $% r"&)r% ) *,r ) (,! (ă'"!ă $% MILEA ŞTEFAN9 %#$%##$"-%(!r* &!eg'rii 4&ăr#$ $"&ă )&)r%ă *) ") $# )'%!% ')!%,r## )#(%!ăr#*%',&,r!)%!)*%9 )!(%*:

!/ ,e.isi!: )?%!%#9 )?)$, +',*)r9 )'%!% )#(%!ăr# &"!$ )%)

%#(#')#) "%# r%)'## ()ă $% $#(#'"*!ă#*% *) 4ăă!"ră9 *#&) $% "''%9$%)*,r#;)r% +# #%(#'#%ă ()#*#)ră +# +',*)ră

8/ '('0i4i!: 4'ă&ă)r%9 %)'"*!)r%9 ,?ră;#'#%9 #,*%ă9 ("ă $% )')ă9%*% &"!$ (# %=&r%#) "%# r%)'## $% , )!#!"$#% &)r%!)*ă %='%# $%$%&,!#'ă9 ,!#*ă9 )"9 $#&,!r#ă9 "&r)&r,!%'!,)r%

&/ &'.(e2s!re!: ,#ăr%)*ă9 ))?,$)F9 )*',,*#9 )'!##!ă# $% ?)$ă9 *)')r% ',&#*"* r%'"r% 4 *#&) )*!,r )!#()'## 4 #)) $% ()#*#% )" 4)'!##!)!%) +',*)ră

,/ i.i!4i!: #'#"ă9 ("r!9 %'r,'%r#%9 )r%##!)!%9 '% &,! (# r%;"*!)!"*

&r%*"ăr## ",r ,$%*% %)!#%. 8 )'%)!ă #;#"%9 !"*?"răr#*% $% )$)&!)r% )#(%!)!% &r# )r%##!)!%%=&r#ă )!! )!#!"$#%) )# "*! )" )# &"# !r"'!"r)!ă ()ă $% "'ă9 ()ă $%'%#*)*# ',&##9 )$"*#9 )"!,r#!)!% %$"')!#ă9 ()ă $% (##% +# *"'r"r# )" &r,&r#)

&%r,)ă9 $)r r%ă# 4*,?)!% +# ')r)'!%r#!#'#*% %$#"*"#9 )*% )!#!"$### &)r%!)*%9)*% r"&"*"# $% ',&##9 )* +',*##9 )* ,$%*%*,r ()#*#)*% +# +',*)r%9 4 %%r)*9 %!'.

8 %%r)*9 *) ',&## ',&,r!)%!%*% )r%#% "! 4"+#!% &r# ##!)#%.A'%! ()&! ) (,! "r&r# $% TARDE ')r% %$% 4 ,'#)* " ,enomen !e rela#ii

&%i?o%o'iale 7ntre in!i"i)i +("ernat !e le+ea imita#iei =. P,!r##! ','%&#%# )*%9 4

,'#%!)!% %=#!ă )"#!% )'!##!ă# )" )'#"# ,'#)*% ')r% % &r,&)ă &r# ##!)#% &% ')r% "## #$##;# *% #)" $% *) )*## % ,?%ră 'ă '%# !#%r# 4# ##!ă &% '%# ?ă!r#9'%# #'# &% '%# )r#. 8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% )r%##!)!%) ') ,$)*#!)!% $% )$)&!)r%9*%%) ##!)#%# 4+# &r,$"'% %(%'!%*% )*% 4 %"* 'ă " )"#! #$##$ ',&#*>$%#% )r%# (##$'ă )r% %=%&*% $% ',&,r!)%!% )!! 4 ,'#%!)!%9 '! +# 4()#*#%. Pr,'%"* )$)&!)!# ',!ă 4 )'""*)r%) ",r ',$"#!% +# r%)*#;)r%) ",r ))?*"r# ',&,r!)%!)*% '! )# $#(%r#!%. A'%!% ',$"#!% % %=&r#ă &r#',&,r!)%!% ')r)'!%r#;)!% $% (r%'%% $#(%r#!%. 8 )'%! %9 ,r?# $%&r%%,*"#) )$)&!)!#ă ')r% &r%"&"% %,*"#) )r#)?#*#!ă## 4 #!%r#,r"*',&,r!)%!"*"#9 ',(r"!)r%) ,$%*%*,r9 ) '%%*,r $% )'#"% '" %$#"* +#

55



,$#(#')r%) (r%'%%# ',&,r!)%!)*% $)!,r#!ă ,#*,r &r%#"# $% %*%'#%',&,r!)%!)*ă.

L%)! $% ,#"%) $% &'.('r!.e2 !,!(!iv )" (,! %*)?,r)!% , %r#% $%','%&!%-$%(####. A!(%*9 "## )"!,r# ALLON; LAGAC6E; GUILLAUME>

&r%(%ră !%r%"* $% ',$"#!ă P# ?ANET #!%r%);ă 4 ,?#%'!"* $% !"$#" )*

&#,*,#%# )!! ',&,r!)%!"* ?%)#,r#"*>9 '! +# #)) &##'ă #!%r#,)ră%=. &#))*#;)> $%;,*!$ ','%&!"* $% &'2,*i+ !,!(!iv+ ')r% '#r'"'r#%:

- !,!)*#!)!%) )#(%!ăr#*,r #;#?#*% ,r#%!)!% &r% %=!%r#,r- !,!)*#!)!%) &r,'%%*,r $% ,r)#;)r% #!%r%> )*% )#(%!ăr#*,r %=!%r#,)r%.D% )'%%)+# &ăr%r% %!% +# A# POROT ')r% $%(#%+!% ',&,r!)%!"*

)$)&!)!# ') , mo!alitate !e a ,i %a( !e rea'#iona a (n(i in!i"i! 7n "ia#ao*i-n(it$ %a( 7n &re)en#a (nor 'ir'(m%tan#e %&e'iale .

8ă9 #$#(%r%! $% !%r#,*,#) (,*,#!ă9 )F,r#!)!%) )"!,r#*,r %#$%#);ă ') &r#'#&)*ă ("'#% ) ',&,r!)%!"*"# )'%%) $% r%*)#,)r% 4!r% #$##$ +# %$#"*

ă". M# TRAMENT $ă "ră!,)r%) $%(###% ) ',&,r!)%!"*"#: !omeni(l &ro&ri( &%i?i'(l(i in!i"i!(al 'are '(&rin!e ,or#ele !iriate %(* ,orm$ !e a'#i(ni ne'e%are &entr( rela#iile '( l(mea e>terioar$ '( 'ea a %emenilor no-tri -i 'ea a

E(l(i .M,$)*#!)!%) $% r%*)#,)r% *) %$#" %!% 4ă ("'#% &% $% , &)r!%9 $% *)!"r)

)(%'!#-,!#)#,)*ă ) #$##$"*"#9 #)r &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 $% ',!%=!"* #!")#,)* 4')r% )'%!) % ă%+!% *) " ,%! $)!. D% )'%%) % &,)!% &"% $%&r%',&,r!)%! 'ă r%&r%;#!ă: an%am*l( !e ten!in#e emoti"o1a,e'ti"e ere!itare%a( !o*6n!ite 'are re+lea)$ ra&ort(rile in!i"i!(l(i '( 'on!i#iile me!i(l(i

6EN@ER/#C) )!)r%9 ',(r"!$"-% '" " %$#" )!! $% '#?ă!,r9 )$)&!)r%)#$##;#*,r %!% , '%r#ă #%-V")-,. 8ă9 )$)&!)r%) – '" !r)(,r)r%)%$#"*"# +# )r,#;)r%) *) ,# ',$### – " "r%);ă )'%%)+# '"r?ă *) !,# #$##;##.

8 '%r'%!)r%) $% ()ă9 % #!%r%%);ă ',&,r!)%!"* )r%#9 )r%##!)!%)94 %%r)*9 ') ,$)*#!)!% $% )$)&!)r% ,'#)*ă +# #!%r")ă.

.=. AGRESIVITATEA FORM4 DECONTRA1REACŢIE LA FRUSTARE

8 "*!### )#9 ','%&!%*% $% 7r*s!re +# !gresivi!e )" $%%#! '%!r)*% )!!4 ##%) #!)*ă9 '! +# 4 &)!,*,#) ,'#)*ă. P#,*,# +# )*# '%r'%!ă!,r# 4 +!##%*%

50



,'#)*% +# )*% ',&,r!)%!"*"# +#-)" )ră!)! #!%r%"* ()ă $% )%%%) &r,?*%%.E# )" (,*,#! ','%&!%*% )#!#!% &r% %=&*#')r%) ',&,r!)%!"*"# $%#)! )* ",r

&%r,)% )" r"&"r# ,'#)*%.C,'%&!"* $% FRUSTARE % ,r)#;%);ă %!#,*,#' 4 *)!#%'"*

,r(%trari ')r% 4%)ă ) )ă#9 ) 4+%*). 8 *#!%r)!"r) &#,*,#'ă $%

&%'#)*#!)!%9 !%r%"* ) (,! &" 4 '#r'"*)#% $% FRUED9 #)r $%"#r%) ) 4%r)ă "er%a+(n+ . D)r $)!,r#!ă !ăr## $% ,ă ) ','%&!"*"# $% (r"!)#% 4*#!%r)!"r) %*%;ă – ,r(%tration – )'%)!) ) (ă'"! ') !%r%"* %r) ă (#% !r)$"$% '%*% )# "*!% ,r# &r# '%* $% (r"!)#%.

8 ','%&#) *"# FREUD9 (r"!r)r%) %!% ),'#)!ă '" )?%) ""# ,?#%'!%=!%r9 "'%&!#?#* ă )!#()'ă &"*#"%). 8 )'%! %9 4 *"'r)r%) Form(l$ri

&ri"in! 'ele !o($ &rin'i&ii ale ,(n'#ion$rii &%i?i'e %* ,&"% &"*#"#*% $%)"!,',%r)r% - ')r% %'%#!ă " ,?#%'! %=!%r#,r – &"*#"#*,r %=")*% ')r% % &,!)!#()'% "*! !#& 4 ,$ )"!,%r,!#' +# 4 r%#!r"* ()!))!#'. D#!r% )'%!%)9

%#,%);ă 6r%"$9 ")# &r#%*% )r &"!%) ă (#% (r"!r)!%. A'%)!) )r)!ă 'ă "r)(r"!răr## % )(*ă 4 &*) %=!%r +# 'ă $,)r &"*#"#*% $% )"!,',%r)r% &,! (#(r"!r)!%9 $)r " +# '%*% %=")*%.

C%* )# )$%9 !%r%"* (r%"$#) "er%a+(n+ )r% +# )*!% #&*#')##. E* "$%%%);ă $,)r , !)r% $% ()&!9 '# +# , r%*)#% ')r% #&*#'ă rei !s(e&e

). " r%("; $# &)r!%) )%!"*"#9 )+) '" #$#'ă ră$ă'#) %r?"*"# %a+en')r% 4%)ă ) &"%:

?. '%r#) )# "*! )" )# &"# (,r"*)!ă +# ')r% % ',!#!"#% ') , '%r%r%$# &)r!%) "?#%'!"*"#

'. " % &%'#(#'ă '#% r%(";ă. 8 )"#!% #!")##9 %"* r%(*%=# $% )-+#r%(";) ) " &)r!#'#&)9 ) % r%!r)%> &)r% ă &r%)*%;%.8 0rele+eri intro!('ti"e !e &%i?anali)$ $# 1@10 – 1@1B FREUD

"?*##);ă 'ă , &r#)#"% %=!%ră " %!% 4 #% &)!,%ă +# " $%#ă ') )!)r%$%'! 4 ă"r) 4 ')r% )r% ') ,?#%'! !oar %ati%,a'#ia &e 'are %(*ie't(l o 'ere.P)r)$,="* "?#%'#*,r ')r% % 4?,*ă%' %=)'! 4 ,%!"* 4 ')r% ,?# ""''% &"% 4 %#$%ă r,*"* &r%)*%! )* (r"!răr## #!%r%. A'%)!) -)r %=&*#'))!(%*: "?#%'!"* 4+# r%(";ă !,')# )!#()'%r%) %(%'!#ă ) &r,&r#%# $,r#% )"$,r#) &r#)ră &%!r" ')r% '%) )!#(ă'"!ă ) (,! $,)r " #F*,'9 " ) (,!

)!#(ă'"!ă. Ar r%;"*!) 'ă9 $"&ă 6r%"$ 4 (r"!r)r% ',!%);ă )# &"# )?%) ""#,?#%'! r%)* $%'! ră&""* *) , '%r%r% ')r% #&*#'ă , ,$)*#!)!% $% )!#()'%r% 4',(,r#!)!% '" " ,$%* #!)*> )" %&"!#) )''%&!ăr## "%# )!#()'## $% ,r#'%(%*.

LAPLANC6E i PONTALIS 4 Di'#ionar(l !e &%i?anali)$ $%(#%'(r"!r)r%) $r%&! , 'on!i#ie a %(*ie't(l(i '$r(ia i %e re,()$ %a( 'are 7-i re,()$%ati%,a'erea (nei 'erin#e &(l%ionale#

8 1@39 %=&"$"-+# ?);) !%,r%!#'ă $%&r% ,r(%trare9 ROSENZEIG$%,%?%+!% ,'*+ i(*ri ,e 7r*sr!re

"# 7r*sr!re (ri.!r+ )" (riv!4i*2e ')r)'!%r#;)!ă &r# !%#"%) +##)!#()'%r%) "?#%'!#ă. A'%)!) %!% $)!,r)!ă #!")#%# (#)*% ')r% %!%

5B



%'%)ră )!#()'%r## "%# !r%?"#% )'!#% %=. (,)%) ')";)!ă $% "#!%r)* *" $% !#& $% *) "*!#) )ă>

$# 7r*sr!re se&*2,!r+ ')r)'!%r#;)!ă &r# &r%;%) ",r ,?!)',*% 4 ')*%))!#()'%r## "%# !r%?"#%.

6ă'$ , &r##r% ,*#!#'ă )"&r) $)!%*,r $# *#!%r)!"r) $% &%'#)*#!)!%9

E@SENC 4 1@B2 %#,%);ă 'ă (,*,#r%) !%r%"*"# $% (r"!r)r% ',&,r!ătrei 7n#ele%(ri $#(%r#!% %it(a#ie ,r(%trant$ %tare ,r(%trant$ -i rea'#ie la ,r(%trare.

R%(%r#$"-% *) si*!4i! 7r*sr!2+ 4!*#9 $"&ă ',!)!ăr#*% *"# E%'W9$,"ă ')!%,r## $% ,e7i2i4ii "!#*#;)!% $% &%'#)*#+!#: "%*% !r#'!% +# )*!%*% )# *)r#.

8 !e,ini#iile %tri'te % #!%r%);ă +# )%r#"#*% *"# MEIER +# AMSEL#P%!r" MEIER , #!")#% &r,?*%)!#'ă &r%;#!ă $r%&! ')r)'!%r#!#'# %%#)*%"ră!,)r%*%: o %tare &ro*lemati'$ in%ol(*il$ im&o%i*ilitatea ie-irii !in %it(a#ie '(e>'e&#ia &ro*lemei a&$r(te@ moti"a#ie 're%'(t$ 7n ra&ort '( r$%&(n%(l la

&ro*lema a&$r(t$. 8 ');"* *"# AMSEL #!")#) (r"!r)!ă %!% ") 4 ')r%

)r'##*% %r%',&%)!% "! #!%r%'!)!% )" "r)!% $% )r'## ',&%)!%. De,ini#ii )# lar+i &%!r" #!")#) (r"!r)!ă )" (,! $)!% $% LASON;

MAR ŞI >RON; FAR>ER# A'%+!#) $%(#%' $r%&! (r"!r)!% #!")## &r%'":*arierele ,i)i'e %a( totale@ omiterea %a( re!('erea re'om&en%ei@ e-e'(l 7n 'eea'e &ri"e-te &o%i*ilitatea !e1a a"ea %(''e% ,iin! im&li'ate -i amenin#area %a(a!mini%trarea &e!e&%ei #

Pr# "r)r%9 $#(%r%) $#!r% #!")#) (r"!r)!ă +# (r"!r)r% ',!ă 4 )'%%) 'ă,?!)',*"* &%r'%&"! ') #!")#% (r"!r)!ă '% )&)r% 4 ')*%) r%)*#;ăr## ',&"r#*,r9 "% #$%!#(#'ă '" " ,?#%'! )" (%,% )* r%)*#!ă##9 '# '" r%;#!%) %=&r#)!ă #!%r

)" %=!%r +# r%##!ă $% , 4 $%(ă+"r)r%) "%# )'!##!ă#.S!re! ,e 7r*sr!re &,)!% (# ă"r)!ă $#r%'! )" #$#r%'!. 8 &r#"* ');9)'%)!) % &,)!% r%)*#;) &r# #$#'%*% $% !,*%r)ă *) (r"!r)r% 4!r-, )'!##!)!%. 8 )*$,#*%) r$9 % &,)!% ă"r) #$#r%'!9 $% %=%&*"9 &r# r)$"* $% ,$#(#')r% )

&"*"*"#.T%r%"* $% ')er!24+ )! 7r*sr!re ','r%!#;)! 4 ')&)'#!)!%) "?#%'!"*"# $%

) !,*%r) #!")## (r"!r)!% %!% $%!%r#)! $% $#(%r%%*% #$##$")*% )" $,?$#!%.S!)r%) (r"!r)!ă $%!%r#ă )# "*!% ,$)*#!ă# $% re!&4ie )! 7r*sr!re#

8!r% )'%!%) "! a+re%i(nea re&re%i(nea ,i>a#ia ,or#a r$%&(n%(l(i 're%'(t %a(

!imin(at. 8 ',%'#ă9 #&,!%;) 7r*sr!re-!gresivi!e %!% ") $# '%*% )# #"$#'"!)!% +# !,!,$)!ă ',!r,%r)!% !%,r## $# *#!%r)!"r) &#,*,#'ă $% &%'#)*#!)!% '"

&r##r% *) r%)'##*% ',%'"!#% (r"!răr##. E) &"% &r,?*%) %(%'!%*,r #!")##*,r (r"!r)!% )"&r) ',&,r!)%!"*"# #$##$")*9 4 r%*)#% '" , )r#)?#*ă $%&%$%!ă')r% %!% )r%##!)!%). D# )'%! &"'! $% %$%r% % ',#$%ră 'ă (r"!r)r%) $"'%!,!$%)") $#r%'! )" #$#r%'!9 *) )r%##!)!%9 $"&ă '" )r%##!)!%) %!% !,!$%)")r%;"*!)! )* (r"!răr##. Ar%##!)!%) ) (,! $%(##!ă 'a (n a't al '$r(i r$%&(n%1%'o&e%te r$nirea (n(i or+ani%m %a( %(ro+at al %$( DOLLARD/#

DOLLARD ',!)!ă 'ă #&,!%;) ',r%*ăr## (r"!răr## '" )r%##!)!%) F,)'ă "r,* #&,r!)! 4 $#r%) &,&,)r%*,r ',!%&,r)% &r##!#% +# '##*#;)!%. E) %!%%=&r#)!ă +# 4 'r#%r#*% &,&,)r%*,r )!#'%. D#(%r## &#,*,# ,$%r#9 $)r +#

5<



,'#,*,#9 )" (ă'"! ";9 )# "*! )" )# &"# #!%)!#'9 $% *%ă!"r) ,r(%trare1a+re%i"itate; (ără ') )'%)!) ă (#% (,r"*)!ă %=&*#'#! 4 'r#%r#*% *,r.

8 )'%! %9 DOLLARD 4* '#!%);ă &% # ?AMES ')r% )(#r) 'ă ,"* %!%'%* )# (%r,'% $#!r% !,)!% )#)*%*%. A#'# )% &)r% ă (# ă;"! " ")# &*)"**)r )* )'%!%# #&,!%;%9 $)r +# "*!% $# #&*#')##*% %# r%*)!# "?!#*%. D)r9 $"&ă '"

&"%) FAUST; &r%'" !,)!% )#)*%*% r%)r%9 !o($ %(,lete %e l(&t$ 7n a'ela-i &ie&t (n(l al %o'ia*ilit$#ii -i !i%&oni*ilit$#ii !e a !a a(tor -i 'el$lalt al +elo)iei -i anta+oni%m(l(i ,a#$ !e &ere'?ea l(i ... Con%tr6n% %$ ,ie (n mem*r( al tri*(l(i el 7n'$ are !re&t(l !e a !e'i!e &e '6t 7l #in &(terile -i at6t '6t 'eilal#i mem*rii ai tri*(l(i "or ,i !e a'or! . E=#!$ ,?%r)##*%9 !r#?"r#*% %'#% % *"&!ă4!r% %*% &%!r" +)) $% ) *% (# )# ?#%. A&,# ',&%!##) 4# )F"!) &% %?r## ""#r"& 4!r"'! %# )" 'r%'"! 4 %!)*#!)!%) 'ă !,# "! ',!r) !"!"r,r.

8!r-" )!)r% ',!%=!9 4 ,&##) *"# DOLLARD9 ',?)!##!)!%) &,)!% (#%)*)!ă '" )r%##!)!%).

8 *%ă!"ră '" )'%)!) "! %#,)!% rei (*2&e ,e re7eri24+#"/ )r%##!)!%) %!% r%*)!ă 4 #!%r#,r"* r"&"*"# $% )&)r%ă > i2-

gr'*(>$/ )r%##!)!%) %!% 4$r%&!)!ă 4&,!r#) '%*,r ')r% "! ',&%!#!,r#9 $%

%=%&*"9 )'!")*# ,r# &,!%#)*# (r"!r)!,r#%/ ,)%## ')r% 4 ,$ (r%'%! % 4',F,)ră ")# $% %!#%!%

&r#%!%%+!# &,! ă &r,$"'ă )r%##!)!% ")# 4 )"#!% '#r'"!)%. 8ă *%ă!"r) $#!r% )r%##!)!% +# (r"!r)r% ) (,! #*"!r)!ă 4 *"'răr#*% *"#FREUD9 *"'răr# 4 ')r% )'%)!) %!% '%* )# #!%)!#' +# %=!%# "!#*#;)!ă.

S'r#%r#*% )*% $% !#%r%% ',# "%r,)% %=%&*% 4!r% ')r% )#!# &% )'%*) 4')r% , (%%#% (r"!r)!ă $% ,"* %#9 )&)r% '" $,r#) $% )-+# ,,r4 ',&#*"* ')r%',!#"ă ă r%&r%;#!% 4 #)) %# ?ăr?)!"* ')r% ) 4+%*)!-,. 8 'r#%r#*% !#&"r##9FREUD ',#$%ră 'ă *) ?);) !"!"r,r ("'##*,r #!)*% % )(*ă !%$#) $% ) 'ă"!)

&*ă'%r%) +# $% ) %#!) "(%r#)9 $% ) $%&ă+# (r"!r)r%). Ar%##!)!%) )&)r% '$)'%!% $,"ă $%%r"r# "! ?*,')!%9 (r"!r)!%. Ar%##!)!%) %!% , r%)'#%

&r#,r$#)*ă 4$r%&!)!ă ,r##)* +# ,r)* 4&,!r#) )'%*,r ,?#%'!% +# &%r,)% $#*"%) %=!%ră ')r% %r)" &%r'%&"!% ') "ră ) (r"!răr##. 6r%"$ -) ',(r"!)! '")!(%* $% (%,%% )?%r)!% &r%'" )"!,ră#r%) $%*#?%r)!ă +# "#'#$"* 4!r-"

'"! - )"!,)r%##!)!%>. A'%)!) " ') )?r,ăr# )*% &r#'#&#"*"# &*ă'%r##9 '# ')#!)% $% )r%#"% <7ntoar'eri 7n$(ntr( "? #(*"%) )=#%!ă## )%#ă!,)r%'" &%$%)&).

D% )%%%)9 DOLLARD )$"'% 4 (),)r%) #&,!%;%# a+re%i"itate1'ontrarea'#ie la ,r(%trare +# ,?%r)## $# ')r% r%;"*!ă 'ă ',&,r!)%!"* )r%##$#'ă , (r"!r)r% +# !,!,$)!ă9 %!% #%$#)! %#$%! 'ă ,r# $% '!% ,r# )&)r% (r"!r)r%)) "r) #%#!)?#* , )r%##!)!% $% " )"#! r)$.

8 "#%r%) #&,!%;%# )r%##!)!%) (,ră $% ',!r)-r%)'#% *) (r"!r)r% %()'% )&%* *) , %r#% $% &'2&e(e $#!r% ')r% )#!#:

"/ De&)!2!'r i2sig!'r/ &r# ')r% % 4%*%% " !#"*9 , #$%%9 ",!# )" , !)r% $% $%&r#)r% )!%'%$%!ă9 ,?%r)!ă )" $%$"ă $# ')r%

&,)!% (# &r%;#ă r%)'#). I!#)!,r## &,! (# ,?%r)?#*# $#r%'! )" #$#r%'!.

5@



$/ C!2i!e! ,e i2sig!re %!% $)!ă $% &"!%r%) #!#ăr## ""# $%'*)+)!,r 4 *"&!) ) '" #!#ăr#*% #',&)!#?#*%.

%/ R+s(*2s-s&'( &r# ')r% % 4%*%% " )'! ')r% !%r#ă , %'%ă &r%;#ă. A*!(%* &"9 %!% r%)'#) ')r% r%$"'% &"!%r%) #!#ăr## *) ")"#! #%* $% "$% " )# )r% !%$#) ă &r,$"'ă ',&,r!)%!"*

&r%;#/ E7e& 52+ri'r %!% )'%* %(%'! )* ră&""r#*,r-',& ')r% #$"'% 4ă)r%)

)'!%*,r '%-* &r%'%$/ Fr*sr!re! – $%%%);ă 4&#%$#')r%) )&)r##%# ră&""*"#-',& ')r%

!r%?"#% ă % !%r#% *) !#&"* &,!r##! 4 %'%) ',&,r!)%!)*ă!)?#*#!ă. 8 ');"* (r"!răr##9 #!#ăr#*% ră. P%!r" ) )!%!) (r"!r)r%)!r%?"#% &%'#(#')!% $,"ă *"'r"r#: ,a&t(l '$ era !e a-te&tat 'a %(*ie't(l %$!e%,$-oare an(mite a'#i(ni -i ,a&t(l '$ a'#i(nile 'on%i!erate a( ,o%t 7m&ie!i'ate %$ %e !e%,$-oare#

/ R+s(*2s*)-s*8si* %!% " ră&" ')r% !#$% ă !%r#% +# ă4!ăr%)'ă )'#"%) &r%'%$%!ă *"#. E* &,)!% (# ,r#'% )'#"% ')r% r%$"'%

&ă *) " )"#! &"'! (,r) #!#)#%# +# &r%#% )&)r##) ră&""*"#-',&: )"% )'%%) 'ă r%$"'% &"!%r%) #!#)#%# ') r%;"*!)! )* ""#ră&"-',&9 r%$"'%r% 4 %"* ')!#!)!# )" ') 4$%&*##r% ) ""#%*%%! )* ră&""*"#-',&. DOLLARD &r%'#;%);ă 'ă 4 !#& '%)r%##!)!%) " )r% %(%'! )"&r) (,r%# #!#ăr## ###)*%9 4 '#?r%)'#)-"?!#!"! )r% " )%%%) %(%'!. Ră&""r#*%-"?!#!"! &,! (# )#"*! )" )# &"# %(#'#%!% 4 ) &"% ')&ă! +# ) 4!ăr# " ră&"-',&

',&)r)!# '" r%)'#) ,r##)*ă. A'%)!) $%,)r%'% %* &"% ')&ă! )!!(r"!răr##9 ')r% 4# &r%'%$%9 '! +# )r%##!ă## &r,$"ă $% )"#!% (r"!răr#./ Agresivi!e! %!% 4%*%)ă ') , r%)'#% ',&,r!)%!)*ă )* 'ăr"#

ră&"-',& %!% '%* $% ră#r% ) &%r,)%# 4&,!r#) 'ăr%#) %!%4$r%&!)!ă. P,!r##! *"# DOLLARD9 )r%##!)!%) %!% r%)'#) &r#)ră +#')r)'!%r#!#'ă *) (r"!r)r% $% %=. #,*%) (#;#'ă9 &r%'" +# "%*% ()!%;##%=&r#)!% 4 ',#"!"* #%*,r '$ % ()' &*)"r# $% ră;?")r% +# )*!%*%>.S% &,)!% ,?%r)9 ') )!)r%9 'ă 4 ',&,r!)%!"* )r%#9 % ()'% )&%* *)#!%*#%ă.

8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% 7'r.e)e !gresivi+4ii9 )'%!%) &,! (# ,r#%!)!% &r% "r)$#r%'!ă ) (r"!răr##9 &r% "?!#!"!"* "r%# $#r%'!% ,r# &r%9 )+) '" % &%!r%'*"'r"r#*% 4 ),'#9 )r!#r)F9 #"'#$%r%. D# &"'! $% %$%r% ,'#)*9 % &,)!%,r?# $%&r% (,r% $% )r%##!)!% #!%r;#%9 )''%&!)!% )" )&r%'#)!%.

P% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 4 r)&,r!"* 7r*sr!re-!gresivi!e % &,)!% ,?%r) 'ă '%*%$,"ă ','%&!% &,! (# $%(##!% )!! $%&%$%!9 '! +# #$%&%$%!. D%(##!ă,e(e2,e2 $% (r"!r)r%9 &r# )r%##!)!% % 4%*%% ră&""* ')r% "r%);ă(r"!răr##9 ')r% r%$"'% ")# #!#)r%) %'"$)ră &r,$"ă $% (r"!r)r% (ără ) )(%'!)(,r) #!#ăr## ,r##)*%. D%(##!ă i2,e(e2,e2 $% )r%##!)!%9 (r"!r)r%)$%%%);ă , ',$##% ')r% %=#!ă '$ , r%)'#%-',& "(%ră #!%r(%r%). D%(##!ă#$%&%$%! $% (r"!r)r%9 &r# )r%##!)!% % 4%*%% " )'! )* 'ăr%# r%)'#%-',&%!% ră#r%) ""# ,r)# )" "r,)!9 4*,'"#!,r )* *"# DOLLARD>.

0



C" &r##r% *) #$%) ',(,r 'ăr%#) !gresivi!e! %!% , &'2r!-re!&4ie )!7r*sr!re9 )" (,! (,r"*)!% , %r#% $% (ri2&i(ii %=&"% $% r%&r%;%!)## Ş',*## $%*) X)*%. A'%!% &r#'#&## &r#%' )&%'!%*% $% ?);ă )*% )&)r##%# +# $#&)r##%#)r%##!ă## '% "r%);ă (r"!răr##: ,a'tori 'are !etermin$ ,or#a &(terea in%ti+$rii la a+re%i(ne@ ,a'tori 'are !etermin$ !a'$ in%ti+area la a+re%i"itate ar ,i in?i*at$%a( n(@ ,a'tori 'are !etermin$ o*ie't(l a+re%i"it$#ii@ e,e't(l 'at?arti' al 'om&ortament(l(i a+re%i"#

C) )!)r%9 ,or#a in%ti+$rii la a+re%i"itate %!% $#r%'! &r,&,r#,)*ă '"')!#!)!%) $% (r"!r)r%.

L) r$"* *,r9 7!&'rii res('2s!8i)i &* v!ri!4i! &!2i+4ii ,e 7r*sr!re "!"ră!,r##:

!# 7'r4! i2sig+rii )! 7r*sr!re '" '! (,r) #!#ăr## %!% )# *)?ă '" )!!(r"!r)r%) #$"'% , r%)'#% )r%#ă )# *)?ă

8# gr!,*) ,e i2er7ere24+ &* r+s(*2s*) 7r*sr! $% %=%&*"9 , "+,)ră

$#!r)%r% ')r% &r,$"'% , #!%r(%r%ă "+,)ră '" *,#!"r) ""# F"'ă!,r $%,*(9 )(*)! 4 ,%!"* ă" $%'## %!% )# &"# &r,?)?#* ă-* ()'ă &%

F"'ă!,r ă 4F"r%9 $%'! , $#!r)%r% )# &"!%r#'ă '% &r,$"'% ,#!%r(%r%ă )# )r%

&# 2*.+r*) ,e se&ve24e 7r*sr!e )# "*!% (r"!răr# )$")!% &r,$"' "ră&" )r%# ')r% " )r (# )&ăr"! 4 )*!% ',$###

,# 2*.+r*) ,e r+s(*2s*ri 2'2-!gresive; 52+8*ie 4&#%$#')!% &r#%r%4!ăr#r%9 (r"!r)r%) &%r#!$. Pr#!r% ()'!,r## ##?#!,r# )# )r%##!ă##% %"%ră a-te&tarea &e!e&%ei &entr( a+re%i"itate 'are &e!ea&%$ la

r6n!(l %$( !e&in!e !e &ermi%i"itatea %it(a#iei !e %tat(t(l a+ent(l(i ,r(%trant -i !a'$ in!i"i!(l era %a( n( (n mem*r( al (n(i an(me +r(&DOLLARD/#

In?i*i#ia ori'$r(i a't !e a+re%i"itate e%te !ire't &ro&or#ional$ '( t$ria &e!e&%ei anti'i&at$ &entr( e>&rimarea a't(l(i re%&e'ti"# D)r % &,)!% ',#$%r)'ă ,r#'% )'! $% (r"!r)r% #!#ă *) , )r% )r#%!)!% $% r%)'## )r%#%. U%*% $#!r%)'%!%) "! (ă#+% 4 %"* 'ă &,! (# &%r'%&"!% $% )*!% &%r,)%>9 )*!%*% "!)'"% $,)r "?#%'!"* $$"-+# %)) $% &r%;%) *,r>. D)'ă %=&%r#%))!%r#,)ră *-) 4ă)! ') )"#!% )'!% $% )r%##!)!% "! "r)!% $% &%$%)&ă9 )'%*%

(,r% ,r !#$% ă (#% $,#)!% +# % ,r %=&r#) '%*% ')r% " )" (,! &%$%&#!%.8 ,#"%) $% (e,e!(s+ #!ră r$nirea o*ie't(l(i i(*it 7ntr('6t 'el 'ei(*e-te %e i!enti,i'$ '( o*ie't(l i(*it@ e-e'(l !e a !('e la 'a&$t (n a't in%ti+at 'a-i %it(a#iile o*i-n(ite !e &ro!('erea !(rerii . A!#'#&)r%) %+%'"*"# %!% %'#)*%!ă'" )!#'#&)r%) &%$%&%#. E+%'"* $%%%);ă , *#&ă ) ""# ,?#%'! &,!r##! &%!r"'%) )" &r%;%) ",r $#(#'"*!ă# #"r,!)?#*% 4 $"'%r%) *) ?" (r+#! ))'#"##.

6)'!,r"* $% ##?##% &,)!% (# $%&ă+#! )!"'# '$ *) , &%r,)ă "(#'#%! $%(r"!r)!ă % #,ră )!#'#&)r%) &%$%&%#. D)r )+) '" )ră!) ALLPORT9 )'%)!)$%&#$% $% ')r)'!%r"* (ă#+ )" )'" )* ră&""*"# ',&,r!)%!)*. C%) )#

&"!%r#'ă #!#)r% !r%;#!ă $% , (r"!r)r% %!% )'%%) *) )'!% $% )r%##!)!% 4$r%&!)!%4&,!r#) )%!"*"# &%r'%&"! ') (##$ "r) (r"!răr## .

01



Da'$ t$ria ,r(%tr$rii e%te 'on%tant$ '( '6t e%te anti'i&at$ &e!ea&%a &entr((n a't !e a+re%i"itate 'a ,iin! mai mare '( at6t "a ,i mai mi'$ &o%i*ilitatea 'aa'el a't %$ %e !e%,$-oare. D)'ă )!#'#&)r%) &%$%&%# %!% ',!)!ă9 '" '! %!% )#

&"!%r#'ă (r"!r)r%)9 '" )!! %!% )# &r,?)?#* ă )&)ră )'!"* $% )r%##!)!%.Cea mai &(terni'$ in%ti+are tre)it$ !e o ,r(%trare e%te la a'tele !e

a+re%i"itate 7n!re&tate 7m&otri"a a+ent(l(i &er'e&(t 'a ,iin! %(r%a ,r(%tr$rii #I!#)## &r,r%# )# *)?% "! !r%;#!% *) )'!% )r%#%9 &r,r%# )# &"#$#r%'!%.

A" (,! %#$%#)!% , %r#% $% v!ri!8i)e ')r% ,r )(%'!) ')!#!)!%) $% &%r!"r?)r% '$ %!% (r"!r)! ră&""* #!r"%!)*. A'%!%) "!: in%ti+area laa'#i(ne@ +ra!(l !e &ert(r*are 7m&ie!i'are a r$%&(n%(l(i in%tr(mental@ n(m$r(l !e a%t,el !e o*%tr('#ii DOLLARD/#

Pr#"* ','%&!-)r#)?#*) i2sig+rii )! !&4i*2e – %!% *%)! $% &,!%#)*"*%='#!)!,r ')r% #'*"$% #&"*"* +# &"!%r%) ,?#+"#%#9 ) $%&r#$%r##. I!#)r%) *)

)'#"% %!% $%(##!ă ') o an(me 'on!i#ie ante'e!ent$ al '$rei r$%&(n% &re!i'ti*il e%te 'on%e'"ent # 8 )'%! %9 MILLER i >RON )" )ră!)! 'ă9 '" '! ",r)# %!% )# )&r,)&% $% " !#"* 'ă"!)! )" %#!)!>9 '" )!! )# &r,")!ă%!% r%)'#) *) )&r,&#%r% )" *) %#!)r%. P,!r##! )'%!%#)9 )r 4%) 'ă !"*?"r)r%)r%##!ă )r !r%?"# ă (#% )# )r% '$ (r"!r)r%) )r% *,' )# )&r,)&% $% #!ă $%'!)!"'# '$ )r% *,' )# $%&)r!%. A'%! *"'r" )r !r%?"# ă % r%(*%'!% 4 )'#"%) )#)r%#ă $# )&r,&#%r%) #!%# $%'! $% *) $#!)ă.

L) r$"* ă"9 ROSENZEIG9 ))*#;$ )r'##*% 4$%&*##!% +#%4$%&*##!% $% ',&##9 ) )ră!)! 'ă )'%+!#) 4r%#!r%);ă , )# )r% !"*?"r)r% )!"'#

'$ "! 4!r%r"&# $#!r-" F,'9 '$ % )(*)" )&r,)&% $% r%;,*)r%9 $%'! )!"'#'$ % )(*)" )# $%&)r!% $% )'%)!). In?i*area a'telor !e a+re%i"itate !ire't$ re&re)int$ o ,r(%trare a!i#ional$

-i e%te !e a-te&tat 'a a'ea%t$ ,r(%trate:!/ ă #!#% )'!% $% )r%##!)!% 4&,!r#) )%!"*"# &%r'%&"! ') (##$

r%&,)?#* $% #$#(%r%ă '" )r%##!)!%) ,r##)*ă8/ #$#r%'!9 ă ăr%)'ă #!#)r%) *) !,)!% '%*%*)*!% (,r% $% )r%##!)!%.

A+) !$ *"'r"r#*% '" '! %!% )# )r% r)$"* $% ##?##% &%'#(#' "%#(,r% $#r%'!% $% )r%##!)!%9 '" )!! )# &r,?)?#*ă ) (# )&)r##) "%# (,r% $%

)r%##!)!% )# &"# $#r%'!ă. A!(%*9 $)'ă !,)!% )'!%*% $% )r%##!)!% 4$r%&!)!%'ă!r% " ,?#%'! $)! "! 4&#%$#')!%9 )!"'# ) (# , !%$#ă )# )r% $% )&)r##% &%!r" )*!% )'!% $% )r%##!)!%9 4$r%&!)!% &r% )*!% ,?#%'!% $%'! '%* ',#$%r)!. 8)'%! '); FREUD )(#r) 'ă )r%##!)!%) %!% $%&*))!ă $% *) " ,?#%'! *) )*!"*.D)'ă &r%%#r%) %!% &%'#(#'ă !#&"*"# $% )'! )r%#9 )!"'# ) (# , !%$#ă ă )&)ră)*!% (,r% $% )r%##!)!%. 8 )'%! ');9 ,r?# $%&r% '#?)r%) $% (,ră.

C! &r#%+!% $%&*))r%) )r%##!ă##9 % ',#$%ră 'ă a+re%i"itatea in?i*at$are o &(terni'$ ten!in#$ %&re !e&la%are# A'%!% ,$#(#'ăr# % "%' s*8)i.+ri#C$ )!#'#&)r%) &%$%&%# ##?ă )r%##!)!%) $#r%'!ă9 &,! )&)r% '#?ăr# "")# 4 ,?#%'!"*9 $)r +# 4 (,r) )r%##!ă##. C,&,r!)%!"* )r%# % )%%r)*#;) *) )*!% ,?#%'!% +#9 !,!,$)!ă9 &,)!% (# $%&*))! )"&r) )*!,r ,?#%'!% $)'ă%!% ##?)! ',&,r!)%!"* )"&r) ,?#%'!"*"# &r#)r )* )r%##!ă##.

02



C" !,!"* &%'#)*ă %!% +# (,r) $% )r%##!)!% ()ă $% #%. C" &r##r% *)(,r%*% )r%##!ă##9 )*ă!"r# $% )'%%) $%'#ă9 )#(%!ă9 % $#'"!ă +#!gresivi!e! 7!2!s.!i&+# 8 )'%! %9 LESSER )ră!) 'ă r)$"* $%',r%&,$%ă $#!r% ',&,r!)%!"* ()!))!#' +# '%* ')r% % %=&r#ă $%'#%!% )# )r% 4 ');"* ",r) $#!r% #&"*"r# $%'! 4 ');"* )*!,r). A!(%*9 -)

"%r)! 'ă ,!#%*% 4'"r)F)!% '"*!"r)* % r%(%ră *) ()&!"* 'ă e%te ne'e%ar %$ ,ii la ,el !e &(terni' 7n mani,e%t$rile !e%'?i%e 'a -i 7n 'ele ma%'ate .M. LEPLEX>94 r%% '% ,!#%*% $%'"r)F)!% $# &"'! $% %$%r% '"*!"r)* )ră!) , r%*)#% *)?ă)" #',#!%!ă 4!r% (,r) ()!)%# +# %=&r#)r%) $%'#ă.

LESSER 4+# &r,&"% ă %=)#%;% 'on%e'in#ele 7n'(ra$rii -i ale!e%'(ra$rii a+re%i"it$#ii !e '$tre mam$ a 'o&il(l(i # P% ?);) '%r'%!ăr#*,r (ă'"!%9 %*) $,%$#! 'ă r%*)#) $#!r% )r%##!)!%) ()!))!#'ă +# '%) )#(%!ă %!%#(*"%)!ă $% &r)'!#'#*% +# )!#!"$##*% )!%r%. L) '%# 'ăr,r) *% "! 4'"r)F)!%',&,r!)%!%*% )r%#%9 r%*)#) $#!r% )r%##!)!%) ()!))!#'ă +# '%) $%'#ă

%!% )# )r%. A'%*% !%$#% ')r% ,r (# #!%r;#% +# )'#,)!% %)!# ,r (# )# ?,)!% 4 %=&r#ăr# ()!))!#'% +# )# 'ă;"!% 4 '%*% $%'#%. A'%)!ă ),'#%r%% ?);%);ă &% r,*"* ',&%)!,r )" "?!#!"!# )* ()!)%# )',*, "$% " %!%

&%r#ă %=&r#)r%) $#r%'!ă.P%!r" )&)r##) )"!,&"##%#9 !gresivi!e! 52,re(!+ s(re si2e !r%?"#% ă

$%&ă+%)'ă " )"#! r)$ $% ##?##% +#9 $% )'%%)9 %) !#$% ă )&)ră ")# $)'ă)"#!% (,r% $% %=&r%#% "! +# )# &"!%r#' ##?)!%.

8 ',$###*% 4 ')r% ')!#!)!%) $% ##?##% %!% ',!)!ă9 !%$#))"!,)r%#ă %!% )# &"!%r#'ă 4 ');"r#*% 4 ')r% "?#%'!"* 'r%$% 'ă %* )#

$%r)?ă9 $%'! " )%! %=!%r9 %!% r%&,)?#* &%!r" (r"!r)r%) ,r##)*ă +# '$)r%##!)!%) $#r%'!ă %!% *##!)!ă $% #% )# $%r)?ă $%'! " )%! %=!%r.8 )'%! %9 FREUD )ră!) 'ă "%*% &%r,)% %*)',*#'% % 4#,ă%'

&%!r" ()&!% &r,$"% $% &%r,)% #"?#!%9 )'%!%) (##$ "r) (r"!răr##. A!(%*9 % &r,$"'% $%&*))r%) 'ă!r% #% ) "%# )r%##!ă# $#r%'!%9 ##?)!%. 6,r%*% $%%=&r%#% &,! (# %r?)*%9 ră#r# (#;#'%9 #&!,% %r,!#'% $% ?,)*ă9 #)r (,r) '%))# $r))!#'ă %!% "#'#$"*.

8 )'%! !%%# % $%$"' rei i,ei"/ #!#)r%) *) )"!,)r%)r% 'r%+!% '$ "r) (r"!răr## %!% &%r'%&"!ă ')

(##$ "?#%'!"* 4"+#! $%'! ') (##$ " )%! %=!%r. A'%)!) $%,)r%'%(r"!r)r%) &r,,)'ă '%) )# &"!%r#'ă #!#)r% *) )r%##!)!% 4&,!r#))%!"*"# &%r'%&"! ') (##$ "r) (r"!răr##.

$/ !%$#) )r%##!ă## $#r%'!%9 ##?)!%9 $% ) % 4!,)r'% &r% #% %!% )#)r% '$ %!% ##?)!ă $% "?#%'!"* 4"+# $%'! $% " )%! %=!%r.D%'#9 '$ " )'! $% )r%#"% "(%ră #!%r(%r%%9 )'%)!ă (r"!r)r%

&r,$"'% , )*!ă (r"!r)r% ')r% #!#ă *) )r%##!)!% 4&,!r#) )%!"*"# $%#!%r(%r%ă.

%/ )*!% ',$### (##$ ',!)!%9 )"!,)r%##!)!%) %!% " !#& $% %=&r%#%r%*)!# %&r%(%r)! +# ) )&ăr%) ")# $)'ă )*!% (,r% $% %=&r%#% "!4'ă +# )# &"!%r#' ##?)!%. A"!,)r%)r%) ră%+!% "?#%'!"*9 )'%)!)%%r$ !%)) $% &%$%)&ă $)r +# #%r.

03



L) r$"* ă"9 ROSENZEIG '*)#(#'ă &'2r!-re!&4ii)e *) (r"!r)r% 4:!/ e:r!(*2iive – '$ )r%##!)!%) %!% (ă#+ă9 4!,)ră 4&,!r#) ""#

,?#%'! %=!%r8/ i2r!(*2iive – '$ )r%##!)!%) %!% ,r#%!)!ă &r% #%&/ i.(*2iive – '$ #,)!"* %!% !r)!)! 4!r-, )#%ră #&%r,)*ă.

E>&re%ia ori'$r(i a't !e a+re%i"itate e%te (n 'at?ar%i% ')r% r%$"'%#!#)r%) *) !,)!% '%*%*)*!% (,r% $% )r%##!)!%. A&)r##) ,r#'ăr"# )'! $%)r%##!)!% r%$"'% #!#)r%) *) )r%#"% +#9 &,!r##! &#))*#;%#9 )'%)!) $"'% *)')!)r#. A'%)!) )r 4%) 'ă )!"'# '$ " ră&" $% )r%##!)!% %!%%=&r#)!9 %(%'!"* )" ')!)r!#' )r !r%?"# ă #'+,r%;% #!#)r%) )*!,r ră&""r#)r%#%.

8 r%$"'%r%) ',(*#'!"*"#9 " r,* #&,r!)! 4* )" $#%r% re!&4ii. D%#"r9 #!)#&"*"*"# ,!#* %!% ă )!)'% +# ă 4$%&ăr!%;% !#"*"* $#r%'! ')r% &r,,)'ă)r%##!)!%.

!/ %=&r#)r%) ,!#*#!ă## % &,)!% ()'% 'ă!r% , ) !r%#) &)r!% – $% %=%&*"9!%r)&%"!"*9 )*! ,?#%'! )" )*!ă &%r,)ă $%'! '%) ,r##)*ă

8/ %=&r#)r%) $#r%'!ă ()ă $% #!#)!,r9 (#% 4 ',$### ,&"#!#%&/ %(%'!"* !%r)&%"!#' )* ')!)r#-"*"# 4 %*#?%r)r%) !%#"#*,r )r%#%

ORC6EL>. Pr# "r)r%9 (r"!r)r%) %%r%);ă !%$#% )r%#% ')r% " &,! (# 4$r%&!)!%$#r%'! 4&,!r#) )%!"*"# r%)* )* (r"!răr## &%!r" 'ă )'%!) (#% " %!% #;#?#*9 (#%%!% ')&)?#* ă )'#,%;% &r# %%r% )'#"# &"#!#%. A!"'# $%?"+%"* &%!r"%%r#) )r%#ă ?*,')!ă %!% ă#! &r# 4$r%&!)r%) )'!"*"# 4&,!r#) ""# )*!

,?#%'!-#!ă. Ar%##!)!%) %!% )!(%* !r)(%r)!ă9 $%&*))!ă +# '#)r %%r)*#;)!ă 4)"#!% #!")##9 #)r '%* )"&r) 'ăr"#) % 4!,)r'% )&r,?#"* )r%)!"*"# % "%+!% #a& i%&$-itor )" &r%F"$#'#".

E=#!ă )"#!% &!r!&erisi&i !)e '8ie&e)'r s!* (ers'!2e)'r ')r%$%!%r#ă &'.('r!.e2*) !gresiv9 )'%!%) (##$ ',#$%r)!% $% "?#%'!"* 4')";ă ') (r"!r)!%:

"/ $)'ă &%r,)) #;)!ă %!% )!#'#&)!ă +# '! $% &"!%r#'>9 ,!#*#!)!%)%%r)!ă $% , (r"!r)r% % &,)!% )#(%!) $#r%'! )" #$#r%'!

$/ #$##$"* #!,*%r)! ă ',#$%r% 'ă %!% 4 #"r)ă '$ )!)'ă " r"&

$)! )" , &%r,)ă%/ &r%;%) F"!#(#'ăr## ,r)*% 4 ) ()'% )'%! *"'r".T%,r#) a+re%i"itatea e%te o 'ontra1rea'#ie la ,r(%trare ) (,! "&"ă ",r

)&*% ))*#;% 'r#!#'% 4 *#!%r)!"r) &#,*,#'ă $% &%'#)*#!)!%. A!(%*9 4 ','%&#)*"# E@SENC !%,r#) %!% '#r'"*)!ă $# ,%! '% (r"!r)r%) %!% $%(##!ă 4!%r%## )r%##!ă## +# #%r.

D%#"r9 ',$"#!%*% )r%#% % ,$#(#'ă ,!,%%!#'9 % 4)ă 4!r"'!(##) ")ă " %!% $%!%r#)!ă %='*"#9 ?#,*,#'. Pr,?*%) (r"!răr## +#)r%##!ă## )r% , #!,r#% *"ă +# ',!r,%r)!ă 4 &#,*,#%9 %) (##$ $%&)r!% $% )(# 4'%#)!ă.

0



0ARTEA A II –A

ASPECTELE PRACTICE ALE CERCETĂRII

05



CA0ITOLUL IV METODOLOGIA CERCET4RII

#"# O>IECTIVELE CERCETĂRII#$# IPOTEZELE CERCETĂRII#%#ORGANIZAREA ACTIVITĂŢII DE CERCETARE## METODE ŞI TE6NICI DE CERCETARE

00



H.2. OBIECTIVELE CERCET4RII

T#!*"* r%&r%;#!ă , %=&r%#% 4*,?)!ă9 $% )=#ă %%r)*#!)!%9 ) '%%) '%"răr%+!% *"'r)r%). O?#%'!#%*% &% ')r% "r%);ă ă *% !)?#*# ,r #;) $#r%'!(%,%%*% &"% 4 r%*)#% 4 !#!*".

T#!*"* *"'răr## %!%: A+re%i"itatea ,orm$ !e a!a&tare -i 'ontra1rea'#ie la'o&iii in%tit(#ionali)a#i !e "6r%t$ -'olar$ mi'$. 6,r"*)r%) *"# -) ("$)%!)! &%

&r%#) 'ă )r%##!)!%)9 ') +# ',&,r!)%!"* )r%# r%&r%;#!ă , (,ră $%)$)&!)r%9 $)r +# , ',!r)-r%)'#% *) , #!")#% (r"!r)!ă. A'%! *"'r" %!% $%F) " ()&!',(#r)! +!###(#' $% &#,*,#%.

C) &r# ,?#%'!# $% )=#ă %%r)*#!)!%9 '%r'%!)r%) ,)!ră "răr%+!%"r&r#$%r%) )!"r## ')r% %=#!ă 4!r% )r#)?#*%*% $# !#!*": )r%##!)!%9 )$)&!)r% +#(r"!r)r%. C) " &r# &) )* &r,'%"*"# $% !r%'%r% $% *) %%r)* *) &)r!#'"*)r )'%!

&r,'% "răr%+!% )!#%r%) ""# #%* $% $#r%'!ă !%!)?#*#!)!% ) (%,%%*,r !"$#)!%>9 )r%##!)!%) %!% ',#$%r)!ă9 4 &r#'#&)*9 "? )&%'!"* ",r) $# ()%!%*%)*%9 +# )"%: #,*%) +# *#?)F"* ,r)* )r%# 4 r%*)##*% #!%r&%r,)*%.

A'%)!) " 4%)ă 'ă ,r (# %*#F)!% '%*%*)*!% $#%#"# )*% )r%##!ă##:')r%%*% %$"')!#% 4 ()#*#) $% ,r##%9 &r%'" +# 4 #!#!"##*% $% 4ăă!%!% ,r?)9 )# &r%'#9 $%&r% ,$%*%*% ()#*#)* +# r%&%'!#9 +',*)r #!%r#,r#;)!% $%',&#*>9 ()'!,r## $%'*)+)!,r# )# ',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%# &r%$#&,;##% %%!#'ă +#

&#,&)!,*,#% &)r%!)*ă>9 ()'!,r# !r)")!#;)# &%!r" ',&#* +# ()#*#%9 '" #&*#')##4 $%'*)+)r%) )r%##!ă##9 ?,*# ,)!#'% r)%9 )*!% !r)"%>9 &r%'" +# '%*%*)*!%(,r% )*% )r%#"## +# ',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%#.

8 $%%r"* (,r"*ăr## '%*,r '!,r) ,?#%'!#% &% ')r% +# *% &r,&"%'%r'%!)r%) ,)!ră9 -) &,r#! $% *) , %r#% $% (re.ise. I)!ă ',!%=!"* $% &r%#% $%*) ')r% -) &,r#! 4 (#=)r%) ,?#%'!#%*,r '%r'%!ăr##:

!/ S,'#%!)!%) % )(*ă 4!r-" ',!#"" &r,'% $% !r)(,r)r% +# $%%#r%.8/ Pr# "r)r%9 % ,$#(#'ă )*,r#*% $$ )+!%r% ",r %!"r# $% )*,r#

$#(%r#!% ')r% 4*,?%);ă. Tr)(,răr# &r,("$% 4 !,)!% )&%'!%*% *%)!%

$% )$)&!)r%) ,'#)*ă +# #!%r&%r,)*ă ) #$##$"*"#.&/ I(*"%) )-%$#) &r# &r,,)r%) (#*%*,r )r!#!#'% +# $% $%%%

)#)!%> ')r% %!)*%);ă #,*%) +# ',&,r!)%!"* )r%# 4 %%r)*9 &r# "ră!,)r%*%: )r%#"#9 ?)$#!#9 (,*,#r%) )r%*,r9 &)r%r#9("r!"r#9 ră&#r#9 %!'.

#$ ',! $% )'%!% r%)*#!ă#9 -) &r,'%$)! *) (#=)r%) o*ie'ti"elor 'er'et$rii .Pr# "r)r%9 '%r'%!)r%) ,)!ră )r% ') '8ie&iv (ri2&i(!): "r&r#$%r%)

'r%+!%r## )r%##!ă## *) ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)#9 ',&)r)!# '" '%# $# ()#*#%.8 &)r)*%* '" )'%! ,?#%'!# &r#'#&)*9 (#=)! )!%r#,r9 '%r'%!)r%) #;%);ă +#

"ră!,)r%*% '8ie&ive se&*2,!re:

0B



"/ E#$%#%r%) ')r)'!%r#!#'#*,r &##'% )# (r)#*%> ')r% -)" ,$#(#')!$%!%r#$ ',&,r!)%!"* )r%# )* ',&##*,r +',*)r# #'# $# C%!r"*$% P*))%!

$/ S"r&r#$%r%) ,$"*"# '" #(*"%%);ă C%!r"* $% P*))%! – ')#!#!"#% $% %$"')#% #!%*%'!")*ă9 ,r)*ă9 '"*!"r)*ă9 ,'#)*ă – $%;,*!)r%)

',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%#%/ S"r&r#$%r%) ,$"*"# $% )#(%!)r% )* )r%##!ă## *) ',&## +',*)r# #'#

$# C%!r"* $% P*))%!/ A)*#;) ă"r## +# ,$"*"# 4 ')r% !#&"* #$##$")* $% ră&" *) (r"!r)r%

#(*"%%);ă ',&,r!)%!"* $% )$)&!)r% ,'#)*ă +# +',*)ră:',&,r!)%!"* $% 4ă)r% ',&,r!)%!"* $% r%*)#,)r%

/ I%!#)r%) #(*"%%*,r %=%r'#!)!% $% , %r#% $% ()'!,r# %=!%r# )"&r)!#&"*"# $% ră&" (r"!r)! – )r%#: '*)) $% %*%# ')r)'!%r#!#'#*%#!#!"#%# ,'r,!#!,)r% ()#*#) $% )&)r!%%ă.

0<



H.=. I0OTE3ELE CERCET4RII

C) &"'! $% &*%')r% -) *")! ()&!"* – $%,!r)! +!###(#' – 'ă )r%##!)!%)%!% , (,ră $% )$)&!)r% +# ',!r)-r%)'#% *) (r"!r)r% *) ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# $%r!ă +',*)ră #'ă.

I ',%'#ă9 i('e0! (ri2&i(!)+ ) (# (,r"*)!ă )!(%*: % &r%;"ă 'ă $)'ă)r%##!)!%) %!% , (,ră $% )$)&!)r%9 &r%'" +# " ,$ $% ',!r)-r%)'#%9 )!"'#%) % )#(%!ă 4 ,$ &r%)! 4 C%!r%*% $% P*))%! ',&)r)!# '" Ş',*#*% $%)ă.

6)ă $% #&,!%;) )!%r#,r (,r"*)!ă #&,!%;) &r#'#&)*ă> )" )# (,! (,r"*)!%

"ră!,)r%*% i('e0e se&*2,!re:"/ $)'ă )r%##!)!%) % )#(%!ă ') (,ră $% )$)&!)r% $)!,r#!ă )?%%#,$%*%*,r ()#*#)*% +# +',*)r%9 )!"'# %) )r% !%$#% %#$%!% $%)#(%!)r%

$/ $)'ă %=#!ă )"#!% ')r)'!%r#!#'# &##'% "*! )# (r)#*% *) ',&####!#!"#,)*#;)# ',&)r)!# '" '%# $# ()#*#%9 )!"'# %*% "! )#%#$%!% *) &r### $)!,r#!ă #(*"%%# r%&%'!#%

%/ $)'ă )r%##!)!%) %!% (,ră $% )$)&!)r% +# ',!r)-r%)'#% *) (r"!r)r%9)!"'# ',&### $# C%!r"* $% P*))%! (,*,%' ',&,r!)%!"* )r%#

4 )'%! %/ $)'ă )#(%!ăr#*% (r"!r)! – )r%#% #!%#!)!%) +# ')*#!)!%) *,r> )")*,)r% )$)&!#ă ,'#)*ă +# +',*)ră9 )!"'# )*%) &,;#!#ă )" %)!#ă )r"&"r#*,r ,'#)*% +# +',*)r% $% )&)r!%%ă *% #(*"%%);ă

/ $)'ă *) %*%## ,'r,!## 4 ()#*#% % ',!)!ă " #%* 'ă;"! )* )r%##!ă##+# , )$)&!)r% 4 ("'#% $% &%'#(#'"* (#%'ăr"# %*%9 )!"'# *) ',&###!#!"#,)*#;)# , ',!)!) " &r) )# 'r%'"! )* (r"!răr## +#)r%##!ă##9 r%&%'!# " #%* )# 'ă;"! &r##$ ')*#!)!%) )$)&!ăr##,'#,-+',*)r%.

A )"! 4 %$%r% *) ',&### $# ()#*#% +',)*) $% )ă> +# !r"'!"r) 4("'#% $% %$##*% %$"',%% ()#*#)*%: &ăr## "'#!,r#9 '" !"$## %$##9 '" !"$##"&%r#,)r%.

0@



H.. ORGANI3AREA ACTIVIT4ŢII DE CERCETARE

8 ?);) #&,!%;%*,r +# ,?#%'!#%*,r (,r"*)!%9 ) %(%'!")! '%r'%!)r%) 4*,')*#!)!%) C,!)) )$ 4ă 4 %$%r% +# r%)*#;)r%) ""# !"$#" ',&)r)!#. C))!)r%9 ) #%!#)! "?#%'# )(*)# 4 QC%!r"* $% P*))%! De)7i2*) &%!r" )$%&#!) %*%%!%*% $% &%'#(#'#!)!% +# *) QŞ',)*) r. 1 $# )'%%)+# *,')*#!)!%9 +',)*ă%%r)*ă 4 ')r% ',&### "! &r,%## $# ()#*#%.

M,!#)#) %!% %#$%!ă9 4 %"* 'ă ) r"! ă ,?%ră #(*"%)%=%r'#!)!ă $% C%!r"* $% P*))%!9 ') #!#!"#% #&*#')!ă 4 &r,!%'#) ',&#*"*"#9)"&r) $%;,*!ăr## ',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%#.

A'!##!)!%) $% '%r'%!)r% ) ,r)#;)!-, &*%'$ $% *) )*%%r%) *,!"r#*,r $%"?#%'# $# (#%')r% #!#!"#% #;)!ă. A!(%*9 ) )*% $# ',#$%r%!% %!,$,*,#'%9" "ăr $% 0 $% "?#%'# '" r!% '"&r#% 4!r% B +# 11 )#9 (ără ) *") 4',#$%r)r% #%*"* $% &r%ă!#r%9 r%;"*!$ )!(%* " *,! %!%r,% +# ')r% r%*%ă$#(%r%%*% ')*#!)!#% *) #%*"* ',&,r!)%!"*"# )$)&!)!#9 ,'#,-+',*)r.

S!r"'!"r) *,!"r#*,r % &r%;#!ă )!(%*:

L'*) ,e s*8ie&4i ,i2 Ce2r*) ,e P)!s!.e2

NR. DE SU7IECI

VÂRSTELE < – @ )# @ )# +# 1 *"ă – 1 )# 1 )# +# 1 *"ă – 11 )#

5 15 1

L'*) ,e s*8ie&4i ,i2 Ş&'!)! ,e .!s+

NR. DE SU7IECI

VÂRSTELE < – @ )# @ )# +# 1 *"ă – 1 )# 1 )# +# 1 *"ă – 11 )#

B 12 11

A )"! 4 %$%r% *) ',&## $# ()#*#% +',)*) $% )ă> +# !r"'!"r) 4("'#% $% %$##*% %$"',%%: &ăr## "'#!,r#9 '" !"$## %$##9 '" !"$##

"&%r#,)r%.

B



REPARTIIA PECLASE

MEDII FAMILIALE EDUCOGENE

MUNCITORI STUDII MEDII STUDII SUPERIOARE

C*)) ) II-) 2 1C*)) ) III-) 5 B -C*)) ) I/-) 5 2

TOTAL 11 10 3

36%

10%

54%

30 - "'#!,r#5 - !"$## %$##1 - !"$## "&%r#,)r%

B1



H.H. METODE ŞI TE;NICI DE CERCETARE

8 ',&"* r%)*#;ăr## ,?#%'!#%*,r &r,&"% +# &*%'$ $% *) &r%#%*%',#$%r)!% ') ("$)%! 4 %*)?,r)r%) #&,!%;%*,r '%r'%!ăr##9 ) ',#$%r)! 'ă

&r#'#&)*%*% %!,$% "!#*% 4 $%%r"* %" %!,$,*,#' "!:O8serv!4i! ,iri9!+. A'%)!ă %!,$ă ',!ă 4 "răr#r%) )!%!ă +#

#!%)!#'ă ) ',&,r!)%!"*"# "?#%'#*,r '" ',&"* $% ) %#;) )&%'!%*% *,r ')r)'!%r#!#'% &r##$9 &% $% , &)r!%9 (#;#,,#)9 ##%)9 4(ă#+)r%)9 &r##r%)9##')9 %!#')9 ',(,r)#)9 #)r &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 )&%'!%*% ',&,r!ăr## "?#%'#*,r 4 )"#!% ,%!% )" #!")## &%'#(#'% 4 !#&"* )'!##!ă#*,r +',*)r% +# *#?%r%>.

O?#%'!#%*% "răr#!% &r# %!,$) )# " )#!#!ă "!: "/ ă )#(%!%r%)'## ,!r#'% '" ',,!)## )r%#% $/ ă (,*,%)'ă " *#?)F )r%# %> ă)#(%!% , )!#!"$#% (r"!r)!ă / ă (,*,%)'ă (#% #,*%) ',&,r!)%!"*)r%# #,*%!>9 (#% " *#?)F )r%# &%!r" %*##)r%) (r"!r)#%#.

I ',&"* r%)*#;ăr## ,?#%'!#%*,r )!%r#,r !)?#*#!% +# &%!r" #*"!r)r%) '*)ră )#&,!%;%*,r -)" "!#*#;)! +# , %r#% $% ese (si1')'gi&e &r%'": !%!"* $% (r"!r)#%R'se20eig !%!"* $% &%r,)*#!)!% '','r1 !%!"* QE* s*2 ### +# QE* !vre! s+ 7i* ### !%!"* QF!.i)i! !%!"* QC)!s!.

A "!#*#;)! $% )%%%): !"$#%r%) (#+%# %$#')*% +# ))%;) &#,*,#'ă.

8 *#!%r)!"r) $% &%'#)*#!)!%9 r#F) &%!r" $#),;) +# ă"r)r%) (r"!răr## ",'"&ă , &,$%r% &r,&,r#,)*ă '" &r%,'"&ăr#*% !%,r%!#'% $%&r% )'%! (%,% 4))?*"* ă".

D#(#'"*!)!%) ă"răr## (r"!răr## r%;"*!ă $# r%"!)!%) ',r%*ăr## #!r"%!%*,r $% $#),;ă '" !%,r#) )'%!%# ',r%*ăr# 4 ',&"* ,?#%'!#ăr## '%r'%!ăr##. Or#'%#!r"%! (,*,#! !r%?"#% %=&*#')!9 $%'r#9 &r%'#;)!ă !%,r#) ')r%-* $%(#%+!% +#)*,)r%) ) $#),!#'ă.

A!(%*9 &%!r" $#'r##)r%) '" &r%$#&,;### (r"!r)!-)r%#% $% $#(%r#!%r)$%9 )*ă!"r# $% ,?%r)#%9 ))%;ă9 #!%r#" ) "!#*#;)!9 ') &r#'#&)*

#!r"%!9 !%!"* R'se20eig9 )*#$)! &%!r" ',&## 4!r% 3 +# 13 )#. C,&*%%!)r )'%!"#)9 ) )&*#')! '%!#,)r"* $% &%r,)*#!)!% '','r19 !%!"* 6)#*#)9C*))9 %!'.

8 r)&,r! '" #!")##*% (r"!r)!%9 "?#%'## %=&r#ă )# "*!% !#&"r# $% r%)'#%*) #!")## (r"!r)!%9 ',r%*)!% '" &)r!#'"*)r#!ă#*% $% &%r,)*#!)!%9 '" ,$"* $%!r"'!"r)r% ) &,!%#)*"*"# )!#!"$#)*–(r"!r)!: r%)'## ,r#%!)!% e:r!(*2iiv#r#!)r%9 #%> i2r!(*2iiv r%"+')r%> +# i.(*2iiv #!")##*% (r"!r)!% (##$%=&*#')!% 4 ,$ ','#*#)!>.

Tes*) R'se20eig '"&r#$% 2 $% $%%% 4 ')r% "! r%&r%;%!)!% $,"ă

&%r,)F% &r#'#&)*% ) 'ăr,r (#"ră +# ##'ă "! #$#')!% &%!r" ) (),r#;) &r,#%'!)r%) r%)'##*,r ',&,r!)%!)*%. O)%## "! $%%)# 4!r-, #!")#% ')r% &r,$"'% 4 ,$ ,?#+"#! , !)r% $% (r"!r)r% $% #!%#!)!% %$#%. D%)"&r) ""#)

B2



$#!r% &%r,)F% %!% !r))! " &ă!r)! 4 ')r% %!% 'r# '%%) '% ,r?%+!% "?#%'!"*9)$#'ă ,$"* $% ) )!r)% )!%#) '%*"#*)*! )"&r) #!")#%# (r"!r)!% &%!r" )'%!) )"

&% ')r% , &r,,)'ă %* 4"+#.D% %=%&*"9 4!r-""* $#!r% $%%% % %$% '" );$) )!r)% )!%#) "%#

#;#!)!,)r% &%!r" 'ă ) &)r! " ) ')r% %r) &r%(%r)! )* )%# )*%. S"?#%'!"*

!r%?"#% ă 'r#% 4 &)#"* ,* ,$"* '" ) ră&"$%. I % )!r)% )!%#) 'ă !r%?"#%ă ,!%;% &r#"* ră&" ')r%-# #% 4 #!%. S% &r%"&"% 'ă "?#%'!"* ) )',r$)

&%r,)F"*"# ,$"* &r,&r#" $% $#r% +# $% ##r% 4!r-, #!")#% ##*)ră.D"&ă ',&*%!)r%) 4!r%## %r##9 )'#"%) ) (,! r%*")!ă +# (#%')r% ##!)! ă

'#!%)'ă '%%) '% ) 'r#. A ,?#"! )!(%* #(,r)## "&*#%!)r% $# #(*%=#"#*%,'##9 $# ##'ă.

I!%r&r%!)r%) ',&*%!ăr#*,r -) (ă'"! 4 ("'#% $% $,"ă )r#)!%: ,ire&4i!!gresivi+4ii +# !#&"* $% r%)'#%.

S"? r)&,r!"* &r#%# )r#)?#*% – ,ire&4i! !gresivi+4ii – % $#!#:

"/ r$%&(n%(ri e>tra&(niti"e 9;< '$ % ()'% r%(%r#r% *) )r%##!)!%),r#%!)!ă &r% %$#"

$/ r$%&(n%(ri intra&(niti"e 9I< ,r#%!)!% )"&r) &%r,)%# (r"!r)!%%/ r$%&(n%(ri im&(niti"e 9M< '$ #!")#) %!% )&r%'#)!ă ') %#&,r!)!ă

)" ') %(##$ $# #) '"#).C! &r#%+!% i(*) ,e re!&4ie9 4 )'%! % % )r% 4 %$%r%:!/ !ominarea o*%ta'ol(l(i 9OD< )!"'# '$ "?#%'!"* ##!ă 4 ră&""*

)" )"&r) #!")#%# ')r% &r,$"'% (r"!r)r%) $,#)r% 'r%'"!ă ),?!)',*"*"# QO )%#)r% 'ă;"!ă QD

)%#)r% (ără #&,r!)ă QM8/ a&$rarea E(l(i 9ED<. 8 )'%! ');9 4 ră&"9 % &%'#(#'ă $)'ă &%r,)F"* )!r#?"#% )*!'"#)#) QE9 $)'ă )''%&!ă r%&,)?#*#!)!%) I> )" $)'ă $%'*)ră 'ă #%# "%!% #,)! M>.U D r#$#')! #$#'ă " E" *)?.

&/ &er%i%ten#a tre*(in#ei 9N0< $"&ă r%;,*)r%) &r,?*%%*,r &"% $%(r"!r)r%. 8 )'%! ');9 )''%!"* % &"% &% r%;,*)r%) &r,?*%%#9 (#% 'ă

&%r,)F"* '%r% )F"!,r"* '"#) E>9 (#% 'ă r%;,*ă #"r I>9 (#% 'ă $%'*)ră

'ă !#&"* , ) r%;,*) M>.Tes*) ,e (ers'2!)i!e '','r1 )r% (,r) ""# '%!#,)r ')r%'"&r#$% B0 $% 4!r%?ăr#9 '*))!% 4 < ')!%,r## 9 $"&ă !%$#%*% )(%'!#% &% ')r% *%$%%%);ă +# $"&ă $%"#r#*% '*##'% 'ăr,r) *% ',r%&"$ )'%!% !%$#%:

"/ e2,i24e &+re e.'ivi!e! #&*ă ')r% r%&r%;#!ă , '#?)r% )*)$#ă+# %,!#)!ă ) $#&,;##%# , )''%!")!ă %='#!)r% )(%'!#ă9 $%%,r# (ără,!# #?r)r% ),r)*ă *) ,*#'#!ăr#*% )(%'!#%9 '#)r +# *) '%*% ##%

$/ e2,i24e s(re '8sesii i (si1!se2ie. P#)!%#) %!% &r##!ă ') , &#,;ă')r% $%r#ă $# ',!#!"#) %,!#ă % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# )?%)%%r#%# &##'%9 4 !ăr#*% $% %r,;#!)!%9 #&%r%,!##!)!% %!#%!% $%!%)ă +# $% ',!r%r%. O?%#) %!% , !"*?"r)r% #$%,-)(%'!#ă ')r%)&)r% 4 !#&"* !ăr#*,r $% &#)!%#%

B3



%/ e2,i24e s&1i0'i,e ')r% % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# '#?)r%) r)&#$ă )$#r%'#%# $#r##9 *#&) $% "#!)!% 4 ,#ă9 )"!#9 ă!ă)r% r)ă ))'!##!ă## )(%'!#% +# ,*"!)r%

/ e2,i24e (!r!2'i&e – % ')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# #$%# #%r#'% +# $% &%r%'"#%9 &r#)r%9 #!%)!#;)!% +# $% %4*ă!"r)!

/ e2,i24e ,e(resive r%&r%;#!ă 4',r$)r% &##'ă9 $#&,;##% !r#!ă9$%&r#)r%. D# &"'! $% %$%r% %$,%9 $%&r%#) )r% ')";% '% r%;#$ă 4',!#!"#) #$##$"*"#. D# &"'! $% %$%r% %=,%9 %) &,)!% (# , r%)'#%*) )"#!% !ră#r# +# )(%'!%9 r%)'#% ')r% &)r)*#;%);ă %%r#) &##'ă +#,#)

/ e2,i24e i.(*)sive "! )'#"# #!#'!#%9 &"*#,)*%9 )'#"# 4 ')r% &r%$,#ă )(%'!"*. S%')r)'!%r#;%);ă &r# *#&) $% ',!r,* ##?#!,r

/ e2,i24e &+re i2s!8i)i!e r%&r%;#!ă !%$#) $% ) " (# !)!,r#'

Q/ e2,i24e !2is'&i!)e % )#(%!ă &r# $%;)',r$ ()ă $% ,r$#%) ,'#)*ă &r# %r%&%'!)r%) r%"*#*,r ,'#)*%.

Tr%?"#% %#,)!ă #$%%) 'ă )'%! " $%&#!%);ă )*)$##9 '# tendinţele 'ă!r%)'%!%). C) )!)r%9 #&,r!)) "!#*#;ăr## *"# ',!ă 4 )'%%) 'ă %*#F)!%9 %*% % &,!)$'#9 )# )*% 4 ');"* ',&##*,r #!#!"#,)*#;)# ')r% "! *#&## $% ,$%*%()#*#)*% &,;#!#% +# ','r%!%9 r%)*%.

T%!"* &r,#%'!# T#S#T# – Te2B S!e.e2s Tes – % ?);%);ă &% &r,#%'#)4',r&,r)!ă 4 )r'#) $% ',&*%!)r% ) 2 $% &r,&,;### ')r% 4'%& !,)!% '": E""!... E=#!ă +# )r#)!): E" )+ r%) ă (#" ... L) U#%r#!)!%) $# 7"'"r%+!#9 )'%!

!%! ) (,! &r%*"'r)! +# %r#(#')! $# &"'!"* $% %$%r% )* ')r)'!%r#!#'#*,r $#),!#'%. 8 )'%! !%! % &" 4 %#$%ă 0 ')!%,r## $% ră&""r# $# &"'!"* $%%$%r% )* ',#"!"*"#.

Ră&""r#*% A % r%(%ră *) &"%r%) 4 %#$%ă ) ",r &!r!&erisi&i 7i0i&e)" e:eri'!re %" "! 4)*!9 ăă!,9 ') r)9 %!'.>. A'%!% !#&"r# $% ră&""r#

&,! (# "%,r# #!")#,)*% %" !)" *ă (%r%)!ră9 %" !)" '" ()) *) $r"9 %!'.>.A'%!% !#&"r# $% ră&""r# &" 4 %#$%ă , &%r,)*#!)!% &"# !r"'!"r)!ă9

&r%,'"&)!ă $% )$)&!)r%) #%$#)!ă (ără r%;,)% )# &r,("$%.Ră&""r#*% > % r%(%ră *) si*!4i! (r'7esi'2!)+ )" s'&i!)+ %" "! %*%9

!r")r9 %!'.>. E*% &" 4 %#$%ă , &%r,)*#!)!% $,#)!ă $% &r,?*%% &r,(%#,)*%.C)!%,r#) C % r%(%ră *) &!r!&erisi&i)e (si1i&e %" "! )r#'ă>9

$%,!r$ , &%r,)ă )*!r"#!ă.S% )# ,r?%+!% +# $%&r% "ră!,)r%*% ')r)'!%r#!#'#9 ,!)!% '" D9 E +# F:

,amiliale a!a&tati"e -i '(lt(rale.D)!ă (##$ )!"r) '%r'%!ăr## ) ',#$%r)! 'ă %!% )# r%&r%;%!)!#ă

r%)*#;)r%) "%# ',!ăr# ) ră&""r#*,r 4 ("'#% $%: E* (si1')'gi&9 E* s'&i!)9 E*7!.i)i!) +# E* !,!(!iv.

Tes*) F!.i)i!= %!% $%r#)! $# !%!"* &%r,)*#!ă## ")% ) *"# Y.M)',%r $)r "răr%+!% )*!% )&%'!%. E*%%!"* %%#)* &% ')r% )'%! !%! ')"!ă

B



ă-* ',)!ă 4 %#$%ă "! r%*)## #!%r&%r,)*% $# ')$r"* ()#*#%#9 $#!r% (r)#9"r,r# +# &ăr##.

S% )r% 4 %$%r%: ,$"* $% r%&r%;%!)r%9 $#%#"#*%9 ,r$#%) &%r,)F%*,r9("'##*% )'%!,r)9 r%*)##*% $#!r% %*%9 %*%%!%*% $% $,#)r%9 ,##"%) ",r

&%r,)F%9 (%,%%*% $% (r"!r)#%9 !ăr#*% $% !%#"% ',(*#'!")*ă...

S',&"* (,*,#r## !%!"*"# ',)!% 4 %#$%ă ')r)'!%r#!#'#*% r%*)##*,r #!%r&%r,)*% $# ')$r"* ()#*#%#9 r%*)##*% $#!r% ',&## +# &ăr##9 r%*)##*% $#!r%(r)#.

Tes*) C)!s!= %!% $%r#)! $# !%!"* Q6)#*#)9 $)r "răr%+!% )*!% )&%'!%.8 )'%! !%! % ,*#'#!ă ',&#*"*"# ă ()'ă " $%% 4 ')r% ă (#"r%;% '*))9',*%'!#"* $% %*%# $# ')r% ()'% &)r!%. T%!"* $#%#,%);ă 4 ,$ &r,#%'!#)!#!"$##*% "?#%'!"*"# ()ă $% ',*%# +# &r,(%,r"* '*)%#9 +#9 4 )'%*)+# !#&9)$)&!)r%) +',*)ră. S*,iere! 7iei .e,i&!)e -) (ă'"! 4 ',&"* $%&#!ăr## ",r &,#?#*# ()'!,r#

#&*#')# 4 $%!%r#)r%) &r%$#&,;###*,r +# !%$#%*,r '" ')r)'!%r (r"!r)!-)r%#9 ) )$)&!ăr##9 %!'. C) )!)r%9 )" (,! "răr#!% )&%'!%*% *%)!% $% 4?,*ă#r#)F,r%9 $%;%'#*#?r% %$,'r#%9 )!"r) +# %,*"#) $#%r%*,r )(%'#"# %!'.

A2!.2e0! (si1')'gi&+ -) r%)*#;)! &r# ',,r?#r# '" &r,(%,r##9 '" )$"*##'",'ă!,r# )# %$#"*"# $% #)ă )# ',&##*,r9 &r# !"$#%r%) $,)r"*"# 4 ?);) 'ăr"#)',&#*"* ) (,! #!#!"#,)*#;)!. S-) 4'%r')! ,?#%r%) $% #(,r)## &r##$',$###*% $% #)ă9 %$"')#%9 ,'#)*#;)r%9 )!,(%r) Q()#*#)*ă9 #%* $% !#"*)r%#!%*%'!")*ă9 (r%'%!)r%) $% 'ă!r% ',&#* ) ",r #!#!"## &r%+',*)r%9 #%*"* $%,r)#;)r% ) ()#*#%# $%;,r)#;)!ă9 ',(*#'!")*ă9 $%'%9 $#,r9 %!'.>9 )!#!"$#%)

()#*#%# '" ',&#*"*9 *%ă!"r) ()#*#%# '" ',&#*"*9 #%*"* $% r!ă 4 ,%!"* &r#%# #!#!"#,)*#;ăr# ,!#%*% #!#!"#,)*#;ăr## &%r,)) $% )!)+)%! &%!r"',&#* %=&%r#%% &#,!r)")!#'%.

B5



CAPITOLUL V

PRELUCRAREA DATELOR CERCETĂRII

B0



Caa!"#$"$!$&# '(")$$ &a (*$#!+$$ $,-#"$.a+$

Grupurile de elevi investigaţi au relevat o serie de comportamentespecifice în raport cu stimulii frustranţi. Astfel, s-a putut evidenţia o gruparea lor pe tipuri de reactivitate în raport cu respectivii stimuli. Ca atare, se pot

constata următoarele:

Gruparea subiecţilor în funcţie de indicatorii valorici globali ai frustrării

Rezultatele obţinute au permis identificarea a trei categorii desubiecţi: cei cu potenţial reactiv frustrant de valoare scăzută obţin!nd laproba Rosenz"eig administrată un total cuprins între #-$ puncte%& cei cupotenţial moderat la stimuli frustranţi de valoare medie '-() puncte%&subiecţi cu reactivitate frustrantă (#-*+ puncte%.

istribuţia procentuală pe aceste categorii de reactivitate a copiilor investigaţi este ilustrată mai os tabelul nr.4; fig. nr. 2 %.

C/00 12 3A40506 C/00 027808902A50;A0

C5A7A <=R78A #-$pcte.

$-()pcte.

()-*+pcte. #-$ s% $-() m% ()-*+ c%

a 00-a $-' ani $ ( ( ( > (a 000-a '-(# ani ) $ * ( (# +

a 0<-a (#-(*ani * ? ( - $ *

88A5 ? (' + * *( ?C/00 12 3A40506 C/00 027808902A50;A0

88A5 G5@A5 #-$pcte. - $-()

pcte. - ()-*+pcte. -

' - +# - (( -

"a*#&(& ,/ 4

BB



'$./ ,/ 3

(+

*>

D>

*>

?

?#

#

(#

*#

>#

+#

)#

D#

?#

$#

reactiv itate scăzută reactiv itate înaltă reactiv itate moderată

Copii în familii

Copii instituţionalizaţi

'$./ ,/ 4

8ipul de reacţie comportamentală a elevilor în raport cu stimulii frustranţi

1n acest caz, s-a analizat măsura în care cauza frustrării esteoriginală în interiorul subiectivităţii lor, în eEteriorul acesteia sau undevafără importanţă semnificativă. Rezultatele sunt: procentul cel mai ridicateste deţinut de subiecţii ce localizează în eEterior cauza frustrării lor& eisunt urmaţi de copiii care se autoacuză, pe ultimul loc situ!ndu-se subiecţiice aduc eEplicaţii impunitive tabelul nr.), fig. nr.)%.

C/00 12 3A40506 C/00 027808902A50;A0

C5A7A <=R78A #-$ pcte. $-()pcte. ()-*+pcte. #-$ s% $-() m% ()-*+ c%

a 00-a $-' ani * ( * + - (a 000-a '-(# ani (# * > (> ( (a 0<-a (# (( ani > + > ? (

88A5 () ? $ *+ * +C/00 12 3A40506 C/00 027808902A50;A0

88A5 G5@A5 #-$pcte. - ()-*+

pcte. - ()-*+m% -

>' - (* - ' -

B@



"a*#&(& ,/5

F$./ ,/ 5

TIPUL DE REACIE COMPORTAMENTAL A ELEVILOR N RAPORTCU STIMULII FRUSTRANI

<

*> - reacţie impunitivă)# - reacţie eEtrapunitivă*? - reacţie intrapunitivă

(+ - reacţie impunitivă$# - reacţie eEtrapunitivăD - reacţie intrapunitivă

D)

*# ()

() - reacţie punitivăD) - reacţie eEtrapunitivă*# - reacţie intrapunitivă

(+CDC

$#C

*>C*?C

)#C



'$./ ,/ 6

$#

D

(+

)#

*?*>

#

(#

*#

>#

+#

)#

D#

?#

$#

'#

R.6. R.02. R.04.

'$./ ,/ 7"$(& # #a!+$# !"a#,"a&) a #&#-$& 8, a" !( "$(&$$ '("a,+$

COMPARAIE COPII N FAMILIE 9 COPII INSTITUIONALIZAIPRIVIND REACIA COMPORTAMENTAL LA STIMULII FRUSTANI

Tipuri ! r!"#$i! %& r"p'r #u i*u+ii ,ru"&$i Criteriile după care am analizat distribuţia copiilor pe grupuri

ilustrative ale tipurilor de reacţie în raport cu un potenţial frustrant, laapărarea 6ului în funcţie de perceperea unui anumit stimul frustrant Fi lapersistenţa trebuinţei ca indice al rezolvării problemelor puse de frustraredupă modelul interpretărilor lui Rosenz"eig, prezentat în testul descrisanterior.

Analiza rezultatelor obţinute releva o pondere mai mare a elevilor ceadoptă o atitudine ecilibrată în raport cu $,a#a *"a!&(&($ :OD; caindice al unei trebuinţe nesatisfăcute. /e locul al doilea se situează eleviipentru care ameninţarea nesatisfacerii trebuinţei se află în centrul atenţieilor figurile 8 şi 9%.

<1



apărarea 6ului, maoritatea celor care-Fi asumă vina sunt intrapunitivi Fipercep trebuinţa nesatisfăcută ca pe o ameninţare crescută, cum seconstată în graficul prezentat mai os figurile 10 şi 11%.

>)

+D

('

'$./ ,/10

6% 6H/R670A A/BRBR00 69590

+D

>)

('

#

)

(#

()*#

*)

>#

>)

+#

+)

)#

<ina frustrărilor

aparţine altcuiva

Acceptă ca persona lă

vina frustrărilor

2imeni nu este

vinovat

'$./ ,/ 11 1n condiţiile persistenţei unei trebuinţe 2/% pentru consumarea

acesteia, subiecţii adoptă comportamente diferite ++ preferă să cearăautorul cuiva fiind, ca atare, mai dependenţi de alte persoane, >' preferăautonomia în efortul de a rezolva respectiva problemă pe cont propriu& iar

<3

>) - acceptă responsabilitatea faptului+D - altul este vinovat(' - nimeni nu este vinovat



(? nu se grăbesc în rezolvarea problemei apărute, prefer!nd ca aceastasă se rezolve în timp figurile 12 şi 13%.

>'C

(?C

++C

'$./ ,/ 12

2/% 6H/R670A 8R6@90260

++

>'

(?

#

)

(#

()

*#

*)

>#

>)

+#

+)

)#

Cere autor alcu iva Rezolvă s inguri

problemele

5asă timpul s ă rezolve

problemele

'$./ ,/ 13

<

++ - solicită autor >' - rezolvă singur problema(? - lasă descisă problema



P"ri#u+"ri-$i+! "r!i/i-$ii +" u0i!#$ii i&/!i"$i

1n funcţie de punctaul general obţinut, totalul maEim de puncte fiind(##, am grupat subiecţii integraţi eEperimentului pe trei niveluri : copii cuagresivitate scăzută # )) puncte%& copii cu agresivitate moderată ))-?)puncte% Fi copii cu agresivitate ridicată ?)-(## puncte%.

Ca atare, ponderile se prezintă astfel: (* dintre subiecţi eEprimă unindice scăzut de agresivitate& )* totalizează grupul celor cu potenţialagresiv moderat Fi >D - subiecţii cu agresivitate înaltă figura nr. 14%.

)*>D

(*

'$./ ,/ 14

<5

(* - agresivitate scăzută>D - agresivitate ridicată)* - agresivitate moderată



CARACTERISTICILE AGRESIVIT4ŢII LA SUBIECŢII INVESTIGAŢI

Raportul valorilor globale dintre frustrare Fi agresivitate

Analiza distribuţiei subiecţilor din lotul ales, în cadrul unor categoriivalorice pentru fenomenele luate în studiu, evidenţiază proporţii apropiate.e eEemplu, frustrarea scăzută apare la (' dintre subiecţi, iar agresivitatea scăzută la (*& frustrarea moderată caracterizează +Ddintre subiecţi, iar agresivitatea )*& frustrarea înaltă este implicată pentru>) dintre elevi, iar agresivitatea pentru >D figura nr.15 %.

7e poate constata faptul că, de regulă, copiii frustraţi sunt Fi agresivi. Analiza comparativă a frustrării Fi agresivităţii evidenţiază o stare de încordare, de ameninţare, persistenţa unei trebuinţe, apărarea puternică a

6ului figura nr. 16 %.

)*

>D

(*

'$./ ,/ 15

<0

('Ifrustrare scăzută>)Ifrustrare înaltă+DIfrustrare moderată

>)

('

+D

(*Iagresivitate scăzută>DI agresivitate înaltă)*I agresivitate moderată



('

>)

+D

(*

>D

)*

#

(#

*#

>#

+#

)#

D#3rustrare

Agresivitate

F$./ ,/ 16

Conduita frustrant-agresivă raortată la fa!torii institu"ionali#ării

Analiza anamnestică a unor cazuri ce prezintă conduite frustrant-agresive la copii instituţionalizaţi relevă ca responsabili, cel puţin "#$

'a!"$: 1; nivelul de v!rstă la care copilul a pierdut sau s-a despărţitde părinţi& 2; nivelul de v!rstă la care s-a produs instituţionalizarea& 3;frecvenţa scimbării instituţiilor de ocrotire Fi a persoanelor deataFament atunci c!nd acestea au eEistat%. Astfel, în grupa subiecţilor cu '("a# >$ a.#$-$"a"# !)?("# am

identificat cei mai mulţi copii instituţionalizaţi imediat după naFtere. AceFticopii au scimbat mai multe instituţii de ocrotire: leagăne, case de copiipreFcolari, case de copii Fcolari, ceea ce a făcut ca persoanele de îngriireFi ataFament să fie instabile. 5a aceFti copii pragul de frustrare este ridicat,

particularităţile lor psiocomportamentale prezent!ndu-i ca inadaptaţi, greueducabili, etc.

<B

frustrare înaltăagresivitate ridicată

frustrare moderatăagresivitate moderată

frustrare scăzutăagresivitate scăzută



1n activităţi diverse, aceFti copii se plictisesc repede, nu seantrenează dec!t cu dificultate sau ciar deloc, uneori ciar Fi în activităţiludice, cu at!t mai puţin în cele Fcolare. 6i nu participă activ la viaţacolectivului, dau impresia că sunt insensibili la aprecierile morale, la puniţieori gratificaţie. 2u finalizează activităţile pe care le încep, iar capacităţile lor de învăţare, randament Fcolar, capacitate de comunicare Fi relaţie suntdeficitare.

Grupa copiilor cu valori ridicate ale frustrării Fi agresivităţii si-aupierdut părinţii mama sau persoana de ataFament în urul v!rstei de *->ani. 6i se caracterizează printr-o puternică nevoie de dragoste, fiind însăneîncrezători în împărtăFirea ei dau impresia că ar fi fost trădaţi, potaunge ciar la acte antisociale.

5a aceFti copii, pragul frustrării este scăzut, sunt suspicioFi,intoleranţi, dispun de o reactivitate crescută, preponderent eEtrapunitivi, cei

care dorm neliniFtit, se simt nesecurizaţi, cei care se leagănă, scr!Fnescdin dinţi, vorbesc singuri Fi au ticuri verbal-mimice.

in punctul de vedere al randamentului Fcolar se situează la un nivelmediu, iar în planul relaţiilor comportamentale de grup sunt dificili,incomozi, deranează pe ceilalţi, nu sunt agreaţi.

Copiii instituţionalizaţi care Fi-au pierdut părinţii după v!rsta de D-?ani au nivelul frustrării Fi agresivităţii ca oscil!nd între valorile medii Fiimediat sub acestea. 1n general, ei sunt agreaţi în grup& randamentul Fcolar este bun, iar prognosticul adaptabilităţii este favorabil.

Categorie aparte a copiilor instituţionalizaţi o constituie cei care auunul sau ambii părinţi, dar aceFtia se subsumează familiilor cu probleme deintegrare socio-umană familii dezorganizate, alcoolici, andicap mintal,etc%. 5a aceFtia se manifestă frecvent agresivitatea& se eEprimă în plancomportamental prin crize eEistenţiale, ca urmare a structurii fragile asensului lor de viaţă, a modelului de urmat& eEprimă compleEe deculpabilitate Fi de neputinţă, uneori ei comport!ndu-se ca pierz!nd relaţiilecu lumea, devenind incapabili de acţiune figura nr. 1$ %.

Concluzion!nd, frustrarea Fi agresivitatea la copiii instituţionalizaţi

este corelată cu caracteristicile generale date de mediul de ocrotirefamilial%. Aceasta deoarece instituţia publică nu poate crea o anumităintimitate, familiaritate, viaţă personal-individuală, în conformitate cucerinţele specifice ale diferitelor niveluri de v!rstă ale copilăriei figura nr.18%.

<<



# *# +# D# $# (##

scăzut moderat ridicat

F$./ ,/ 17

#

(#

*#

>#

+#

)#

D#

?#

$#

'#

(##

imediat după naFtere la v!rsta de *-> ani la v!rsta de D-? ani

F$./ ,/ 1<

<@

7ubprotecţie

2ormal

7upraprotecţie



C"r"#!rii#i+! pi1i#! +" u0i!#$ii i&/!i"$i

P#'a,+# a&# "#"(&($ @"

Grupurile de elevi investigaţi au relevat o serie de "#,$,+# a'#!"$-#care au fost mai evidente în stimularea comportamentului agresiv. Astfel, s-a putut evidenţia o grupare a copiilor în raport cu aceste tendinţe. Au fostselecţionate din grupa celor $ categorii de tendinţe, doar > dintre ele care

scot în evidenţă sau stimulează comportamentul agresiv& este vorbadespre: "#,$,+#&# $(&$-# impulsivitatea%, "#,$,+#&# !)"#$,"a*$&$"a"# Fi "#,$,+#&# a,"$!$a&#.

G(a#a (*$#!+$& 8, '(,!+$# # "#,$,+#&# a'#!"$-#

istribuţia subiecţilor din lotul ales pe cele > categorii de tendinţeafective amintite mai sus, evidenţiază gruparea elevilor pe > niveluri:

nor&al #-(*# puncte%& li&ita (*#-*)# puncte% Fi regnant *)#->D+puncte%.Ca atare, distribuţia procentuală a copiilor investigaţi pe aceste

categorii de tendinţe Fi pe niveluri de manifestare este ilustrată în tabelelenr. 6 şi $ pentru compararea loturilor de elevi: Centrul de plasament FiJcoala de masă.

862026 C/00 12 3A40506 pct.% C/00 027808902A50;A0pct.%

#-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+ #-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+

0mpulsivitate () (# ) > ($ '0nstabilitate (D ' ) D *+ -8endinţe antisociale D - - ' () D

Ta*#& ,/ 6

862026C/00 12 3A40506 .% C/00 027808902A50;A0 .%

#-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+ #-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+0mpulsivitate )# >> (? (# D# >#0nstabilitate )> ># (? *# $# -8endinţe antisociale *# - - ># )# *#

Ta*#& ,/ 7

@



Analiza rezultatelor obţinute relevă o pondere mai mare a elevilor cutendinţe către impulsivitate, instabilitate Fi antisociale aflate la limită acopiilor instituţionalizaţi în ordine : D#& $#& )#% comparativ cu eleviidin familie >>& >#& #%. Aceste tendinţe afective se manifestă la

aceFtia din urmă în limitele normalului mai mult, comparativ cu ceilalţi copiiinvestigaţi. e asemenea, tendinţele antisociale sunt mult mai evidente lacopiii instituţionalizaţi, spre deosebire de cei din cadrul familiei >#& )#&*#& comparativ cu *#& #& # - în funcţie de nivelurile abordate% figuranr. 19%.

#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

#-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+ #-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+ #-(*# (*#-*)# *)#->D+


Copii în familie

F$./ ,/ 1=

@1



R"p'ru+ /"+'ri+'r +'0"+! i&r! "r!i/i"! 2i !&i&$!+! #-r! i*pu+i/i"!

Analiza distribuţiei subiecţilor din lotul ales în cadrul unor categoriivalorice pentru fenomenele luate în studiu, evidenţiază proporţii relativapropiate. e eEemplu, agresivitatea scăzută apare la (* dintre subiecţi,iar impulsivitatea la >#& agresivitatea moderată caracterizează )* dintrecopii, iar tendinţele impulsive +?& agresivitatea ridicată este implicatăpentru >D dintre copii, iar impulsivitatea pentru *> figura nr.20%.

F$./ ,/ 20

@2

(*C

)*C

>DC

>#C

+?C

*>C



7e poate constata că, de regulă, copiii cu tendinţe impulsive sunt Fi

agresivi. Analiza comparativă a agresivităţii Fi impulsivităţii evidenţiază ostare de încordare, de ameninţare, de nervozitate, de dominare a unuiafect figura nr. 21%.

#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

Agresivitate0mpulsivitate

scăzută


moderată


crescută

Agresivitate

0mpulsivitate

F$./ ,/ 21

R"p'ru+ i&r! !&i&$!+! "&i'#i"+! *"&i,!"! +" #'piii i&iu$i'&"+i3"$i #'*p"r"i/ #u !+!/ii i& ,"*i+i!

1n funcţie de punctaul general obţinut, am grupat subiecţii integraţieEperimentului pe > niveluri: copii cu tendinţe antisociale pregnante *)#->D+ puncte%& copii cu tendinţe antisociale moderate (*#-*)# puncte% Ficopii cu tendinţe antisociale scăzute #-(*# puncte%.

Ca atare, ponderile se prezintă astfel: ># dintre copiiiinstituţionalizaţi manifestă tendinţe antisociale scăzute comparativ cu *#dintre copiii din familie& )# dintre copiii din instituţia ocrotitoare manifestăimpulsivitate moderată în sensul că se afla la limită% comparativ cu # dincei din familie& iar restul de *# dintre copiii din Centrul de /lasament

eEprimă tendinţe antisociale pregnante, la copiii din Jcoala de masăacestea neeEist!nd la nici un copil din lotul supus cercetării figura nr. 22%.

@3



1n concluzie, putem afirma că la copiii instituţionalizaţi eEistă undezecilibru efectiv care, însă, nu a depăFit graniţa normalului , dar care,negliate, o pot depăFi, aung!nd în sfera patologicului.

#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

tendinţe antisociale

normal scăzute%

la limită

pregnant

tendinţe antisociale scăzute la copii din familiitendinţe antisociale s căzute

tendinţe antisociale moderate la limită%tendinţe antisociale pregnante

F$./ ,/ 22

P!r,'r*"&$! "+! !u+ui ”Eu u& ...”

Acest test a fost folosit pentru a evidenţia diferenţa dintre imagineade sine Fi idealul de sine pe de o parte, iar pe de alte, relaţia dintreimaginea de sine Fi frustrare Fi comportamentul agresiv.

intre variabilele acestui test 6u psiologic, social, seEual, cultural,adaptativ, familial m-am oprit asupra a + dintre ele cu semnificaţie pentrufenomenele puse în studiu. 6ste vorba despre: 'u si(ologi!) 'u adatativ)'u fa&ilial şi 'u so!ial.

Ca atare, s-au obţinut următoarele rezultate procentuale înscrise întabel nr. 8.

LOCUL NUMRSUBIECI

EUADAPTATIV

EUFAMILIAL

EUSOCIAL

EUPSIHOLOGI

C!a&a #

a) 30 31% 1=% 7% 43%

C#,"( #&aa#," 30 32% 11% 57%

Ta*#& ,/ <

@



in aceste rezultate reiese că ponderea cea mai mare o are 'ul si(ologi! la ambele categorii de subiecţi investigaţi: )? pentru copiiiinstituţionalizaţi , +> pentru cei din familie figura nr. 23%.

#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

6u psiologic 6u adaptativ 6u familial 6u social

Copii în familie

Copiii instituţionalizaţi

F$./ ,/ 23

P!r,'r*"&$! "+! !u+ui ”Eu "2 /r!" - ,iu ...”

5a acest test , rezultatele au fost următoarele, cum reiese din tabelul nr. 9.

LOCUL EUPSIHOLOGIC

EUADAPTATIV

EUFAMILIAL

EUSOCIAL

!a&a # a) 13% 33% 17% 37%C#,"( # &aa#," 15% 2=% 22% 34%

Ta*#& ,/ =

Rezultatele la acest test au scos în evidenţă ponderea cea mai marea 6ului social la ambele categorii de subiecţi investigaţi: >? pentru copiii

din familie Fi >+ pentru cei instituţionalizaţi& acestea sunt urmate de 6uladaptativ >>& 6ul familial eEistă în proporţie de ** la copiii din Centrul

@5



de /lasament Fi (? pentru ceilalţi& iar rezultatele la 6ul psiologic au fost:(> pentru copiii din familie Fi () pentru ceilalţi.

e asemenea, rezultatele obţinute au evidenţiat că 6ul familial este într-o proporţie de (( la copiii instituţionalizaţi un procent mult maiscăzut comparativ cu subiecţii din familie ('% dar se constată ocreFtere în proiecţia viitoare K 6u aF vrea să fiu tatăL, K6u aF vrea să amfamilieL% figura nr.24%.

E( (,"E( a> -#a ) '$(

F$./ ,/ 24

1n scimb, la copiii din familie , rezultatele sunt apropiate la cele douăvariante ale testului: K'u sunt...* Fi K'u aş vrea să fiu...L figura nr. 25%.

@0

((C

eu familial

)?C

eu

psiGologic

>*C

eu

adaptativ

>+

eu social

**

eu familial

()

eu

psiGologic *'eu

adaptativ



#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

eu adaptativ eu familial eu social eu psiGologic

Rezultatele M6u sunt...M

Rezultatele M6u aF vrea să fiu...M

F$./ ,/ 25

P!r,'r*"&$! +" !u+ ”4"*i+i"”

Gruparea subiecţilor în funcţie de caracteristicile familiei studiucomparativ

Analiza rezultatelor obţinute de subiecţii investigaţi la acest test,precum Fi în urma convorbirilor purtate pe marginea desenelor realizate, auevidenţiat următoarele rezultate: *> dintre copiii din Jcoala de masă fac

parte din familii în care eEistă relaţii foarte ecilibrate între membrii& +>din ei sunt încadraţi într-o familie armonioasă, cu relaţii KnormaleL întremembrii ei, *? din elevi aparţin unor familii între membrii căreia nu eEistăarmonie, relaţiile dintre ei fiind discordante Fi doar ? din elevii Fcolii demasă, supuFi investigaţiei , sunt încadraţi într-o familie subculturală, întremembrii ei neeEist!nd relaţii de cooperare Fi colaborare.

2u acelaFi lucru se poate spune în cazul copiilor instituţionalizaţi, încazul cărora procentul cel mai mare este obţinut de copiii care afirmă că nuau aparţinut unei familii ecilibrate, armonioase, deci, neeEist!nd relaţii

între membrii manifest!ndu-se dezinteres afectiv Fi material, lipsaafectivităţii, etc.% )>& ei sunt urmaţi de copiii care au fost încadraţi unor familii în care relaţiile dintre membrii erau discordante +#& doar ?dintre ei au aparţinut unor familii armonioase, în acest caz fiind vorbadespre acei copii care pe timpul vacanţei de vară sunt luaţi de aFa-numiţiiKpărinţi adoptiviL din @elgia%& iar procentul copiilor care ar fi putut aparţineunor familii foarte ecilibrate, neeEist!nd în cazul elevilor din Centrul de/lasament pentru comparaţie figura nr. 26 Fi tabel nr. 10 r %.

@B

#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

foarte ecGilibrate armonioase discordante nu eEistă

Copii în familie




RELAII N FAMILIEF$./ ,/ 26

SUBIECIR#&a+$$ 8, 'a$&$# %

'a"##!$&$*a"# a,$a# $!a,"# ,( #$")

C$$ 8, 'a$&$# 23 43 27 7C$$ $,"$"(+$,a&$?a+$ 7 40 53

Ta*#& ,/ 10

Gruparea subiecţilor în funcţie de tipul de familie ca structură

de apartenenţăRezultatele obţinute au permis identificarea a > categorii de subiecţi:

cei care aparţin fa&iliei nu!leare; cei care sunt încadraţi într-o fa&ilie &i+tăFi cei care fac parte dintr-o fa&ilie nonarentală.

istribuţia procentuală pe aceste tipuri de familie a copiilor investigaţieste ilustrată mai os tabel nr.11 şi figura nr. 2$%.

SUBIECITIPUL DE FAMILIE

'a$&$# ,(!&#a) 'a$&$# $")

'a$&$#

,,a#,"a&)C$$ 8, 'a$&$# <7 10 3C$$ $,"$"(+$,a&$?a+$ 10 37 53

Ta*#& ,/ 11

@<



#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

familie nucleară familie miEtă familie nonparentală

copii în familie

copii instituţionalizaţi

F$./ ,/ 27Comparaţie: copii în familie copii instituţionalizaţi

privind tipul de familie de provenienţă

/articularităţile familiei la subiecţii investigaţi

1n acest caz, interesează doar gradul de manifestare al agresivităţii înatitudinile parentale faţă de copii în formarea personalităţii agresive acopilului.

Ca atare, rezultatele obţinute au permis identificarea a > categorii decopii, grupaţi în funcţie de gradul de agresivitate al modelului parentalagresiv, astfel: atitudine arentală agresivă s!ă#ută) atitudine agresivă&oderată Fi atitudine arentală agresivă ridi!ată.

istribuirea globală a subiecţilor investigaţi în funcţie de aceste grade

este dată în procente după cum urmează: () dintre copii provin din familiicu o atitudine agresivă scăzută& )D din ei au sau au avut părinţi cu oatitudine parentală agresivă moderată Fi *' dintre subiecţii investigaţi auaparţinut sau aparţin unor familii cu părinţi a căror atitudine agresivă esteridicată figurile nr. 28 şi 29%.

@@

*$C )?C

()C



F$./ ,/ 2<

DISTRIBUIREA SUBIECŢILOR N FUNCŢIE DE TI0UL DE ATITUDINE 0ARENTAL4 AGRESIV4

#

*#

+#

D#

$#

atitudine parentalăagresiv scăzută

atitudine parentalăagresiv moderată

atitudine parentalăagresiv ridicată

F$./ ,/ 2=Raportul valorilor globale dintre gradul de agresivitate manifestată la copii

Fi atitudinea parentală agresivă

1

() I copii din familie cu agresivitate scăzută)D I copii din familie cu agresivitate moderată*$ I copii din familie cu agresivitate ridicată



Analiza distribuţiei subiecţilor din lotul ales, în cadrul unor categoriivalorice pentru fenomenele luate în studiu, evidenţiază proporţii apropiate.

Astfel : agresivitatea scăzută apare la (* dintre subiecţi, iar atitudineaparentală agresivă scăzută la () dintre familiile de provenienţă&agresivitatea moderată caracterizează )* dintre copii, iar atitudineaparentală agresivă moderată )*& agresivitatea ridicată este implicatăpentru >D dintre elevi, iar atitudinea familială agresivă ridicată este înproporţie de *' figura nr. 30%.

F$./ ,/ 30

7e poate constata că, de regulă, copiii agresivi provin din familii acăror atitudine fată de copii este Fi ea agresivă. Analiza comparativă a lor demonstrează, deci, că modelul influenţează formarea personalităţiiagresive a copilului figura nr. 31%.

11

>DC

(*C

)*C

*'C

()C

)DC

(* I agresivitate scăzută>D I agresivitate ridicată)* I agresivitate moderată

() I atitudine parentală agresivă scăzută*' I atitudine parentală agresivă ridicată)D I atitudine parentală agresivă moderată



#

*#

+#

D#

$#

(##

agresivitate scăzută agresivitate ridicată agresivitate moderată

atitudine agresivă

scăzută

atitudine agresivă

ridicată

atitudine agresivă

moderată

F$./ ,/ 31

12



CA0ITOLUL VI

CONCLU3II ŞI 0ERS0ECTIVE DE CERCETARE

CONCLUZII GENERALE

P%!r" ) ',)!% 4 %#$%ă )# &r%)! ă"r) 4 ')r% )" (,! %r#(#')!%#&,!%;%*% &% ')r% *%-) (,r"*)! )!%r#,r +# $% *) ')r% -) &*%')!9 &r%'" +# ă"r)

4 ')r% )" (,! )!#% ,?#%'!#%*% &r,&"% , !r%'% 4 r%#!ă &r#'#&)*%*% ','*";##*) ')r% -) )F" 4 "r) '%r'%!ăr## %(%'!")!%:

13



• E*%## #%!#)# )" r%*%)! , %r#% $% ',&,r!)%!% &%'#(#'% 4 r)&,r!'" !#"*## (r"!r)#9 %#$%##$"-% , r%)'!##!)!% $% $#(%r#!% r)$%:'ă;"!ă ,$%r)!ă +# 'r%'"!ă. C) )!)r%9 *) ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# %',!)!ă , r%)'!##!)!% 'r%'"!ă ',&)r)!# '" %*%## $# ()#*#%.

• D)! (##$ ()&!"* 'ă , ')";ă ) (r"!răr## &,)!% (# ,r##)!ă 4 #!%r#,r"*"?#%'!##!ă## #$##$"*"#9 4 %=!%r#,r"* )'%!%#) )" "$%) (ără#&,r!)ă %#(#')!#ă9 ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# *,')*#;%);ă9 $% r%"*ă4 %=!%r#,r ')";) (r"!răr## *,r +#9 ') )!)r%9 )#(%!ă , r%)'#%%=!r)&"#!#ă 4!r-" r)$ "*! )# )r% ',&)r)!# '" '%#*)*# ',&##.

• A'%)!ă r%)'#% %=!r)&"#!#ă 4 r)&,r! '" !#"*## (r"!r)# % r%(%ră *)$,#)r%) ,?!)',*"*"# '" &,!%#)* (r"!r)!9 *) )&ăr)r%) E"*"# 4 ("'#%$% &%r'%&%r%) ""# !#"* (r"!r)! +# *) &%r#!%) !r%?"#%# ') #$#'% )*r%;,*ăr## &r,?*%%*,r &"% $% (r"!r)r%.

• 8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% )&ăr)r%) E"*"# ) ,?%r)! 'ă )r%) )F,r#!)!% )"?#%'#*,r )!r#?"#% )*!,r) #) &r,$"'%r## ""# %%#%! #$%;#r)?#*. 8*%ă!"ră '" )&ăr)r%) E"*"#9 )F,r#!)!%) '%*,r ')r% ',#$%ră 'ă )*!"* %!%#,)! "! %=!r)&"#!##.

• D% )%%%)9 % &,)!% ',!)!) 'ă9 $% r%"*ă9 ',&### (r"!r)# "! +#)r%##. A)*#;) ',&)r)!#ă ) (r"!răr## +# )r%##!ă## %#$%#);ă ,!)r% $% 4',r$)r%9 $% )%#)r%9 &%r#!%) "%# !r%?"#%9 )&ăr)r%)

&"!%r#'ă ) E"*"#.8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% ',$"#!) (r"!r)!-)r%#ă *) ',&### &r#)# $% ()#*#%9

)'%)!) &,)!% (# r)&,r!)!ă *) '#) ()'!,r# )# #!#!"#,)*#;ăr##9 '" )r (#: #%*"* $%r!ă *) ')r% ',&#*"* ) &#%r$"! )" -) $%&ăr#!> $% &ăr## #%*"* $% r!ă *)')r% -) &r,$" #!#!"#,)*#;)r%) (r%'%) '#?ăr## #!#!"##*,r $% ,'r,!#r% +# )

&%r,)%*,r $% )!)+)%! $)'ă )'%!%) )" %=#!)!>.D# )'%)!ă &%r&%'!#ă % ',!)!ă "ră!,)r%*% ','*";## :- ',&### '" (r"!r)r% +# )r%##!)!% 'ă;"!% "! )'%#) #!#!"#,)*#;)#

#%$#)! $"&ă )+!%r%. L) )'%+!# ',&## &r)"* $% (r"!r)r% %!% r#$#')!9 &)r!#'"*)r#!ă#*% *,r &#,-',&,r!)%!)*% &r%;%!$"-# ') #)$)&!)#9 r%"%$"')?#*#9 %!'. 8 )'!##!ă# $#%r% )'%+!# ',&## % &*#'!#%' r%&%$%9 " &)r!#'#&ă)'!# *) #)) ',*%'!#"*"#9 $)" #&r%#) 'ă "! #%#?#*# *) )&r%'#%r#*% ,r)*%9 *)

&"##% ,r# r)!#(#')#% " (#)*#;%);ă )'!##!ă#*% &% ')r% *% 4'%& #)r ')&)'#!)!%) *,r $% 4ă)r%9 ',"#')r% +# r%*)#% "! $%(#'#!)r%.

- ',&### '" )*,r# r#$#')!% )*% (r"!răr## +# )r%##!ă## +#-)" &#%r$"! &ăr### 4 F"r"* r!%# $% 2-3 )#. L) )'%+!# ',&##9 &r)"* (r"!răr## %!% (,)r!% 'ă;"!9 "!"&#'#,+#9 #!,*%r)#9 $#&" $% , r%)'!##!)!% 'r%'"!ă9 $%;,*!ă "%*% 'r#;%%r,)%. D# r$"* *,r &r,# ',&### )r%##9 &r%&,$%r%! %=!r)&"#!##9 '%# ')r%% #! %%'"r#;)#9 '%# ')r% % *%)ăă9 'r+%' $# $##9 %!'. 8 '%%) '% &r#%+!%r%*)##*% $% r"&9 %# "! $#(#'#*#9 #',,;#9 $%r)F%);ă &% '%#*)*#9 " "! )r%)#.

- ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# ')r% +#-)" &#%r$"! &ăr### $"&ă r!) $% 0-B )# )"

#%*"* (r"!răr## +# )r%##!ă## ') ,'#*$ 4!r% )*,r#*% %$## +# #%$#)! "?)'%!%). 8 %%r)*9 %# "! )r%)# 4 r"&9 #)r &r,,!#'"* )$)&!)?#*#!ă## %!%(),r)?#*.

1



C,&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# ')r% )" ""* )" )?## &ăr## $)r )'%+!#) %"?"%);ă ()#*##*,r '" &r,?*%% $% #!%r)r% ,'#,-")ă ()#*##$%;,r)#;)!%9 )*',,*#'#9 %!'.> *) )'%+!#) % )#(%!ă (r%'%! )r%##!)!%). L)#%*"* &%r,)*#!ă##9 &r%;#!ă ',&*%=% $% #(%r#,r#!)!% % %=&r#ă 4 &*)',&,r!)%!)* &r# 'r#;% %=#!%#)*%9 ') "r)r% ) !r"'!"r## (r)#*% ) %"*"# *,r

$% #)ă9 ) ,$%*"*"# $% "r)! %=&r#ă ',&*%=% $% '"*&)?#*#!)!% +# $% %&"!#ă9"%,r# %# ',&,r!$"-% ') &#%r;$ r%*)##*% '" *"%)9 $%%#$ #')&)?#*# $%)'#"%.

Pr# "r)r%9 (r"!r)r%) +# )r%##!)!%) *) ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# "!',r%*)!% '" ')r)'!%r#!#'#*% %%r)*% $)!% $% %$#"* $% ,'r,!#r% ()#*#)* >. A'%)!)$%,)r%'% #!#!"#) &"?*#'ă " &,)!% 'r%) , )"#!ă #!##!)!%9 ()#*#)r#!)!%9 #)ă

&%r,)*-#$##$")*ă9 4 ',(,r#!)!% '" '%r#%*% &%'#(#'% )*% $#(%r#!%*,r #%*"r#$% r!ă )*% ',&#*ăr#%#.

D% )%%%) % &,)!% ',!)!) 'ă9 $% r%"*ă9 ',&### '" !%$#% 'ă!r%

#&"*##!)!% "! +# )r%##. A)*#;) ',&)r)!#ă ) )r%##!ă## +# #&"*##!ă##%#$%#);ă , !)r% $% 4',r$)r%9 $% )%#)r%9 $% %r,;#!)!%9 %!'.

L) )'%+!# ',&## ')r% )$,&!ă " ',&,r!)%! )r%# ') , ',&%)r% )#!")##*,r (r"!r)!% % ',!)!ă " E" *)? $,#)! $% !%$#% $%&r%#%9

&)r),#$%9 '#;,#$%9 %!'.8 '%%) '% &r#%+!% r)&,r!"* $#!r% #)#%) $% #% +# ',&,r!)%!"*

(r"!r)!-)r%# ) ',!)!)! 'ă9 $% r%"*ă9 ',&### '" , #)#% $% #% 'ă;"!ă)#(%!ă , !)r% '" " ')r)'!%r (r"!r)! r#$#')! +#9 ') )!)r%9 )$,&!ă +# "',&,r!)%! )r%# %=!r)&"#!# > &%!r" 4*ă!"r)r%)9 ',&%)r%) #!")#%#

&r##!ă $% %* ') (r"!r)!ă.S#!")#) E"*"# ()#*#)* $%,!r%);ă 'ă *) ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# )'%!)%!% (,)r!% 'ă;"!9 $)r % ',!)!ă , 'r%+!%r% 4 &r,#%'#) ##!,)r%.

C,&#*"* &,)!% ă 4%% )!#!"$#%) )r%#ă &r# #!%r%$#"* ##!)#%#9 '"',$##) ') ,$%*"* – )* 'ăr"# ',&,r!)%! 4* ##!ă – ă (#% , &%r,)ă )r%#ă.A)*#;) r%;"*!)!%*,r ,?#"!% $%,!r%);ă 'ă )F,r#!)!%) ',&##*,r )"&r) 'ăr,r) -) (ă'"! !"$#"* $% ()ă9 &r,# $# ()#*## ')r% )#(%!ă , )!#!"$#% )r%#ă.

8 ',%'#ă9 &"!% )(#r) 'ă ,$%*"* ()#*#)* ,(%r#! ',&#*"*"# 4 &*# &r,'% $% (,r)r% %!% $% )!"ră )r%#ă +# 'ă9 &,!r##! #%*"*"# ă" $% )&!#!"$##9

(#%')r% ',&#* 4+# 4"+%+!% )'#"#*% )r%#% )*% ,$%*"*"# ,(%r#!.M)F,r#!)!%) ',&##*,r ')r% $#!r-" ,!# )" )*!"* )" (,! )$"+# 4 C%!r"* $%P*))%! I!#!"#) $% ,'r,!#r%> &r,# $# ()#*## $%;,r)#;)!%9 &ăr## )*',,*#'#9%!'.9 ()#*## 4 ')r% " %=#!)" r%*)## %'#*#?r)!% 4!r% %?r## %#9 )# "*! $%'!)!! – " $%;#!%r% )(%'!#9 ,r)*9 '"*!"r)*9 )!%r#)*.

8 )'%!% ',$###9 &"!% )(#r) 'ă ,$%*"* ()#*#)* ,(%r#! ',&#*"*"# %r)%)!# +# '#)r )r%#.

A*ă!"r# $% ()#*#%9 +',)*) r%&r%;#!ă #!#!"#) ("$)%!)*ă ')r% )r% '))r'#ă (,r)r%) ',&#*"*"#. E$"')#) %!%9 $% ()&!9 " %(,r! ',?#)! )* %$"')!,r"*"#+# %*%#*,r. E$"')!,r"* r%&r%;#!ă ,$%*"* ')r% % ,(%ră %*%#*,r +# '" ')r% )'%+!#)!r%?"#% ă % #$%!#(#'%.

15



S% ',#$%ră 'ă " ',&,r!)%! )r%# &,)!% (# 4"+#! &r# ##!)r%) ""#,$%* )r%#. A'%! ,$%* )r%# &,)!% (# ,(%r#! ',&#*"*"# 4 ()#*#%9 4 +',)*ă9 4r"&"* ,'#)* $% &r#%!%#9 &% $% , &)r!%9 #)r &% $% )*!ă &)r!%9 4 'ăr#9 r%#!%9 )-%$#).

8 &%r&%'!#) '%*,r &r%;%!)!% )# "9 &"!% ','#$% 'ă )r%##!)!%) %!%

, (,ră $% )$)&!)r% +# ',!r)-r%)'#% *) (r"!r)r% 4 &%'#)* &%!r" ',&### )(*)# 4$#%r% '%!r% $% ,'r,!#r%. A!(%* :

- ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)#9 *#&## $% ,$%*% ()#*#)*% &,;#!#%9 )#(%!ă "r)$ r#$#')! $% (r"!r)r% +#9 #&*#'#!9 $% )r%##!)!%

- ',&)r)!# '" %*%## ,'r,!## 4 ()#*#%9 '%# $# C%!r"* $% P*))%! &r%;#!ă " r)$ )# 'r%'"! )* (r"!răr## $)!,r#!ă ()&!"*"# 'ă %# "! &r#)# $% &r%;%) "%# ()#*## r%)*%9 #!#!"#) &"?*#'ă %&"!$-, "&*##

- ') )!)r%9 ',&### #!#!"#,)*#;)# "! "*! )# (r"!r)# +#9 4 ',%'#ă9"*! )# )r%##

- $% )%%%)9 ',&### &r#)# $% %$#"* ()#*#)* ','r%! &r%;#!ă *)?#*#!)!%%,#,)*ă9 ')r)'!%r#!#'# &##'% "*! )# (r)#*% ',&)r)!# '" '%#*)*# ',&##.

P% *ă "%*% '*)r#(#'ăr# r%(%r#!,)r% *) #&*#')##*% &#,*,#'% )*%)r%##!ă## +# ',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%# 4 )$)&!)r%) ',&#*"*"# +# "!#*#;)r%) *"# ')(,ră $% ',!r)-r%)'#% ',&%)r%> ) (r"!răr##9 *"'r)r%) $%'#$% $r" )*!,r #%!#)## #!%)!#'% '" &r##r% *) )'%)!).

PERSPECTIVE DE CERCETARE

A$ 4 %$%r% )!"r) +# #&*#')##*% &#,*,#'% )*% )r%##!ă## +#',&,r!)%!"*"# )r%#9 % &,)!% %*)?,r) " ()!2-(r'ie& er!(e*i& ,ei2erve24ie9 &*) '% &r%"&"% $,"ă !ire'#ii !e inter"en#ie :

- $% &r%%#r% ) )#(%!ăr#*,r $%*#'!")*%

10



- $% r%'"&%r)r% '" ')r)'!%r ,'#,-)$)&!)!# $##")r%) )#(%!ăr#*,r )r%#%>.

D%%r"* !%r)&%"!#' &r%"&"% &)r'"r%r%) )# "*!,r &a-i ; +# )"% :P!s*) " : #$%!#(#')r%) r)$"*"# $% (r"!r)r% +# ) !%$#%*,r )!#,'#)*% &r#

%!,$% &%'#(#'% $% &#,$#),;ă.

P!s*) $ :1> (,r)r%) ',&,r!)%!%*,r )*!%r)!#% #$##$")*% :

)> % #$%!#(#'ă )&%'!%*% ')r% &r,,)'ă &*ă'%r% ?> % 'r%%);ă )'!##!ă# ')r% &r,,)'ă &*ă'%r%'> % 'r%%);ă #!")##-&r,?*%ă9 '" )*!%r)!#% ',&,r!)%!) - *%$> % (,r%);ă $%'#;## ',&,r!)%!)*% )*#$% ,'#)* &r#

',+!#%!#;)r%) r%&,)?#*#!ă## '% $%'"r% $# r%)*#;)r%) ""#',&,r!)%!.

2> (,r)r%) ',&,r!)%!%*,r $% r"&

3> (,r)r%) ',&,r!)%!%*,r ,'#)*% #&*#')!% 4 $#%r% #!")## ,'#)*%.D% )%%%)9 % &,! (,*,# %*%%!% $% &#,!%r)&#%9 *"$,!%r)&#%9

%*,!%r)&#%9 !%r)&#% ,'"&)#,)*ă9 %*)?,r$"-% &r,r)"* $% #!%r%#%#$##$")*#;)!9 r%(*%'!$ )&%'!"* $% "#'#!)!% )* &%r,)*#!ă## +# ?);$"-% &% %*.

7I7LIOGRA6IE SELECTI/Ă

1B



"/ ADLER A# – C",)+!%r%) ,"*"#9 E$#!"r) Ş!###(#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@1.$/ ALLPORT G## – P%r,)*#!. P',*,#')* I!%r&r%!)!#,9 H%r

H,*!9 N% X,rW9 1@3B.%/ A?URIAGUERRA ?# – M)")* $% &##)!r#% #()!#*ă9 M),9 P)r#9

1@B.

/ >ERGER A# – C,&#*"* $#(#'#*9 E$#!"r) D#$)'!#'ă +# P%$),#'ă97"'"r%+!#9 1@B<.

/ >OTEZ MI6AI IOAN – N%"r,*,#% '*##'ă +# %"r,*,#)',&,r!)%!"*"#9 E$#!"r) M%$#')*ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@0.

/ >OVET P# – L #!#'! ',?)!#(9 6*))r#,9 P)r#9 1@2<./ CLAPAREDE E# – S%!#%!"* $% #(%r#,r#!)!% *) ',&#*9 I!#!"!"*

A*?)#)9 C,!))9 [email protected]/ COASAN A#9 VASILESCU A# – A$)&!)r%) +',*)ră9 E$#!"r) Ş!###(#'ă

+# E'#'*,&%$#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@<<.

/ COSMOVICI A#9 IACO> L# – P#,*,#% +',*)ră9 E$#!"r) D#$)'!#'ă+# P%$),#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@B.

"/ COSMOVICI A# – P#,*,#% %%r)*ă9 P,*#r,9 I)+#9 1@@0.""/DOLLARD P#A# – 6r"!r)!#, )$ )r%#,9 X)*% U#. Pr%9 N%

H)%9 1@3@."$/ DURC6EIM E# – D%&r% #"'#$%r%9 I!#!"!* C"*!"r)* E"r,&%)9

I)+#."%/ DE>ESSE M# – P#',*,#% $% * %()! – $% *) )#)'% ) *

)$,*%'%'%9 E$#!#, 7,"rr%*#%r9 1@50.

"/ ENĂC6ESCU C# – Tr)!)! $% ##%ă #!)*ă9 E$#!"r) D#$)'!#'ă +#P%$),#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@0."/ ENĂC6ESCU C# – I#%) #!)*ă +# r%'"&%r)r%) ?,*)#*,r

&##'#9 E$#!"r) M%$#')*ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@B@."/ ENĂC6ESCU C# – Tr)!)! $% &#))*#;ă +# &#,!%r)&#%9 E$#!"r)

D#$)'!#'ă +# P%$),#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@<."/ EI>EL-EI>ESFELDT I# – Ar%##!)!%) ")ă: !"$#" %!,*,#'9

E$#!"r) Tr%#9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@5."Q/ FREUD S – E)# $% &'))*%9 A*')9 P)r#.

"/ FREUD S. – Tr%# %%"r# &r##$ !%,r#) %=")*#!ă##9 A*')9 P)r#.$/ G6IRAN V. – C"r $% &##)!r#% #()!#*ă9 L#!,r)(#) IM6.9 C*"F.$"/ 6ERSOV; >ERGER; S6AFFER – Ar%#, )$ )!#-,'#)*

?%)#,r # '#*$,,$ )$ )$,*%'%'%9 1@B<.$$/ ONRAD L. – A+)-;#"* ră" $%&r% #!,r#) )!"r)*ă ) )r%#"##9

H")#!)9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@<.$%/ LOM>ROSO C. – L ,% 'r##%*9 A*')9 P)r#.$/ LAPLANC6E ?.9 PONTALIS .P. – D#'#,)r $% &#))*#;ă9

H")#!)9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@<.$/ LERO@ G. – L% $#)*,"% % %$"')!#,9 Pr%% U#%r#!)#r% $%

6r)'%9 1@B.

1<



$/ LASON R . – 6r"!r)!#,: !% $%%*,&%! ,( ) '#%!#(#'','%&!9 #*%9 N% X,rW9 1@05.

$/ MALINOSI >. – S%= )$ r%&r%#, 4 S))% ,'#%!9L,$,9 R,"!*%$% K Y%) P)"* L!$.

$Q/ MITROFAN I. – P#,*,#) r%*)##*,r $#!r% %=%9 E$#!"r)

A*!%r)!#%9 1@@B.$/ MITROFAN I.9 CIUPERCĂ C# – I'"r#"% 4 &#,,'#,*,#) +#

&#,%=,*,#) ()#*#%#9 E$#!"r) Pr%9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@<.%/ MIC6AUD @.A. – L) #,*%'%9 PU69 P)r#9 1@B3.%"/ MENNINGER .A. – M) ))#! #%*(9 1@3<.%$/ MENNINGER .A. – L,% ))#! )!%9 1@3.%%/ PIAGET ?. – P#,*,#) #!%*#%%#9 E$#!"r) Ş!###(#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9

1@05.%/ PĂUNESCU C. – Ar%##!)!%) ")ă9 E$#!"r) Tr%#9 1@@5.

%/ POROT A. – M)"%* )*&)?%!#V"% $% &'#)!r#%9 PU69 P)r#.%/ POPEANGĂ V. – C*)) $% %*%# – "?#%'! +# ,?#%'! )* )'!"*"#

%$"')!#9 E.D.P.9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@.%/ RANSC6>URG ?. – 6r#'ă9 "&ăr)r%9 )r%##!)!%9 E.D.P.9

7"'"r%+!#9 1@B@.%Q/ RĂDULESCU M.S. – A,#%9 $%#)ă +# &)!,*,#% ,'#)*ă9

H&%r#,9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@1.%/ ROSENZEIG S. – A ,"!*#% ,( (r"!r)!#, !%,r9 R,)*$

Pr%9 N% X,rW9 1@.

/ ROŞCA M. – M%!,$% $% &#,$#),!#'9 E.D.P.9 7"'.91@B2."/ REVISTA DE PSI6OLOGIE 2r.1 1@@2 – &. 5-<.$/ REVISTA DE PSI6OLOGIE 2r. 2 1@@< – &. 2-.%/ STORR A. – H") )r%#,9 1@0<./ STOIAN M. – M#,r# 4 $%r#ă9 E$#!"r) E'#'*,&%$#'ă R,ă9

7"'.9 1@B2./ SILLAM@ N. – D#'#,)r $% &#,*,#%/ STEFANOVIC ?. – P#,*,#) !)'!"*"# &%$),#' )* &r,(%,r"*"#9

E.D.P.9 7"'.91@B@.

/ ŞC6IOPU U. – C"r $% &#,*,#) ',&#*"*"#9 E$#!"r) D#$)'!#'ă +#P%$),#'ă9 7"'.9 [email protected]/ ŞC6IOPU U. – D#'#,)r %'#'*,&%$#' $% &#,*,#%9 /OL. I-III

7"'.9 1@B@./ ŞC6IOPU U. – D#'#,)r $% &#,*,#%9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@<./ ŞC6IOPU U. – P#,*,#) ',&#*"*"#9 E$#!"r) D#$)'!#'ă +#

P%$),#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@0B."/ ŞC6IOPU U. – I!r,$"'%r% 4 &#,$#),!#'9 U#%r#!)!%)

7"'"r%+!#9 1@B0.$/ VERZA E.9 ŞC6IOPU U# – P#,*,#) r!%*,r9 E$#!"r)

D#$)'!#'ă +# P%$),#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@<1.

1@



%/ VERZA E#; ŞC6IOPU U# – P#,*,#) r!%*,r9 E$#!"r)D#$)'!#'ă +# P%$),#'ă9 7"'"r%+!#9 1@@5.

/ VERZA E#9 ŞCHIOPU U. – P#,*,#) r!%*,r – '#'*"r#*% #%##9E.D.P.9 7"'.9 1@@B.

/ VLAD C#9 /LAD T.9 - P#,*,#) +# &#,&)!,*,#)

',&,r!)%!"*"#9 E$#!"r) M#*#!)ră9 1@B<./ ALLON 6# – E,*"#) &#,*,#'ă ) ',&#*"*"#9 E$#!"r) D#$)'!#'ă

+# P%$),#'ă9 7"'.9 1@B5.

11

Lucrare de Licenta Psihologie

Documents

Transcript of Lucrare de Licenta Psihologie