Curs de Limba Turca

8/13/2019 Curs de Limba Turca

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Smart WayToLearn

Turkish...

Mustafa nal Uar


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I N D E X

Presentation & Index 02 05

PART I How to read TurkishChapter 1. pronunciation of the letters 06 11Chapter 2. Syllables 12 21

R e v i e w 1 22Purpose ofthecolours 23

PART II How to speak TurkishChapter 3. Nouns 24 26

Chapter 4. Noun compounds 27 30EXERCISES I 31

Chapter 5. Possessor pronouns 32 34Chapter 6. Special letters 35 38

R e v i e w II 39 40PART III Noun sentences

Chapter 7. Demonstrative pronouns 41 45EXERCISES II 46

Chapter 8. Personal pronouns 48 51R e v i e w III 52

EXERCISES III 53Chapter 9. Structures of the sentence 55 59Chapter 10. Questions and answers 60 65

R e v i e w IV 66 67Chapter 11. Nouns in the sentence 68 73Chapter 12. Existence 74 77

R e v i e w V 78 79EXERCISES IV 80PART IV ACTION SENTENCES

Chapter 13. Order & Request sentences 84 86Chapter 14. Present continuous tense 87 89Chapter 15. Pronounces are in the sentence 100 102

R e v i e w VI 103 106EXERCISES V 107

Chapter 16 Future tense 108 117


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R e v i e w VII 118 120EXERCISES VI 121

Chapter 17. Simple past tense 122 130R e v i e w VIII 131EXERCISES VII 132

Chapter 18. Simple present tense 133 143EXERCISES VIII 144R e v i e w IX 145 157

Chapter 19. Ownership 158 161EXERCISES IX 162

Chapter 20. Wh. Questions 163 174Chapter 21. Time expressions 175 179

Chapter 22. What time is it? 179 180Chapter 23. Adjectives 182 188Chapter 24. Noun sentences in future & past form188 190

R e v i e w X 191 193Chapter 25. Future continuous tense 194 195Chapter 26. Past continuous tense 196Chapter 27. Conjuctions 197 200Chapter 28. May & Can 201 205

Chapter 29. Could 206 207Chapter 30. Must 208Chapter 31. Have / has to 209 210Chapter 32. Verbal nouns 211 213Chapter 33. Would 214 215Chapter 34. Prefer 216 217Chapter 35. Sentence tag 218Chapter 36. Occupation & profession 219 221

Chapter 37. By & with 222 223Chapter 38. With & without 224 225

R e v i e w XI 226ANSWERS I IX 227 243Trkiyeden gzel manzaralar 244

**********************************


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********UNIT 1

********

Dear learner,

The most important part of Turkish language is suffixes.

Suffixes are the syllables that can change the meaning of thewords.

All these suffixes join to the word and produce new wordsaccording to firm rules that we called golden rules.

I have used different colours for every group of suffixes. Thecolours have been used same way through out the book. I hope thiswill enable you to grasp the golden rule and learn the languageeasier.

I gave you the list of the colours at the begining of Part IIthat explains which addings are they representing? Whenever youhave doubt about, use of any colour (or suffix) please check yourlist and find the right answer.

I hope, You will enjoy studying this book and have a greatsuccess.

Mustafa nal Uar.

Please feel free to send your comments or mail order on;[email protected] [email protected]


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PART I HOW TO READ TURKISH=*=*=*=*=* =======================

Turkish language is read as it is written, that lets us to study itin two parts.First of all, we must learn the pronunciation of the letters and

words properly. This will help us to speak proper Turkish andallow us to put all our attention to the golden rules in the 2nd part.

**Chapter 1 : **Pronunciation of the letters :*=*=*=*=*=*=*= =======================

ALPHABET............................................ALFABE.

LETTERS.....HARFLER

The vowels can be read as they are ; but the consonants haveto take a vowel which makes them to read possible ;

A Be Ce e De E

Fe Ge e He I

Je Ke Le Me Ne O

Pe Re Se e Te

U Ve Ye Ze.

*******************************

If you read the below words loudly which have speciallychosen;

Your ear will pick up some common sounds in them. We will

highlight these common sounds of the wordscoloured. That willbe the pronunciation of the above letter


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A Be Ce e

art belt gemini churchaunt bend jam chainarrow best january cherishanklet bet gel changealmond bent gentle chequearm bench genuine chat

De E Fe Ge

damp egg faze get

dental elevator fail gamedate elephant fake gazedespite eight faith gatedevil engine fair gaildeck envelope fame gerund

e He I

*soft g happy aboard inkhell alive indexhand adore impossibleHelen afford idiotham avoid elevenHenry attractive inivation

Je Ke Le Me

*** kent lemon messcave leopard Marycamel legend meltcarrot left maycage lenth matecarry level melon


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Ne O Pe

nephew on urge paintneck orange bird petnest own surf paynext olive turf pennarrow open hurt pachnectar organ third pale

Re Se e Te

rent safe shave tent

rail sample shame templerelative seldom shake terribleremedy cent shape testrest seven shade Texasrecord sell share Teneriffe

U Ve Ye

could huge van yetwould mule value yeppull due vet yellowpush cure very yeshut fume vain yellput fuel vent yet

Ze

zap.zenith

************************


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**Turkish alfabe contains 8vowels and 21 consonants in total --29letters.

**The vowels can be read as they are ;

a - e - i o - u -

**The consonants take a vowel when they want to be read as aletter ;

be ce de fe ge he le me ....etc.

*If you study each consonant with eight vowels as shown in belowlist; that will help to pronounce entire Turkish words properly.

Example:

Ba be b bi bo b bu bend the other way............

Ab eb b ib ob b ub b.

--------------------------------------Ca ce c ci co c cu c

Ac ec c ic oc c uc c---------------------------------------

a e i o u

A e i o u

---------------------------------------Da de d di do d du d

Ad ed d id od d ud d----------------------------------------

Fa fe f fi fo f fu f

Af ef f if of f uf f

------------------------------------


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Ga ge g gi go g gu g

Ag eg g ig og g ug g-----------------****--------------------

a e i o u pronunciation of this letter will be explain

A e i o u ----------------****---------------------

Ha he h hi ho h hu h

Ah eh h ih oh h uh h

-------------------------------------Ja je j ji jo j ju j

sounds like as in de**ja**vAj ej j ij oj j uj j

-------------------------------------Ka ke k ki ko k ku k

Ak ek k ik ok k uk k

-------------------------------------La le l li lo l lu l

Al el l il ol l ul l-------------------------------------

Ma me m mi mo m mu m

*m em m im om m um m

-------------------------------------Na ne n ni no n nu n

An en n in on n un n------------------------------------

Pa pe p pi po p pu p

Ap ep p ip op p up p

------------------------------------


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Ra re r ri ro r ru r

Ar er r ir or r ur r-----------------------------------

Sa se s si so s su s

As es s is os s us s-----------------------------------

a e i o u

A e i o u -----------------------------------

Ta te t ti to t tu t

At et t it ot t ut t-----------------------------------

Va ve v vi vo v vu v

av ev v iv ov v uv v------------------------------------

Ya ye y yi yo y yu y

ay ey y iy oy y uy y------------------------------------

Za ze z zi zo z zu z

Az ez z iz oz z uz z

------------------------------****Sound of soft gwill explain in next chapter.****As you have noticed the vowels are giving sound to theconsonants.

If you study and learn these consonants in all possible forms ;You can pronounce any word you like.

******************

****************************************************


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**Chapter 2 : **SYLLABLES*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ================

Turkish language is based on syllabic meter.========================================Syllable is the letter group which can be read in one go.*********************************************Syllables produce the words. A syllable can be a meaningful

word as its own, as well as being part of a word.

**Examples :

*Sometimes two letters can make a syllable as a meaningfulword, as well as being part of a word;

A Ad Af A Ah Ak

Al An Ar As A At

Av Ay Az Ek El Em

En Es E Et Ev Ey

Ez l n p s

t z Of Oh Ok

Ol On Ot Ov Oy

d f l n p r

t v z U Un Ur

Ut n s t z

Bu Su u Ne Ve Ye .etc.

*************************************


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*Sometimes three letters can make a syllable as a meaningfulword, as well as being part of a word;

Alt Ant Ast Art Ak stBa Bak Bal Bar Bas Ba

Bay Bej Bel Ben Be BeyBez Bil Bin Bir Bit Biz

Bol Bo Boz Bl Bn BulBut Buz Bk Cam Can Caz

Cep Cet ak al am anap ar ay k ek il

ip it iz l p DaDal Dam Dar Dik Dil Din

Dip Diz Don Dul Dur DuDut Duy Fal Far Fas Fay

Faz Fer Fes Fil Fin FiGar Gaz Ge Gel Gen Ger

Gez G Gk Gl Gm GrGz Gl Gn Gr Gz Hac

Hak Hal Ham Han Hap Has

Hat Haz Hem Her Hep Hi

Ka Kal Kan Kar Kas KaKat Kay Kaz Kek Kel Kem

Kep Kes Ke Kl Kr KKz Kil Kim Kin Kip Kir

Kis Kol Kor Ko Kot Kov


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Koy Koz Kk Kr Ky KzKul Kum Kur Kl Kp KrKs Laf Laz Ma Mal Mat

Mil Mir Mop Mor Mum MuMuz Nal Nam Nar Naz Nem

Net Ney Nur Org rf PakPas Pay Pek Pes Pil Pim

Pis Pop Poz Pus Put RabRay Ren Rol Sac Sa Saf

San Sap Say Saz Se SekSel Sen Ses Set Sev Sk

Sr Sil Sim Sis Siz SolSon Sor Sos Soy Sk Sz

Su Sur Ss St Sal Sam

San Sap Sen Ser Sk Sis

Ta Tad Tam Tan Tar TasTas Tat Tav Tay Ust Var

Ver Vur Yar Yas Yas YatYaz Yel Yem Yen Yer Yok

Yol Yoz Yn Yz Zam ZanZar Zat Zil Zor.etc.

********************************************


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**Sometimes four letters can make a syllable as a meaningfulword, as well as being part of a word;

Bant Berk Bent BorBur Burs Bst Cant

Celp Cenk Clk CiltCins ark ift Darp

Denk Dert Din DostDrt Fark Fert Film

Garp Gen Halk HaltHar Harp Hn Hint

Hur Kalk Kamp KalpKart Kask Kent Kk

Kulp Kurs Kurt KrkKrt Lin Lks Malt

Mart Mask Mert MestMek Morg Mlk Park

Para Pist Raks RantRast Renk Rest Sarp

Semt Sert Srf Srt

Sirk Srf ans ark

art evk ort TankTerk Ters Test Tost

Tun Turp Trk ZamkZevk......etc.

*****************************


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*Sometimes even a letter can make syllable ;

Aba Ac A AdaAga Aha Ala AmaAna An Ara Ar

Asa Ata Ay AzaEbe Efe ki ri

yi Oba Oto lUlu ye ...etc.

Akl Ant Ara ArapArk Ayp Azur Ecel

Eder Eer Ehil EkimEkin Ekip Elek Elem

Emek Emir Enik ErikEser Esir Eek Etek

Ilk Ik Itr kizlik sim Ocak OdunOfis Okul Oluk OlurOmuz Onur Orak Otuz

Oyun dl kz lmmr zr Ucuz Uuk

Ulus Umut Uak UyumUzak Uzun rn zm ..etc.

***************************************************We have learned two, three and four letters syllables which

were meaningful words.Every syllable has a vowel. If the word contains more than

one syllable, generally it takes similar sound vowels, that makes

the sound of speaking in harmonious.


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Lets devide the vowels in two groups according to their sounds :

Thick vowels : a o u.

Thin vowels : e i

***In below examples, the colours distinguish the differentsyllables in a word.***First read them as a syllable then read it as a word. This willhelp you to understand and learn syllabic meters.

**Examples for the thick vowel :

Adaylar Afacan Akasya AlacaklAnamal Ananas Anamurlu AnaparaAnkara Antalya Armut AsumanAlar Atakan Avrasya Avukat

Ayba Aznlk Babacan BacacBacanak Badanac Bakkal Bakclar

Balay Balk Balang BavulcuBayku Bolluk Borsac Bulut

Bunalm Bursal Canan Candanadr akal aklta alkuuaraf aramba ark ayrnar ocuklar olak orap

uvaldz Dalaman Dalg DalkavukDavulcu Dazlak Dokunakl DolamDolunay Dondurma Dopdolu DumlupnarDurum Duruma Duygulu Duygusuz

Falaka Falc Falata FaslFatura Frldak Frnc FukaraFular Halc Hamamc Hanm

Hasrc Hatralar Hayat Hnzr


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Hyar Horasan Horoz HortumHububat Hukuku Hukuksal HuzurluKabak Kaak Kadavra Kadnlar

Kalamar Karakol Karaman KasabaKasap Klk Kl KrlangKvrck Kzlck Konuk KonutKoyuncu Kutular Makara Makas

Manav Marangoz Marul MasalMasura Mazbata Msrc MuambaPalamut Paral Parasz Parola

Pasakl Patron Pnar Prasa

Portakal Salata Samanlk SaraySatlk Savunma Sazc SradanSrmal Sznt Solunum SorgulamaSoygun Suba Sulular Susuzluk

Sulama Sultan Sundurma Suzan

Tabaka Tarak Tarhana TarmTarla Tasarm Tavan TavukTavuzkuu Tlsm Trmk Trnak

Tornac Tulum Tulumbac TurucuTutsak Tuzluk Ufack UlamUlusal Umutlu Unutkan VapurZodyak Zorluklar.................etc.

*****************************If you use a vowel from different sound of group in a word,you will notice that will be difficult to read it as well as spoilingthe sound harmony.

Right wrongExamples ; Pasakl pasekl

Susuzluk Susizluk

Ulam Ulem.etc.


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**Examples for thin vowels :

Bebek Becerikli Beden BekiBelde Bereket Besici BezelyeBierdver Bilet Bilim Birikim

Bitiik Cehennem Ceket CemiyetCennet Cereme Ceset Cevizelik eki eit evik

eyiz ilek Defter DemetDemir Denetim Derin Dilek

Dilim Dirili Dnm Dzenli

Dzensiz Dzlk Edremit ElekEmek Eitim Eitmen EtekEziyet Geliim Genetik Gerilim

Gezinti Giyecek Gmlek GzetimGzlk ecek erik letiim

plik leri yilik zleyici

Kerevit Kereviz Keser KesecilerKilim Kilit Kimlik KiremitKiilik Kiisel Ktlk Ktrm

Kk Kllk Kltrel MedeniyetMercimek Mertebe Mesele Meziyet

Millet Mimber Minder Mcevher

Mdr Mhendis Mhr Mlkiyetrenci retmen lmcl ndernlk zgrlk rmcek zgrlk

Pekmez Peksimet Pelerin PembePencere Perde Peynir Tebeir

Teneke Tencere Terlik Tertipli


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Tekstilci Temizlikciler Tketim nclke niter retim stnlktc yelik Vekil Veresiye

Verimli Vergiler Vezir YedekYemeni Yenilik Yiyecek YnetimYkseli Zeytin Zengin ZihinlerZincirler Ziynet.===============================================

****While you are readingsoft g extend the vowel before softglittle bit longer :

Alamak - aalamak Balamak - baalamakBeendik - beeendik Deer - deeer

Deil - deeil Deirmen - deeirmenretmen - retmen Elence - eelence

Eri - eeri Malup - maalup

Salam - saalam Souk - soouk

===============================================*****************************

These words are not in sound harmony because ; They areeither noun compounds ( two nouns used together) or not Turkishorigin.

*** Exceptional words ; IThey might have been adopted from another language as

French, English, Arabic, Persian..etc.

Examples..rnekler

Acayip Antika Asimilasyon atmosferBiblo Bro Brokrat Cesur

Cevaplar Ceza Destur Detaylar


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Divan Dizayn Eflatun EforEskimo Entari Ekiyalar EyaEtamin Fabrika Fakir FanatikFerhat Federal Ferhat FerhundeFilo Finans Garanti Garip

Haber Harbiyeli Hayalet HilafetHurafe hanet lahiyat KafeteryaKalem Klasik Kefalet LaiklikLanet Limon Liyakat MelonMnafk Performans Periyot Pratik

Pilot Piyano Selamet SigaraSilikon Sinema Siyaset TercmanTicaret Trafik Urans UltimatomVantilatr Vibratr Zebra Zrafa

****************************************Exceptional words ; II

*!*!*! These words are Turkish origin but noun compounds ( usingtwo different nouns together as a word )

Atatrk Ata Trk bilgisayar bilgi sayargnaydn gn aydn karagn kara gn

======================

*!*!*! If these foreign origin words take any suffix ; We must

apply our rule as we have learned earlier ;according to last vowel of the word

Entari Entariler EntarimizCevap Cevaplar Cevapsz

=======================***In further chapters we will give more explanations andexamples about the vowel harmony.

*******************************


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REVIEW 1=*=*=*=*=******In chapters one and two, we have learned that we can read

the vowels as they are.Turkish Language has to be read as its written. Consonantsare soundless letters thats why they have to take a vowel. Thevowel can take place either before or after consonant.

Weve showed on our list every way possible that anyconsonant might be used in entire language.

We have learned that Turkish Languge based on syllabicmeter.

Syllables may contain two, three or four letters, and everysyllables have to have a vowel.

*****If you study these chapters patiently and learn thepronunciations properlyonce for all;*****You can speak the language properly and in part two;

You can put all your attention to learn other rules!

If you can read below article without stuttering and your earssatisfied with the result!! Further lessons will be easier, and yoursuccess rate will be higher End of Part one ***

Trkiye, Trkler ve Trke..Dnya haritasna baknz ltfen, Trkiyenin Avrupa ktas ve

Asya ktas arasnda doal bir kpr olduunu fark eder ve ktalarbirletirdiine ahit olursunuz.

ok ilgintir, Trkler modern yaam tarzlar ve Avrupalgrnmlerine ramen, skca bal olduklar aile yaps ve kltrile tamamen Asyaldr. Bu yaps ile dou ile batnn insanlararasnda uzlatrc bir denge oluverir.

Trke ise lahi Emirlerin ve huzur reetesi slam Dinininlisan Arapa ile Latin alfabesi arasndaki korkun farkll adetayok edip yatay bir geile anlalr klar birbirine ok uzak olandilleri birletirir.

Mustafa nal Uar.


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*******UNIT 2

*******PURPOSE OF THE COLOURS

*****BLACK : All English explanations are written in black. &Tense suffixes : As present continuous iyoryoruyoryor,

as simple present rirrurrarer,as simple past tense diddudtittut,as future tense ecek acak etc.

*****BLUE : All Turkish explanations are written in blue.*****GRAY : Plural suffixes ler lar are written in gray.*****PLUM : Noun cases are highlighted by this colour.&

inclination: e a emphasize : i uin / at / on : deda from : dendan.

*****RED : Titles head lines important explanations &infinitive suffixes mek maknumeral adj. 5er 9ar 10larca 100lercegrades of adj. kadar ... -daha ... -ki en

*****GREEN : Welding letters are highlighted by this colour,y n s .

*****ORANGE: Variable letters are highlighted by this colour.p b c k t d &conjuctions : ken.

*TURQUOISE : Personal suffixes are written in turquoise ;m m im um m

n sn sin sun sndr dir dur dr tr tir tur trz iz uz z knz niz nuz nzsnz siniz sunuz snzler lar

*****PINK : Question suffixes : m mi mu m &Negative suffixes : me ma

******************


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PART II HOW TO SPEAK TURKISH=*=*=*=*=* =======================

**Chapter 3 : NOUNS........SMLER*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ------------------------------

Nouns are the names of the objects, subjects, and places. Oncemore we will distinguish the syllables by using different colours.

Word : Kelime Fridge : BuzdolabBook : Kitap Cooker : Ocak

Notebook : Defter Oven : FrnPencil : Kalem Bed : YatakLetter : Mektup Quilt : YorganNewspaper : Gazete Blanket : BattaniyeMagazine : Dergi Settee : KanepeSchool : Okul Tray : TepsiHouse : Ev Plate : TabakGarden : Bahe Fork : atal

Room : Oda Spoon : KakShower : Du Knife : BakKitchen : Mutfak Saucepan : TencereTable : Masa Frying pan : TavaChair : Sandalye Glass : BardakCarpet : Hal Cup : FincanCurtain : Perde Iron : tWindow : Pencere Television : Televizyon

Door : Kap Telephone : TelefonWall : Duvar Mirror : AynaPicture : Resim Towel : HavluWardrobe : Gardrop Brush : FraShampoo : ampuan Key : AnahtarSoap : Sabun Lock : Kilit


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*****To define a single noun, we use in English :

= If the noun starts with a consonant A abook apen a table a chair......etc.

= If the noun starts with a vowel An an oven an orange an apple anegg.......etc.

*****To define a single noun in Turkish we put a an ; Bir before the noun. ------------ ------

Examples :-------------- a / an

-----------Notebook Defter bir defterLetter Mektup bir mektupCarpet Hal bir halWindow Pencere bir pencereOven Frn bir frnSpoon Kak bir kakHouse Ev bir ev

School Okul bir okulGarden Bahe bir bahePicture Resim bir resimCurtain Perde bir perdeWall Duvar bir duvarCup Fincan bir fincan

******To be able to make plural noun in English, according to the

end of noun ; we add : s - es - ies or, we changeit completely.------------------

Books schools carpets pictures cups........Boxes matches brushes potatoesFlies ladies candies.

***Sometimes the noun changes completely :Child : children mouse : mice man : men.......etc.


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******To be able to make plural noun in TurkishAccording to the last vowel of the noun we add :

If the last vowel of the noun is thick vowel.........lar.If the last vowel of the noun is thin vowel...........ler.

Example :----------- Single Plural

Room oda odalarPlate tabak tabaklar.Chair sandalye sandalyelerBlanket battaniye battaniyeler ........etc.

******In English, if the noun is more than one, even if it isnumbered the noun has to be plural as ;

Two books four boxes five ladies ten children ......etc.

******In Turkish, if the noun is numbered ; it doesnt have to beplural.

Room / 2 rooms oda / iki oda ( not! odalar)Plate / 5 plates tabak / be tabak ( not! tabaklar)

Let see the nouns in single, plural and numbered form in a list:

Noun single plural numberedBook kitap bir kitap kitaplar iki kitapBed yatak bir yatak yataklar alt yatak

Towel havlu bir havlu havlular dokuz havluArmchair koltuk bir koltuk koltuklar koltukSchool okul bir okul okullar okulHouse ev bir ev evler yedi evMagazine dergi bir dergi dergiler sekiz dergiPen kalem bir kalem kalemler iki kalemGarden bahe bir bahe baheler be bahe

****************************************************


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**Chapter 4 : NOUN COMPOUNDS*=*=*=*=*=*=*= --------------------------------

*****When we use two nouns together; one belong to another, wecall it noun compounds.Proper noun compound:

Whatever is belong to a proper noun, we express it as in this form:

Alis father------- ------- Dawns house Jacks carGenitive Qualified

case by

Genitive case : This element shows the owner. We use this inEnglish by adding a seperated s to the proper noun.

Jacks Dawns Hasans Atatrks .......etc.

s : n ( in /un / n )

We will do it in Turkish :

If the noun ends with a consonant suffix will be :n / in / un / n

If the noun ends with a vowel suffix will be :nn / nin / nun / nn

**********************************************************Reminder!!!

N is a welding letter.In Turkish Language, generally we do not use two vowels

consecutively. If the word ends with a vowel and takes suffixwhich is starting with a vowel, we put a welding letterbetween thetwo vowels. Weve three welding letters. Well learn them in theend of chapter 5.

******************************************************


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Examples :Ahmets Ahmetin Alis AlininHasans Hasann Mustafas MustafannOrhuns Orhunun Burcus BurcununAtatrks Atatrkn Hsns Hsnnn

As youve noticed vowels of suffixes are changed according to thelast vowel of the noun. Well give plenty examples about thevowel harmony ;

if the last vowel of the noun is suffix will be if the last vowel of the noun is suffixwill e / i in a /

n / n o / u

un========================

Qualifed by : This element shows the belonging. It doesnt takeany adding in English. But, it takes in Turkish.

If the noun ends with a consonant the suffix will be ; i u

If the noun ends with a vowel the suffix will be ; s si sus

s is a welding letter.

Pen Kalemi Cat KedisiOrange Portakal Table Masas

Doctor Doktoru Overcoat PaltosuManager Mdr Iron ts

We have learned both elements now, Lets use them together :

Ahmets pen Ahmetin kalemiHasans orange Hasann portakalOrhuns manager Orhunun mdr

Atatrks doctor Atatrkn doktoru


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Alis cat Alinin kedisiMustafas table Mustafann masasBurcus iron Burcunun tsHsns overcoat Hsnnn paltosu

----------------------------***Reminder****Mentioned earlier, Turkish language is read as its written. Ifthepronounis an English name, we should chose the suffixaccording to the sound of reading.

************************Common noun compound :

Name of the book Colour of the house Rules of the game

***Just immagine the above examples as :

Books name Houses colour Games rules

In Turkish Language, common noun compound rules apply asproper noun rules. The only difference is, we do not seperate the

suffix as s .

***The English side of below examples are written grammaticallywrong. We used them just to explain the Turkish side of it easier.

Studentspen rencinin kalemiSchools garden Okulun bahesi

Gardens gate Bahenin kaps

Homes window Evin penceresiPolicemans horse Polisin atCats mother Kedinin annesi

****The only difference isbetween proper and common nounsseperatingthe suffix with an apostrophe.

Ahmets wife.....................Ahmetin karsCar of the year...................Yln arabas

Worlds climate................ Dnyann iklimi


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More examples to the proper noun compounds ;

Bahattinswife BahattinineiYksels husband YkselineiTlaysdaughter TlaynkzHayriyesdaughter HayriyeninkzBurcusmother BurcununannesiCneytsfather Cneytinbabas

If the name is foreign, Then our suffix should come accordingthe sound of reading the last vowel ;Georges teacher Georgeunretmeni

Jacks house JackineviDawns car DownunarabasPeters notebook PeterndefteriMarks pen Markn kalemiBrians school BriannokuluLisas table LisannmasasBrendas chair BrendannsandalyesiTracys cat Treysininkedisi

Jackys father JackyninbabasKaties uncle KatieninamcasJohnys student Johnynin rencisiMore examples to the common noun compounds ;

Grammatically wrongName of the cat (cats name) KedininadDoor of the house (houses door) Evinkaps

Window of the car (cars window) ArabanncamMayor of the town (towns mayor) Kasabannbakan

Mother of the cat (cats mother) KedininannesiGarden of the Heaven(Heavens garden) Cennetinbahesi

Price of the fruit (fruits price) MeyveninfiyatStory of the crime (crimes story) Suunhikayesi

***************************************************


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*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*EXERCISE 1==========

Please translate the below noun compounds in Turkish, as theyare in examples. Remember! if English names will take suffix;apply it as according to sound of last vowel or consonant.

Mustafas book Mustafannkitab

Mehmets newspaper Merts schoolEsins garden Alis roomCemiles chair Hatices pictures

Suats forks Yakups towelsBegms key mrs carMuhsins houses Velis tableMurats blankets Deryas eyes

Bobs pen Bobunkalemi Amys house Amyninevi

Gregorys father Rowleys mother

Mandys aunt James brotherKaties friends Johns neighboursTims students Joes lawyerAndrews tailor Marys barberHelens sisters Alans teacherRoberts doctor Micheals manager

Power of the engine Motorun gc

Names of the students Name of the storyName of the book Colour of the doorColour of the car Price of the carPrice of the house Taste of the fruit

Youll find the answers of the text at the beginning of the nextunite.

*******************


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ANSWERS 1 (Matches with exercise 1 )==========

Noun compounds are in Turkish as in examples. Suffixes ofEnglish noun changed according to the sound of last vowel orconsonant.

Mustafas book Mustafannkitab

Mehmetingazetesi MertinokuluEsininbahesi AlininodasCemileninsandalyesi HaticeninresimleriSuatnatallar Yakupunhavlular

Begmnanahtar mrnarabasMuhsininevleri VelininmasasMuratnbattaniyeleri Deryanngzleri

Bobs pen Bobunkalemi Amys house (Eymi)Amyninevi

Gregoryninbabas RowleyninannesiMandyninteyzesi Jameninerkek kardei

Katieninarkadalar JohnunkomularTiminrencileri JoenunavukatAndrewnterzisi MaryninberberiHeleninkzkardeleri AlannretmeniRobertndoktoru Michealnmdr

Power of the engine Motorun gc

grencilerinadlar hikayeninadKitabnad kapnnrengiArabannrengi arabannfiyatEvinfiyat meyvenintad

Total right answers Total wrong answers

*******************


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*******UNIT 3

*********Chapter 5 : PRONOUNS........*=*=*=*=*=*=*= -------------------------

POSSESSVE PRONOUNS .My Benim Our BizimYour Senin Your SizinHis/her/its Onun Their Onlarn

**In English we usepossessive pronounswith other nouns as ;

My father Your house His book Her catIts tail Our school Your table Their garden......etc.

****My friends Your students His doctors Her carsIts ears Our neighbours Your houses Their children.etc.

**In Turkish ; We add personal suffix to the belongings as wehave done it in noun compounds.

Lets learn personal suffixes

noun ends with vowel noun ends withconsonant

--------------------------- ------------------------------My Benim noun +m noun + imYour Senin noun + n noun + inHis/her Onun noun + si noun + iOur Bizim noun + miz noun + imizYour Sizin noun + niz noun + iniz

Their Onlarn noun + leri noun + leri


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**Reminder : Vowel of suffix always changes according to thelast vowel of the main word.

Examples :Pen : Kalem Orange : Portakal School : Okul

My Benim kalemim portakalm okulumYour Senin kalemin portakaln okulunHis/her Onun kalemi portakal okuluOur Bizim kalemimiz portakalmz okulumuzYour Sizin kaleminiz portakalnz okulunuzTheir Onlarn kalemleri portakallar okullar

--------------------------------------------------Carpet : Hal Magazine : Dergi Towel : Havlu

My Benim halm dergim havlumYour Senin haln dergin havlunHis/her Onun hals dergisi havlusuOur Bizim halmz dergimiz havlumuzYour Sizin halnz derginiz havlunuz

Their Onlarn hallar dergileri havlular--------------------------------------------------

Newspaper : Gazete Doctor : Doktor Nurse : Hemire

My Benim gazetem doktorum hemiremYour Senin gazeten doktorun hemirenHis/her Onun gazetesi doktoru hemiresiOur Bizim gazetemiz doktorumuz hemiremiz

Your Sizin gazeteniz doktorunuz hemirenizTheir Onlarn gazeteleri doktorlar hemireleri

-----------------------------------------------------Friend : Arkada Teacher: retmen Mother: anne

My Benim arkadam retmenim annemYour Senin arkadan retmenin annenHis/her Onun arkada retmeni annesi


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Our Bizim arkadamz retmenimiz annemizYour Sizin arkadanz retmeniniz annenizTheir Onlarn arkadalar retmenleri anneleri

If the belonging is plural ; books kitaplar houses- evlerMy (Benim) kitaplarm evlerimYour (senin) kitaplarn evlerinHis.Her (onun) kitaplar evleriOur (Bizim) kitaplarmz evlerimizYour (Sizin) kitaplarnz evlerinizTheir (Onlarn) kitaplar evleri---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you notice that in above examples, even if we dont usepossessive pronouns still we can understand the owner ofbelongings with the help of personal suffix. (personal addings)******************************************************

room rooms garden gardensMy odam odalarm bahem bahelerimYour odan odalarn bahen bahelerinHis odas odalar bahesi baheleri

Her odas odalar bahesi baheleriIts .Our odamz odalarmz bahemiz bahelerimizYour odanz odalarnz baheniz bahelerinizTheir onlarn odas onlarn odalar onlarn bahesi Onlarn baheleri

school schools eye eyes

My okulum okullarm gzm gzlerimYour okulun okullarn gzn gzlerinHis okulu okullar gz gzleriHer okulu okullar gz gzleriIts .Our okulumuz okullarmz gzmz gzlerimizYour okulunuz okullarnz gznz gzlerinizTheir onlarn okulu onlarn okullaronlarn gzonlarngzleri

********************


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**Chapter 6 : Special letters*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ==============I .. WELDING LETTERS ;

In Turkish language, we do not use neither vowel nor consonantconsecutively. While we are producing a new word by suffix, iftwo vowels come together we use welding letterbetween of them;Weve three welding letters in entire language! Theyre n -s -y

& theyll be in green color through out the book.

*We use n only in noun compounds. If the genetive case (he-she- it or a noun ) ends with a vowel; suffix needs an n !

Alinin Emrenin bahenin tepeninBurcunun Rionun serenin pencereninHlyann Ayann kapnn aynannLondrann Kayserinin kedinin turununOrdunun komunun perdenin hemirenin....etc.

*If genetive case ends with a consonant; suffix doesnt need n !Parisin Ahmetin evin aslann

Newyorkun Sinopun okulun otobsn etc.*******************

*We use s only while were expressing 3rd singular subjectsbelongings. If the belonging ends with a vowel; suffix needs ans!bahesi penceresi komusu arabaskaps kedisi aynas tarlashemiresi yumurtas tepesi apkas etc.

* If the belonging ends with a consonant; suffix doesnt need s!okulu evi duvar aslandoktoru st telefonu czdan .etc.

*******************

*Well use y when we need to put welding letters between twovowels at all the timeexcept above reasons. We will give plenty

examples for this letter in further chapter.*******************************


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II .. VARIABLE LETTERS ;In Turkish Language, we can produce different meaning

words by adding suffixes. But in an exceptional situation; it can behard to pronounce the word after adding

In this case we soften the last letter of the noun before thesuffix. This enable us to pronounce the word easier. While you arestudying the examples try to read the word first, without changingthe letters, then you will get the point clearer.

If a noun contains two or more syllables end with one ofbelow letters and additional suffix starts with a vowel theyllchange as in list below, !!!but if either the noun contains just onesyllable or suffix starts with a consonant they dont need to be

changed! changes to CK changes to P changes to BT changes to D

Examples :shoe : Pabu sword : Kl

My pabucum pabularm klcm kllarmYour pabucun pabularn klcn kllarnHis/her pabucu pabular klc kllar

Our pabucumuz pabularmz klcmz kllarmzYour pabucunuz pabularnz klcnz kllarnzTheir pabular pabular kllar kllar

dog : kpek bed : yatak

My kpeim kpeklerim yatam yataklarmYour kpein kpeklerin yatan yataklarnHis/her kpei kpekleri yata yataklar

Our kpeimiz kpeklerimiz yatamz yataklarmzYour kpeiniz kpekleriniz yatanz yataklarnz

Their kpekleri kpekleri yataklar yataklar


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ler/lar ( in red) represents ownership suffixfor third plural subject.ler/lar ( in gray) isplural suffixwhich makes the noun plural.

book : Kitap butcher : Kasap

My kitabm kitaplarm kasabm kasaplarmYour kitabn kitaplarn kasabn kasaplarnHis/her kitab kitaplar kasab kasaplarOur kitabmz kitaplarmz kasabmzkasaplarmzYour kitabnz kitaplarnz kasabnz kasaplarnzTheir kitaplar kitaplar kasaplar kasaplar

========================hammer eki slipper terlik

My ekicim ekilerim. terliim terliklerim.Your ekicin ekilerin. terliin terliklerin.His/her ekici ekileri. terlii terlikleri.Our ekicimiz ekilerimiz. terliimizterliklerimiz.Your ekiciniz ekileriniz. terliinizterlikleriniz.

Their ekileri ekileri. terlikleri terlikleri.

========================lighter akmak comb tarak

My akmam akmaklarm. taram taraklarm.Your akman akmaklarn. taran taraklarn.His/her akma akmaklar. tara taraklar.

Our akmamz akmaklarmz taramztaraklarmz.Your akmanz akmaklarnz. taranz taraklarnz.Their akmaklar akmaklar. taraklar taraklar.

B U T !

if the noun contains just one syllable; this rule does not need toapply because of there is no reading difficulty ! Youll see when

you read it!


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ram ko hair saMy koum kolarm. sam salarm.Your koun kolarn. san salarn.His/her kou kolar. sa salar.Our koumuz kolarmz. samz salarmz.Your kounuz kolarnz. sanz salarnz.Their kolar kolar. salar salar.

========================ball top tube tp

My topum toplarm. tpm tplerim.Your topun toplarn. tpn tplerin.His/her topu toplar. tp tpleri.

Our topumuz toplarmz. tpmz tplerimiz.Your topunuz toplarnz. tpnz tpleriniz.Their toplar toplar. tpleri tpleri.

========================rubbish p cheque ek

My pm plerim. ekim eklerimYour pn plerin. ekin eklerinHis/her p pleri. eki ekleri

Our pmz plerimiz. ekimiz eklerimizYour pnz pleriniz. ekiniz eklerinizTheir pleri pleri. ekleri ekleri

========================card kart turnip turp

My kartm kartlarm. turpum turplarm.Your kartn kartlarn. turpun turplarn.His/her kart kartlar. turpu turplar.

Our kartmz kartlarmz. turpumuz turplarmz.Your kartnz kartlarnz. turpunuz turplarnz.Their kartlar kartlar. turplar turplar.

****************************Reminder !!! purpose of having rules in a language is not

for to make it complicated ; infact the rules are just for to make it either to pronounce it easier or to seperate it from similar words.

**************


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WORDS........................................KELMELER

Vegetable : Sebze Animal : HayvanTomato : Domates Cat : KediCucumber : Salatalk Dog : KpekLettuce : Marul Horse : AtCourgette : Kabak Donkey : EekAubargine : Patlcan Monkey : MaymunOnion : Soan Bird : KuGarlic : Sarmsak Pigeon : GvercinPepper : Biber Eagle : KartalParsley : Maydanoz Sea-gull : Mart

Spinach : Ispanak Falcon : ahinLeek : Prasa Owl : BaykuCarrot : Havu Parrot : PapaanTurnip : Turp Ant : KarncaPotato : Patates Insect : BcekFruit : Meyve Fly : SinekApple : Elma Mosquite : Sivri sinekOrange : Portakal Spider : rmcek

Apricot : Kays Crab : YengeCherry : Kiraz Fish : BalkPlum : Erik Whale : BalinaGrape : zm Fox : TilkiPear : Armut Sheep : KoyunPeach : eftali Lamb : KuzuStrawberry: ilek Pig : DomuzBanana : Muz Cow : nek

Milk : St Bull : BoaCheese : Peynir Lion : AslanButter : Tereya Tiger : KaplanBread : Ekmek Elephant : FilOlive : Zeytin Bear : AyJam : Reel Goose : KazHoney : Bal Duck : rdekEgg : Yumurta Chicken : Tavuk

Sausage : Sosis Butterfly : Kelebek


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REVIEW 2=*=*=*=*=*

In above three chapters, we have learned three important

grammar rules separately. Normally three of them can be in samesentence.First of all lets remember the plural rules ;

Whatever we want to say in plural form in Turkish languagewe add to the noun either lar or ler according to the lastvowel

If the last vowel of the noun is : a o u.

Book : kitap books : kitaplarSchool : okul schools : okullarBall : top balls : toplarMule : katr mules : katrlar

If the last vowel of the noun is : e i

Fly : sinek flies : sineklerMatch : kibrit matches : kibritlerRose : gl roses : gllerLake : gl lakes : gller

While we are expressing belongings, if it used with pronouns :

Mymother benim annem annem ( m )Yourfather senin baban baban ( n )Ourschool bizim okulumuz okulumuz ( umuz )Yourhouse sizin eviniz eviniz ( iniz )

If the owner is third subject ;

Singular his / herhouse onun evi evi ( i )Plural theirhouse onlarn evi evleri ( leri )Singular his / her horse onun at at ( )

Plural their horse onlarn atlar atlar ( lar )


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But, if the belonging is plural : Please compare the suffxes

his houses onun evleri his horses onun atlartheir houses onlarn evleri their horses onlarn atlar

As youve seen in above sentences, in Turkish ; even if wedont use the pronouns we can understand the owners with the helpof personal pronoun suffixes. ( m im imiz .etc)

The beauty of this language is ; the suffixes work out in firmrules. When we learn a rule; it will be the same in entire language.Thats mean we are learning the rules once for all.

If the owner is a proper name ;Hasans house Hasann evi (or just) eviAhmets horse Ahmetin at (or just) at

But, if the noun or belonging ends with a vowel we usewelding letters. Lets remember them once more ;

Alis table Alinin masas masas

Burcus cat Burcunun kedisi kedisiMustafas overcoat Mustafannpaltosu paltosuAyes mother Ayenin annesi annesi

Alis table Alinin masas------------ ----------- ----------- -----------genetive case qualified by genetive case qulified by

**If genetive case ends with a vowel welding letter comes as n**If qualified by ends with a vowel welding letter comes as s

The variable letters are only four and changes all the time insame manner. They change while taking suffix starts with a vowel

p b t d c k - kitap kitabm kilit kilidin kl klcm bak ban

*************End of part two********************


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PART III NOUN SENTENCES SM CMLELER*=*=*=*=*=*=* =============================

--- 1 ---

**Chapter 7 : DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS----------------------- ARET ZAMRLER

----------------------------This : BuThat : u is : dir // drIt : O

These : Bunlar

Those : unlar are : dirler // drlarThey : Onlar

***We know now, everything we need to make our first sentence :

English : This is a pen.------- ---------- --------------

Subject help verb explanation

Turkish : This a pen is-------- -------------- -----------

Subject explanation help verb

Trke : Bu bir kalem dir.---------- ----------------- -----------Subject explanation help verb

*****In Turkish, we are going to write explanation and help(auxiliary) verb together. As ;

Bu bir kalemdir.-------- ---------------------------

Subject explanation+help verb.In English, while were using other demonstratives we change onlythe subjects but rest of the sentence remains same; works out same

in Turkish too!


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This is a pen ............. Bu bir kalemdir.That is a pen ............. u bir kalemdir.It is a pen ................. O bir kalemdir.

***Lets make a plural sentence :English : These are pens.

--------- -------------- --------------Subject help verb explanation

Turkish : These pens + are--------- -----------------------------Subject explanation + help verb

Trke : Bunlar kalemler + dirler.--------- ------------------------Subject explanation + help verb

**** we are changing only the subject but rest of the sentenceremains same in both languages ;

These are pens ............. Bunlar kalemlerdir(ler.)Those are pens ............. unlar kalemlerdir(ler.)They are pens .............. Onlar kalemlerdir(ler.)

***In Turkish, explanation doesnt have to be plural if the subjectof the sentence is plural, unless the plurality is important.

As we mentioned earlier, vowel harmony is very important in

Turkish language. You will notice that in further examples to beable to have a harmonious language, suffixes (addings) willchangeaccording to the last vowel of the main word.

So we can make the basic formula of sentence as :

-----------------------------------------------------------------Subject explanation + help verb

-----------------------------------------------------------------


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EXAMPLES :------------------*****If the last vowel of the explanation is a - thehelp verbcomes as dr.

room : oda carpet : hal

This is Bu bir odadr. Bu bir haldr.That is u bir odadr. u bir haldr..It is O bir odadr. O bir haldr.

These are Bunlar odalardr.. Bunlar hallardr.Those are unlar odalardr. unlar hallardr.They are Onlar odalardr. Onlar hallardr.

lion : Aslan apricot : kays

This is Bu bir aslandr. Bu bir kaysdr.That is u bir aslandr. u bir kaysdr.It is O bir aslandr. O bir kaysdr.

These are Bunlar aslanlardr. Bunlar kayslardr.Those are unlar aslanlardr. unlar kayslardr.They are Onlar aslanlardr. Onlar kayslardr.

table : Masa computor :bilgisayar

This is Bu bir masadr. Bu bir bilgisayardr.That is u bir masadr. u bir bilgisayardr.It is O bir masadr. O bir bilgisayardr.

These are Bunlar masalardr. Bunlar bilgisayarlardr.Those are unlar masalardr. unlar bilgisayarlardr.They are Onlar masalardr. Onlar bilgisayarlardr.

*********************


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****If the last vowel of the explanation is e - i the help verbcomes as dir.

my cat : benim kedim mydog : benim kpeim

This is Bu benim kedimdir. Bu benim kpeimdir.That is u benim kedimdir. u benim kpeimdir.It is O benim kedimdir. O benim kpeimdir.

These are Bunlar senin kedilerindir. Bunlar senin kpeklerindir.Those are unlar senin kedilerindir. unlar senin kpeklerindir.They are Onlar senin kedilerindir. Onlar senin kpeklerindir.

Alis notebook : Alinin defteri Alisstrawberry : Alininilei

This is Bu Alinin defteridir. Bu Alinin ileidir.That is u Alinin defteridir. u Alinin ileidir.It is O Alinin defteridir. O Alinin ileidir.

These are Bunlar onundefterleridir. Bunlar onun ilekleridir.

Those are unlar onun defterleridir. unlar onun ilekleridir.They are Onlar onun defterleridir. Onlar onun ilekleridir.

******************

****If the last vowel of the explanation is o - u the help verbcomes as dur.

our school : bizim okulumuz our ball : bizim topumuzThis is Bu bizim okulumuzdur. Bu bizim topumuzdur.That is u bizim okulumuzdur. u bizim topumuzdur.It is O bizim okulumuzdur. O bizim topumuzdur.

These are Bunlar sizin okullarnzdr. Bunlar sizin toplarnzdr.Those are unlar sizin okullarnzdr. unlar sizin toplarnzdr.They are

Onlar sizin okullarnzdr. Onlar sizin toplarnzdr.


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Hasanssheep : Koyun lamb : Kuzu

This is Bu Hasann koyunudur. Bu Hasann kuzusudur.That is u Hasann koyunudur. u Hasann kuzusudur.It is O Hasann koyunudur. O Hasann kuzusudur.

These are Bunlar onun koyunlardr. Bunlar onun kuzulardr.Those are unlar onun koyunlardr. unlar onun kuzulardr.They are Onlar onun koyunlardr. Onlar onun kuzulardr.

************************If the last vowel of the explanation is - the help verb

comes as dr.

****If the explanation is not plural particularly we dont have tomake it plural.

grape : zm rose : Gl

This is Bu bir zmdr. Bu bir gldr.

That is u bir zmdr. u bir gldr.It is O bir zmdr. O bir gldr.

These are Bunlar zmdr. Bunlar gldr.Those are unlar zmdr. unlar gldr.They are Onlar zmdr. Onlar gldr.

***********************

This is a fruit. Bu bir meyvedir.That is a fox. u bir tilkidir.It is an apple. O bir elmadr.

These are bears. Bunlar aydr.Those are telephones. unlar telefondur.They are oranges. Onlar portakaldr.

***************************************************


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*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*EXERCISE 2==========

Please, translate the below sentences into Turkish as inexamples.

As you will notice in plural form in Turkish Language, if thesubject of the sentence is plural ; Explanation (statement) does nothave to be plural unless it is especially emphasized. Otherwiseboth answers will be grammatically correct.

This is an expensive car. These are good books.Bu pahal bir arabadr. Bunlar iyi kitaplardr / kitaptr.

This is a sweet strawberry. These are sweet apples.That is a red car. Those are big houses.It is a clever dog. They are white cats.

This is my car. These are my books.That is your hat. Those are your hats.It is his house. They are her horses.

This is our book. These are their books.That is your bag. Those are your bags.It is their dog. They are our dogs.

This is Alis key. These are Alis keys.That is Ahmets book. Those are Ahmets books.It is Peters passport. They are Janes daughters.

This is a blue pen. These are blue pens.That is a red bird. Those are red birds.It is a big animal. They are big animals.

This is an ant. These are boxes.That is an ugly dog. Those are fresh vegetables.It is a small house. They are Mustafas students.

************************


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ANSWERS 2 (Matches with exercise 2 )==========

This is an expensive car. These are good books.Bu pahal bir arabadr. Bunlar iyi kitaplardr.

Bunlar iyi kitaptr.

Bu tatl bir ilektir. Bunlar tatl elmadr./ elmalardr.u krmz bir arabadr. unlar byk evdir. / evlerdir.O akll bir kpektir. Onlar beyaz kedidir. / kedilerdir.

Bu benim arabamdr. Bunlar benim kitabm. / kitaplarm.

u senin apkandr. unlar senin apkandr. / apkalarndr.O, onun evidir. Onlar onun atdr. / atlardr.

Bu bizim kitabmzdr. Bunlar onlarn kitabdr. / kitaplardr.u sizin antanzdr. unlar sizin antanzdr. / antalarnzdr.O, onlarn kpeidir. Onlar bizim kpeimizdir. kpeklerimizdir.

Bu Alininanahtardr. Bunlar Alininanahtarlardr.

u Ahmetinkitabdr. unlar Ahmetinkitaplardr.O Petern pasaportudur. Onlar Janeinkzlardr.

Bu mavi bir kalemdir. Bunlar mavi kalemdir.Bunlar mavi kalemlerdir.

u krmz bir kutur. unlar krmz kutur.unlar krmz kulardr.

Obyk bir hayvandr. Onlar byk hayvandr.

Onlar byk hayvanlardr.Bu bir karncadr. Bunlar kutudur.

Bunlar kutulardr.u irkin bir kpektir. unlar taze sebzedir.

unlar taze sebzelerdir.O kk bir evdir. Onlar Mustafann rencileridir.


************************


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*******UNIT 4

*******WORDS.................................KELMELER.

Teacher : retmen Plasterer : SvacStudent : renci Welder : KaynakJudge : Hakim Electrician : ElektirikiLawyer : Avukat Barber : BerberPolice : Polis Tailor : Terzi

Soldier : Asker Servant : HizmetiOfficer : Memur Waiter : GarsonEngineer : Mhendis Cook : ADoctor : Doktor Porter : HamalDentist : Dii Thief : HrszNurse : Hemire Grandad : DedeOptician : Gzlk Grandma : NenePilot : Pilot Father : Baba

Architect : Mimar Mother : AnneJournalist : Gazeteci Brother : Erkek kardePolitician : Politikac Sister : Kz kardeSinger : arkc Uncle : Amca / DayAuther : Yazar Aunt : Hala / TeyzeArtist : Ressam Bride : GelinPainter : Boyac Groom : DamatChemist : Eczac Baby : Bebek

Manager : Mdr Girl : Kz ocukWorker : i Boy : Erkek ocukLabourer : Amele Friend : ArkadaCleaner : Temizliki Neighbour : KomuDriver : ofr Man : AdamDiver : Dalg Woman : KadnMechanic : Tamirci Butcher : KasapCarpenter : Marongoz Gardener : Bahvan

Sailor : Gemici Farmer : iftiMiner : Madenci Boxer : Boksr


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---- 2 ----**Chapter 8 PERSONAL PRONOUNS*=*=*=*=*=*=*= -----------------------AHIS ZAMRLER

---------------------------Subjects : Auxiliary (help verb)

I Ben am m /im /um /mYou Sen are sn /sin / sun /snHe/she/it O is dr /dir /dur /dr

We Biz are z /iz /uz /z

You Siz are snz /siniz /sunuz /snzThey Onlar are drlar /dirler /durlar /drler

***Last lesson we have learned the formula of noun sentence as

Subject explanation+help verb.--------- ---------------------------

English : I am a teacher.---------- ------------- --------------Subject help verb explanation

Turkish I a teacher + am.---------- ---------------------------Subject explanation + help verb

Trke Ben bir retmen + im.-------- ---------------------------

Subject explanation + help verb

**Now on, lets call the help verb aspersonal suffix.

Our formula is : subject explanation+personal suffix.---------- -----------------------------------


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***If the last vowel of the explanation is - personaladding will be dr. m sn dr z snz dr(ler).

S Driver : ofr Optician : Gzlk----- ------------------- --------------------------I am Ben bir ofrm. Ben bir gzlkym..You are Sen bir ofrsn Sen bir gzlksn..He/sheis O bir ofrdr. O bir gzlkdr.

We are Biz ofrz. Biz gzlkyz.Youare Siz ofrsnz. Siz gzlksnz.They are Onlar ofrdr(ler). Onlar gzlkdr(ler).

Ali is Ali bir ofrdr. Ali bir gzlkdr.My mother is Benim annembir ofrdr.

Benim annembir gzlkdr.Ayes daughter is Ayenin kzbir ofrdr.

Ayenin kzbir gzlkdr.**As you noticed only first singular and plural subject tookwelding letters because their explanations end with a vowel as well

as personal addings start with a vowel.

Nurse : hemire Journalist : GazeteciI am Ben bir hemireyim. Ben bir gazeteciyim.Weare Biz hemireyiz. Biz gazeteciyiz.

Plasterer : svac Welder : KaynakI am Ben bir svacym. Ben bir kaynakym.Weare Biz svacyz. Biz kaynakyz.

***If the last vowel is consonant :

Officer : memur Engineer : MhendisI am Ben bir memurum. Ben bir mhendisim.We are Biz memuruz. Biz mhendisiz.You Siz bir memursunuz Siz bir mhendissiniz

***********************************


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REVIEW 3=*=*=*=*=*

Demonstrative pronouns : The most important point of

this topic is ; In Turkish Language, if the subject is plural,explanation doesnt have to be plural.But, If the explanation is particularly stressing

out the plurality, that is different!

This is a pen / my pen. Bu bir kalemdir, / kalemimdirThat is a book / your book. u bir kitaptr, / kitabndr.It is an apple / his apple. O bir elmadr, / elmasdr.

These are pens / my pens. Bunlar kalemdir, / kalemlerimdir.Those are books / your books. unlar kitaptr,/ kitaplarndr.They are apples / his apples. Onlar elmadr, / elmalardr.

I am a student. Ben bir renciyim.I am Alis student. Ben Alinin rencisiyim.

You are a teacher. Sen bir retmensin.You are my teacher. Sen benim retmenimsin.

He is a doctor. O bir doktordur.He is your doctor. O senin doktorundur.

We are students. Biz renciyiz.We are Alis students. Biz Alinin rencileriyiz.

You are teachers. Siz retmensiniz.You are my teachers. Siz benim retmenlerimsiniz.

They are doctors. Onlar doktordur.They are your doctors. Onlar sizin doktorlarnzdr.

English : Turkish :Subject help verb expl. Subject exp+help verb.

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***While we are learning new words, we will use different colourfor evey syllable In Turkish side . This will help us to learn ; howsyllables are producing the words.

WORDS..............................KELMELER

Office : Ofis Mountain : DaFactory : Fabrika River : Nehir.Hospital : Hastane Lake : GlMarket : Market. Sea : Deniz.Shop : Dkkan. Ocean : Okyanus.Canteen : Kantin. Moon : Ay.Street : Cadde. Sun : Gne.

Pool : Havuz. Continent : Kta.Post office : Postane World : DnyaRestaurant : Lokanta Space : Uzay.Bar : Bar. Sky : GkyzHotel : Otel. Star : Yldz.Court : Mahkeme. Bicycle : Bisiklet.Cinema : Sinema Motor-cycle : Motosiklet.Theatre : Tiyatro. Car : Araba.

Stadium : Stadyum. Bus : Otobs.Discrict : Mahalle. Minibus : Mnbs.Village : Ky. Truck : Kamyon.Town : Kasaba. Train : Tiren.City : ehir. Plain : UakRegion : Blge. Yatch : Yat.Country : lke. Ship : Gemi.State : Devlet. Field : Tarla.

Harbour : Liman. Airport : Hava alan.Island : Ada Peninsula : Yarmada.Desert : l Oasis : Vaha.Forest : Koru Jungle : Orman.Brave : Cesur Rich : ZenginPoor : Fakir Fat : imanThin : Zayf Clever : AkllBeautiful : Gzel Ugly : irkin

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**Chapter : 9 STRUCTURES OF THE SENTENCE*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* --------------------------CMLE YAPILARI

--------------------------

******The sentences can be in four different form. Lets studythem one by one.

**POSITIVE FORM : OLUMLU EKL.

All the sentences we have learned upto now were in positive form.The words line up in this form as :

----------------------------------------------

Subject explanation + pers. suffix----------------------------------------------This is an apple. Bu bir elmadr.That is a church. u bir kilisedir.It is a fox. O bir tilkidir.These are Ahmets books. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplardr(lar).Those are your friends. unlar senin arkadalarndr(lar).They are my students. Onlar benim rencilerimdir(ler).

I am a teacher. Ben bir retmenim.You are a student. Sen bir rencisin.He/she is an optician. O bir gzlkdr.

We are journalists. Biz gazeteciyiz.You are plasterers. Siz svacsnz.They are miners. Onlar madencidirler.

Ali is an author. Ali bir yazardr.My mother is a nurse. Benimannembir hemiredir.Ayes father is a doctor. Ayeninbabasbir doktordur.John and Jack are soldiers. John ve Jack askerdir(ler).

***You have noticed that in above examples, Third plural subjectdo not need to have plural explanation. If the plurality isparticularly important, we use it.

****************************************


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NEGATIVE FORM OLUMSUZ EKL

In this form we are going to add negative suffix to our sentence :Not : deil---------------

Help verbs (personal adding) always come at the end ofsentence. In this form not : deil is the last word, thats whyhelp verb will come after negative suffix. So, the words line up inthis form as :

----------------------------------------------------------- Subject explanation deil + personal suffix-----------------------------------------------------------

This is not an apple Bu bir elma deildir.That is not a box. u bir kutu deildir.It is not a fox. O bir tilki deildir.

These arent Ahmets books. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplar deildir.Those are not our friends. unlar bizim arkadalarmz deildir.They are not my students. Onlar benim rencilerim deildir.

I am not a teacher. Ben bir retmen deilim.You are not a student. Sen bir renci deilsin.He/she is not an optician. O bir gzlk deildir.

We are not journalists. Biz gazeteci deiliz.You are not plasterers. Siz svac deilsiniz.They are not miners. Onlar madenci deildir(ler).Ali is not an author. Ali bir yazar deildir.

My mother is not a nurse. Benim annembir hemire deildir.Ayes father is not a doctor. Ayeninbabasbir doktor deildir.John and Jack arent soldiers. John ve Jack asker deildir(ler).

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QUESTION FORM SORU EKL

In english we bring the help verb at the beginning ofsentence. In Turkish we are going to bring :

question suffix m / mi / mu / m-----------------------------------------------

before help verb ( personal suffix). The words line up in this formas :

----------------------------------------------------- Subject explanation m +personal suffix-----------------------------------------------------

Is this an apple? Bu bir elma mdr?Is that a box? u bir kutu mudur?Is it a fox? O bir tilki midir?

Are these Ahmets books? Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplar mdr?Are those our friends? unlar bizim arkadalarmz mdr?Are they my students? Onlar benim rencilerim midir?

Am I a teacher? Ben bir retmen miyim?Are you a student? Sen bir renci misin?Is he/she an optician? O bir gzlk mdr?

Are we journalists? Biz gazeteci miyiz?Are you plasterers? Siz svac msnz?Are they miners? Onlar madenci midir(ler).

Is Ali an author? Ali bir yazar mdr.

Is my mother a nurse? Benim annembir hemire midir?Is Ayes father a doctor? Ayeninbabasbir doktor mudur?Are John and Jack soldiers? John ve Jack asker midir(ler).

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NEGATIVE QUESTON FORM OLUMSUZ SORU EKL

Look at the negative form, the only difference in this form is ;we are going to put question suffix ( mi )between deil and helpverb.

The words line up in this form :------------------------------------------------------ Susbject explanation deil mi+ pers.suffix------------------------------------------------------

Isnt this an apple? Bu bir elma deil midir?Isnt that a box? u bir kutu deil midir?Isnt it a fox? O bir tilki deil midir?

Arent these Ahmets books?. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplar deil midir?

Arent those our friends?unlar bizim arkadalarmz deil midir?

Arent they my students?Onlar benim rencilerim deil midir?

Am I not a teacher? Ben bir retmen deil miyim?Arent you a student? Sen bir renci deil misin?Isnt he/she an optician? O bir gzlk deil midir?

Arent we journalists? Biz gazeteci deil miyiz?Arent you plasterers? Siz svac deil misiniz?Arent they miners? Onlar madenci deil midir(ler)?

Isnt Ali an author? Ali bir yazar deil midir?Isnt my mother a nurse? Benim annembir hemire deil midir?

Isnt Ayes father a doctor?Ayeninbabasbir doktor deil midir?

Arent John and Jack soldiers?John ve Jack asker deil midir(ler)?

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Let see the four sentences together :In Turkish ; ownership suffix points of the possessive pronounsthats why we do not need to use them at the same time.Arkadam ( m : benim ) .benim Arkada ( my friend)

My friend is an artist.

Positive form Arkadam bir ressamdr.Negative form : Arkadam bir ressam deildir.Negative question f.: Arkadambir ressam deil midir?Question form : Arkadam bir ressam mdr?

Nigel is a carpenter.

P. Nigel bir marangozdur.N. Nigel bir marangoz deildir.Q. Nigel bir marangoz mudur?NQ. Nigel bir marangoz deil midir?

Their neighbour is a singer.P. Onlarn komusubir arkcdr.N. Onlarn komusubir arkc deildir.

Q. Onlarn komusubir arkc mdr?NQ. Onlarn komusu bir arkc deil midir?

Mehmets aunt is a tailor.P. Mehmetin teyzesi bir terzidir.N. Mehmetin teyzesibir terzi deildir.Q. Mehmetinteyzesibir terzi midir?NQ. Mehmetin teyzesibir terzi deil midir?

His father is a judge.P. Onun babasbir hakimdir.N. Onun babasbir hakim deildir.Q. Onun babasbir hakim midir?NQ. Onun babasbir hakim deil midir?

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*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*EXERCISE 3==========*Please, translate the sentences in Turkish as it shown in examples.

Who is that man ? He is my father. He is our teacheru adam kim? O benim babamdr. Bizim retmenimizdir.

Who are they? They are my students. They are good lawyers.Who is he? He is your manager. He is a rich doctor.Who are you? I am your teacher. I am a journalist.

Who is that lady? She is Alans sister. She is an architect.Who is Alan ? Alan is Anns father. He is a carpenter.Who is Aysun ? Aysun is our mother. She is a nurse.

*********************************Translate the below sentences and use them in other two forms

aswell please.

I am a good teacher. Iyi birretmenim.I am not a good teacher. Iyi birretmen deilim.Am I a good teacher? Iyi birretmen miyim?

You are a clever optician.He is an author.She is Janes mother.It is a little dog.

We are gardeners.

You are Ahmets neighbours.They are poor farmers.Ali is a good father.My teacher is an author.Alis father is a good soldier.These children are my students.

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ANSWERS 3 (Matches with exercise 3 )==========Onlar kim? Onlar benim rencimdir. Onlar iyi avukatlardr.O kim? O senin mdrndr. O zengin bir doktordur.Siz kimsiniz? Ben sizinretmeninizim. Ben bir gazeteciyim.u hanm kim? Alannkzkardeidir. O bir mimardr.Alan kim? Alan Anninbabasdr. O bir marangozdur.Aysun kim? Aysun bizim annemizdir. O bir hemiredir.

******************************optician author

Sen akll bir gzlksn. O bir yazardr.Sen akll bir gzlk deilsin. O bir yazardeildir.

Sen akll bir gzlk msn? O bir yazar mdr?Janes mother little dog

O Janeinannesidir. Okk bir kpektir.O Janeinannesideildir. Okk bir kpek deildir.O Janeinannesimidir? Okk bir kpek midir?

gardeners Ahmets neighbours.Biz bahvanz. (bahvanlarz). Siz Ahmetinkomularsnz.Biz bahvan deiliz. Siz Ahmetinkomular deilsiniz.

Biz bahvan myz? Siz Ahmetinkomular msnz?

poor farmers. good father.Onlar fakir ifilerdir. Ali iyi bir babadr.Onlar fakir ifilerdeildir. Ali iyi bir baba deildir.Onlar fakir ifilermidir? Ali iyi bir baba mdr?

an author. good soldier.retmenimbir yazardr. Alininbabasiyi bir askerdir.

retmenimbir yazardr. Alininbabasiyi bir askerdir.retmenimbir yazardr. Alininbabasiyi bir askerdir.

my students.Bu ocuklar benimrencilerimdir.

Bu ocuklar benimrencilerim deildir.Bu ocuklar benimrencilerim midir?


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*******UNIT 5

*********Chapter : 9 STRUCTURES OF THE SENTENCE*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* --------------------------CMLE YAPILARI

--------------------------******The sentences can be in four different forms. Lets study

them one by one.

**POSITIVE FORM : OLUMLU EKL.All the sentences we have learned upto now were in positive form.The words line up in this form as :

----------------------------------------------Subject explanation + pers. suffix

----------------------------------------------This is an apple. Bu bir elmadr.That is a church. u bir kilisedir.It is a fox. O bir tilkidir.

These are Ahmets books. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplardr(lar).Those are your friends. unlar senin arkadalarndr(lar).They are my students. Onlar benim rencilerimdir(ler).

I am a teacher. Ben bir retmenim.You are a student. Sen bir rencisin.He/she is an optician. O bir gzlkdr.

We are journalists. Biz gazeteciyiz.You are plasterers. Siz svacsnz.They are miners. Onlar madencidirler.

Ali is an author. Ali bir yazardr.My mother is a nurse. Benimannembir hemiredir.Ayes father is a doctor. Ayeninbabasbir doktordur.

John and Jack are soldiers. John ve Jack askerdir(ler).


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***You have noticed that in above examples, third plural subjectdo not need to have the explanation in plural form. If the pluralitywants to be stressed particularly ; then we use it.

****************************************NEGATIVE FORM OLUMSUZ EKL

In this form we are going to add negative suffix to our sentence :Not : deil---------------

Help verbs (personal adding) always come at the end ofsentence. In this form not : deil is the last word, thats whyhelp verb will come after negative suffix. So, the words line up in

this form as :---------------------------------------------------- Subject explanation deil+pers.suffix-----------------------------------------------------

This is not an apple Bu bir elma deildir.That is not a box. u bir kutu deildir.It is not a fox. O bir tilki deildir.

These arent Ahmets books. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplar deildir.Those are not our friends. unlar bizim arkadalarmz deildir.They are not my students. Onlar benim rencilerim deildir.

I am not a teacher. Ben bir retmen deilim.You are not a student. Sen bir renci deilsin.He/she is not an optician. O bir gzlkdeildir.

We are not journalists. Biz gazetecideiliz.You are not plasterers. Siz svacdeilsiniz.They are not miners. Onlar madencideildir(ler).Ali is not an author. Ali bir yazar deildir.

My mother is not a nurse. Benim annembir hemire deildir.Ayes father is not a doctor. Ayeninbabasbir doktor deildir.John and Jack arent soldiers. John ve Jack asker deildir(ler).

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QUESTION FORM SORU EKL

In english we bring the help verb at the beginning ofsentence. In Turkish we are going to bring :

question suffix m / mi / mu / m-----------------------------------------------

before help verb ( personal suffix ). The words line up in this formas :

------------------------------------------------ Subject explanation m +pers.suffix------------------------------------------------

Is this an apple? Bu bir elma mdr?Is that a box? u bir kutu mudur?Is it a fox? O bir tilki midir?

Are these Ahmets books? Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplar mdr?Are those our friends? unlar bizim arkadalarmz mdr?Are they my students? Onlar benim rencilerim midir?

Am I a teacher? Ben bir retmen miyim?Are you a student? Sen bir renci misin?Is he/she an optician? O bir gzlkmdr?

Are we journalists? Biz gazetecimiyiz?Are you plasterers? Siz svacmsnz?Are they miners? Onlar madencimidir(ler).

Is Ali an author? Ali bir yazar mdr.

Is my mother a nurse? Benim annembir hemire midir?Is Ayes father a doctor? Ayeninbabasbir doktor mudur?Are John and Jack soldiers? John ve Jack asker midir(ler).

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NEGATIVE QUESTON FORM OLUMSUZ SORU EKL

Look at the negative form, the only difference in this form is ;we are going to put question suffix ( mi )between deil and helpverb.

The words line up in this form :------------------------------------------------------ Susbject explanation deil mi+ pers.suffix------------------------------------------------------

Isnt this an apple? Bu bir elma deil midir?Isnt that a box? u bir kutu deil midir?Isnt it a fox? O bir tilki deil midir?

Arent these Ahmets books?. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplar deil midir?

Arent those our friends?unlar bizim arkadalarmz deil midir?

Arent they my students?Onlar benim rencilerim deil midir?

Am I not a teacher? Ben bir retmen deil miyim?Arent you a student? Sen bir renci deil misin?Isnt he/she an optician? O bir gzlk deil midir?

Arent we journalists? Biz gazeteci deil miyiz?Arent you plasterers? Siz svac deil misiniz?Arent they miners? Onlar madenci deil midir(ler)?

Isnt Ali an author? Ali bir yazar deil midir?Isnt my mother a nurse? Benim annembir hemire deil midir?

Isnt Ayes father a doctor?Ayeninbabasbir doktor deil midir?

Arent John and Jack soldiers?John ve Jack asker deil midir(ler)?

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Let see the four sentences together :In Turkish ; ownership suffix points the possessive pronouns thatswhy we do not need to use them at the same time.

Arkadam ( m : benim ) .benim Arkada ( my friend)

My friend is an artist.Positive form Arkadam bir ressamdr.Negative form : Arkadam bir ressam deildir.Question form : Arkadam bir ressam mdr?Negative question form : Arkadambir ressam deil midir?

Nigel is a carpenter.P. Nigel bir marangozdur.N. Nigel bir marangoz deildir.Q. Nigel bir marangoz mudur?NQ. Nigel bir marangoz deil midir?

Their neighbour is a singer.P. Onlarn komusubir arkcdr.

N. Onlarn komusubir arkc deildir.Q. Onlarn komusubir arkc mdr?NQ. Onlarn komusu bir arkc deil midir?

Mehmets aunt is a tailor.P. Mehmetin teyzesi bir terzidir.N. Mehmetin teyzesibir terzi deildir.Q. Mehmetinteyzesibir terzi midir?

NQ. Mehmetin teyzesibir terzi deil midir?

His father is a judge.P. Onun babasbir hakimdir.N. Onun babasbir hakim deildir.Q. Onun babasbir hakim midir?NQ. Onun babasbir hakim deil midir?

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**Chapter 10 : QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS**************** ------------------------------------------

*Subject + expl.+m +help verb-------------------------------------We answer this type of questions with either Yes or No.

Yes : Evet No : Hayr.Formula of the sentence come as ;

If the answer is yesthe sentence : Yes + Positive form.If the answer is no the sentence : No + Negative form.

Am I a teacher? Ben bir retmen miyim?Yes, you are a teacher. Evet, sen bir retmensin.No, you are not a teacher. Hayr, sen bir retmen deilsin.

**Or as short answers**Yes, you are. Evet, ylesin. (retmensin.)No, you are not. Hayr, deilsin.

-------------------------------

Are you a student? Sen bir renci misin?Yes, I am a student. Evet, ben bir renciyim.No, I am not a student. Hayr, ben bir renci deilim.Yes, I am. Evet, yleyim. ( renciyim.)No, I am not. Hayr, deilim.

-------------------------------Is he/she an optician? O bir gzlk mdr?Yes,he is an optician. Evet,o bir gzlkdr.

No,he is not an optician. Hayr,o bir gzlk deildirYes,he is. Evet, yledir. (gzlkdr.)No,he is not. Hayr,deildir.

--------------------------------Are we journalists? Biz gazeteci miyiz?Yes, you are journalists. Evet, siz gazetecisiniz.No, you are not journalists. Hayr, siz gazeteci deilsiniz.Yes, you are. Evet, gazetecisiniz.

No, you arent Hayr, deilsiniz.--------------------------------


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Are you plasterers? Siz svac msnz?Yes, we are plasterers. Evet, biz svacyz.No, we arent plasterers. Hayr, biz svac deiliz.Yes, we are. Evet, svacyz.No, we arent Hayr, deiliz.

----------------------------------Are they miners? Onlar madenci midir?Yes, they are miners. Evet, onlar madencidir.No, they arent miners. Hayr, onlar madenci deildir.Yes, they are. Evet, madencidir.No, they arent. Hayr, deildir.

----------------------------------

Is Ali an author? Ali bir yazar mdr?Yes, he is an author. Evet, o bir yazardr.No, he isnt an author. Hayr, o bir yazar deildir.Yes, he is. Evet, yazardr.No, he isnt Hayr, deildir.

-----------------------------------Is my mother a nurse? Benim annembir hemire midir?Yes, she is a nurse. Evet, o bir hemiredir.

No, she isnt a nurse. Hayr, o bir hemire deildir.Yes, she is. Evet, hemiredir.No, she isnt. Hayr, deildir.

----------------------------------- Is Ayes father a doctor? Ayeninbabasbir doktor mudur?Yes, he is a doctor. Evet, o bir doktordur.No, he isnt a doctor. Hayr, o bir doktor deildir.Yes, he is. Evet, doktordur.

No, he isnt Hayr, deildir.------------------------------------

Are John and Jack soldiers? John ve Jack asker midir?Yes, they are soldiers. Evet, onlar askerdir.No, they arent soldiers. Hayr, onlar asker deildir.Yes, they are. Evet, askerdir.No, they arent Hayr, deildir.

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*MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION :Or : yoksa / yada / veya

In English we give alternative choice at the both side of or .

In Turkish we will do same. We will give alternative choiceat the both side of yoksa and both alternative will take questionsuffix mi / m .

Question : Subject choice+m yoksa choice+mi+help verb.-------------------------------------------------------------

Answer : Subject choice+help verb.---------------------------------

Am I a teacher or student?Ben bir retmen mi yoksa rencimiyim?

You are a teacher. Sen bir retmensin.You are a student. Sen bir rencisin.

-----------------------------Are you a lawyer or judge?

Sen bir avukat m yoksa hakim misin?I am a lawyer. Ben bir avukatm.I am a judge. Ben bir hakimim.

--------------------------------Is he/she an optician or chemist?

O bir gzlk m yoksa eczac mdr?He/she is an optician. O bir gzlkdr.He/she is a chemist. O bir eczacdr.

--------------------------------

Are we authors or journalists?Biz yazar m yoksa gazeteci miyiz?

You are authors. Siz yazarsnz.You are journalists. Siz gazetecisiniz.

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Are you welders or electrician?Siz kaynak m yoksa elektriki misiniz?

We are welders. Biz kaynakyz.We are electrician. Biz elektrikiyiz.

-------------------------------

Are they farmers or miners?Onlar ifi mi yoksa madenci midir?

They are farmers. Onlar iftidir.They are miners. Onlar madencidir.

--------------------------------s Ali an engineer or architect?

Ali bir mhendis mi yoksa mimar mdr?He is an engineer. O bir mhendistir.He is an architect. O bir mimardr.

---------------------------------Is my mother an artist or singer?

Benim annembir ressam m yoksa arkc mdr?She is an artist. O bir ressamdr.She is a singer. O bir arkcdr.

------------------------------------Is Ayes father a butcher or barber?

Ayeninbabasbir kasap m yoksa berber midir?He is a butcher. O bir kasaptr.He is a barber. O bir berberdir.

--------------------------------------Are John and Jack soldiers or policemen?

John ve Jack asker mi yoksa polis midir?

They are soldiers. Onlar askerdir.They are policemen. Onlar polistir.

--------------------------------------Is Ayes mother a nurse or a secretary

Ayeninannesibir hemiremiyoksa bir sekreter midir?She is a secretary. O bir sekreterdir.She is a nurse. O bir hemiredir.

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An important note!-----------------------

***The main reason of changing letters helps us to pronouncethe words easier. As you have noticed in some of above examples ;the help verb changed ! If any word ends with :

f k p s twhile were adding subject suffix, it changes from d to t .

***So we can say now the help verbs are :

dr / dir / dur / dr & tr / tir / tur / tr.---------------------------------------------------

!!!Do not panic!you dont need to memorise loads of rulesat once. When you grasp the vowel harmony you will notice that ifthe sound of pronounce is right or wrong. If it is wrong your earwill warn you, and will remind you the right rules.

Try to read following words with dir / dr / dur, and compareit which one will you read easier; kitap kitaptr kitapdr.

----------mhendis mhendistir mhendisdir. ku kutur kudur.

---------------- ---------**********************************************

*** WH QUESTIONS :What : Ne.Who : Kim.

---------------------------------Subject wh...+help verb

---------------------------------

What is this? Bu nedir? It is an apple. O bir elmadr.What are these? Bunlar nedir? They are apples. Onlar elmadr.

What is that? u nedir? That is a fox. u bir tilkidirWhat are those? unlar nedir? Those are foxes. unlar tilkidir.

What is it? O nedir? This is yourkey.Bu senin anahtarndr.


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What are they? Onlar nedir? These are your keys.Bunlar senin anahtarlarndr.

----------------------------What is your name ? Senin adn nedir?My name is ........... Benim adm ..............dir.

What is his / her name? Onun ad nedir?His / her name is ......... Onun ad ...................dr.

-----------------------------

Who is he? O kimdir?He is Ayes father. O Ayeninbabasdr.

Who am I? Ben kimim?You are our teacher. Sen bizim retmenimizsin.

Who is Ali? Ali kimdir?Ali is our doctor. Ali bizim doktorumuzdur.

Who is that man? u adam kimdir?

He is our English teacher. O bizim ngilizce retmenimizdir.***************************************************REVIEW 4=*=*=*=*=*Now, we know all structures of four sentences; positive, question,negative and negative question forms. There is no other one!

Examples :

This is your vallet. Bu, senin czdanndr.This isnt your vallet. Bu, senin czdann deildir.Is this your vallet? Bu, senin czdann mdr?Isnt this your vallet? Bu, senin czdann deil midir?

That is teachers house. u, retmenin evidir.That isnt teachers house. u, retmeninevideildir.

Is that teachers house? u,retmeninevi midir?


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Isnt that teachers house? u,retmeninevideil midir?

These are their books. Bunlar onlarn kitaplardr.These are not their books. Bunlar onlarn kitaplardeildir.Are these their books? Bunlar onlarn kitaplarmdr?Arent these their books? Bunlar onlarn kitaplardeil midir?

Those are Alis children. unlar Alinin ocuklardr.Those arent Alis children. unlar Alinin ocuklar deildir.Are those Alis children? unlar Alinin ocuklar mdr?Arent those Alis children? unlar Alinin ocuklar deil midir?

I am author of this book. Ben bu kitabnyazarym.Iam not author of this book. Ben bu kitabnyazardeilim.Am I author of this book? Ben bu kitabnyazar mym?Am I not author of this book? Ben bu kitabnyazardeil miyim?

He is a rich lawyer. O zengin bir avukattr.He isnt a rich lawyer. O zengin bir avukat deildir.Is he a rich lawyer? O zengin bir avukat mdr?

Isnt he a rich lawyer? O zengin bir avukat deil midir?

They are my friends. Onlar benim arkadalarmdr.They arent my friends. Onlar benim arkadalarmdeildir.Are they my friends? Onlar benim arkadalarmmdr?Arent they my friends? Onlar benim arkadalarmdeil midir?Are you a language teacher? Sen bir lisan retmenimisin?

Yes, I am. Evet, lisan retmeniyim.No, I am not. Hayr, deilim.

Is she a good doctor? O iyi bir doktormudur?Yes, she is. Evet, yledir.( iyi bir doktordur ).No, she isnt. Hayr, deildir.

Is Ali your father? Ali senin babanmdr?

Yes, he is. Evet, babamdr.


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No, he isnt. Hayr, deil.

Are you his friend or brother?Sen onunkardei mi yoksa arkada msn?

I am her brother. Ben onunkardeiyim.I am her friend. Ben onunarkadaym.

Is she Alis secretary or wife?O Alininsekreterimiyoksa karsmdr?

She is Alis secretary. O Alininsekreteridir.She is Alis secretary. O Alinineidir.( karsdr)

Are they your neighbours or relatives?Onlar sizin komularnzmyoksa akrabalarnzmdr?

They are our relatives. Onlar akrabalarmzdr.They are our neighbours. Onlar komularmzdr.

Are you my friend or enemy? Dostummuyoksa dmanmmsn?I am your friend. (Ben senin)Dostunum.I am your enemy. (Ben senin)Dmannm.

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**Chapter 11 : NOUNS IN THE SENTENCE=*=*=*=*=*=*= -------------------------------------

***The nouns can be in five different forms in the sentences.

1)As they are :

Oven : frn quilt : battaniye mirror : aynaTable : masa house : ev river : nehirtown : kasaba carpet : hal cup : fincan

Ali : Ali Atatrk : Atatrk George : GeorgeEverest : Everest Nile : Nil Agean : Ege

stanbul : stanbul London : Londra France : Fransa------------------------------


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Me : beni Have you seen me in the market.You : seni I will inform you immediately.Him/her : onu They cought him/her yesterday.

Us : bizi Ali visitited us last night.You : sizi Wait! I will pull you out.Them : onlar We love them.

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3) As inclined : to turn towards.

***In Turkish we will add to the noun :Suffix ; a - e

============to wall to house to school to roseduvara eve okula gle

to fork to lock to telephone to city

atala kilite telefona ehire ..etc.

***If the noun ends with a vowel,suffix takes a welding letter :ya - ye

=============to table to window to box to ironmasaya pencereye kutuya tye

to room to tray to towel to villagerodaya tepsiye havluya koylye

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**If the noun ends with a consonant :We are going home. eve. To the school : okulaI will tell you. sana

**If the noun ends with a vowel,suffix takes a welding letter :


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To London : Londraya To hospital : hastaneye.........etc.

Theyve gone to London. Send him to me.Londraya bana

***Demonstrative nouns in a sentence :

Me : bana Show me the main post office.You : sana I will tell you all about the event.Him/her : ona His sister lends him some money.

Us : bize Nobody told us what to do?

You : size I am not looking at you.Them : onlara You must not laugh at them.

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4) In / at / on : de/ da( according to vowel harmony)------------------ --------

In the house : evde in Istanbul : stanbulda

At the door : kapda at the church : kilisede.on the road : yolda

Examples :

The children are playing in the house. evdeWe saw them at the church. kilisedeHe left his car on the road. yolda

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5) from : den / dan( according to vowel harmony)--------- --------------

From house : evden from cinema : sinemadanFrom garden : baheden from school : okuldanFrom Paris : Paristen from London: Londradan


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Examples :

Weve bought this from London. LondradanThey came from Africa. Afrikadan

Theyve got the flowers from Ali AlidenI borrowed it from Aye. Ayeden

The children are coming from school. OkuldanThe smoke is coming from engine. Motordan

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We have learned five different forms of nouns in a sentences.Now let see them together in a diagram to understand the lessonbetter.


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Noun Emphasized Inclined In/at/on From

Pool havuz havuzu havuza havuzda havuzdanHouse ev evi eve evde evden.Wall duvar duvar duvara duvarda duvardanSchool okul okulu okula okulda okuldanLake gl gl gle glde gldenHotel hotel hoteli hotele hotelde hoteldenBar bar bar bara barda bardanzmir zmir zmiri zmire zmirde zmirden

Ship gemi gemiyi gemiye gemide gemidenCinema sinema sinemay sinemaya sinemada sinemadanFactory fabrika fabrikay fabrikaya fab

Curs de Limba Turca

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