Jurisprudenta Curtii de Justitie a Comunitatilor Europene Privind Regimul Juridic Al Directivelor

7/28/2019 Jurisprudenta Curtii de Justitie a Comunitatilor Europene Privind Regimul Juridic Al Directivelor

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UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURE TIFACULTATEA DE DREPT

COALA DOCTORAL DE DREPTDISCIPLINA: ORDINEA JURIDIC A UNIUNII EUROPENE

Jurisprudena Curii de Justiie a Comunitilor Europene privind regimul juridical directivelor

DOCTORAND


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PLAN DE REFERAT

I. Scurte consideraii privind rolul Curii de Justiie a Comunitilor Europene n sistemulinstituional comunitarII. Directiva. Noiune i reglementareIII. Mijloacele de aplicare a directivei n dreptul naionalIV. Termenul de transpunere a directivei sanciuni


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I. Scurte consideraii privind rolul Curii de Justiie a ComunitilorEuropene n sistemul instituional comunitar

Jurisprudena Curii de Justiie a Comunitilor Europene (n continuareCurtea) prezint o importan deosebit n sistemul instituional comunitar,ntruct ordinea de drept comunitar a fost construit i dezvoltat ndeosebi

prin influena acesteia i nu neaprat prin acordul de voin expres al statelorfondatoare ale Comunitii sau printr-un plan detaliat al integrrii europeneelaborat de instituiile comunitare.

n lipsa unor dispoziii exprese n tratatele constitutive cu privire la o seriede principii (inclusiv principiul prioritii de aplicare a dreptului comunitar), i-arevenit Curii obligaia de a fi arhitectul ef al ordinii juridice comunitare 1

n general, jurisprudena nu este acceptat ca izvor de drept n sistemuljuridic continental2. Hotrrile judectoreti nu sunt obligatorii pentru cazurileviitoare; n principiu, ele nu au efecte erga omnes. Cu toate acestea, se considerc fiecare aplicare a dreptului necesit interpretare, care nseamn c, ntr-un felsau altul, regulile sunt perfecionate i suplimentate. Interpretarea dreptului arurma s fie cu att mai necesar cu ct legea este mai general i lacunele mai

prezente. n acelai sens, se consider c jurisprudena Curii este un izvoresenial de drept ntruct n numeroase probleme Curtea de justiie completeaz

i precizeaz dispoziiile Tratatului, concomitent cu asigurarea respectrii lor.Doctrina a mai artat c Tratatul de la Roma are n fapt caracteristicile unuitratat-cadru n sensul c el stabilete n mod foarte general un anumit numr deobiective i precizeaz un cadru n care politicile destinate s realizeze acesteobiective urmeaz c fie puse n aplicare, astfel c frecvent el recurge laconcepte cu un contur neclar, cum ar fi art. 28 care nu precizeaz exact censeamn msuri cu efect echivalent restriciilor cantitative sau art. 39 care nuspecific domeniul de aplicare a excepiilor de ordine public la libera

circulaie a lucrtorilor.Curtea face referire n mod expres la propriile hotrri anterioare pentru

fundamentarea noilor hotrri. Totui, alteori ea a decis c nu este obligat dehotrrile sale precedente i c tribunalele naionale sunt ndreptite s cear onou hotrre preliminar dac ele nu vor s urmeze o decizie dat asupra unei

1 Cristina-Mihaela Nicolescu,Jurisprudena Curii de Justiie a Comunitilor Europene cu privire laprioritatea de aplicare a dreptului comunitar asupra dreptului intern al statelor membre, n Revistaromn de Drept comunitar, nr. 6/2008, Editura Wolters Kluwer, pag. 67.2

Unii autori sunt de prere c jurisprudena ocup un loc considerabil ntre izvoarele dreptuluicomunitar, fr argumentarea necesar ori susinndu-se aptitudinea Curii de a crea dreptul I.P.Filipescu, A. Fuerea,Drept instituional comunitar european, Ed. Actami, Bucureti, 1994, pag. 31.


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probleme asemntoare ntr-o cauz anterioar, aceste tribunale fiind libere sfoloseasc hotrrile preliminare fr consultarea Curii, chiar dac ele sunttribunale de ultim instan i care sunt obligate n mod normal s cear dareaunei hotrri preliminare asupra tuturor problemelor de drept comunitar3.

II. Directiva. Noiune i reglementare

Reprezint o form a legislaiei cu dou trepte de aplicare. Se aseamntehnicii legii-cadru completat prin decretele de aplicare i se circumscrievoinei redactorilor tratatelor de a oferi instituiilor, pe lng regulament, un

instrument de armonizare juridic, o formul fondat pe mprirea de sarcini icolaborarea ntre nivelul comunitar i nivelul naional. Este mai flexibil i maifidel particularitilor naionale, special adoptat pentru a sigura funcia deapropiere a legislaiei comunitare de legislaiile naionale.

n termenii art. 249 din Tratatul CE, directiva leag statul membrudestinatar n privina rezultatului de atins, lsnd autoritilor naionalecompetena n ceea ce privete formele i mijloacele. Fiecarea dintre termeniidefiniiei scot n eviden deosebirile eseniale dintre directiv i regulament.4

III. Mijloacele de aplicare a directivei n dreptul naional

Transpunerea directivei este operaiunea prin care statul membrudestinatar al unei directive comunitare procedeaz la adoptarea de msurinecesare punerii ei n practic. Statul are alegerea asupra formei (n sens detehnic legislativ sau regulamentar proprie fiecrui stat) i mijloacelor(instituiile juridice susceptibile s realizeze obiectivul indicat), esenial fiind caacestea s conduc la atingerea rezultatului. Statul poate adopta legi sauregulamente, dup cum poate fi pus n situaia de a abroga sau modificadispoziii interne incompatibile cu prevederile directivei.

Conceptul nsui de directiv pare a priori - s exclud aptitudineaunui asemenea act de a produce un efect direct n ordinea intern a statelormembre.

3 Marin Voicu,Drept comunitar note de curs, Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Universitatea

Spiru Haret, Bucureti 2003, pag. 20.4 Augustin Fuerea,Drept comunitar al afacerilor, Ediia a II-a, revzut i adugit, Editura UniversulJuridic, Bucureti, 2006, pag. 27.


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Judectorul comunitar (n pofida poziiilor exprimate n doctrin iabordrii internaionale i politice a directivei) a recunoscut aptitudineadirectivelor comunitare de a produce efecte directe, utiliznd un raionamentorganizat n jurul a dou idei eseniale.

Pe de o parte excluderea oricrui efect direct al directivelor ar fiincompatibil cu caracterul constrngtor atribuit acestora de art. 249 TCE,obligaia de transpunere a directivei n dreptul naional fiind insuficientsancionat prin aciunea n constatarea nendeplinirii obligaiilor izvorte dintratat. Pe de alt parte, Curtea a avansat un al doilea argument, determinant nopinia sa, care se inspir dintr-o logic vecin cu regula nemo auditur propriamturpitudinem allegans. n hotrrea din 5 aprilie 1979 Ministre public c/Ratticauza 148/78 a stabilit c statul nu poate opune particularilor nendeplinirea

obligaiilor pe care directiva le impune.n ali termeni, statul membru care nu a transpus corect o directiv

comunitar nu poate avea nici un avantaj din propria sa caren, neputndmpiedica aplicarea efectiv a directivei.

n aceste condiii, posibilitatea de invocare a directivelor n faainstanelor naionale se justific cu un dublu titlu: ea asigur o garanie eficace adrepturilor pe care directivele comunitare le acord justiiabililor i n acelaitimp directivele sunt astfel aplicate efectiv n ordinea juridic a statelor

membre, sancionnd nerespectarea de autoritile naionale a efectuluiobligatoriu ataat directivelor de articolul 249 TCE.

n cadrul cooperrii ntre Curte i instanele naionale, astfel cum seprevede la articolul 234 CE, numai instanele naionale care sunt sesizate culitigiul i care trebuie s i asume responsabilitatea pentru hotrrea

judectoreasc ce urmeaz a fi pronunat au competena s aprecieze, lund nconsiderare particularitile fiecrei cauze, att necesitatea unei hotrri

preliminare pentru a fi n msur s pronune propria hotrre, ct i pertinena

ntrebrilor pe care le adreseaz Curii. n consecin, dac ntrebrile adresateau ca obiect interpretarea dreptului comunitar, Curtea este, n principiu, obligats se pronune (a se vedea n special Hotrrea din 13 martie 2001,PreussenElektra, C-379/98, Rec., p. I-2099, punctul 38, Hotrrea din 22 mai2003, Korhonen i alii, C-18/01, Rec., p. I-5321, punctul 19, precum iHotrrea din 19 aprilie 2007, Asemfo, C-295/05, Rec., p. I-2999, punctul 30).

Rezult c prezumia de pertinen a ntrebrilor adresate cu titlupreliminar de ctre instanele naionale nu poate fi nlturat dect n cazuri

excepionale, mai ales atunci cnd este evident c interpretarea solicitat a


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dispoziiilor dreptului comunitar vizate de aceste ntrebri nu are nicio legturcu realitatea ori cu obiectul aciunii principale (a se vedea n special Hotrreadin 15 decembrie 1995, Bosman, C-415/93, Rec., p. I-4921, punctul 61, precumi Hotrrea din 1 aprilie 2008, Gouvernement de la Communaut franaise et

gouvernement wallon, C-212/06, Rec., p. I-1683, punctul 29)5.Pentru a-i fi recunoscut un efect direct, directiva trebuie s ndeplineasc

cerinele claritii, preciziei, caracterului necondiionat i absenei uneiinterpuneri de msuri discreionare a instituiilor ori statelor membre.6

Directivele se adreseaz numai statelor membre i, ca atare numaiacestora le pot fi impuse obligaii, adresabilitatea lor fiind limitat.

Posibilitatea de a invoca o obligaie impus prin directiv nu poate fiexclus n ceea ce privete persoanele avnd n vedere efectul obligatoriu

atribuit directivelor. Curtea a recizat n special c atunci cnd autoritilecomunitare, prin directiv, au impus statelor membre obligaie de a urma oanumit conduit, efectul util al acestui act ar fi diminuat dac persoanele ar fimpiedicate s o invoce n faa tribunalelor naionale i dac acestea din urm arfi mpiedicate s o ia n considerare ca element de drept comunitar.7

De-a lungul timpului, instituiile comunitare au adoptat directive carecomport obligaii precise n sarcina statelor i care nu las acestora alegereamijloacelor, ci doar a formelor pentru a atinge rezultatele prescrise. Curtea nu a

condamnat aceast practic, ci chiar a consolidat-o amintind obligaia statelorde a alege formele i mijloacele cele mai adecvate n vederea sigurrii efectuluiutil al directivelor, preciznd totodat competena lsat statelor membre, nceea ce privete forma i mijloacele msurilor de luat de ctre instanele

5 Hotrrea din 23 aprilie 2009 n cauzele conexate C-261/07 i C-299/07, avnd ca obiect cereri depronunare a unor hotrri preliminare formulate n temeiul articolului 234 CE de rechtbank vankoophandel te Antwerpen (Belgia), prin deciziile din 24 mai i din 21 iunie 2007, primite de Curte la 1iunie i, respectiv, la 27 iunie 2007, n procedurile VTB-VAB NV (C-261/07) mpotriva TotalBelgium NV, i Galatea BVBA (C-299/07) mpotriva Sanoma Magazines Belgium NV,http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarepunctele 32 i 33 (n limba roman) n acelai sens Hotrrea din 12februarie 2009 C-466/07 Dietmar Klarenberg/ Ferrotron Technologies GmbH punctele 25, 26 i 27 (n

limba romn).6 Surs http://www.bethany.ro/Eurostud/Materiale/Drept_comunitar%5B1%5D.pdf, pag 10 11.7 Octavian Manolache,Drept comunitar, Ediia a III-a, Editura ALL BECK, Bucureti 2001, pag 133.
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naionale, este n funcie de rezultatele pe care Consiliul sau Comisia nelege sle ating8

n aceast privin, trebuie remarcat, c n fiecare stat membru vizat dedirectiv este obligat s ia n sistemul legislativ naional, toate msurile necesare

pentru asigura deplina aplicare a directivei, n funcie de obiectivul urmrit (a sevedea, Hotrrea, din 26 iunie 2003, Comisia / Frana, C-233/00, Rec. p. I-6625,

punctul 75; i 30 noiembrie 2006, Comisia / Luxemburg, C-32/05, Rec. I-11323,punctul 32). Directiv nu trebuie reprodus textual, printr-o dispoziie legalexpres, i poate, n funcie de coninutul su, s fie ndeplinit n contextul

juridic general, asigurndu-se punerea deplin n aplicare a directivei ntr-unmod suficient de clar i precis (a se vedea, printre altele, Cauza 20 octombrie2005, Comisia / Regatul Unit, C - 6 / 04, Rec. p. I-9017, punctele 21 i 24 i de

la 24 iunie 2008, Comisia / Luxemburg, C-272/07, punctul 10). Cu toate acestea,Curtea a apreciat c n mod repetat, c prevederile unei directive trebuie s fie

puse n aplicare cu precizie i claritate, premise necesare pentru a satisface pedeplin cerinele de siguran juridic (a se vedea, n acest sens, mai susmenionate, Comisia / Regatul Unit, punctul 27, i 24 iunie 2008, Comisia /Luxemburg, punctul 11)9.

Aadar, la prima vedere, directivele nu ar putea avea efect direct ntructnu ndeplinesc una din condiiile stabilite de Curte, respectiv nu pot produce

efecte n lipsa unor msuri naionale sau comunitare complementare.Cu toate acestea, Curtea avea s recunoasc efectul direct al directivelor

pe baza a dou justificri eseniale: pe de o parte ar fi incompatibil cu efectulobligatoriu pe care articolul 189 TCEE (actualul articol 249 CE) l atribuiedirectivei s se exclud n principiu, posibilitatea ca obligaia pe care aceasta oimpune s fie invocat de persoanele interesate i, pe de alt parte, n special ncazurile n care autoritile comunitare ar fi obligat statele membre, printr-odirectiv, s adopte o anumit conduit, efectul util al unui asemenea act ar fi

prejudiciat dac justiiabilii ar fi mpiedicai s se prevaleze de aceasta n

8 Augustin Fuerea,Manualul Uniunii Europene, Ediia a III-a, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,2006, pag. 145.9Hotrrea din 23 aprilie 2009 Comisia/Belgia C-287/07http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodec

ision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarepunctele 67, 68 i 69 (n limba francez traducere proprie)
http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utarehttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docop=docop&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=RAPP&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=C%C4%83utare


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justiie, iar instanele naionale ar fi mpiedicate s o ia n considerare, caelement al dreptului comunitar.10

IV. Termenul de transpunere a directivei sanciuni

Directiva fixeaz un termen destinatarilor si pentru a atinge rezultateleurmrite.

Statul poate proceda la o aplicare anticipat a directivei iar particularii nuvor putea invoca principiul proteciei legitime nainte de mplinirea termenului.De asemenea, particularii nu vor putea spune n cauz faptul c un stat, dup cea pus n aplicare cu anticipaie directiva, a adoptat un act contrar, chiar dac

termenul nu a expirat ntotdeauna.Potrivit unei jurisprudene constante a Curii, existena unei nendepliniri

a obligaiilor trebuie apreciat n funcie de situaia din statul membru astfel cumaceasta se prezenta la momentul expirrii termenului stabilit n avizul motivat,schimbrile intervenite ulterior neputnd fi luate n considerare de ctre Curte 11.

n situaia n care statul persist n neaducerea la ndeplinire a dispoziiilordirectivei Curtea va putea obliga pe acesta la plata unor penaliti cu caractercominatoriu. Astfel, Curtea a decis c dac impunerea unor penaliti cu titlu

cominatoriu pare a fi foarte indicat pentru a stimula un stat membru s puncapt, ct mai repede posibil, unei nclcri care, n lipsa unei astfel de msuri,ar avea tendina de a persista, impunerea unei sume forfetare se ntemeiaz maimult pe aprecierea consecinelor unei neexecutri a obligaiilor de ctre statulmembru respectiv asupra intereselor private i publice, n special atunci cndnclcarea a persistat o lung perioad de la pronunarea hotrrii care aconstatat-o12.

10 Hotrrea Van Duyn 41/74 citat de Veronica Ardelean,Principiul efectului direct al dreptuluicomunitar, n Revista romn de Drept comunitar, nr. 6/2008, Editura Wolters Kluwer, pag. 49.11 Hotrrea din 9 decembrie 2008, Comisia/Frana, C-121/07, http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-

bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=doco

p&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherpunctul22(n limba romn) n acelai sens Hotrrea Comisia/Grecia C-427/08http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=AL

LTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherpunctul 9 (n limba francez -traducere proprie).
http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-121/07&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercher


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Revine Curii competena ca, n fiecare cauz i n funcie de mprejurrilespeei cu care este sesizat, precum i de nivelul de persuasiune i de disuasiunecare apare necesar, s adopte sanciunile pecuniare corespunztoare pentru aasigura executarea ct mai rapid cu putin a hotrrii care a constatat anterior o

nendeplinire a obligaiilor i pentru a preveni repetarea unor nclcri analoageale dreptului comunitar.

n orice ipotez, n cazul n care decide s impun o sum forfetar,Curtea trebuie, n exercitarea puterii sale de apreciere, s o stabileasc astfelnct s fie, pe de o parte, adaptat mprejurrilor i, pe de alt parte,

proporionat cu nendeplinirea obligaiilor constatat, precum i cu capacitateade plat a statului membru n cauz13.

Penalitile nu trebuie s fie impuse pe zile, dar trebuie s aib caracter

anual, ca urmare a prezentrii raportului anual privind punerea n aplicare adirectivei de ctre statele membre n cauz14.

n orice caz c, n cursul termenului de transpunere al unei directive,statele membre destinatare ale acesteia trebuie s se abin de la adoptarea unordispoziii de natur s compromit grav rezultatul impus prin aceast directiv(Hotrrea din 18 decembrie 1997, Inter-Environnement Wallonie, C-129/96,Rec., p. I-7411, punctul 45, Hotrrea din 8 mai 2003, ATRAL, C-14/02, Rec.,

p. I-4431, punctul 58, i Hotrrea din 22 noiembrie 2005, Mangold, C-144/04,

Rec., p. I-9981, punctul 67).n aceast privin, Curtea a avut ocazia s precizeze c o astfel de

obligaie de abinere se impune tuturor autoritilor statelor membre avute nvedere, inclusiv instanelor naionale. Prin urmare, ncepnd cu data la care odirectiv a intrat n vigoare, instanele statului respectiv trebuie s se abin, nmsura posibilului, s interpreteze dreptul intern ntr-un mod care, dupexpirarea termenului de transpunere, ar risca s compromit grav realizarea

12 Hotrrea din 4 iunie 2009 Comisia/Grecia C-568/07 http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherpunctul 45 (nlimba romn).13 Hotrrea Comisia/Grecia C-568/07 mai sus citat punctul 46 i 47.14 Hotrrea din 25 noiembrie 2003, Comisia/Spania, C-278/01, http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-

bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldoc

norec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherpunctul 46varianta n limba francez (traducere proprie)
http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&numaff=C-278/01&nomusuel=&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&alldocrec=alldocrec&docor=docor&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALL&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=ro&jurcdj=jurcdj&newform=newform&docj=docj&docop=docop&docnoj=docnoj&typeord=ALLTYP&numaff=&ddatefs=4&mdatefs=6&ydatefs=2009&ddatefe=11&mdatefe=6&ydatefe=2009&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Rechercherhttp://curia.eur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obiectivului urmrit prin aceast directiv (a se vedea n special Hotrrea din 4iulie 2006, Adeneler i alii, C-212/04, Rec., p. I-6057, punctele 122 i 123)15.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

15 Hotrrea din 23 aprilie 2009 n cauzele conexate C-261/07 i C-299/07 mai sus citat (n limbaromn) punctul 38 i 39.


11/11

I. Publicaii

Revista romn de Drept comunitar

II. Doctrin

1. I.P. Filipescu, A. Fuerea,Drept instituional comunitar european, Ed. Actami,Bucureti, 19942. Marin Voicu,Drept comunitar note de curs, Editura Fundaiei Romnia deMine, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Bucureti 20033. Augustin Fuerea,Drept comunitar al afacerilor, Ediia a II-a, revzut i

adugit, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2006.4. Augustin Fuerea,Manualul Uniunii Europene, Ediia a III-a, EdituraUniversul Juridic, Bucureti, 20065. Octavian Manolache,Drept comunitar, Ediia a III-a, Editura ALL BECK,Bucureti 2001..

III. Surse web doctrin i jurispruden

1. http://curia.europa.eu2. http://www.bethany.ro/Eurostud/Materiale/Drept_comunitar%5B1%5D.pdf.
http://curia.europa.eu/http://www.bethany.ro/Eurostud/Materiale/Drept_comunitar%5B1%5D.pdfhttp://curia.europa.eu/http://www.bethany.ro/Eurostud/Materiale/Drept_comunitar%5B1%5D.pdf

Jurisprudenta Curtii de Justitie a Comunitatilor Europene Privind Regimul Juridic Al Directivelor

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