Cristel Aniela Andreea metal.doc

8/13/2019 Cristel Aniela Andreea metal.doc

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Cristel Aniela Andreea

Gr 3305

Flatiron Building

( Skyscrapers )

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatiron_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatiron_Building


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Flatiron Building

A skyscraperis a very tall, continuously habitable building. There is no

official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may

clearly be classified as a skyscraper. However, as per usual practice in most

cities, the definition is used empirically, depending on the relative impact of

the shape of a building to a city's overall skyline. Thus, depending on the

average height of the rest of the buildings and/ or structures in a city, even

a building of 8 meters height !appro"imately #$# ft% may be considered a

skyscraper provided that it clearly stands out above its surrounding built

environment and significantly changes the overall skyline of that particular

city.

The word skyscraperoriginally referred to a nautical termtall mast or its

main sail on a sailing ship. The term was first applied to buildings in the late

&th century as a result of public ama(ement at the tall buildings being built

in )hicagoand *ew +ork )ity.

The structural definition of the word skyscraperwas refined later byarchitectural historians, based on engineering developments of the &88s

that had enabled construction of tall multistory buildings. This definition

was based on the steel skeleton-as opposed to constructions of load

bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in &8&with )hicago's

onadnock uilding. 0hiladelphia's )ity Hall,completed in &&, still holds

claim as the world's tallest loadbearing masonry structure at &$1 m !238

ft%. The steel frame developed in stages of increasing selfsufficiency, with

several buildings in )hicago and *ew +ork advancing the technology that

allowed the steel frame to carry a building on its own. Today, however, manyof the tallest skyscrapers are built almost entirely with reinforced

concrete. 0umpsand storage tanksmaintain water pressureat the top of of

skyscrapers.

A loose convention in the 4nited 5tatesand 6uropenow draws the lower

limit of a 7skyscraper7 at &2 meters !2 ft%.&9A skyscraper taller than

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: meters !83 ft% may be referred to as supertall.5horter buildings are

still sometimes referred to as skyscrapers if they appear to dominate their

surroundings

The somewhat arbitrary term skyscrapershould not be confused with the

slightly less arbitrary term highrise, defined by the 6mporis 5tandards)ommitteeas 7...a multistory structure with at least floors or :2 meters

!&&2 feet% in height.7#9All skyscrapers are highrises, but only the tallest

highrises are skyscrapers. Habitability separates skyscrapers from towers

and masts. 5ome structural engineersdefine a highrise as any vertical

construction for which windis a more significant load factorthan weight.

*ote that this criterion fits not only highrises but some other tall

structures, such as towers

The word skyscraperoften carries a connotation of pride and achievement.

The skyscraper, in name and social function, is a modern e"pression of theageold symbol of the world centeror a"is mundi; a pillar that connects

earth to heaven and the four compass directions to one another

odern skyscrapers are built with materials such as steel, glass, reinforced

concreteand granite, and routinely utili(e mechanical eue to the restricted land area available for development, the houses

increased in height instead. uildings of && stories were common, and there

are records of buildings as high as &3 stories. any of the stonebuilt

structures can still be seen today in the old town of 6dinburgh

The oldest iron framed building in the world is The ?la"mill!also locally

known as the 7altings7%, in 5hrewsbury, 6ngland. uilt in &11, it is seen as

the 7grandfather of skyscrapers@ due to its fireproof combination of cast

iron columns and cast iron beams developed into the modern steel frame

that made modern skyscrapers possible. 4nfortunately, it lies derelict and

needs much investment to keep it standing. n :& arch #2, it was

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announced that 6nglish Heritagewould buy the ?la"mill so that it could be

redeveloped

The first skyscraper was the tenstory Home =nsurance uildingin )hicago,

built in &883B&882. Chile its height is not considered unusual or veryimpressive today, the architect, aDor Cilliam Ee aron Fenney, created the

first loadbearing structural frame. =n this building, a steel frame supported

the entire weight of the walls, instead of loadbearing walls carrying the

weight of the building, which was the usual method. This development led to

the 7)hicago skeleton7 form of construction. After Fenney's accomplishment

the sky was truly the limit as far as building was concerned

5ullivan's Cainwright uildingbuilding in 5t. Eouis, &8, was the first steel

frame building with soaring vertical bands to emphasi(e the height of thebuilding, and is, therefore, considered by some to be the first true

skyscraper

The 4nited Gingdom also had its share of early skyscrapers. The first

building to fit the engineering definition, meanwhile, was the then largest

hotel in the world, the rand idland Hotel, now known as 5t 0ancras

)hambersin Eondon, opened in &81:with a clock tower8# metres !#$ ft% in

height. The floor 5hell e" Housein Eondon, at 28 metres !& ft%, was

completed a year after the Home =nsurance uilding and managed to beat it

in both height and floor count. &811saw the opening of the othic revival

style anchester Town Hallby Alfred Caterhouse. =ts 81metrehigh clock

and bell tower dominated that city's skyline for almost a century

ost early skyscrapers emerged in the landstrapped areas of )hicago,

Eondon, and *ew +ork toward the end of the &th century. Eondon builders

soon found building heights limited due to a complaint from Iueen Jictoria,

rules that continued to e"ist with few e"ceptions until the &2sK concerns

about aesthetics and fire safety had likewise hampered the development of

skyscrapers across continental 6urope for the first half of the twentieth

century !with the notable e"ceptions of the #$storey oerentorenin

Antwerp, elgium, built in &:#, and the :&storey Torre 0iacentiniin enoa,

=taly, built in &3%. After an early competition between *ew +ork )ity and

)hicago for the world's tallest building, *ew +ork took a firm lead by &82

with the completion of the American 5urety uilding. >evelopers in )hicago

also found themselves hampered by laws limiting height to about 3 storeys,

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leaving *ew +ork to hold the title of tallest building for many years. *ew

+ork )ity developers then competed among themselves, with successively

taller buildings claiming the title of 7world's tallest7 in the s and early

&:s, culminating with the completion of the )hrysler uildingin &: and

the 6mpire 5tate uildingin &:&, the world's tallest building for fortyyears. ?rom the &:s onwards, skyscrapers also began to appear in Eatin

America!5Lo 0aulo, )aracas, e"ico )ity% and in Asia!Tokyo, 5hanghai,

Hong Gong, 5ingapore%

=mmediately after Corld Car ==, the 5oviet 4nionplanned eight massive

skyscrapers dubbed 75talin Towers7 for oscowK seven of these were

eventually built. The rest of 6urope also slowly began to permit skyscrapers,

starting with adrid, in 5pain, during the &2s. ?inally, skyscrapers also

began to appear in Africa, the iddle 6ast and ceania !mainly Australia%

from the late &2s and early &$s

5till today no city in the world has more completed individual freestanding

buildings over 3# ft. !&2 m% than *ew +ork )ity.39. Hong Gong comes in

with the most in the entire world,29if one counts individually the multiple

towers that rise from a common podium!as 6mporisdoes%, in buildings that

rise several stories as a single structure before splitting into two or more

columns of floors. The number of skyscrapers in Hong Gong will continue to

increase, due to a prolonged highrise building boom and high demand for

office and housing space in the area. A new building comple"in Gowloon

contains several mi"eduse towers !hotelshopsresidential% and one of them

will be &&8 stories tall

)hicago's skyline was not allowed to grow until the height limits were

rela"ed in &$K over the ne"t fifteen years many towers were built,

including the massive 33#meter !&,32&foot% 5ears Tower,$9leading to its

current number of buildings over 3# ft. )hicago is currently undergoing an

epic construction boom that will greatly add to the city's skyline. 5ince

#, at least 3 buildings at a minimum of 2 stories high have been built.19

89The )hicago 5pire, Trump =nternational Hotel and Tower !)hicago%,

Caterview Tower,andarin riental Tower, #: 5outh Ea5alle, 0ark

ichigan,and A


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world. ther large cities that are currently e"periencing maDor building

booms involving skyscrapers include 5hanghaiin )hinaand >ubaiin the

4nited Arab 6mirates

Today, skyscrapers are an increasingly common sight where land is scarce, asin the centres of big cities, because of the high ratio of rentable floor space

per area of land. 5kyscrapers, like temples and palaces in the past, are

considered symbols of a city's economic power

The Flatiron Building, standing #82 ft !81 m% high, was one of the tallest

buildings in the city upon its completion in , made possible by its steelskeleton. =t was one of the first buildings designed with a steel framework,

and to achieve this height with other construction methods of that time

would have been very difficult

The ?latiron uilding was designed by )hicago's >aniel urnhamin the

eau"Artsstyle. Eike a classical reek column, its limestone and gla(ed

terracottafaMade is separated into three parts hori(ontally. 5ince it was

one of the first buildings to use a steel skeleton, the building could be

constructed to #82 feet !81 m%, which would have been very difficult with

other construction methods of that time. The initial design by >aniel

urnham shows a similar design to the one constructed, but with a far more

elaborate crown with numerous setbacksnear the pinnacle. A clock face can

also be seen. However, this was later removed from the design.

Close-upof Flatiron Building

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?latiron uilding

ne of the earliest buildings-and possibly the tallest in *ew +ork at the

time-to utili(e a steel frame with nonloadbearing facades, the ?latiron

was meant to resemble a classical column with a protruding and ornamented

base and top. The ?latiron's facade is richly detailed rusticated limestone

with gently undulating bays to break the sense of sheer wall. A continuous,

triangular cornice runs around the building.

The design was influenced by architectural trends introduced at the &8:

Corld's )olumbian 6"position in )hicagoand combines elements of ?renchand =talian Nenaissance architecture.

0robably the best and liveliest of )hicago Architect >aniel urnam's

designs, the building was meant to be named the ?uller uilding because it

was originally occupied by the ?uller )onstruction )ompany. A 3 story

building at adison and 21th 5treet now bears the ?uller )onstruction

)ompany name.

>aniel urnam had been known as one of )hicago's great modernists, but

after the death of his partner in their firm urnam and Noothe became

much more conservative and stodgy. The ?latiron uilding's unusual shapeand e"treme height, for its day, gave *ew +orkers concern that it would fall

down so for a while it was known as 7urnam's ?olly.7

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=ts knifeblade wedge shape is the only way the building could fill the

triangular property created by the intersection of ?ifth Avenue and

roadway, and that happy coincidence created one of the city's most

distinctive buildings , it was originally named the ?uller uilding, then later

7urnham's ?olly7 !since folks were certain that architect >aniel urnham's#&story structure would fall down%. =t didn't. There's no observation deck,

and the building mainly houses publishing offices, but there are a few shops

on the ground floor. The building's e"istence has served to name the

neighborhood around it the ?latiron >istrict, home to a bevy of smart

restaurants and shops.

Chy they used steel structure;

- to achieve this height with other construction methods of that time

would have been very difficult

- =ts knifeblade wedge shape is the only way the building could fill the

triangular property created by the intersection of ?ifth Avenue and

roadway, and that happy coincidence created one of the city's most

distinctive buildings

- steel structurescan be

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