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AQGAH JKSEHARBQ Vaj`}eseriqj e rqfeab}eseriqj dqmabejkv ma s`jk`va( Iq}`e`

s`jkvejkv ar}a}eba( R]QMEQ

\avrkh`je}`}a` bkh}v`meb}kvea ` jqe A( Jkseharbq ` ckr} r}vf}q} |avi`hah} ma `r|ev`e` r|va bqhk`}ava*ma mkveh` ma|evee |vk|veejkv b`vaha* ma mkveh` grevee qhqe |qhb} ma ce~`va* m`v e ma k|ehee mecave}a ma j` k

|avek`m j` `j}`( hre `b}ese}`}a` r` ma bve}eb |k`}a ce i|ve} h mkq i`ve a}`|a ba habare} ` ce |vatah}`}a

|ah}vq k i`e fqh hajagava ` r}qmeqjqe ma c`(

\vei` a}`| bq|vehma bve}eb` jqe A( Jkseharbq |h j` vtfke* k a}`| b`v`b}avet`} |veh bq}`va` qhqe

mvqi |vk|veq* A( Jkseharbq `|vhm b` qh bve}eb abja}eb0* ma ckvi`ea i`e iqj} bj`reb* cv rer}ai* cv emae

gahav`ja e cv qvi ma mkgi`}eri( Ei|varekheriqj |kjaieb e `gvares ma j` hba|q}* ba ra s` i`hecar}` h

mesavraja |qfjeb`ee j` b`va s` bkj`fkv`* s` masahe rba|}eb e meja}`h} .rq|avcebe`j% h skjqiqj4 \`e |a here| e

h |veiaja mkq skjqia meh Bve}eba* |ah}vq b` h qvi}k`vaja mkq skjqia meh Bve}eba r ra `}ahqata* r|eve}qj

jqe r }ehm r|va i`}qvet`va* |ahmqjhm }k}qe h}va r}qmeqj }eeheceb* `v}ebkjqj bve}eb e je}av`}qv` faja}ver}eb*

ejqr}v`} ma vki`hqj4 @ve|` ikvee( Cjkveh Ienejarbq h jqbv`va`4 A( Jkseharbq e `h}ehkieeja bve}ebee hk}`4

**R|eve} ehma|ahmah}* bve}ebqj hq hajaga r ra `jeheata hebeqhae |kteee h ikm hamecavahe`} e cv vatavsa*

bne`v m`b a ei|varekher} Hq hqi`e `}e}qmeha` ske}* |vkgv`i`}eb j hma`ih b}va `jagava` qhkv |kteee

ma reha r}}}k`va* m`v e |avrkh`je}`}a` r`* b`va)e matsjqea }va|} } ckv` e `q}ah}ebe}`}a`( @mqbhm k

|avr|ab}es |avrkh`j `rq|v` seaee je}av va* A( Jkseharbq hq |q}a` r hq ra `cevia |h j` qvi b` k `q}kve}`}a

h bve}eb` svaiee(\vkbarqj ma i`}qvet`va ar}a hr jah} e }k`}a cvih}veja b`va |vabam e |vag}arb va`jetveja vegqvk`ra e

regqva ma mq| vtfke ra re}qa`t `ebe* h |vei` |avek`m ma `b}ese}`}a( 6 **B`v`b}avqj |ar}ve `j emakjkgeae r`ja

meh |vei` c`t* b`va bkhr}e}qea k }vr}qv gahav`j ar}a ma}ab}`} e h `j}a mkiahee ma `b}ese}`}a* hq mk`v h

bve}eb` r`* e hrka}a k `hqie} ehmabetea( @ba`r}` ehmeb hagvae} b cahkiahqj ma mab`h}`va eh}avh hq `

`dqhr j` }aviah( A( Jkseharbq `mk|}* qhakve* b`i h `baj`e }ei|* |qhb}a ma samava hq hqi`e mecave}a* m`v

bne`v k|qra* _Y bkh}eah} ma re}q`ea* bve}ebqj hq ra }aia ma ` ra bkh}v`teba* f` i`e iqj} bne`v* bvama b |k`}a

|r}v` k bkhrabsah h}vq `masv bne`v mehbkjk ma bkh}v`tebave( _Y A h ckhm k bkbna}vea bq r}ejqj hcjkv`} e

r|eve}q`j `j ei|varekhe}ejkv* j` b`va Jkseharbq s` vahqh` }va|}`}* m`v macehe}es(2

\q}ai* `r}caj* skvfe |h j` 0505 ma qh abja}eri `j bve}ebee jkseharbeaha |a b`va hrqe bve}ebqj j

emah}eceb bq ei|varekheriqj je|re} ma mkgi e abja}eri( M`}kve} `cevivee qhae ckviqja |vk|vee `

0 Abja}eri 9 0( Rer}ai cejktkceb* bki|qr meh emae r`q ajaiah}a ma mkb}veh i|vqiq}`}a ma j` cejktkce meh bkje mecave}a( 6( Rer}ai maghmeva b`va `jaga meh `j}a rer}aia ma ghmeva* meh r}ejqve `v}er}eba a}b(* baa` ba e ra |`va fqh( 2( Habkhrabsah h bkhsehgave* h }akvee(6 Cjkveh Ienejarbq*A( Jkseharbq e `h}ehkieeja bve}ebee* Fqbqva}e* Ame}qv` Iehavs`* 0576* |( >2

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|avrkh`je}ee bve}eba s` ik}es` krbej`va` h}va e|k}ata e e|kr}`ta mer}ehb}a e bkh}v`meb}kvee( M`v A( Jkseharbq

s` }hde mq| `q}kve}`}a* mq| qh rer}ai* ma `baa` vaj`}eseriqj dqmabejkv r`ja hq s` a~bjqma e bvameh` h}v)qh

`masv(

h ` mkq` a}`| ` bve}ebee r`ja* ba` ma mq| vtfke ra skv vai`vb` bkh}vefqeeja r`ja i`dkva* `mqra bqj}qvee

e je}av`}qvee |veh eh}aviameqj vaser}ae **Rfqv}kvqj* ` bah`bjqjqe bq `baj`e hqia e ` bajafvqjqe ikmavheri

jkseharbe`h bq }k`}a }akveeja ehks`}k`va |a b`va bve}ebqj ja s` rqreha(

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vaj`}esa e rqfeab}esa `q ckr} dqmabeja ma s`jk`va aiera ma `bar}`? `r}caj m`b j` hba|q} bve}ebqj s` ajkge`

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k s` hmva|}e |a Eja`h` Sv`hba` r bkhr}`}a b `cevi`e` |a b`va bve}ebqj k s` gahav`jet` e ra |k}vesa}a ck`v}a

feha e jqe4 **h i`}avea ma bqj}qv* askjqeeja hq rqh} |av|a}qa* hebe jeha`va? bhm bvate b `e |qr ih` |a vi*

qh s`j }a riqjga ma|`v}a h j`vg? |ht` arq} teq` ra mar}v`i hk`|}a`? `|aja ra `rbqhm rqf here| e beqjehqj

bva}a |a I`vikv` ba}ee vqeh }a? h `m|kr}qj jei|ate} kmehek`v e qi|ja kbnee bavha j` hkvejkv

hskjfqv`e=

I`e rqh} habar`va b}as` bj`vecebve |a b`va ja ski c`ba bq `dq}kvqj r}qmeqjqe jqe Cjkveh Ienejarbq* |a

b`va j)`i `ieh}e} i`e rqr* h`eh}a ma ` |}vqhma h `h`jet` }akveae iq}`eae s`jkvejkv ar}a}eba( Ei|varekheriqj e

rehbvkheriqj `q j` f`t vaj`}eseriqj( M`v r samai bqi r)` `dqhr j` `bar} vaj`}eseri( C`jeiah}qj }eehae e

hahbvamava` h bav}e}qmeheja kcave}a ma }eeh r|va rcve}qj rabkjqjqe `j ^^)ja` s` |qha f`taja vaj`}eseriqjqe

ei|varekher} rqf `qr|ebeeja bvqe` ra s` i`hecar}` |vei` a}`| ` bve}ebee jkseharbeaha( **M`v mehbkjk ma ceje`ee e

ma ehcjqaha* vmbeheja maberesa `ja vaj`}eseriqjqe jkseharbe h rqh} maregqv ma kvmeh }ai|av`iah}`j e

emakjkgeb(1

Bve}ebqj hrqe s` iv}qvere h Iaikvee b `ba`r} bkhr}`h} ` seteqhee r`ja va|vateh} a~|vare`}ai|av`iah}`j s`j`fej |ah}vq }k`}a s`jkveja hq mk`v |ah}vq baja ar}a}eba( Bve}eb` ei|varekher} cv`hbat e)`

`i|jeceb`} vaj`}eseriqj }ai|av`iah}`j ma b`va skvfa` C( Ienejarbq( Vaj`}eseriqj jqe A( Jkseharbq ar}a

ikmavh mak`vaba e `va vmbeheja h `r|ev`e` jqiee ikmavha r|va r|eve}q`j |kte}es **b`va a~bjqma `frkjq}eriqj

kvebvae ia}`cetebee( **Vaj`}eseriqj jkseharbe`h ar}a i`e bqvhm |vkmqrqj er}kveriqjqe vki`h}eb `j sa`bqjqe

}vabq} e i`e `|ke `j |kte}eseriqjqe }eeh eceb mab} `j cejktkceae rba|}eba( Re* h ceha* ar}a e i`e regqv cvqb}qj

}ai|av`iah}qjqe ikjmksaharb h}v)k j`}qv ` jqe* e i`e |varqr ma kveba* `j bavehajkv ei|avek`ra arahe`ja `ja

qhae i ve `beqhe bve}eba( _Y ]ai|av`iah}qj rq emakjkgeb* ikmavheriqj ar}a vatqj} }qj cevarb `j

vaj`}eseriqjqe kvg`het`} ma Jkseharbq h ckviqj`* masahe} bajafv ` iq}`eae s`jkvejkv ar}a}eba 3

Bhm `mav j` rehbvkheri e va`jeta`t }akve` rehbvkheriqjqe A( Jkseharbq hq rb`| meh samava c`|}qj b

`bar}` hq ra vacav mk`v j` qh` meh iqj}e}qmeha` |vakbq|vejkv kiaha}e* be r}`feja}a h iqj}e}qmeha` e

}k}`je}`}a` jkv rkbe`ja* ar}a}eba* abkhkieba k eh}avma|ahmah ba ja bkhcav qh r}ej e qh ve}i( Re i`e

= Eja`h` Sv`hba`*Aqgah Jkseharbq * Fqbqva}e* A(M(\(* 0531* |( 75(1 C( Ienejarbq* k|( be}( * |( 66>3 Efemai * |( 62 \a bhm }eehaja a~`b}a

kcav `masvqve bq b`v`b}av kfeab}es* ar}a}eb` e }k`}a dqmabeja ma s`jk`va skv `sa` qh b`v`b}av rqfeab}es* ma j`

qh ehmesem j` `j}qj(

Cvqikrqj |ah}vq A( Jkseharbq |vateh} i`e iqj}a hq`ha e ra i`hecar} h cqhbea ma }`jah}* ma rei* ma

amqb`e` ar}a}eb va`jet`} h mecave}a v`iqve `ja `v}ae e `va k s`jk`va ba ma|ehma ma `v}e}ee ba)j va`jeta`t(

Ck`v}a ei|kv}`h} ma vaehq} ar}a emaa` b4 hq rkbea}`}a` r`q a|kb` ma}avieh ema`jqj `v}er}qjqe* be `v}er}qj

ma}avieh ema`jqj ma se` `j bkh}ai|kv`hejkv* bbe eie}`e` hba|a ma dkr h rqr(

@h jethm e i`e `mhb emaeja jqe A( Jkseharbq ski bkhr} }` b vaj }eseriqj e rqfeab}eseriqj

dqmabejkv ma s`jk`va |kvharb e ma j` baa` ba bve}ebqj hqia}a **|vkbar ma |qjsavet`va ` rah}eiah}qjqe ar}a}eb

b`va4 **ra bkh}ehq hq hqi`e j` ehmesete be e h bkh}eeh` `bajqe`e ehmesem mq| ikiah}a( K k|av ma `v} ha|k`}a |j`ba i`e iqj} `te e i`e |qeh ieha? k b`v}a i`e iqj} j` k |vei jab}qv mab} j` ` mkq` r`q ehsavr?

h}v)k `r}caj ma s`ve`feje}`}a* eh}avseha ma baja i`e iqj}a kve* mer|ktee` ikiah}qjqe h hebek jag}qv bq

kfeab}qj ar}a}eb? m`v h `c`v ma `bar} ajaiah} `vfe}v`v* s`ve`eeja |k} ce meb}`}a e ma askjqe` hkvi`j ` gqr}qjqe

ar}a}eb ` ehmesemqjqe* askjqea ma}avieh`} ma a~|aveah* ma a~avbeeq bkh}ehqq* ma svr} bbe qh` `mievi j`

}ehavaa e `j}` j` f}vhaa(5

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ar}a}ebee e qhesavr`ja* be mk`v k er}kvea ` ar}a}ebee( Ski kfravs` b4 **|vei`}qj ar}a}ebqjqe* b`va `va `mara` j`

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reifekt* bve}ebqj rqrehhm askjqe` je}av`}qvee hk`r}va h rahrqj |vei`}qjqe ar}a}ebqjqe `rq|v` bajkvj`j}a

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ar}a}eba* marbki|qr h}v)qh hqiv haivgehe} ma s`ve`ee* mq| ehmesem e hq h ehmesem* mq| r}ve ma

bkh}eeh rqbbaresa* hq |vesa}a er}kve` ar}a}ebee* h}vqb} a` hq hvager}va`t mab} askjqe` bkhba|}qjqe

ar}a}eb `j mesavrajkv besejet`ee e hq |qjsavet`va` jqe h hqivqj haivgehe} `j ehmesetejkv 00* meh bkhremav`ea

b hq ha eh}avara`t |`v}ebqj`vqj be hqi`e gahav`jqj06* Jkseharbq vrcvhga hr `ba`r} vaj`}ese}`}a` ` `b}qjqe

vaba|}vee ar}a}eba* ma}avieh`} er}kveba}a* `rq|v` b`}agkveae cvqikrqjqe* |a b`va k bkhremav cv a~er}ah

kfeab}es02

@dqhghm h `bar} |qhb} ha ski k|ve |qeh `rq|v` bkhremav`eejkv jqe Cjkveh Ienejarbq c` ma emaeja

a~|qra4 **@miehm |krefeje}`}a` qhae ieheia gahav`jetve* Jkseharbq ra a~|qha qhkv kfeabee jage}eia b`va

}ehm r |qh rqf raihqj h}vafvee hmva|}eva` vaj`}eseriqjqe rq ar}a}eb( _Y vaehai hqi`e b h}v)`masv

vaj`}eseriqj jkseharbe`h ar}a aj hrqe vaj`}es* r`q mehbkjk ma dkbqj ma bqseh}a ar}a k bkhba|ea ikmav`} e

abnejefv`} b`va var|ehga |qhb}a ma samava a~}vaia* meh |avr|ab}es` jqbeme}ee ikmavha( Ce~`} h b`mva hebe

|va` r}vi}a hebe |va` j`vge* ar}a}ebqj bkhr}e}qea qh bkhba|} ikfej ` bvqe er}kvea |k`}a ce r}qme`}( Jeie}`} ma

v`r e ma }ei|* m`v hq e ma s`ve`eeja ehmesemq`ja h}vqb} hq rqh} b`v`b}aver}eba* aj askjqa`t rqf `r|ab} er}kveb

|veh }v`hrckvive fvq}a* |veh rkjqee ma bkh}ehqe}`}a bqi e |j`ba bve}ebqjqe r r|qh* r`q bq qh }aviah i`e

}eeheceb |veh iq}`ee( @bar}a iq}`ee hq `|`veh qhqe cvqikr h reha* eha~er}ah}* be askjqeae rahrefeje}ee

ar}a}eba ` |qfjebqjqe bkhrqi`}kv ma `v}( S`jk`va` ar}a}eb ar}a* |veh qvi`va* j` Jkseharbq r}vhr jag`} ma

rahrefeje}`}a` h b`va ra vrcvhga( A` ar}a k bva`ea ` r|eve}qjqe kiaharb* cv a~er}ah kfeab}es(

Ma|ahmah` s`jkve ar}a}eba ma gqr}qj bkh}ai|j`}kvqjqe r`q vaba|}kvqjqe ma `v} bkhmqba j` qh rqfeab}eseri

`~ekjkgeb v`meb`j 0=

Jkseharbq j s` bve}eb` |a I( Mv`gkievarbq |ah}vq b rbk`}a k|av` ma `v} meh }ei| e r|`eq e s` `cevi`

cavi b4 **h va`je}`}a* `v}` ar}a k bva`ea ` r|eve}qjqe kiaharb e b` kveba bva`ea ` r` ar}a h cqhbea ma ki? mq|bqi aj ar}a i|jh}`} h }ei|* r|`eq e b`qt`je}`}a* `v}` ar}a i|jh}`} h `baj`e }ei|* r|`eq e b`qt`je}`}a( 01

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b `ba}e bve}ebe rqh} vacv`b}`ve j` hbavbveja ma hhkeva* m`v s` `|vabe` b `ba`r} bve}eb ar}a h `bkvm bq

ckviqj` ar}a}eb ` a|kbee r`ja( Vasetqeveja meh |avr|ab}es er}kveb skv va|vatah}` k bki|khah} habar`v

bve}ebee rehbvkheba rq|qr iq}`eae s`jkvejkv( S` `cevi` ma `raiaha` |vei`}qj `v}ae bkh}ai|kv`ha c` ma `v}`

sabna e |vei`}qj **bve}ebee ar}a}eba c` ma **bve}eb` er}kveb( S` r}`feje baja mkq ajaiah}a `ja bve}ebee ar}a}eba4

baj ma |avba|ea e baj ma `h`jet( S` i`hecar}` k i`va hahbvamava h mqv`feje}`}a` s`jkvejkv(

]k} h skjqiqj `j SE)ja`*Iq}`e` s`jkvejkv ar}a}eba* Jkseharbq e s` `cevi` `cehe}eja bq **|kate` |qv*

iahekhhm b |kate` ikmavh ra hmva`|} r|va **|katea |qv* r|va* **|kate` ehac`fejqjqe* `meb r|va k

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|katea b`va r bkiqheba aike` `v}er}eb |veh iqteb`je}`}a e |q}ava ma rqgar}ea* |veh cqhbeeja jeif`dqjqe4

**hkekh`j e **rqgar}es(

S` hbavb` r maikhr}vata b k m`} bq }vabava` }ei|qjqe **|`v}a` sea ` k|avae e |eavma bkhrer}ah` e

ha viha mk`v **rbnai` emakjkgeb* |a b`va k |q}ai hajaga bq `dq}kvqj r}qmeqjqe* `j}caj r|qr* km`} bq

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b hq ski |q}a` hajaga cahkiahqj |qv ar}a}eb `j qhae besejet`ee mer|vq}a |ah}vq b hq bqhk`}ai e hq

reiei rahrefeje}`}a` `bajae besejet`ee( \ah}vq ` hajaga k k|av ma `v} sabna }vafqea r bqhk`}ai bkhba|e`

ma se` ` a|kbe h b`va ` `|vq} k|av` var|ab}es(

@j}qve ma iq}`e` gahav`j ` s`jkvejkv ar}a}eba ma}avieh`} ma askjqe` bkhba|}qjqe ar}a}eb* A( Jkseharbq

s` `at` e askjqe` qhae k|ava ma `v} h rhqj gahav`eejkv rqbbaresa e s` m` b` a~ai|jq* k|av` Mkh Pqedk}a

ma Bavs`h}ar e s` vabqhk`}a emaa` jqe Fj`g`( Vaehai4 **Cv r)e rbneif` bkhehq}qj* emaeja e |k} rbneif`

cqhbeqha`* |veh}v)k iq}`ea ma i`e iqj}a kve hraih`} |ah}vq askjqe` bqj}qvee mab} ikmeceb`va` bkhehq}qjqe

jkv(03* r}`fejehm `r}caj iq}`eeja ma bkhehq} e ma h`}qv cqhbekh`j .`meb cajqj eh}av|va}vee askjqa`t bq

}ei|qj%* e`v ceab`va k|av s` |veie mecave}a rahrqve |a b`va e ja `bkvm gahav`eeja ba ra rqbbam( ]k}qe bve}ebqj

rqfjehe`t b |veh iq}`e` s`jkvejkv ar}a}eba hq ra va`jeta`t qh |vkgvar be mk`v **k b`jeceb`ea* be hqi`e k

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h rhqj `bajae`e ckviqja ar}a}eba(07

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ma `v}* mak`vaba ar}a a~|vare` qhae r}ve ma rahrefeje}`}a` gahav`j* s` ce i`e feha haja`r h }ei|qj h b`va `

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rehgqv mqba j` hbnemava e etkj`va e `j}` qheceb`}k`va eie}`e`* b`va bkvab}a`t v`r` e qheckvieta`t }k}qj*

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ma rqh} va|vatah}`}esa* ra hb`mva`t h bkjqif`veeja er}kveae je}av`va( @beqha` }ei|qjqe ra }v`mqba |veh

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