Falangismul

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Falange

The Spanish Phalanx of the Assemblies of the National Syndicalist

Offensive (Spanish:Falange Espaola de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional

Sindicalista, FE de las JONS), known simply as the Falange, is the name assigned toseveral Spanishpolitical movements and parties dating from the 1930s, and dovetailed

with the Fascist movement in Italy. The wordFalange in Spanish refers to a Phalanx

formation orfront a political metaphor commonly adopted by

modern radicalized movements in the early-to-middle 20th century such as: Popular

front, National Front orVanguard . Members of the party were

called Falangists (Spanish:Falangistas). Since 1975, Falangists have split into several

different political movements that have continued into the 21st century. The main political

movement that retained its Falangist heritage and is the continuation of the party is the FE

JONS.

In Spain, the Falange was a political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de

Rivera in 1933, during the Second Spanish Republic. Primo de Rivera was a Madrid

lawyer, son of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who governed Spain as Prime Minister

with dictatorial power under King Alfonso XIII in the 1920s. General Primo de Rivera

believed in state planning and government intervention in the economy. His son and theFalangists he led expressed regret for the demise of the elder Primo de Rivera's regime,

and proposed to revive his policies and a program ofnational-syndicalist social

organization.

Falangism was originally similar to Italian fascism in certain respects. It shared its

contempt forBolshevism and other forms ofsocialism and a distaste fordemocracy. Like

the Italian Fascist Blackshirts, the Falange had its own party militia, the Blueshirts.

However, the Falange's National Syndicalism was a political theory very different from

the fascist idea of corporatism, inspired by Integralism and the Action Franaise (for a

French parallel, see Cercle Proudhon). It was first formulated in Spain by Ramiro

Ledesma Ramos in a manifesto published in his periodicalLa Conquista del Estado on 14

March 1931. National Syndicalism attempted to bridge the gap between nationalism and

the anarcho-syndicalism of the dominant trade union, theConfederacin Nacional del

Trabajo(CNT), by revising syndicalism altogether. While the Falange embraced the

Catholic emphasis of Integralism it also borrowed elements from fascism.
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Unlike other members of the Spanish right, the Falange was republican, avant-gardist and

modernist (see Early History below), in a manner similar to the original spirit of

Italian Fascism. Its uniform and aesthetic was similar to contemporary European fascist

and national socialist movements. After the party was coopted by Francisco Franco and

consolidated with the Carlists, it ceased to have a fascist character (which sought a

revolutionary transformation of society whereas Franco was conservative), although it

retained many of the external trappings offascism.[2][3][4][5][6]

During the Spanish Civil Warthe doctrine of the Falange was used by General Franco,

who virtually took possession of its ideology, while Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera was

arrested and executed by the Spanish Republican Government. During the war, and after

its founder's death, the Falange was combined by decree (Unification Decree) with

the Carlistparty, under the sole command of Franco, forming the core of the sole official

political organizationin Spain, theFalange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de

Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, or "Spanish Traditionalist Phalanx of the Assemblies

ofNational-Syndicalist Offensive" (FET y de las JONS). This organization, also known as

the National Movement (Movimiento Nacional) after 1945, continued until Franco's death

in 1975.

[edit]Early history

The year after its founding, the Falange united with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-

Sindicalista ofOnsimo Redondo, Ramiro Ledesma, and others, becomingFalange

Espaola de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista.

The Falange was not an archetypal party of the right. Ronald Hilton has argued that

Spanish leftists spoke of Jos Antonio with respect.[7]The party attracted a considerable

number of prominent intellectuals, including Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Rafael Snchez

Mazas, Ernesto Gimnez Caballero, Eugenio Montes, Jos Mara Alfaro, Agustn de

Foxa, Luys Santa Marina, Samuel Ros, Jacinto Miquelarena and Dionisio Ridruejo.[8]The

party was republican, modernist, championed the lower classes and opposed both

oligarchy and communism.[9]For these reasons the Falange was shunned by other right-

leaning parties in the 1936 election, where it performed dismally. It only surpassed one

percent of the vote in five provinces, performing best in Valladolid and Cadiz, where it

received between four and five percent.[10]Having likely never exceeded ten thousand

members in the early 1930s, the Falange lost supporters in the run-up to the Civil War,
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leaving a core of young, dedicated activists, many in the organization's student

organization, the SEU (Sindicato Espaol Universitario).[11]

Following the elections the left-wing Popular Front government persecuted the Falange

and imprisoned Primo de Rivera on July 6, 1936. In turn, the Falange joined theconspiracy to overthrow the Republic, supporting the military revolt ultimately led

by Francisco Franco and continuing to do so throughout the ensuing Civil War.

[edit]Spanish Civil War

With the eruption of the Civil Warin July 1936, the Falange fought on the Nationalist

side against the Spanish Second Republic. Expanding rapidly from several thousand to

several hundred thousand[12], the Falange's male membership was accompanied by a

female auxiliary, the Seccin Feminina. Led by Jos Antonio's sister Pilar, this latter

subsidiary organization claimed more than a half million members by the end of the war

and provided nursing and support services for the Nationalist forces.[13]

The command of the party rested upon Manuel Hedilla, as many of the first generation

leaders were dead or incarcerated by the Republicans. Among them was Primo de Rivera,

who was a Government prisoner. As a result, he was referred to among the leadership

asel Ausente, (the Absent One). On 20 November 1936 (a date since known as 20-N in

Spain), Primo de Rivera was sentenced to death by the Spanish Government in a

Republican prison, giving him martyrstatus among the Falangists. This conviction and

sentence was possible because he had lost his Parliamentary immunity, after his party did

not have enough votes during the last elections.

After Franco seized power on 19 April 1937, he united under his command the Falange

with the Carlist Comunin Tradicionalista, formingFalange Espaola Tradicionalista y

de las JONS(FET y de las JONS), whose official ideology was the Falangists' 27 puntos.

Despite this, the party was in fact a wide-ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled

by Franco. Parts of the original Falange (including Hedilla) and many Carlists did not join

the unified party. Franco had sought to control the Falange after a clash between Hedilla

and his main critics within the group, the legitimistas ofAgustn Aznarand Sancho

Dvila y Fernndez de Celis, that threatened to derail the Nationalist war effort.[14]

None of the vanquished parties in the war suffered such a toll of deaths among their

leaders as did the Falange. Sixty per cent of the pre-war Falange membership lost theirlives in the war.[15]
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Most of the property of all other parties and trade unions were assigned to the party. In

1938, all trade unions were unified under Falangist command.

[edit]The Franco era

After the war, the party was charged with developing an ideology for Franco's regime.

This job became acursus honorumfor ambitious politiciansnew converts, who were

called camisas nuevas ("new shirts") in opposition to the more overtly populist and

ideological "old shirts" from before the war.

Membership in the Falange/FET reached a peak of 932,000 in 1942.[16]Despite the

official unification of the various Nationalist factions within the party in 1937, tensions

continued between dedicated Falangists and other groups, particularly Carlists. Such

tensions erupted in violence with the Begoa Incident of August 1942, when hardline

Falangist activists attacked a Carlist religious gathering in Bilbao with grenades. The

attack and the response of Carlist government ministers (most

notably Varela and Galarza) led to a government crisis and caused Franco to dismiss

several ministers. Ultimately, six Falangists were convicted of the attack and one, Juan

Domnguez, was executed.[17]

By the middle of the Second World War, Franco and leading Falangists, while distancing

themselves from the faltering European fascists, stressed the unique "Spanish Catholic

authoritarianism" of the regime and the Falange. Instructions were issued in September

1943 that henceforth the Falange/FET would be referred to exclusively as a "movement"

and not a "party".[18]

The Falange also developed youth organizations, with members known

asFlechas andPelayos.

With improving relations with the United States, economic development, and the rise of a

group of relatively young technocrats within the government, the Falange continued to

decline. In 1965 the SEU, the movement's student organization, was officially

disbanded.[19]At the same time, the membership of the Falange as a whole was both

shrinking and aging. (In 1974 the average age of Falangists in Madrid was at least 55

years). The organization's relatively few new members came mostly from the

conservative and devoutly Catholic areas of northern Spain.[20]

[edit]Post-Franco era
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After Franco's death (20 November 1975, also known as "20-N") the Spanish Crown was

restored to the House of Borbn in the person of King Juan Carlos, and a move

towards democratizationbegun underAdolfo Surez, a former chief of

theMovimiento. The new situation splintered the Falange. In the first elections in 1977,

three different groups fought in court for the right to the Falangist name. Today, decades

after the fall of the Francoist regime, Spain still has a minor Falangist element,

represented by a number of tiny political parties. Chief among these are the Falange

Espaola de las JONS (which takes its name from the historical party), Falange

Autntica, Falange Espaola Independiente (which later merged with the FE de las

JONS), and FE - La Falange. Vastly reduced in size and power today, these Falangist-

inspired parties are rarely seen publicly except on ballot papers, in State-funded TV

election advertisements, and during demonstrations on historic dates, like 20 November

(death of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera and General Francisco Franco). These three

parties received 27,166 votes amongst them in the 2004 legislative election.

In 2009, police arrested five members of a Falangist splinter group calling itselfFalange y

Tradicin. They alleged that this group which was unknown to mainstream Falangist

groups, had been involved in a raft of violent attacks in the Navarre region. These attacks

were primarily targeted at Basque separatist terrorist group ETA and at ETA

sympathisers.[21]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borb%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(1977)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(1977)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Falangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Falangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FE_-_La_Falange&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_legislative_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_legislative_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FE_-_La_Falange&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Falangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Falangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(1977)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_(1977)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borb%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-N

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