Engleza Apl Mpatru

8/13/2019 Engleza Apl Mpatru

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Prep. Univ. Mihaela Patru

UNIVERSITATEA DIN CRAIOVACOLEGIUL UNIVERSITAR DROBETA TURNU SEVERIN

SPECIALIZAREA: ADMINISTRAIE PUBLICLOCALANUL I

LIMBA ENGLEZA

- SUPORT DE CURS

PENTRU NVMNT LA DISTAN

Prep.univ. PTRU MIHAELA

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THE ARTICLE

What commerce is about

As a human activity commerce is concerned with the study of trade,namely the moving of the goods from the seller to the buyer, and the aids totrade, of the business units which provide goods and services. The goodsare almost always produced far away from the place of consumption andtheir way from the producer to the consumer is long and verycomplicated.Therefore, it is the function of commerce to offer a link

between the stages of this process and the necessary instruments to make itwork.

The main functions performed by commerce are as follows : Tradeis the basic commercial activity. It is essentially the exchange of

goods and services between producers and consumers. Trade consists ofhome / domestic trade including wholesale trade and retail trade andforeign / overseas tradedealing with import and export trade .But commerce includes more other functions in addition to trade.Distribution involves getting goods from the manufacturer to theconsumer.Without sophisticated systems for storing goods and sellingthem to the consumers, it would be impossible for firms to findcostumers for their goods.

Banking and financial servicesoffered by banks and other institutionsassist commerce by providing loans and other services which allow

business to function and invest in future production, and enable

consumers to purchase goods and services. Communications, in both written and electronic form, allow firms to

order and sell their goods efficiently and cheaply. No transaction ispossible without communications.

Transportis concerned with the moving of goods by land, sea or air aswell as the means necessary to do it.

Insuranceallows risks to be taken without fear of loss. It gives securityand stability to commerce as it enables the business people to survivelosses by damage, shipwreck, fire, burglary etc. Without adequateinsurance many enterprises would be too risky to undertake.

Advertising also plays an important part as it enables firms to letprospective customers know their offer. It includes a wide range offorms from hand-distributed leaflets to highly sophisticated televisioncommercials.

Vocabularyaid = ajutor, mijloc customer = client

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goods = mrfuri to assist = a ajutaconsumption = consum to enable = a da posibilitatealink = verig, legtur to purchase = a cumpra, a achiziionatherefore = aadar, deci order = comandexchange = schimb to order = a comanda

domestic trade = comerinterior insurance = asigurareoverseas trade = comerexterior loss = pierderewholesale trade = comerangro damage = stricciuneretail trade=comercu amnuntul shipwreck = naufragiuto deal with = a se ocupa cu burglary = spargere, jafin addition to = n plus, pe lng prospective = posibilto involve = a implica offer = ofertto store = a depozita leaflet = prospectwarehose = depozit commercial =film de reclam comercial

Exercises

1. Give synonyms for :commerce, commercial, foreign trade, home trade, to provide, toenable, aid, to assist, prospective, customer, link, goods.

2. In each of the following questions there is only one right answer :Mass production is possible only if :

a. there is a wide market for increased productionb. customers will pay a high price for the product

c. the raw materials required are found locallyd. a lot of unskilled workers live near the factories.The term producer refers to one who :

a. provides raw materials or foodb. grows crops or manufactures goodsc. adds value to a productd. advertises goods or services for sale.

Which one of these statements is false?a. Every stage of production employs commercial services.

b. Commercial services cannot begin until the manufacturing processeshave been completed.

c. If there were no commercial services most goods would not beproduced.

d. Commercial services add value to products.Which one of these statements is true?

a. A wholesaler insists on cash payment from his customers.b. A wholesaler is a connecting link between the retailer and manufacturer.c. A wholesaler deals only with manufactures.

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d. A wholesaler sells cheap goods to the householders on their door steps.

3. Match the following words with their corresponding definition :a. goods a. the moving of the goods from the seller to the buyer

b. services b. the amount of money that is made by a business, e.g.

when it sells something for more than it costsc. profit c.articles of trade or commerce; wares, merchandise;d. turnover d.the work provided for others as an occupation or a

businesse. stock e.items(food,clothing)produced for the final consumerf. producer f.items meant to be used in producing other products

goodsg.consumer g.the rate at which goods are sold and restocked

goodsh. commodity hany specific market where consumers buy goods

i. consumer i.an accumulated supply of goodsoutletj. trade j. 1. a raw material( grain, coffee, wool, cotton )

2. a good regarded in economics as the basis ofproduction and exchange

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The Article ( exercises )

1.Insert the right articles where necessary:

. sooner, .. better. Health is more precious than . wealth.. Thames devides London into two unequal parts.He has never visited . Art Museum.. Romanians are hospitable.

2.Insert theor The Zero Articlewhere necessary:Where is umbrella? I put it on table... last time I saw him he said he was going to school.He says that he never watches .. T.V. and never listens to .. music.

English teacher is . kindest man I know. Carpathians are said to be . high mountains. Danube flows into .. Black Sea.I never drink coffee.I will drink . tea but I wont drink .. coffee.I will pay a visit to .. Whites... Frenchmen are said to be .. excellent cooks.

3.Complete the exclamations with a / anonly where necessary:What . sad story!

What . good news!What . interesting idea!What . well behaved kids!What . terrible noise!What . beautiful day!What . kind people!What . awful experience!What . heavy luggage!

4.Insert definite or indefinite articles:

I have ordered .. washing machine and .. washing machine has come... climate does not suit me.How did press receive it?Since lunch was not ready yet, my husband read paper for a while,

then he rose from . armchair and turned on .. television.I mentioned bridge; he was very good at . game.Give me newspaper, Iwant to have a look at the ads.Give me newspaper to clean the mirror with.

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.. moon rose out of the sea.Is there .. moon tonight?The door opened and .. teacher came in.The door opened and .. headmaster came in.I heard on .. radio that they have come to .. truce.

man has called and left .. present for you. moon goes round earth and earth goes round sun.How have myths come into .. world?

5.Supply the necessary article(s):zero, theor a/ an:.. verdict has to be unanimous... tiger is larger than .. lynx... witness may tell only what he himself knows to be true... French have good wines... leopard is a cat.

.. leopard is the fastest cat.Hes wasted his life in search of . unusual.Youre rather partial to .. asparagus, and trout.They have a fine taste in . music and . literature.The responsibility of parents is stressed in the Declaration on the

Rights of Child... fellow does a lot of crazy things when he has been drinking... man has left his imprint here too.What can .. man do when he is cast on a far-off island?.. rich have always exploited poor.

6.Supply the necessary article:zero, a / an:He had served his country as . Minister of Finance and . Ambassador to

Finland.She was .. typist by trade.Can you act as . guide?Who is going to hold the office of .. secretary?Be . foster parent !He had the help of two deputies, the economist Mark Webster,

Director of the U.N.Population Division and Roy Wilkins, . Career U.N.officer.

You can get a job as .. waiter.Hell be acting the part of .. solicitor next week.The castle in which Mary, .. Queen of Scots was imprisoned is worth a

visit.He became .. unwilling sailor.He fully well deserves to be awarded the rank of . general.He spent his adolescence as .. seaman, . prospector and .. fireman.

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He was . firm believer in the triumph of good.He has been elected . President of the Conference.

Now hes had a go at solving a difficult case, he might turn detective.I rather doubt hell remain . content accountant all his life.I wont allow you take her for . fool.

7.Translate into English:a.Doctorul Taylor lucreaza intr-un spital londonez langa teatrul Old Vic.

b.Mi s-a spus ca azi dimineata s-a facut un anunt special la radio.c.Ii place viata, dar nu a avut o viata prea interesanta.d.Admiram cu totii ordinea si disciplina si detestam haosul si dezordinea.e.Ar trebui sa stai in casa cand vremea e ploioasa.f.Omenirea a visat intotdeauna sa exploreze spatiul cosmic.g.Organizatia Natiunilor Unite urmareste realizarea unitatii intre state si

depasirea barierelor pe care le ridica viata politica, diferenta de nationalitate, rasa

si cultura.h.Fasolea, oricum ai gati-o, tot gust de fasole are.i.Leul face parte din familia felinelor.

j.Cat e ora?

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THE NOUN

At the Railway Station

Although we all seem to agree that there is nothing compared to modern airtransport, railways today still carry the bulk of passenger and good traffic.

Railway is still one of the cheapest ways of transporting freight over longdistances. The Northern railway station, one of the main entrance gates to thecapital, is provided with everything necessary to allow for the transport of

passengers and goods in the best conditions. It is interesting to watch the constantrush in a railway station - numberless trains which are coming and leaving

passenger trains, express, fast or slow and goods trains, local and long distancetrains, commuting trains.

The passengers are hurrying along the platforms getting on or off the

trains, the porters are carrying the luggage to the trains or pushing it on theirtrucks to the luggage van.

The luggage van is placed immediately behind the engine, then the mailvan and finally the passenger-carriages with smoking and non-smokingcompartments of the first and second classes, a dining-car that caters for allappetites and the sleepers with upper and lower berths.

These services are available on all long-distance trains.The passengers compartments are very comfortable with numbered seats

over the seats there is the rack for the luggage.At intervals a guard or a special inspector checks the travelers tickets.

The railway station is also provided with a spacious waiting room, arestaurant, an inquiry office, parcels office where heavy luggage is registered andlabeled, the left luggage office where luggage may be left for any period of time,

book-stalls where you can buy books, magazines and newspapers, to read duringthe journey.

The trains arrivals and departures are posted up in time, the passengersbeing also invited to the trains by the loudspeaker.

VOCABULARYrail = in to post up = a afia

carriage = transport loudspeaker = megafonbulk = cea mai mare parte commuting train = tren de navetfreight = ncrctur goods traffic = transport de mrfuri

porter = hamal goods train = tren marfartruck = crucior de bagaje mail van = vagon de potto cater for = a se ngriji de luggage van = vagon de bagaje

berth = cuet dining-car = vagon restaurantrack = plaspentru bagaje left-luggage office = birou de bagaje

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guard = conductor book-stall = stand de crito label = a eticheta

EXERCISES

I. Give synonyms for:numberless, cheap, passenger, journey, to depart, to enter, freight, to decide, tohave a chance, light.

II. Find the definitions(1-6) for each of the words(a-f) below:a. railway 1. US system using trains to carry passengers and goods

b. railroad 2. end of a railway linec. railhead 3. B.E. system using trains to carry passengers and goodsd. bulk 4. large and awkwarde. station 5. large quantity of goods

f. bulky 6. place where trains stop for passengers

III. Write the plural of:a. match, box, city, hero, country, roof, life, bus, porter, carriage, class.

b. man, child, foot, Englishman, advice, information, bred, luggage, gas.c. passer-by, mother-in-law, dining-car.d. datum, formula, crisis, phenomenon.e. cloth, colour, damage, pain.

IV. Turn into the plural:

1. The hero of the story is not a very young man.2. The country has a very vast network of railways.3. The luggage was placed on the luggage rack.4. The train usually leaves on time.5. This passenger carriage is really comfortable.6. The book you want is on the shelf.7. I shall keep the key of the box.8. The passer-by stopped to see what was going on.9. The formula is correct.10. The fellow-worker has been highly appreciated.11. The bench needs fresh painting.12. They offered to help the old man carry his luggage.

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THE ADJECTIVECompany Formation

A person starting a new business must decide which type of organization isbest. To some extent the answer depends on the person, the type of business, themoney needed, and the kind of product or service to be provided. If you are goinginto the restaurant business, you may decide on a sole proprietorship or apartnership. Perhaps you want to become apartownerof a corporation by buyingshares in it. You may want to invest in a partnership by becoming a sleepingpartneror you may want to look intofranchise.

There are more sole proprietorships than any other types of business in theUnited States economic sistem, but it is the giant corporation, especially themultinational one, that has become to many a symbol of the private American

enterprise system.To money needed to start a business is called capital. If you do not have

enough capital you may borrow some from the bank in the form of a loanor anoverdraft. Before the bank will give a loan you must put up some security ( suchas your own house ) in case you cannot pay back the money. Security is alsocalled collateral.Capital which is borrowed is called loan capital.Capital obtainedfrom investors / investment is calledshare capitalor equity capital.

If the business owned by yourself ( a sole proprietor) runs into trouble, youare liable to pay all the debts to your creditors, even if you have to sell your

private possessions. A sole proprietor is personally liable to his / her creditors.

Sometimes two or more people own and run a business. This is called apartnership.People who invest money in a business are called investors orbackers. The backers in a partnership are all partners and owners. Usually all the

partners have personal unlimited liability for debts to creditors. A partner whoinvests money in a partnership but who does not run the business is called asleeping partner. Sometimes a sleeping partner can have limited liability ( her / hisliability is limited to the amount of money s/he invests).

A company or a corporation is a business that is legally regarded as aseparate entity, in other words as something that exists independently. Thatmeans that, as far as the law is concerned, the corporation has a separate existence

from the people who own it. It has a life of its own. As a consequence, owners in acorporation have limited liability. With limited liability, the owners areresponsible for the debts of the business only to the extent of the amount they haveinvested. Even if the business fails, the owners cannot be taken to pay thecorporations debts. Limited liability companies are economically very efficient.Although only about 6 percent of all business in the United States are corporationsthey earn about 79 percent of the countrys income.

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Investment in a limited company is in the form of shares. Everyone whobuys shares in the company is ashareholder. The liability of each share is limitedto the amount of ones investment. If you have shares in a company, you havestakeor holding in the company. If you hold 20 percent of the shares, you have a20 percent stakes. If a shareholder has more than 50 percent holding, that person is

a majority shareholder and has a majority or controlling interestin the company.A public limited company is normally the largest form of business unit in the

privare sector; its share are often quoted on the stock exchange. Most present daypublic companies were once private, having at one stagegone publicwith the helpof a bank. The big advantage of forming a public limited company is thatadvertisements may be placed in a financial newspapers inviting the public toapply for shares : a prospectus, as this advertisement is called, give details of thecompanys past trading record and estimates of future earnings, together withother information required by law.

One of the main reasons for small business failure is not managerial

incompetence, but inadequate financial planning. Therefore in order to ensure yoursuccess you have to learn something about the market you want to enter, the goodsand services already existing and you have to understand some basic business andaccounting principles. Most probably you will have to employ a skilled person tokeep the exact records of your business and possibly to give you some

professional advice as well. This means writing down credits and debits, andadding up columns of figures, which is what an accountant does. You will have toknow and understand the meaning of some basic accounting jargon such as cashreceipts, journal, check register, double entry, FIFO, trial balance. You need allthese, as well as financial statements, budgets, cash-flow projections, both to

measure the success of your company and to help you make decisions aboutallocating your resources for future projects.

Vocabulary

cash flow = flux de numerarcash receipts journal = jurnal de ncasri n numerarcheck register = registru de cecuridouble entry = partiddublFIFO ( first in, first out) = metod folositn inventarierea stocurilor care

presupune ccele mai vechi uniti ( primele intrate) sunt primele vndute( ieite)loan = mprumutoverdraft = descoperire n conttrial balance = balande verificarecollateral = garanie suplimentar

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equity capital = capitalul acionarilorgearing = structura de capital; rate de ndatorareliability = rspundere, datorie

backer = girantprospectus = prospect, versiune condensata situaiei de nregistrare a unei

companii care furnizeazinformaii asupra hrtiilor de valoare

Exercises1. Fill in the blanks in the following except :The money needed to start a business is called (a) . If you donot have enough ( b) . You may borrow some from the bank inthe form of a (c) or an (d) . . Before the bankwill give a loan you cannot pay back the money. This is also called (f) . Capital which is borrowed is called (g) .Capital obtained from investors / investments is called (h) or

.. . The (j) . between the loan capital and theequity capital determines whether a company has a (k) .. of a (l) . .

2. Complete the following sentences by using the correct form of thewords in brackets :

a. Its a . morning! We could go for a walk to the shop.(glory)

b. Why are you so . of everything your assistant does? (critic)c. I am waiting for a .. opportunity. (favour)

d. He is a very . person. (influence)e. Your assignment involved a lot of work, but try to show at least some.. (origin)

f. All in all she has a pleasant personality. If only she would be more !(predict)

g. Why does your office manager everything I do? (critic)h. Ill pay cash, but only if you can give me a . (receive)i. She is extremely rich. Her . is worth several million

pounds. (inherit)j. The job includes some .. duties as well. (manage)

3. Make sentences to point out the difference between the following words :a. borrow lend e. bookkeeper bookmaker

b. owe own f. found findc. lose loss loose g. ensure insure assured. advice advise h. effective - efficient

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The Adjective

Comparison

There are three degrees of comparison :Positive Comparative Superlativedark darker darkesttall taller tallestuseful more useful most usefulOne syllable adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding er

and estto the positive form :big bigger the biggestAdjectives ending in eadd rand st:brave braver the bravest

Adjectives of three or more syllables form their comparative andsuperlative by putting moreand mostbefore the positive :

beautiful more beautiful the most beautifulAdjectives of two syllables follow one or other of the above rules. Those

ending in fulor reusually take moreand most :doubtful more doubtful the most doubtfulobscure more obscure the most obscureThose ending in er, yor lyusually add er, est:clever cleverer the cleverestpretty prettier the prettiest

silly sillier the silliestIrregular comparison :bad worse the worstgood better the bestlittle less the leastmany/much more the mostfar farther the farthest(of distance only)

further the furthest(used more widely)old elder the eldest(of people only)

older the oldest(of people and things)

Constructions with comparisonsA. With the positive form of the adjective, we use as as in the

affirmative and not as / not so asin the negative :She was as white as snow.You are not as tall as your brother is.

B. With the comparative we use than:He makes fewer mistakes than you.

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C. Comparison of two or more people / things is expressed by thesuperlative with the in / of:This is the oldest theatre in London.We can express the same idea with neverand a comparative :

I have never drunk better beer.D. Parallel increase is expressed by the + comparative the +

comparative :The bigger this computer is, the better it will be.

E. Gradual increase or decrease is expressed by two comparatives joinedby and:It is getting colder and colder.

F. Like + noun and as + noun :He worked like a slave. (very hard)He worked as a slave. ( He was a slave.)

The+ adjective with a plural meaningA. blind, deaf, sick, dead, living, rich, poor, unemployed and certain

other adjectives describing the human character can be preceded by theand used to represent a class of persons. These expressions have a pluralmeaning; they take a plural verb :The rich consider themselves superior to the poor.

B. The+ adjective can occasionally have a singular meaning :the accused(person)

Manyand muchMany(adjective) is used before countable nouns.Much(adjective) is used before uncountable nouns.

He didnt make many mistakes.We havent much coffee.

They have the same comparative and superlative forms moreand most:more mistakes / coffee

most men / damage

Manyand muchcan be used with how :How many times?

How much?Muchwithout how is possible but the other forms are a little moreusual :

Did you have a lot of snow / much snow last year?

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The Adjective exercises

1. Find the antonyms for :interesting ill

light difficultcloudy clevertall young

2. Use big, large, greator tallto describe :a .. man a treea .. car a mistakea .. flat a buildinga .. country a frienda .. idea a composer

3. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives :nice, happy, difficult, big, beautiful, fat, good, careful, friendly .

4. What is the corresponding noun for :deep strongwise widelong wrong

5. Choose the right end(s) :

1. shymeans a. disposed to avoidanceb. short in paymentc. noisy

2. free means a. unoccupiedb. spacec. independent

3. courageous a. indifferentb. bravec. cordial

4. furious a. strangeb. full of furyc. very angry

5. strong a. powerfulb. restrictedc. vigorous

6. Find the missing forms :late, .. , the last

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old, older, ..good, , the best

bad, ..., the worstlittle, . , the least

7. Some of the adjectives in the list below are not synonyms with theadjectives dominant.Find them :

preponderent, principal, sovereign, humble, supreme, strong,thankful, paramount.

8. Translate into English :rece ca gheaaalbca zpadaiute ca fulgerultare ca fierul

dulce ca mierea

9. Form adjectives from the following words :honesty valuemechanics educationremark experiencestone peace

pity mancare dirtyread child

fault userain travel

10. Give the comparison degrees of the following adjectives :bluebeautifulfarcrazy

pleasantold

prettydifficult

bigilllate

11. Translate into English :

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a.Nu este tot att de drgu ca verioara ei, totui este la fel deinteligent.

b. Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att mai bine.c. Cu ct naintam, drumul devenea din ce n ce mai prost.d. Lacul era limpede ca cristalul.

e. Cea mai mare parte a celor prezeni au ovaionat ndelung.f. Se fcea din ce n ce mai ntuneric i de aceea a trebuit s nentoarcem acas.g. Era un biat guraliv, dar bun la suflet.h.mi pare teribil de ru cn-a fost bunnici una dintre soluii.i.Sunt foarte surprinscte mai gsesc ncaici.

j. Era suficient de detept ca snu observe nimeni cnu este.k. Viaa frel este o moarte prematur.l. Cea mai scumpbijuterie este inima de aur.

12. Replace the underlined words by their antonyms :a. The days are getting shorter and the nights longer.b. It is hot today.c. The sun rises in the east.d. It is very late.e. That exercise is difficult.f. He is young, tall and strong.g. She is always present.h. Ive got a new, thick dictionary.i. It is a sunny day.

j. My watch is slow.

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THE ADVERB

Hints of possible leisure time

RADIO and the miracle of the XX century, TELEVISION, are widelyspread in todays world. You can hardly find a corner where one cannot receiveradio or T.V. broadcasts. Hundreds of stations speaking in every language of theworld fill the air with electromagnetic waves. Radio and television areundoubtedly the most powerful and quickest means of spreading news andinformation. What changes, advantages or disadvantages have been brought intothe world by radio and television? Loudspeakers of private radios and T.V. setsgive additional noise to the rather noisy atmosphere of modern apartment houses.There are certain rules to control private electronic noise. A person may not puta rape recorder, a radio-set or a cassette on the window sill of his flat and play

loud music entertaining the public in the street.The wide spreading of portable radios, transistors, brought to life new

rules of etiquette and behaviour. You may not switch on your transistor in a tramor bus and make the passengers listen to what they most likely dont like. But, ifyou are a television viewer you can spend week-ends watching T.V. programmes.There are, of course, a range of programmes to be seen. News broadcasts are givenat regular intervals, there are both national and international panel discussions ofcurrent events; dramatic presentations operas, symphonies and ballets arescheduled at various times. Comedy and quiz shows are seen, home economics

programmes and serialized dramatic skits commonly known as Soap operas can

be watched.T.V. stations carry special programmes for children, folk music and telecastmajor sport events.It could be argued that the radio performs these services just aswell but on television everything is more lively and much more real. Many peoplesay that television in itself is neither good nor bad but its value to society isdetermined by uses to which it is put.

However, staying at home you can devote much of your leisure time tohobbies. Almost anything can be a hobby; to collect things such as : statuary,

paintings, coins or books or even match-book covers.Two weekends ago I went to an exhibition of computers and computer

software in the Fair Pavilion. One of the companies at the show ABB, have aparticularly range of computers, and computer games, which I found ratherimpressive. For one thing, these new games are rather expensive; and besides,some computer games are rather silly really.

But reading at home or on leaves is apparently at an all time high. FrancisBacon ( one of the greatest English philosophers) said in one of his essays :Reading serves for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Read not to contradictand confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but

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to weigh and consider. Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man; andwriting an exact man. And therefore, if a man writes little, he needs to have a greatmemory; if he confers little he needs to have a present wit.; and if he reads little heneeds to have much cunning to seem to know that he does not.

Vocabularypastime = distracie, amuzament coin = monedstation = post de radio-difuziune leave = concediuwave = und to confute = a combate n discuiemeans = mijloc to weigh = a cntriloudspeaker = difuzor, megafon to confer = a discutaadditional = suplimentar cunning = ireteniesill = pervaz tape recorder = magnetofonto entertain = a amuza, a distra panel discussion=masrotundrange = gam, sortiment quiz show=emisiune concurs

interval = pauz to broadcast=a transmite(radio)home economics=economie intern to telecast=a transmite(TV)to find talk and discourse=a gsi motiv de discuieto devote=a acordato be at an all time high=a fi apreciat n toate ocaziile

Exercises1. Give the adverbs from the following adjectives :regular, common, good, live, beautiful, happy, hard, near, early.2. Identify the adverbs in the text and specify every time the type of the adverb

used in the text.3. What would you say if you liked, or disliked, a play, a book, a film, painting, arecord or a concert? Make up two lists (+) positive and (-) negative and decidewhat is being discussed.

a. I think its to go to the top.b. I thought it was a bit repetitive actually.c. The last movement was particularly good.d. The first two chapters were rather boring.e. I didnt think that she was right for the part she was playing.f. The use of colour was too lavishly and sometimes really exciting.

g. It was rather a lively performance.h. The characters were very true to life.i. The landscapes were fantastic, I thought.

j. It was a terrible film, nowhere near as good as the first one.

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The Adverb

Kinds of adverbsManner :bravely, fast, happily, hard, quickly, wellPlace:down, here, near, thereTime :now, soon, still, today, yetFrequency:always, never, often, twiceDegree:fairly, hardly, too, veryInterrogative :when? where? why?Relative:when, where, why

Form and useThe formation of adverbs with ly

A. Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree are formed byadding lyto the corresponding adjectives :

final, finally slow, slowlySpelling notes(a) A final ychanges to i :happy, happily(b) A final eis retained before ly:extreme, extremely

Exceptions:true, trulywhole, wholly

(c) Adjectives ending in a consonant + ledrop the eand add y: gentle,gently ; simple, simply.

The adverb of goodis well.B. Adjectives ending in ly

Daily, weekly, monthly, kindly can be adjectives or adverbs. Butadjectives like friendly, likely, lonely cannot be used as adverbs andhave no adverb form : a lonely man, a friendly act.

C. Sometimes adverbs and adjectives have the same formUsed as adverbs Used as adjectivesCome backsoon. the back doorThe train wentfast. afast trainThey worked hard. The work is hard.

Turn righthere. the rightanswerD. Comparative and superlative adverb forms(a) With adverbs of two or more syllables we form the comparative and

superlative by putting moreand mostbefore the positive form :Positive Comparative Superlativequickly more quickly most quickly

fortunately more fortunately most fortunately

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(b) Single-syllable adverbs, however, and earlyadd er, est :hard harder hardest

early earlier earliest(c) Irregular comparisons :

well better bestbadly worse worst

little less least

much more most

far farther farthestfurther furthest

Much meaning a lotcan modify comparative or superlative adjectivesand adverbs :much better much more quickly

Mostplaced before an adjective or adverb can mean very.It is mainlyused here with adjectives / adverbs of two or more syllables :She behaved most generously.

Constructions with comparativesWhen the same verb is required in both clauses we normally use anauxiliary for the second verb.(a) With the positive form we use as aswith an affirmative verb, and

as/so as with a negative verb :He doesnt snore as loudly as you do.

(b) With the comparative form we use than:He eats more quickly than me.the+ comparative . the + comparative is also possible:

The earlier you start the sooner you will finish.(c) A superlative( without the) + of all is quite common :He likes swimming best of all.

Place of adverbs

A. Adverbs of manner(a) They come after the verb or after the object: well, fast, easily,

quickly.He speaks slowly.

They talked to him frankly

(b) Other adverbs of manner are placed before the verb : hardly, nearly,really, almost, simply, probably.

He really reads well.

He almostfell.

She hardly moved.

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B. (a) Adverbs of time and frequency : now, then, often, already,soon, still are placed after the simple tenses of to be, before thesimple tenses of all other verbs or after the auxiliary :He is still there.

They soon learned to operate the cassette.

He has alreadyseen this programme.(b)Adverbs of definite time : yesterday, today, late, tonight, earlyare usually placed at the very end of the clause :He never comes late.

Lets see the new film tomorrow.C. Adverbs of place : there, here, upstairs, somewhere are usually

placed after the verb or the object :They are not here.

You can meet them upstairs.

Order of adverbs when they occur in the same sentence

If there are more adverbs in the same sentence their order is : manner,place, time.

I talked to him frankly at the meeting last night. (I-am vorbit sincer

la edinseara trecut.)

Use of the following adverbsToo + adjective ( in affirmative sentences) :Some English speak too fastfor me to understand.

Not + adjective + enough ( in negative sentences) :Some English films arent easy enoughfor me.

Rather + adjective expresses a negative idea :Some English films are rather difficult.Quite, extremely, fairly, pretty + adjective express a positive idea :Some English songs are quite easyfor me to understand.

I find listening to songs pretty entertaining.

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The Adverb exercises

1. Give the adverbs from the following adjectives and then put the adverbsin the comparative and superlative degrees :

quick dry much sweet merryfast careful sudden ugly sleepy

slow near hard calm late

bad brave hopeful swift good

quiet difficult gay noisy lazy

2. Insert the adverbs in the right place :a. To his contemporaries, Defoe appeared as the greatest liar that

lived.(ever)b. If I did not express myself it was because I did not wish to hurt her

delicacy, or yours.(clearly)c. That world seemed to him something unknown.(strangely)d. I shouldnt mind you seeing him at my uncles.(occasionally)e. What did he hnow of her?(really)f. Had you any trouble in the office?

No, sir, you can make enquiry(ever)g. And he was the biggest dentuso that I have ever seen.(ever)

3. Fill in the blanks with one of the adverbs in brackets :a. We have not turned on the T.V. set ( late, lately).

b. It was ( late, lately) when we listened to the radio.c. She always works ( hard, hardly) .d. She could ( hard, hardly) watch the childrens programme.e. She turned the knob so ( short, shortly) that it failed.f. They will join us ( short, shortly).g. The T.V. programmes are ( high, highly) interesting.h. The bird was flying so ( high, highly) that we could ( hard, hardly)

watch it.

4. Write possitive (+) or negative (-) ideas using list A and B with rather,quite or extremely :

A. interesting, easy, tiring, boring, difficult, useful, frustrating, time-consuming, worying, motivating, challenging, helpful.

B. listening to tapes; writing compositions; learning vocabulary; readingnewspapers; understanding films; talking on the phone; taking exams;writing letters; pronounciation practice.

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THE PRONOUNThe Customs System

The importance attached to the customs policy is illustrated by theexistence of a Customs Code which together with the procedures and the

provisions of the Customs Regulations, with the Customs Tariffs for goodsexpress in full the rules of the customs system.

Customs clearance consists in the following operations: presentation of themeans of conveyance to customs units and production of the accompanyingdocuments; customs inspection of the means of conveyance and of themerchandise carried, the checking of customs declarations.

The Customs Tariffs are effectively applied when clearing the goodsthrough the customs; then customs duties are being charged in conformity with theGuide to the USE OF IMPORT CUSTOMS TARIFFS. The GUIDE enters thegoods under several columns: tariff heading and subheading, description of the

goods and the rate of duty.Customs bodies should ascertain whether the merchandise is in accordance

with the customs declaration and transport documents, with the export or importlicence as to quantity and kind.

Customs duties are charged on the customs value of the goods. If the goodsfall under customs restrictions they are liable to duties, if they dont exceed thefree-tax quota they are undutiable.

Natural persons may bring in the country personal effects which are, as arule, duty-free.

The Customs Regulations prohibit the introduction into the country of arms

and ammunitions, explosives, narcotics and toxic substances, radio transmittersand receivers, documents and printed matter under law interdiction.It is also prohibited to take out of the country securities, goods that belong

to the national cultural patrimony, precious metals, stones and objects madethereof. Customs Regulations stipulate what deeds are considered to be customscontraventions, the limits of the fines, the procedures of penalties application andthe remedies at law.

VOCABULARY

Customs = vam receiver = microfonPolicy = politic liable to duty = pasibil de taxe vamaleProvision = dispoziie, clauz personal effects = efecte personaleHeading = poziie tarifar securities = hrtii de valoareSubheading = subpoziie tarifar thereof = din aceastaTo ascertain = a verifica, a stabili fine = amendLicence = autorizaieTo exceed = a depi

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To prohibit = a interziceEXERCISES

1. Read and translate into Romanian, pay attention to the words andphrases in italics :

a. There is a custom all over the world to celebrate New Year.b. We cannot retain your custom any longer.c. Romanian Customs Code is very comprehensive.d. Personal effects are not customable.e. Custombarriers are not always favourable for trade development.f. It is very costly to have a custom-built car.g. When you stop at the Customs shed you have to fill in the Customs entry.h. Your suit is custom-tailored.

2. Fill in the gaps with the right pronoun :

whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, howevera. . took my money must give it back.

b. . he goes, he takes his wife.c. . Im in London, I go to the theatre.d. . hot it is, you must work.e. . is in the parcel it is very heavy.f. . often you write, she wont answer.g. . there are trees, theres water.h. . happens, I wont change my mind.i. . I cant sleep, I read a book.

j. . wrote this was very clever.k. . much it costs, Ill buy it.l. . he goes, he finds friends.

3. Choose the right pronoun by crossing out the wrong one :a. The customs officer came into the room and closed the door behind ( him /

himself ).b. When packing he was not careful and cut ( him / himself ).c. She dressed ( her / herself ) and left for the office.d. Behave ( you / yourself ).e. This is a secret between ( us / ourselves ).f. They look up at the stars above ( them / themselves ).g. He introduced ( me / myself ) to his friends.h. I bought ( me / myself ) a new cabin bag.

4. Say which is the difference in the meaning of the pairs of sentences;mind the reflexive pronouns :

a. He applied himself to the task.

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He applied for a job.b. She availed herself of the long journey she had made.Her effort did not avail her.c. He conducted himself well.He conducted the affair very well.

d. She departed herself from the mother with tears in her eyes.She departed from her world.

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The Pronoun

Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns

Personal pronouns

Form

Subject ObjectSingular : first person I me

second person you youthird person he/she/it him/her/it

Plural : first person we ussecond person you youthird person they them

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns

my mine

your yourshis/her/its his/hers/its

our ours

your yourstheir theirs

Possessive pronouns replacing possessive adjectives + nounsThis is our room. or This room is ours.This is their car. or This car is theirs.

Reflexive pronouns

Singular PluralI. myself ourselvesII. yourself yourselvesIII. himself

herself themselves

itselfThe reflexive pronouns are used as objects of a verb when the action of the

verb returns to the doer, when subject and object are the same person :

I cut myself.He shaves himself.

Reflexive pronounsused as emphasizing pronouns:The king himself gave her the medal.

They themselves must go there.

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Demonstrative pronouns and adjectivesDemonstrative pronouns Demonstrative adjectivesThis is a classroom. Thisclassroom is large.Thatis a door. That door is closed.

These are walls. These walls are white.Those are desks. Those desks are brown.

Interrogative pronouns and adjectivesFor persons : subject who(pronoun)

object whom, who(pronoun)possessive whose (pronoun and adjective)

For things : subject / object what(pronoun and adjective)For persons or things when the choice is restricted :

subject / object which(pronoun and adjective)

Who is he?Whose is that pencil?(pronoun)Whose pencil is this?(adjective)To whom must you give the book?(pronoun)Which of those students is your friend? (pronoun)Which girl is your daughter?(adjective)What is he?(pronoun)What actor is your favourite?(adjective)

The relative pronouns

Subject Object PossessiveFor persons who whom/who whosethat that

For things which which whose/of whichthat that

The student who is writing on the blackboard is my friend.

The young man whom you can see dictating is our teacher.

The boy whose book is open is Tom.

The young woman that is answering the questions is Ann.

The fountain-pen whose colour is blue is mine.

The fountain-pe the colour of which is blue is mine.

The exercise which is on page 13 is very difficult.

The classroom that you can see in this picture is very bright.

Indefinite pronouns and adjectivesAffirmative sentences Interrogative sentences Negative sentencessome=nite, ceva, unii any no=nici un, nici oany=orice, oricare some=ceva, nite any=nici un, nici o

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Other pronouns are formed with the help of some, any, no, every.

body one thing wheresome somebody someone something somewhere

any anybody anyone anything anywhereno nobody no one nothing nowhere

every eveybody everyone everything everywhere

Some and its compounds are used in :a. affirmative sentences :

There is some tea in the cup.

I need something to drink.b. interrogative sentences where the answer yes is expected :

Can you lend me some money?

Or in offers and requests :Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

Any is used:a. in interrogative sentences replaceing some:

Have you got any money?

Is anybody in the library?b. in negative sentences :

There isnt any tea in the cup.

There isnt anybody in the library.

c. in affirmative sentences ( the sense is oricine, oricare, orice, oriunde )Any student can do this exercise.You may have anything you want.

No is used in negative sentences when the verb is in the affirmative form :There is no tea in the cup.

Nobodycan translate this difficult exercise.

All / both / each + of and alternative constructionsAll (pronoun) can be followed by of + the / this / these / that / those /

possessives and proper nouns.All of them were broken.

All of Toms boys are very tall.Both(pronoun) + ofcan be used similarly but with plural forms only.Both of us are doctors.Each, like both, can be followed by of + these / those etc. (plural forms

only) :Each of the boys has won a game.( the verb is in the singular)We / you / they each is plural :

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We each have a map.

Another, other, others with one and someA. Another, other, others

Adjective PronounSingular another anotherPlural other others

Have you met his sisters? ~Ive met one. I didnt know he had

another. ~ Oh, he has two others / two other sisters.

B. One another / other(s), some other(s)

One student suggested a play, another / other students / others wanted a concert.

Some tourists went on the beach; others explored the town.

C. One another and each other

Tom and Ann looked at each other.Both one another and each other can be used of two or more, but each

other is frequently preferred when there are more than two.

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The Pronoun exercises

1. Choose the correct word for each sentence, using who, whom, whoever,whomever:

a.He is the man ............. was employed here.b.She is the woman .............. we employed last year.c.Of ............ were you speaking?d................. do you think will do the work best?e.He is the man ............. we think you mentioned.f.I will vote for .......... you suggest.g.............. shall I ask about this matter?h.Give the information to ........ requests it.i.Tonight we shall find out ......... won.

j. ............. runs this show?

k.We intend to notify .......... ranks highest on the list.l.There are the sign language interpreters ........ I feel, you

should acknowledge.m. ............... can we trust in a crisis?n.Ms. Cohen, .......... has a way with words, will be the

valedictorian.o.The person ....... produces the most work will receive a

bonus.

2. Choose the correct pronouns:

a.She / Her went to the store.b.It was she / her.c.We talked to he / him.d.It is I / me.e.Talk to they / them before making a decision.f.Can you go with we / us?g.Betsy and she / her have quit the team.h.They asked him / he and I / me to join the staff.i.That call was for I / me, not he / him.

j.You didn't tell we / us that they / them were here first.k.I / me wonder what he / him could have said to she / her.l. If you were I / me, would you accept the job?m.The confusion annoyed my friend and I / me.n.It was she / her who cast the deciding vote.o.In favour were Jan, Fay and I / me.

p.The reservation for he / him and Barbara was madeyesterday.

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q.Shirley is as likely to get a raise as he / him.3. Decide which are the reflexive pronouns in the text below and which are

the emphasizing pronouns :a. He lives by himself.

b. They did it themselves.

c. He cut himself while working.d. Has she seen him herself?e. I can do it myself!f. Behave yourself, George!g. I myself went there.h. She gave herself such airs!i. He bought himself a new suit.

j. They have a car of their own.

4. Give the antonyms to the following pronouns :

many everybodya few little

less this

neither somebody

5. Translate into English :a. Ploude trei zile.

b. Cine vine?c. E ora apte, trebuie sne grbim.d. Ceea ce mderanjeazla el este obrznicia.

e. Am mprumutat caietul pentru John, nu pentru tine.f. nvau unul de la altul.g. S-au suprat unul pe cellalt.h. S-au certat unul cu altul.i. Fugeau unul dupaltul.

j. i mprumutcri unul altuia.k. Se ajutunul pe altul.l. Cafeaua pe care am but-o azi-dimineaa fost excelent.m. Prietena surorii mele, pe care ai vzut-o acum muli ani, este

profesoaracum.n. Biatul pe care l caui a plecat la mare ieri.

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THE NUMERALSports

The word sports generally means any physical activity that people do forpleasure. There are two general types of sports. There are games like (1)

basketball, football or track and field, which are played by trained athletes, and (2)any kind of physical activity, such as swimming, hunting, fishing. The earliestknown record of a formal athletic event is that of the games held at Olympia,Greece, beginning in 776 B.C. Organized sport is a rather recent ( late nineteenth-century ) development, but informal sports seem to have had a place in the historyof the whole world.

Modern sports may be put into five groups: athletics, ball games, wargames, work games and transportation games.

Athletics includes all contests in which athletes match their skills in speed,jumping and strength. Sports belonging to this group are: all events of track and

field, wrestling, weight-lifting, swimming, diving, figure skating and speedskating. Europeans usually see the term athletics to mean track and field eventsonly; in the U.S.A. the word is used to mean almost any physical activity that isalso a sport.

Ball games: The term meansany game or contest in which some kind ofball is used. These ball games are: football, rugby, basketball, volleyball, bowling,tennis, golf, lacrosse and ice hockey.

War games: Among sports which originated in war like activities areboxing, fencing and the target sports such as archery and shooting.

Work games are not organized sports and they are not popular everywhere.

Rodeo, chopping and log contests are popular in certain places in North America.Hunting and fishing are still common sports, more popular sports in many parts ofthe world.

Transportation Sports: Among these are: auto-racing, horse-back riding,skiing, rowing, climbing and airplane racing.

VOCABULARYinformal = neoficial track and field = atletism uor

jumping = sritur weight-lifting = halterediving = sriturn ap figure skating = patinaj artistic

contest = ntrecere sportiv shooting = tirfencing = scrim chopping = tiere de lemne n pduretarget = int log = buteanarchery = tragere cu arcul rowing = canotaj

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EXERCISES1. Say it in English:

joc sportiv, not, vntoare, activitate fizic, atletism, ridicarea greutii, patinajartistic, tenis de mas, tenis de cmp, patinaj vitez, clrie, ski, canotaj, box,

scrim, tir.

2. Fill in the gaps with the words missing:everywhere, sports, still, with, fishing, to, pain, about, you.

a. Work games are not organized . and they are not popular.b. Hunting and . are common sports in many parts of the

world.c. Its wonderful to mix people who dont talk .. you about

their work.d. What dont you like .. it.

e. Judo also teaches . that is not so terrible.

3. Give an ordinal number for the following:2; 5; 83; 16; 116; 601; 28.

4. Say and write the following:127; 333; 203; 111; 222; 326; 592.

5. Translate into English:a. Am douzeci de ani, locuiesc n Bucureti pe strada Toamnei nr. 320.

b. Repetde douori ca sfii auzit.c. Am jucat cel de-al patrulea meci de fotbal.d. M-am nscut la 30 martie 1940.e. Se ntorceau acasdoi cte doi.f. Am cumprat douzeci de echipamente pentru gimnastic.g. Am vzut acest film de trei ori.h. La douzile i cumprdoukg de portocale.

- Ce faci smbt?- Nu tiu nc. De ce?- Joc tenis cu civa prieteni i mntrebam dacnu ai vrea sjoci i

tu.- Pi, nu tiu. Am nevoie de ort pentru tenis i probabil pantofi pentru

tenis.- Nu. Nicidecum. Un trening e suficient. ( tracksuit)- Dar de fapt ce vrei sfacei? Nu vreau sjoc n competiie.- Nici vorb, nu e nimic serios. Dupaceea o slum masa n ora.

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The Numeral

1. The Cardinal NumbersCardinal Numbers are used to refer to an exact number of things:0 zero

1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 40 forty3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50 fifty4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60 sixty5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five 70 seventy6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80 eighty7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90 ninety8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100 one hundred9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1000 one thousand10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty 1oooooo a million

400 four hundred140 a / one hundred and forty1oo6 a / one thousand and six5000 five thousand260127 two hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven

The words hundred, thousand, million and dozen, when used of a definitenumber, are never made plural:

six hundred men two dozen eggsIf however, these words are used to convey the idea of a large number, they must

be made plural:

hundreds of people thousands of years

Common ways of calculatinga. addition2 + 3=5 Two and three is / are five.

Two plus three equals five.b. substraction9 - 3=6 Three from nine is six.

Nine minus three is six.c. multiplication

7 x 8=56 Seven times eight is fifty-six.Seven multiplied by eight equals fifty-six.d. division8 : 4=2 Eight divided by four is two.

Eight divided by four equals two.

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Telling the time1.00 Its one oclock.1.15 Its a quarter past one.2.30 Its half past two.3.05 Its five past three.

5.20 Its twenty past five.6.55 Its five to seven.8.35 Its twenty-five to nine.19.30 Its half past seven p.m.

2. The Ordinal Numbersfirst eleventh twenty-first thirty-firstsecond twelfth twenty-second fortieththird thirteenth twenty-third fiftiethfourth fourteenth twenty-fourth sixtieth

fifth fifteenth twenty-fifth seventiethsixth sixteenth twenty-sixth eightiethseventh seventeenth twenty-seventh ninetietheighth eighteenth twenty-eighth hundreadthninth nineteenth twenty-ninth thousandthtenth twentieth thirtieth millionthWhen ordinal numbers are expressed in figures the last two letters of the writtenword must be added:

first = 1st

second = 2nd

third = 3rd

fourth = 4

th

eightieth = 80th

DatesThe days of the week The months of the year

Sunday January JulyMonday February AugustTuesday March SeptemberWednesday April October

Thursday May NovemberFriday June DecemberSaturdayDays and months are always written with capital letters.Dates are expressed by ordinal numbers, so when speaking we say:

March the tenth

July the fourteenth

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The year

1987 nineteen hundred and eighty-sevenor nineteen eighty-seven

The Multiplicative Adverbial NumeralThis numeral shows the proportion in which a quantity is increased:

double / twofold

threefold

fourfold

tenfold

hundredfold

There has been a tenfold increase in output.

The Distributive Adverbial NumeralIt shows the distribution or grouping of objects:

one by one

two by two / by twos / in twosten by ten / by tens / in tens

She sells eggs in dozens.

The Adverbial NumeralIt shows how many times an action is performed: once, twice, three times, tentimes.

We sang that song twice.

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The Numeral exercises

1. What time is it?3:00; 4:00; 15:15; 10:05; 19:10; 9:45; 22:20; 2:25; 23:35; 5:55; 6:15; 8:50.

2. Read these years:1946; 1969; 1978; 1585; 1900; 1642; 1715; 1616.

3. Supply the corresponding ordinal numbers:1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 8; 10; 13; 15; 20; 21; 32; 43; 54; 65; 79; 81; 100; 122; 313; 1000.

4. Fill in the blanks of the following dialogue with the dates given in brackets.Write these dates in letters:

- As you know, our summer holidays start on ( 15 ) June.- Im going to my grandparents on ( 2 ) July for three days. So I cant

go to the mountains on ( 2 ), ( 3 ) and ( 4 ).- Oh, but my mothers birthday is on .. ( 6 ). I want to be at home for

that.- And I must be here on .. ( 8 ) and .. ( 9 ) July. My cousins are

coming to visit me.- The weekend after that is my sisters wedding. Thats .. (17 ) and

. ( 18 ) July so I cant go till .. ( 19 ) July.- My parents are taking me on a trip to London between ( 20 ) and

( 24 ) July. Ill be back home on .. ( 25 ) July.- This means well be able to go to the mountains after ( 26 ) July.

5. Translate into English:de cinci ori al optuleade douori din doun douzileunul cte unul cu zecileo treime triplual cinzeci i cincilea de trei ori pe zicu duzina dousutedublu doi cte doi

6. Write with letters the following numerals:5; 15; 50; 105; 400; 1405; 329; 514; 3450; 842; the 5 th; the 9th; the 8th; the 12th; the20th.

7. Translate in Romanian the following sayings:a. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.

b. Four eyes see better than two.c. Measure thrice and cut once.

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d. First think, then speak.e. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.f. A word is enough for the wise.g. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.h. Two heads are better than none.

i. One swallow does not make a summer.j. One good turn deserves another.k. Second thoughts are best.l. A switch in time saves nine.

8. Translate into English:a. Se ducea la mare o datpe an.

b. Autobuzele pornesc la fiecare cinci minute.c. Au lecii de englezde douori pe sptmn.d. Mergem la cinematograf de mai multe ori pe lun.

e. Cel de-al aptelea elev din rndul doi este premiantul clasei.f. 14 mprit la 2 face 7.g. n fiecare diminealua autobuzul 32.h. Copiii au intrat n coaldoi cte doi.i. Am citit sute de pagini n ultimele sptmni.

j. Cred cacum maina are mai mult de 100 km/or.k. Biletul tu de clasa a doua este pentru data de 22 iunie.l. Nouori doi fac optsprezece.

Engleza Apl Mpatru

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