47416490-Ioan-G-Coman-Probleme-de-filosofie-si-literatura-patristica.pdf

7/23/2019 47416490-Ioan-G-Coman-Probleme-de-filosofie-si-literatura-patristica.pdf

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PREOT PROFESOR IOAN G. COMAN

EDITURA INSTITUTULUI BIBLIC I DE MISIUNE AL BISERICII ORTODOXE ROMNE

BUCURETI 1995

Seria Teologi ortodoci romni apare ci!i!i"ia#i$a %i c& p&r#area 'e (ri)* a

PREA FERICITULUI P+RINTE

TEOCTIST PATRIAR,UL BISERICII ORTODOXE ROMANE

E'i"ia I a ace-#ei c*r"i a ap*r ! E'i#&ra /Ca-a c0ae0r2 ! a!& 1933

C0per#a 4 R0'ica C0#ea!&

COPRIG,T C 1995

E'i#&ra I!-#i#&&i Bi6ic %i 'e Mi-i&!e

a Bi-ericii Or#0'07e R08!e

ISBN 9:;


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!!' @i0-0@&&i ap00(e# A#e!a(0ra A#e!ia!& -ec. II2 'e80!-#rea*2 'e @ap#2 a6ii#a#ea pri8e0r(e!era"ii 'e cre%#i!i i! ap*rarea a'e$*r&ri0r 'e cre'i!"*2 ciar c& 8i)0acee i!#eec#&ae 'e care @*cea &&8ea p*(!* i!-#r&i#*. Dar2 i! #i8p ce A#e!a(0ra %i ac*#&ia ap00(ia 'i! per-pec#i$a @i0-0&&icre%#i!2 cee6r& ap00(e# a#i! La0#a!"i& c. 3= < c. ;=2 Pre0c&pa# c& prec*'ere 'e a#&ra prac#ic* acre%#i!i-8&&i2 0@erea c0!#e8p0ra!i0r -*i2 pri!Dumnezeietile Instituii, &!&

CU>NT ?NAINTE

'i!#re pri8ee -i-#e8e 80rae !-&@e"i#e 'e '&& E$a!(eiei. N& !#8p*#0r -a 0pri# P*ri!#ee pr0@e-0rC08a! a-&pra ace-#&i !-e8!a# ar cre%#i!2 ci2 'e-i(&r2 @ii!'c* e a re&%i# -* i&-#ree 0& a##a ar#* i'eeac* !$*"*#&ra cre%#i!* e-#e 'a#*2 ! pri8& r!'2 pe!#r& a @i apica#* ! $ia"a 'e @iecare i a ce&i cre'i!ci0-.

Pree!#area /@i0-0@ici prac#ice a cre%#i!i-8&&i pri8e0r $eac&ri !& pea 08i#e2 'e a-e8e!ea2Epistolactre Diognet -ec. II2 0are $0r6e%#e c& i8pei8e %i pr0@&!i8e 'e-pre e7i-#e!"a cre%#i!i0r !#r0peri0a'* 'i@ici* pe!#r& Bi-eric* %i !#r0 -0cie#a#e p0#ri$!ic* 0r. Dar2 i!'i@ere!# 'e -e!#i8e!#ee &8ii@a"* 'e ei < acce!#&ea* ar& epi-#0ei


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c%estiune nu tre"uie s #ie strine tinerei culturi romneti care se ela"oreaz su" oc%ii notri&'devrata cultur se ntemeiaz pe un numr de principii, idei i atitudini netrectoare, singure capa"iles structureze "olile #rumosului i ale "inelui nezdruncinat& Dac o"iectul i elul unei culturi superioare, vrednic de acest nume, sunt n#lorirea i nlarea personalitii umane pe piscul de azur aldesvririi, unde eistena este o epresie continu a valorilor eterne ale spiritului, nu concepii ie#tine

sau atitudini ndoielnice, ci cugetri temeinice i acte eroice ne pot urca pn la acele nlimi& )perele$#inilor !rini sunt pline, ca #agurii de miere, de asemenea cugetri i acte& *ugetri i acteeminamente cretine, aa de "inevenite n procesul de #ormaie a culturii romneti cretin prinecelen& *a #loare a neamului romnesc cu o eisten cretin "imilenar, cultura noastr nu poate inu tre"uie s #ie dect cretin+ de un cretinism pur, primar, aa cum se revars el din izvoarelecristaline ale cugetrii i simirii patristice, nu diluat de anumite con#esiuni i cercuri cretineindependente, sau "astardizat de operele literare i cteodat c%iar de cele aazise tiini#ice ale'pusului& !rezentm cititorilor romni, n paginile ce urmeaz, numai un modest nceput al unor lucrride amploare asupra gndirii dogmatice, #iloso#ice, morale, estetice i sociale a $#inilor !rini& )dogmatic i o meta#izic ortodo, ntemeiate eclusiv pe documentele originale ale epocii patristice,sunt a"solut necesare spiritualitii romneti contemporane& d-duim s putem da .isericii i /rii,

ntro zi, aceast o#rand&

PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

0iloso# ia patristic nu dumnete i nu suprim #iloso-ia pro#an& 'ceasta din urm, cnd nu sertcete pe drumurile ntunecoase ale erorii sau ale orgoliului, este i ea patronat i promovat de1ogosul lui Dumnezeu& !atrona- i spri-in dat pe calea revelaiei naturale& 0iloso-ia patristic se inspirdin izvorul revelaiei supranaturale consemnat n $#nta $criptur i se ela"oreaz, n cea mai mareparte, prin lumina aceleiai revelaii su" dogoarea %arului $#ntului Du%& 2ndirea $#inilor !riniutilizeaz rezultatele decisiva i permanente ale cugetrii pro#ane, pentru a purcede printrun z"or mainalt spre soluiile de#initive i venice& 'ceste soluii duc, toate, la #ericita cunoatere a 'devrului n

sine, adic a lui Dumnezeu, izvor i scop al oricror tiine adevrate& *unoaterea 'devrului n sineeste rezultatul unirii minii omeneti pure cu 3intea sau Inteligena suprem4 contopirea nousului umancuN0&-& divin sau Inteligi"ilul& 'cest contact cu 'devrul n sine se #ace numai graie unirii per#ectedintre gnoz i credin& 0iloso#ia patristic nu anuleaz, deci, #iloso#ia pro#an dect n msura n careaceasta din urm se oprete la soluii e#emere, neltoare& *ugetarea $#inilor !rini depetegndirea pro#an prin aceea c ea, ancornd n Dumnezeu, gsete soluii de#initive i netrectoarepro"lemelor ei& Di#erite sisteme necretine de #iloso#ie modern pot gsi, n cugetarea patristic,elemente i orientri care s le dea mai mult consecven i trie& Este un adevr constatat c numaisistemele #iloso#ice de structur sau orientare cretin au rezistat i rezist dintelui vremii&

!rimele patru i ultimul din studiile de #a au #ost pu"licate, cele dinti n 2ndirea n cursul anului

5678, cel din urm n numrul de !ati al revistei 9remea din acelai an& Ele sunt prezentate acumntro #orm uor revzut i uneori ampli#icat& $unt prevzute cu aparatul critic, care, din motivete%nice, na putut aprea totdeauna la prima lor pu"licare& *elelalte patru studii apar acum pentruprima dat&

!reotul I)' 2& *)3'

CAPITOLUL I

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?NTRE PARNAS I TABOR

RAPORTUL DINTRE LITERATURILE GREAC+ PROFANA I GREACA CRETIN+

INTRODUCERE

Par!a-& %i Ta60r& -&!# '0&* p&!c#e car'i!ae ae -#r*'&i!"e0r !0a-#re -pre i'ea %i -@i!"e!ie 4 'i!Par!a-& ee!ic2 8&ee 'e 0'i!i0ar* a& @*c -* -e r*-p!'ea-c* p!* 'epar#e !e!#recee 8e0'ii aece0r 8ai ae-e -piri#e ae $ecii Grecii. Ti8p 'e 8ai 6i!e 'e 15 $eac&ri ace-#e 8&e a& c!#a# !e!#rer&p#%i a& @er8eca# c& ar80!iie 0r &8ea ee!ic* %i cea 8e'i#era!ea!* care !"ee(ea i86a Par!a-&&i.Ace-#e ar80!ii -&-&r* !c* ! i!i8a $*p*ia#ei !0a-#re E&r0pe. Di! Ta60r& cre%#i!2 Fi& &i D&8!ee& %ia M*riei 'i! Naare# a r*-p!'i# &8i!a cerea-c* a #ra!-@i(&r*rii pe!#r& !'&8!eeirea 08&&i %i a&!i$er-&&i. L&8i!a Ta60r&&i e &8i!a -&pra!a#&ra* a Ta#*&i cere-c -pre care2 pri! p&ri@icare2c0!#e8pare %i &!ire c& D&8!ee&2 a& !*&i# %i !*&ie-c 8ii0a!e 'e cre%i#!i. L&8i!a #a60ric* -a !#!i#c& ar80!ia 8&e0r par!a-ie!e ! a!& I a erei !0a-#re. C0!#ac#& i#erar a (ra"iei ee!e c& ar& cre%#i! -a !#8pa# ! 808e!#& ! care2 pri! Ap0-#0& Pa$e %i pri! E$a!(ei%#i2 pr0pa(a!'a cre'i!"ei cre%#i!e-e a're-a &8ii ee!e. A'ic* @0ar#e 'e$re8e 4 ! -ec0& I.

Ce a rea# 'i! c0!#ac#& ace-#0r '0&* i#era#&ri 4 ee!* %i cre%#i!* H Op0i"ie 'r* a !cep apr0piere%i prie#e!ie 8ai #ri&. Oricare ar @i @0-# !-* rap0r#& 8*r#&ri-i# -a& !e8*r#&ri-i# 'i!#re ee2 @iecare 'i!ace-#e i#era#&ri -a 8a!i@e-#a# p0#ri$i# c0!cep"iei (e!erae 'e-pre &8e %i $ia"* pe

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care 0 a$ea @iecare 'i! cee '0&* -erii 'e crea#0ri ai ace-#0r i#era#&ri. Li#era#&ra ee!* e-#e2 attpri! @0!'& ei c# %i pri! @0r8ee $aria#e pe care ea 86r*ca#2 0 ci$a#0are pa-i0!a#* a@r&80-&&i. P0e"i %i pr0a#0ri2 @i0-0@i %i i-#0rici2 0ra#0ri %i ier0@a!"i2 0a8e!i 'e %#ii!"* %ie!cic0pe'i%#i2 (ra8a#ici %i pa!e(iri%#i2 #0"i &r8*re-c @r&80-&2 0ricare ar @i 8a#eria pe care 0#ra#ea*. Ciar &cr&rie -a& i'eie cee 8ai 6a!ae -&!# pree!#a#e2 a'e-ea2 !#r0 a&re0* 'e $ra)*care -8&(e a'8ira"ia. A'e$*r& @i0-0@ic2 %#ii!"i@ic2 80ra -a& p0i#ic e c*a# %i pree!#a# !8&ica ar80!i0a-* a ca'e!"e0r -a& a -#i&&i. Ee!ii (!'e-c2 $0r6e-c %i -cri& -&6 $ra)a @r&80-&&i. A @r&80-&&i @0r8e0r. Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* &r8*re%#e @r&80-& i!#eri0r2 acea 'e-*$r%irei'ea* p!* a #ra!-@i(&rare %i -@i!"e!ie. Nec*!' a a-pec#& e7#eri0r a $ie"ii %i a &8ii2i#era#&ra cre%#i!* !& -e pa-i0!ea* < ce p&"i! a !cep < pe!#r& ee(a!"a @0r8ei. Ea '0re%#ep&ri@icarea #rep#a#* a 08&&i i!#eri0r2 pe!#r& a -e !*"a p!* a acea per@ec"i&!e care1 @acea-e8e!ea &i D&8!ee&. Pe c!' a0a(a#ia ee!ic* a$ea 'rep# 80'e er0i ca ,erc&e2 Aie2

Ui-e %i E!ea2 6*r6a"i @r&80%i2 per!ici %i c&ra)0%i2 -a& !"eep"i ca Ne-#0r2 S00!2 Pi#a(0ra %ia"ii2 0a8e!i i!#ei(e!"i2 c&8p*!i"i %i 'e-e0ri $ice!i2 'e-*$r%irea cre%#i!* a$ea ca 80'e i'ea pe,ri-#0- D&8!ee& care -p&-e-e 4 /E& -&!# caea2 a'e$*r& %i $ia"a.

O8& i'ea a E&r0pei cre%#i!e 80'er!e ar @i acea care ar pea -* !#r&pee < 'e-i(&r !&i!#e(ra2 c*ci acea-#a !& e c& pi!"* < cee '0&* 80'ee 4 ee!ic %i cre%#i!2 c& prec*'erea ce&i'i! &r8*. Ia#* 'e ce cee '0&* i#era#&ri2 ee!* %i cre%#i!*2 -&!# a%a 'e ac#&ae a-#*i. Cea ee!*

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e-#e2 'e 6i!e 'e r*&2 a'e-ea2 'e%i @ra(8e!#ar2 #ra#a#* 'e pr0@e-0ri pe ca#e're -a& 'e -peciai%#i !&cr*ri. Cea cre%#i!* < !"ee( i#era#&ra (reac* cre%#i!* 'i! ep0ca 'e a&r a pa#ri-#icii < eapr0ape #0#a !ec&!0-c* ! "ara !0a-#r*2 &!'e !ici %c0ie &!i$er-i#are2 !ici Bi-erica !&i 'a&!ici 0 i8p0r#a!"*. Acea-#a -pre pa(&6a !ea8&&i %i 8ai ae- a -piri#&ai#*"ii !0a-#re 0r#0'07e2c*reia i ip-e-c i$0aree 'irec#e 'e i!-pira"ie %i

INTRE PANAS I TABOR

'e ai8e!#are. Crea"iie i#era#&rii ca-ice cre%#i!e -&!# 0 i!c08para6i* c080ar* 'e @r&8&-e"e %i'e-*$r%ire. S* !'r*!i8 a 'e-ci'e e-#rea *-a#* 'e S@i!"ii P*ri!"i2 8ai ae- ! $re8&rie 'e@a"*2 c!' Pa#ria &p#* pe!#r& 6ir&i!"a &i ,ri-#0-.

C!' -a& (*-i# 0a8e!i care -* -&-"i!* c* !#re cee '0&* i#era#&ri2 ee!* %i cre%#i!*2 e7i-#* &!c0!@ic# irec0!ciia6i %i c* ace-# c0!@ic# a8e!i!"* ecii6r& -&@e#e-c a ci#i#0ri0r ce0r '0&*i#era#&ri2 e 6i!e -* !0#*8 c* aar8a era 'a#* ! 'e@a$0area i#era#&rii cre%#i!e. S&-"i!*#0rii ace-#ei#ee2 recra"i ce 8ai a'e-ea 'i!#re a#ei2 @ra!c8a-0!i -a& -e8i'0c"i2 &r8*re-c < pri! "i!erea a

'i-#a!"* a i#era#&rii cre%#i!e < &r8*#0aree #rei "i!#e 4 1. 'e-#r*8area $a0ri0r cre%#i!e2 . c&e!ei2 ;. e(e80!ia i!cer#i#&'i!ii. Cre%#i!i-8& @ii!' a86ia!"a ac#&a* -piri#&a* cea 8aiper!ic* a E&r0pei 80'er!e2 rep&!erea ! circ&a"ie a crea"ii0r cre%#i!i-8&&i ca-ic ar !-e8!aa8e!i!"area ace0r -piri#e !e(a#i$e care $*' c& 0ci r*i e@0r#&rie 'e recre%#i!are a c0!#i!e!#&&i!0-#r&. Cre%#i!i-8& e-#e rei(ia 8&!cii %i a 'ra(0-#ei. A 8&!cii 'e @iecare cip* %i a ae7a8e!&&i 'e @iecare i pe!#r& c&cerirea 'e-*$r%irii. De-*$r%irea -e 06"i!e !& pri!#r0 @0r8&*8a(ic* -a& pri! apar#e!e!"a c*rei ca-e -0ciae2 ci pri!#r0 &ria%* %i !e!#rer&p#* 8&!c*. U!@ra!c8a-0! %i &! -e8i'0c# &r*-c 'e 80ar#e 8&!ca. Ei #r*ie-c pri! e(*#&rie 'e p*ie!)e!i% ae0ce0r 0@icii 'e e!e %i cac&e i!a$&a6ie. Aceia%i 0a8e!i a& 0r0are 'e cer#i#&'i!i2 a'ic* 'e

pri!cipii !e'r&!ci!a#e pe care -e !#e8eia* $ia"a 0a8e!i0r 8ari %i a p0p0are0rei#e. Mai8 'ec# i#era#&ra (reac*2 cea cre%#i!* a !@ip# ! i-#0ria &8ii 0 -ea8* 'e cer#i#&'i!i 'e (ra!i#2care !& -e $0r pr*6&%i ! $eac. Ace-#e cer#i#&'i!i )e!ea* pr0@&!' pe !eprie#e!ii i#era#&riicre%#i!e.

PUNCTE DE CONTACT

!#re cee '0&* i#era#&ri2 ee!* %i cre%#i!*2 -&!# apr0pieri %i 'e0-e6iri 'e !e#*(*'&i#2 pe care!&8ai &! e7a8e! 06iec#i$ e p0a#e pree!#a ! a'e$*ra#& 0r -e!-. S* !cepe8 c& a-e8*!*rie2-a&. 8ai preci-2 c& p&!c#ee 'e c0!#ac#.

12PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

INTRE PARNAS I TABOR

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U! pri8 p&!c# 'e c0!#ac# e-#e i86a ce0r '0&* i#era#&ri. Ca %i cea ee!* pr0@a!*2 i#era#&racre%#i!* ca-ic* e -cri-* c& 'e0-e6ire ! i86a (reac*. E$i'e!#2 e-#e 0 i86* (reac* e$0&a#* @a"*

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'e aceea a ca-ici-8&&i ee! !ici &! S@!# P*ri!#e -a& -crii#0r 6i-erice-c !& $a ree'i#a2 -&6rap0r#& i86ii2 pe E-ci2 T&ci'i'e -a& Pa#0!2 !& pe!#r& c* cei 'i!#i ar @i @0-# ip-i"i 'e (e!i&i#erar a ce0r 'i! &r8* < 'i8p0#ri$*2 &!ii 'i!#re ei2 ca I0a! G&r* 'e A&r2 'e e7e8p&2 a&'ep*%i# pe ca-icii p*(!i


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Te00(ia rea#i$ -i8p* a >eci&&i %i a N0&&i Te-#a8e!#2 c& e7cep"ia aceeia a E$a!(eiei'&p* I0a!2 -a p 'e$0#a ! -&per6e -i-#e8e ca2 'e e7.2 a Ori(e!2 a A#a!a-ie2 a Capa'0cie!i -a& a I0a! Da8a-ci!2 (ra"ie 8arii @0r"e -pec&a#i$e a i86ii (rece%#i. Grecii cre%#i!ipa#ri-#ici2 care pri!#r&! acci'e!# !ar 8ai @i $0r6i# %i 'eci !ar 8ai @i (!'i# (rece%#e2 !ar @ip ! !ici &! ca -* ea60ree '0c#ri!a pe care e0 c&!0a%#e8. ?!'e&!(a#a e$0&"ie %i

i8pici#a 860(*"ire a

13 PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

i86ii (rece%#i i#erare 'e a ,08er p!* a N0& Te-#a8e!# a 'a# pi!"a -crii#0ri0r cre%#i!i 'i!$eac&rie &r8*#0are -* @00-ea-c* #er8e!ii $eci @ie c& !"ee-& 0r pr0pri&2 @ie c& &!& -&prap&-2@ie c& &!& a6-0 !0&. !"ee-&rie !0i #&r!a#e ! #er8e!i $eci ar @i -ca!'aia# p0a#e 8ai 8'ec# a8 @i !0i !ci!a"i -* cre'e82 'ac* 0pera"ia !ar @i !cep ce$a 8ai 'e$re8e2 0 'a#* c&i!@&e!"ee 0rie!#ae 'e #0# @e& a-&pra c&rii (rece%#i. D&p* c&8 i!#erpre#area ae(0ric* a &!&iOri(e! !& era i!$e!"ia -a per-0!a*2 ci apar"i!ea e7e(eei i#erare ee!ice2 #0# a%a %i &8perea

c&$i!#e0r $eci c& c0!"i! !0& era &! &cr& 'e)a prac#ica# ! i-#0ria i86ii(rece%#i.

U! a# ee8e!# 'e c0!#ac# !#re cee '0&* i#era#&ri -&!# a!a0(iie 'e i'ei %i a#i#&'i!i (e!era08e!e%#i2 'e6*#e ! 0peree re-pec#i$e. Rare -&!# i#era#&rie ! care a'e$*r&rie (e!era08e!e%#i -* @i @0-# @0r8&a#e 8ai api'ar %i pree!#a#e 8ai a#r*(*#0r ca ! cea ee!*. Ace-#ea'e$*r&ri a& #rec %i ! i#era#&ra cre%#i!* !& pe!#r& c* cre%#i!ii !& ear @i c&!0-c 'i! pr0pria0r e7perie!"*2 ci pe!#r& c* -e !@*"i%a& ! @0r8&e 'e 'ia8a!#. ! @e& ace-#a2 i#era#&ra (!08ic*a!0!i8*2 @ra(8e!#e 'i! !$*"*#&ra ce0r %ap#e !"eep"i %i a#e ee8e!#e 'i! -piri#&ai#a#ea ee!*circ&!' pe #0a#* !#i!'erea #eri#0ri&&i &!'e -e $0r6ea (reaca2 a& -er$i# ca p&!c#e 'e pecare %i2

'e-e0ri2 ca ar(&8e!#e2 ! 'e-@*%&rarea pre'icii cre%#i!e %i a 8i-i&!ii Bi-ericii. Marii pe'a(0(icre%#i!i rec08a!'* c& !-&@e"ire #i!ere#&&i -* -e @00-ea-c* 'e !"eepci&!ea pr0@a!*. Ca& &iOri(e!2 a S@!#&&i >a-ie ce Mare %i a S@!#&&i Gri(0rie 'e Naia! -&!# ca-ice !acea-#*

pri$i!"*.

U!ee 'i! a'e$*r&rie 0!#00(ice ae '0(8a#icii cre%#i!e -e re(*-e-c2 re#r0-pec#i$2 ! 0peree 'e(e!i& ae (!'i#0ri0r ee!i. S@i!"ii P*ri!"i e7pic* @ap#& pri! re$ea"ia !a#&ra* a L0(0-&&i. U!iiee!i a& @0-#2 'eci2 cre%#i!i !ai!#e 'e ,ri-#0-. Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* %i apr0pria* %i !#*re%#e

ee8e!#e @&!'a8e!#ae 'e (!'ire %i cre'i!"* 'i! i#era#&ra ee!* pr0@a!*. Cea 'i!#i c0!@ir8* %ic0!#i!&* pe cea 'e a '0&a2 a%a c&8


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Ori(e!2 Gri(0rie 'e N--a %i I0a! Da8a-ci! c0!@ir8* %i c0!#i!&*2 !#r0 8*-&r* %i !#r&!a!&8i# -e!-2 pe ,eraci#2 Pa#0! %i Ari-#0#e.

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Ari#a#ea cre-c!'* a @0!'a#0ri0r 'e -i-#e8e @i0-0@ice %i 'e -ec#e rei(i0a-e ! @a"a &r8a%i0r%i a epi(0!i0r apr0pia a!&8i#e 0pere 'i! i#era#&ra ee!ic* #ar'i$* 'e ari#a#ea i!'i-ca6i* 'e0are -e 6&0&!a& c*r"ie cre%#i!e i!-pira#e2 'i! ca!0!2 %i 0 par#e 'i! cee ae -crii#0ri0r -acri.Ari#a#ea ace-#0r 0pere p*(!e


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pr0'&c"iie i#erare. La &! 808e!# 'a#2 cee '0&* i#era#&ri !& !&8ai c* -e a#i!(ea&2 'ar -e!#rep*#r&!'ea&. I&ia! Ap0-#a#& p&6ic* pa-#0rae '&p* 80'e& epi-c0pi0r cre%#i!i2 iarGri(0rie 'e Naia! re$e!'ic* c& #*rie pa#ri80!i& i86ii %i -piri#&ai#*"ii p*(!e.

P&!c#& c&8i!a!# a c0!#ac#&&i !#re i#era#&rie ee!* %i cre%#i!* -e (*-e%#e ! -ec0& pa#r&2

-ec0& ca-ic2 -ec0& 'e a&r a i#era#&rii cre%#i!e. Ma)0ri#a#ea 8ari0r '0c#0ri ai Bi-ericii 'i!ace-# -ec0 %ia @*c pre(*#irea i!#eec#&a* ! %c0ie ee!ice 'e a Ceareea Capa'0ciei2 'e aCeareea Pae-#i!ei2 'e a C0!-#a!#i!0p02 'e a A!#i0ia2 'e a Ae7a!'ria2 'e a A#e!a. S@!#&>a-ie ce Mare2 S@!#& Gri(0rie 'e Naia!2 S@!#& Gri(0rie 'e N--a2 S@!#& A#a!a-ie2 E&-e6i& a Ceareei2 S@!#& Cirii a Ae7a!'riei2 S@!#& I0a! G&r* 'e A&r %i ciar ap&-e!i caS@!#& Iarie 'e Pic#a$i&8


17

%i Ferici#& Ier0!i8 a& #rec pri! ace-#e %c0i %i %ia& a-i8ia# ! cip -#r*&ci# c&ra pr0@a!*.Per@0r8a!"ee 0r i!#eec#&ae %i e7cep"i0!a& 0r #ae!# 0ra#0ric a& -#r!i# a'8ira"ia p*(!i0r.Ne#&6&ra"i 'e a86i"ii pr0@a!e2 ei %ia& p&- #0a#* pre(*#irea ! -&)6a cre'i!"ei %i a i'ea&&icre%#i!. C&!0-c*#0ri 'e-*$r%i"i ai c&rii p*(!e2 ei ci#ea* a @iecare pa- 'i! i#era#&ra ee!*. C*-cri& 0pere '0(8a#ice2 @i0-0@ice2 -0ci00(ice2 ap00(e#ice2 p0e8ice2 pre'ici2 p0eii -a& epi-#0e2ei iiea* c& 8i!ie pi!e2 !&8e2 i'ei2 ar(&8e!#e2 a&ii -a& ciar @ra(8e!#e #e7#&ae 'i!i#era#&ra pr0@a!*. Mai 8 'ec# a## 4 (ra"ie e$0&"iei 'e c#e$a -ec0e a i#era#&rii cre%#i!e2(ra"ie i8i#a"iei %i e8&a"iei @a"* 'e cea pr0@a!*2 'ar 8ai ae- (ra"ie pr0pri&&i 0r (e!i&2 S@i!"iiP*ri!"i ai -ec0&&i I> a& crea# 0 i#era#&r* ca-ic*2 ! -#are -* !@r&!#e 8ie!iie %i -* -a#i-@ac*-piri#ee cee 8ai ae-e. Di! c0!#ac#& ce0r '0&* i#era#&ri2 a ie%i# cea 8ai @r&80a-* @0are 4 aceea

a &8a!i-8&&i cre%#i!.

DEOSEBIRI

!#re cee '0&* i#era#&ri e7i-#* !-* 'e0-e6iri pr0(ra8a#ice @&!'a8e!#ae. De0-e6iri care'e@i!e-c -peci@ic& @iec*reia %i -&6i!ia* r0& pe care a& )&ca#. Ace-#e 'e0-e6iri -&!# a## 'e-#r&c#&r*2 c# %i 'e 0rie!#are.

Li#era#&ra ee!*2 ip-i#* 'e re$ea"ia -&pra!a#&ra*2 are ca 06iec# e7c&-i$ 08& %i &8ea!c0!)&r*#0are. Ace-# 08 e a'e-ea 8aie-#&0- %i -&6i82 p0e"ii %i @i0-0@ii -e !a"* 'e 8e 0ri c&$ii&!ea %i (!'& p!* a cee 8ai 8ari a#i#&'i!i ae (e!i&&i &8a!2 a 0#ar& 'i!#re 'i$i!i#a#e

%i 082 'ar 08& ee!ic r*8!e &! $a(a60!'2 &! e#er! c**#0r 'e -0&"ii ! &8ea acea-#a.Mi!&!a#a (!'ire ee!ic* a -@re'ei# !e-@r%i# 'e 8e #ai!e ae $ie"ii2 ae -piri#&&i2 ae !a#&rii %i2&!e0ri2 %ia ep&ia# @0r"ee ! 'e-c0periri 'e 8e#0'e %i i!'ica"ii 'e -0&"ii @*r* -* -e 0prea-c* a$re&!a. Dar 08& ace-#a c& (e!iaa &i (!'ire %i c& 8i!&!a#& &i -i8" a @r&80-&&i2 '&p* ce ai-pr*$i# c& cerce#area a-&pra &i !-&%i

< Pr06e8e 'e @0-0@ie...

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ii;

PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE SI LITERATURA PATRISTICA

%i a-&pra 8e'i&&i !c0!)&r*#0r2 a c* ! #ri-#e"ea 'e!*'e)'ii -a& -a 'e'a# a 6iare -pec&a"ii#e00(ae -a& a p&erie prac#ici 8a(ice. L&i !&i ic*rea -pera!"a &!ei &8i %i a &!ei &8i!*ri

$e%!ice '&p* 80ar#e. Na#&ra 'i! i#era#&ra ee!ic* e @r&80a-* !&8ai ! p0eia ca-ic* ear*8!e2 ! re-#2 @ie &! reer$0r 'e @0r"e 0-#ie 08&&i2 @ie &! c8p 'e-ci- 'e p*ceri %ii!#erpre#*ri. Li#era#&ra (reac* pr0@a!* -e 'e-@*%0ar* !&8ai pe pa! !a#&ra %i &8a!2 !#re cei '0ip0i 4 a -&6i8&&i -i8"irii %i (!'irii %i a a6i-&&i #ri-#e"ii %i 'e!*'e)'ii2 a$!' ca epi0(-i!&ci'erea. Qeii ee!i -&!#2 ! i#era#&ra ca-ic*2 -&per6e @ic"i&!i e-#e#ice2 e#ice -a& p0e#ice. Ei !&reprei!#* 0 reai#a#e 0!#00(ic* apr0pia#* -a& #ra!-ce!'e!#a*2 ci -&!# '0ar !i%#e pr0iec"iii'eaia#e ae 08&&i !-&%i. A%a -e e7pic* 'e ce ace%#i ei 'a& &! @ar8ec &!ic i#era#&rii ee!e.Acea-#a e-#e cea 8ai @r&80a-* 'i! i#era#&rie &8ii !#r0 6&!* 8*-&r* %i pe!#r& 80#i$& c* eiiee!i circ&* ! ea c& &%&ri!"a %i (ra"ia ce0r 8ai @r&80%i %i 8ai 'e(a)a"i 8&ri#0ri. Ep0peea2#ra(e'ia2 c08e'ia2 i-#0ri0(ra@ia2 8i#0(ra@ia prei!#* pe ace%#i ei ! !e!&8*ra#ee a#i#&'i!i ae

08&&i 'e r!' 4 'e a 6&c&ria cea 8ai 'epi!*2 #rec!' pri! #0a#e #rep#ee2 p!* a #ri-#e"ea cea8ai pr0@&!'*. Qeii ee!i -e 8i%c* e7c&-i$ pe pa! !a#&ra. Si!(&r Pa#0! a re&%i#2 c*#re -@r%i#&$ie"ii2 -* -e ri'ice p!* a c0!cep"ia &!&i 'e8i&r( &!ic2 i'e!#ic c& I'eea Bi!e&i S&pre82 'ar care!& p0a#e @i i'e!#i@ica# c& D&8!ee& cre%#i!.

Li#era#&ra cre%#i!*2 'i8p0#ri$*2 -e 'e-@*%0ar* pe pa! -&pra!a#&ra. C*r"ie 'i! ca!0!& N0&&iTe-#a8e!# -&!# -cri-e !& -&6 i!-pira"ia !a#&ra* -&6 care e -cri-* i#era#&ra ee!ic*2 ci -&6'0(0area re$ea"iei 'i$i!e. I!-pira"ia (er8i!ea* %i -e 'e-*$r%e%#e ! c0!#ac#& -8pa#ic a-piri#&&i c& ee8e!#ee @irii. Ace-#e ee8e!#e p0# c&pri!'e c#e0'a#* p*r#icee2 -e8i!"e2 'i!(!0a 'i$i!*2 ace A:=H ai"ep)7a#i70H ! ca& ! care -crii#0r& p0a#e @i @ec&!'a# 'e acea-#*

-*8!"* a (!0ei 'i$i!e 'i! 8i)0c& @irii2 e -e a@* -&6 re$ea"ia !a#&ra*. C*r"ie N0&&iTe-#a8e!#2 0#*rrie -i!0a'e0r ec&8e!ice %i2 p!* a &! p&!c#2 0peree ca-ice ae 8ari0r '0c


19

#0ri ai Bi-ericii -&!# r0'& re$ea"iei -&pra!a#&rae. F0r8a ace-#0r 0pere e-#e &cr& ari0rre-pec#i$i. F0!'& !-* e-#e @*r* (re%2 pe!#r& c* e 'ic#a# 'e S@!#& D&2 !'e0-e6i ! 0peree 'i!pri8ee '0&* ca#e(0rii. D&8!ee& !-&%i2 pri! &r8are2 prei'ea* a ac*#&irea pri8e0r 0perei#erare cre%#i!e 'e -ea8*. Acea-#a pe!#r& c* !& !&8ai pa!&2 'ar %i c0!"i!& ace-#0r 0pere -&!#

!0i 4 06iec#& i#era#&rii cre%#i!e e-#e Ii-&- ,ri-#0- 'i! Naare#2 M!#&i#0r& &8ii. Oc&p!'&-ec& Fi& &i D&8!ee& %i D&8!ee& !-&%i2 c& ec0!08ia 8!#&irii %i c& !#re(& c08pe7 'epr06e8e pe care p&! #ra!-@0r8area 0a8e!i0r ! @ii ai &i D&8!ee& %i 0 !0&* !a%#ere a&!i$er-&&i2 i#era#&ra cre%#i!* a c*p*#a# 0 0rie!#are #0#a 'e0-e6i#* 'e cea ee!* pr0@a!*. Pe c!'acea-#a 'i! &r8* -a 0pri# pe Par!a- %i pe Oi8p2 !ep!'&-e &rca 'ec# 0 -i!(&r* 'a#*2 c&Pa#0!2 p!* a -@eree cere%#i ae c0!#e8p*rii Bi!e&i S&pre82 i#era#&ra cre%#i!* -a !*"a# 'e peG0(0#a 'irec# a #r0!& &i D&8!ee& ce per-0!a2 $e%!ic2 i!@i!i# %i a#0#per!ic. >i(0area %i

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c0c0#& 'e0-e6i# a i#era#&rii cre%#i!e -e 'a#0re-c i$0r&&i 'e $ia"* i'ea*2 care era Ii-&- ,ri-#0-.Ace-#a !& era 0 @ic"i&!e 8i#00(ic*2 a-e8e!ea &i Qe&- -a& Ap002 %i !ici 0 @er8ec*#0area6-#rac"i&!e ca Bi!ee S&pre8 pa#0!ic. Fi& &i D&8!ee& -e !*-c&-e &!'e$a pe p*8!#2 #r*i-e! i-#0rie2 8&ri-e %i !$ia-e pe!#r& 0a8e!i %i &!i$er-. Ace-#ea era& @ap#e c0!#r0a#e2 iar i#era#&rae !re(i-#ra-e !& pe!#r& a 'i-#ra pe -e!i0ri a 6a!ce#e -a& pe!#r& a !#re"i!e 'ia0(&ri ! pie"e2 ci

pe!#r& a !'e8!a a i8i#area M0'e&&i 'i$i! %i a 'e-*$r%ire. Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* e 0rie!#a#*$er#ica2 -pre !*"i8ie !ea#i!-e ae cer&&i2 c*ci ac00 e 06iec#& ei 4 D&8!ee& %i -@i!"ii. O8&e-#e 06iec# a i#era#&rii cre%#i!e !&8ai !#r&c# e &crea* pe!#r& a -e 'e-*$r%i %i a a)&!(e @i& a&i D&8!ee&.

Li#era#&ra ee!* p&!ea ca -c0p a e7i-#e!"ei acea 8i!&!a#* -i!#e* a 6i!e&i %i a @r&80-&&i2a0a(a#ia2 care c&8i!a ! @a-ci!a"ia 6&c&riei 'e a #r*i. Se c&!0a%#e r*-p&!-& cee6r& pe care$i#ea& Aie '* prie#e!&&i -*& Ui-e ! &8ea &86re0r 80r"ii 4 /De 80ar#e #& !&8i$0r6i 8!

20


(ie#0r2 -*$i#e. Mai 6i!e a% $rea -* @i& ar(a# a "ar*2 a &! -*rac c& prea p&"i!* a$ere2 'ec# aici !ia' -* @i& 8ai 8are . Oricare ar @i ei2 -crii#0rii ee!i a& 0r0are 'e 80ar#e. Li#era#&ra ee!*ci$* $ia"a c& @r&8&-e"ie %i -*6ici&!ie ei. Ea !$a"* pe 08 -* c!#e 6&c&ria e7i-#e!"ei %i -*!a"e i8! &i Fe6&- Ap00 care '* &8i!* %i @ace -* r0'ea-c* p*8!#&.

Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* !$a"* pe 08 c* acea-#* $ia"* p*8!#ea-c* !& #re6&ie #r*i#* pe!#r& ea !-*%i2c* ea e-#e &! prea86& a !e8&ririi. >ia"a #re6&ie -* @ie 0 c0!#i!&* e7erci#are !#r& c%#i(areapara'i-&&i pier'. Para'i-& !&%i 'e-ci'e p0r"ie 'ec# ce0r 'e-*$r%i"i2 iar cei 'e-*$r%i"i-&!# cei c&ra"i c& i!i8a2 cei 6!i2 cei pi!i 'e 'ra(0-#e %i cei &8i!a"i pri! %#ii!"* %i pri!0-#e!eie %i -&@eri!"ee !e-@r%i#e ae $ie"ii. Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* !& c!#*2 a%a'ar2 @r&8&-e"ie %i-a#i-@ac"iie $ie"ii 'e aici2 ci @r&8&-e"ie i!@aii6ie ae $ie"ii !epieri#0are 'i! &8ea 'e 'i!c00.

Fr&8&-e"ie cre%#i!e !& -&!# @iice2 ci 80rae %i -piri#&ae 4 re!&!"area2 8ia2 ier#area2 'ra(0-#ea2ri'icarea c& 8i!#ea p!* a D&8!ee&. Ia#* 'e ce i#era#&ra cre%#i!* !& -e 86a#* 'e 6&c&ria $ie"iip*8!#e%#i2 pe care 0 %#ie #rec*#0are2 ci c!#*2 c& ,er&$i8ii %i Sera@i8ii2 -a$a &i D&8!ee&.

! #i8p ce crea#0rii i#era#&rii ee!e pr0@a!e &r8*re-c 0 !e8&rire p*8!#ea-c*2 0r(0i& 0r '0ri!'@ier6i!#e ca (e!era"ii 'ea r!'& %i !ea8&ri '&p* !ea8&ri -* e r0-#ea-c* !&8ee2 arii cre%#i!i2

86r*ca"i ! ai!a &8ii!"ei2 -e r0a(* &i D&8!ee& pe!#r& $ia"a cerea-c*.

S#i& 'e $ia"* rec08a!'a# 'e i#era#&ra ee!* e-#e 8ai 8 ari-#0cra#ic %i #e0re#ic 4 @r&8&-e"e %iee(a!"*2 -pec&a"ii !e-@r%i#e %i 'ia#ri6*. E 0 i#era#&r* 'e -a0! %i 'e 0 ra* 8ic* 'e i!@&e!"*.Nici0'a#* 8a-ee p0p&are ee!ice !& a& c!#a# pe ,08er %i !& a& ci#i# pe Pa#0!. S#i& 'e $ia"*rec08a!'a# 'e i#era#&ra cre%#i!* e-#e &p#a !e!#rer&p#* pe!#r& a !$i!(e %i a 'ep*%i $ia"a2 '@c0$2 ! $e'erea c%#i(*rii $ie"ii !e8&

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ri#0are. O &p#* care p&ri@ic*2 'e-*$r%e%#e %i #ra!-@0r8* 08& ! @ac*r* ce -e !a"* p!* a cer.Fi(&rie i'eae pe care e c!#* i#era#&ra cre%#i!* -&!# aceea care%i !ceie $ia"a c& ace-#ec&$i!#e 4 /D0a8!e2 &p#a cea 6&!* a8 &p#a#. De aceea i#era#&ra cre%#i!* are2 8ai ae- !

pri8ee '0&* $eac&ri2 &! pr0!&!"a# carac#er pra(8a#ic. !-*%i @i0-0@ia %i -pec&a"iie #e00(ae$0r a$ea a'!ci r*'*ci!i !@ip#e ! reai#a#ea &8a!*.

Li#era#&ra ee!* pr0@a!* e !a"i0!a* %i 'e ca-#*. Orici!e !& -crie %i !& $0r6e%#e (rece%#e e &!6ar6ar. Ace-# e7c&-i$i-8 a a$ 'ar& -* reaiee ! $re8e -c&r#* cee 8ai !a#e p0#e!#e ae(e!i&&i ee!2 'ar !& #0"i ee!ii -a& 6&c&ra# 8a#eria8e!#e %i 80ra8e!#e 'e pr0'&c"iie ace-#&i(e!i&. Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* e-#e &!i$er-a* %i e(ai#ar*. Pri! ace-#e '0&* cai#*"i ea -a a're-a#!#re(ii &8i %i a 86r*"i%a# pe @iecare2 6ar6ar2 i&'e& -a& ee!2 c& aceea%i 'ra(0-#e.

C& #0# carac#er& ei &!i$er-ai-# %i e(ai#ar2 i#era#&ra cre%#i!* a pri8i# c0!-e8!& &!ei a-pre'i-cipi!e. Pe c!' i#era#&ra ee!* pr0@a!* -e 6&c&ra %i a6&a 'e 0 i6er#a#e !e!(r*'i#*2 cea

cre%#i!* #re6&ia -* re-pec#e carac#er& -acr& a e$e!i8e!#e0r %i c&$i!#e0r care $e!ea&2 -i8pe-a& c08e!#a#e2 'i! (e!era"ie ! (e!era"ie2 'irec# 'e a 'i$i!& !#e8eie#0r. Acea-#* re-#ric"ie2 care!-e8!a2 ! pri8& r!'2 re-pec#& i!@aii6i a '0(8e0r2 !& a '*&!a# !#r& !i8ic 'e$0#*riii#era#&rii cre%#i!e -pre @0r8e 'i! ce ! ce 8ai @r&80a-e %i 8ai ca-ice. Di8p0#ri$*2 acea-#*'i-cipi!* a pr080$a# 8 preciia %i -i(&ra!"a &!0r !0"i&!i %i a &!&i -#i c& care Bi-erica -e8!'re%#e2 8ai ae- ! 0peree '0(8a#ice %i 08ie#ice. Li86a ere#ici0r %i a (!0-#ici0r !& e-#e0& !i8ic -&peri0ar* ceei a ari0r 0r#0'0c%i.

Li86a i#era#&rii ee!e pr0@a!e e-#e 'e 0 0ri(i!ai#a#e2 'e 0 -&pe"e %i 'e 0 'e7#eri#a#e @0r8a* care-8&( %i a-#*i a'8ira"ia c&!0-c*#0ri0r. P&"i!e -&!# i86ie p*8!#&&i care -* @ie !e-#ra#e c&

a##a ar8*#&r* 0(ic*2 c& a##a 8&icai#a#e2 c& a##ea !&a!"e. Li86a i#era#&rii cre%#i!e !& e2 a!cep a## 'e 60(a#* %i 'e ar80!i0a-*. Dar cei ip-e%#e ! @0r8*2 i pri-0-e%#e 'i! 6e%&( !c0!"i!& ei 'e ar %i @a

1. ,08er2 )d:sseea ;I, $$. 3


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O i86* @*r* &-#r&2 -i8p*2 #ra!-8i#e 8ai &%0r %i 8ai -i(&r a'e$*r&ri 'e cre'i!"*2 @ap#e i-#0rice-a& !'e8!&ri -pre 8ai 6i!e.

GENURI LITERARE CRETINE

Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* !& are epopee %i 'ra8* ! -e!-& ee!ic a c&$!#&&i2 a%a c&8 e (*-i8 !i#era#&ra pr0@a!*. Ep0peea %i 'ra8a cre%#i!* a& @0-# #r*i#e 'e !-&%i D&8!ee& pri! !#r&parea280ar#ea %i !$ierea Fi&&i S*&2 Ii-&- ,ri-#0-. Acea-#* ep0pee %i acea-#* 'ra8* -e c0!#i!&* !Bi-eric* pri! #ai!a S@i!#ei E&ari-#ii %i pri! &p#a %i 80ar#ea #&r0r a#e"i0r &i ,ri-#0-.Li#era#&ra cre%#i!* p0$e-#e%#e acea-#* &p#* %i rea#& ei ! 9ieile $#inilor %i'ctele 3artirilor,!!anegirice, ecrologuri %iInscripii& Ge!& ace-#a i#erar cre%#i! e @0ar#e 8p0'06i# c& 'e#aii'e e'i@icare %i e @0ar#e p*c a ci#i#. Di! !e@ericire2 a-#*i e e p&"i! c&!0-c 'e 8aree p&6ic2!eci#i!'&-e 'ec# ! S@i!#ee M*!*-#iri2 -&6 !&8ee 'e Pa#eric.

!oezia liric are2 ! Bi-erica i&i ,ri-#0-2 pe Pi!'arii ei. Ace%#i Pi!'ari -&!#2 ! 8are par#e2

!ec&!0-c&"i2 'ar 0peree 0r 4 i8!ee2 c!#*rie %i r&(*ci&!ie 'e #0# @e& 'e a -@i!#ee -&)6e2!'e0-e6i c0!'acee %i #r0paree2 -&!# 'e 0 @r&8&


-e#e2 'e 0 a'!ci8e %i 'e 0 preciie i8pre-i0!a!#e. Ce 8ai 8are p0e# cre%#i! 'i! peri0a'a2ca-ic* e-#e2 'e 6&!* -ea8*2 S@!#& Gri(0rie 'e Naia!2 ae c*r&i circa =.=== 'e $er-&rieci$aea* c& 0 Iia'* %i )&8*#a#e. I8i#a"ia '&p* p0e"ii ca-ici ee!i e-#e e$i'e!#*2 'ar &!0r@0r8e 'e cee 8ai 8e 0ri $eci2 e e #0ar!* c0!"i! !0& 'i! #0a#e '08e!iie -piri#&ai#*"iicre%#i!e. Gri(0rie2 ce 'i!#i2 -crie p0eii ! 8e#r& !0& p0p&ar. F*r* -* a#i!(* !*"i8ie 8&ei(re(0rie!e2 'ar2 "i!!'&-e 'e apr0ape ! pa-& &i -a& c0!#i!&!'&1 0!0ra6i2 p0# @i

8e!"i0!a"i 4 Si!e-i&2 E@re8 ir&2 Ap0i!arie2 I0a! Da8a-ci!2 R08a! Me0'& %i a"ii.

Istoriogra#ia e repree!#a#*2 a !cep 'e !cerc*ri #i8i'e %i i8per@ec#e 'e a c0!-e8!a @ap#e %i!&8e care )&ca& &! r0 8ai 'e -ea8* ! i-#0ria Bi-ericii. Ace-#e !cerc*ri -e (*-e-c !& !&8ai !&cr*ri 'i! cerc&rie 0r#0'07e2 ci %i ! cerc&rie ere#ice -a& pr0@a!e. Tre6&ie 8* c08pe#e!"* %i8* 8i(a* c&i$a ca -* -#r!(* 8a#eria& '0c&8e!#ar 'e a Fap#ee Ap0-#0i0r p!* aE&-e6i&2 ! pri8a )&8*#a#e a -ec0&&i I>. E&-e6i& %i a"i i-#0rici ca 4 S0cra#e2 S008e!2 Te0'0re# e#c2 !e 'a& 'e cee 8ai 8e 0ri @ap#e preci-e < e a'e$*ra# !& #0#'ea&!a 'i! i$0are 'e 8!a!#i


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!cerc*rie 'e rea6ii#are @*ce !'e0-e6i pri! repree!#a!"ii ceei 'e a '0&a -0@i-#ici2 ca Di0!2Ari-#i'e %i Li

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25

6a!i&2 !& a& '&- a !ici &! rea#. Ora#0ria pa#ri-#ic* e-#e pr0a-p*#*2 0ri(i!a*2 pi!* 'ee!#&ia-8 %i 8ere& !0&* c& @iecare repree!#a!# a ei. >0r6i#0rii cre%#i!i 'e a-#*i a& 80'ee!e!#rece ! pre'icie %i 08iiie 8ari0r 0ra#0ri ai Bi-ericii.

0iloso#ia, -a&2 ! #er8e!i #e00(ici2 '0(8a#ica2 a a#i!- a'e$*ra#e per@0r8a!"e pri! 0a8e!i a c*r0r%#ii!"* %i -pec&a"ie &i8e-c %i a-#*i. A#e!a(0ra A#e!ia!&2 Ta"ia! A-iria!&2 Ce8e!#Ae7a!'ri!&2 Ori(e!2 Me#0'i& 'e Oi8p2 Ter#&ia!2 A#a!a-ie2 Gri(0rie 'e Naia!2 Gri(0rie 'e

N--a2 >a-ie ce Mare2 Cirii a Ae7a!'riei2 I0a! G&r* 'e A&r2 Cirii a Ier&-ai8&&i2 I0a!Da8a-ci!2 Le0!"i& 'e Bia!"2 F0#ie -&!# (!'i#0ri %i er&'i"i pr0@&!i care p0# -#a a*#&ri 'e cee8ai -&6#ie 8i!"i ae @i0-0@iei ca-ice ee!e. G!'i#0rii cre%#i!i -ec0!'a"i 'e -i!0a'ee ec&8e!icea& !ce(a# -i-#e8e 'e @i0-0@ie 0@icia* -a& 8ai p&"i! 0@icia* a Bi-ericii2 'e#er8i!a"i2 ! pri8&r!'2 'e r0& 'i! ce ! ce 8ai c0$r%i#0r a -piri#&ai#*"ii cre%#i!e ! @0r8area &!ei !0i c&ri2 pe&r8* 'e 0r(0i& @i0-0@iei ee!e2 care pri$ea c& 'i-pre" -i8pi#a#ea $ie"ii %i cre'i!"ei cre%#i!e2 !@i!e 'e e@0re-ce!#a -i-#e8e0r ere#ice %i (!0-#ice. G!'irea cre%#i!* peac* !& 'e a ip0#ee -a&'e a pri!cipii a6-#rac#e2 ci 'e a @ap#& i-#0ric a 8!#&irii &8ii pri! Ii-&- ,ri-#0- 'i! Naare#. !)&r& ace-#&i @ap#2 (!'i#0rii (r&pea* %i c0!-#r&ie-c 0 !#rea(* ar8*#&r* 'e @ap#e %i i'ei2 careprei!#* cre%#i!i-8& ca pe cea 8ai 'e-*$r%i#* @i0-0@ie. C& a)r& &!0ra 'i! a'e$*r&rie e#er!08e!e%#i2 c& ee8e!#e 'i! >eci& Te-#a8e!# care a pr0@e"i# pe ce N0&2 c& ee8e!#e'i!(!'irea ee!* pr0@a!*2 !'e0-e6i 'i! Pa#0! %i -#0ici2 'ar 8ai ae- c& Ii-&- ,ri-#0- !-&%i2 ca-iciicre%#i!i '&rea* &! per!ic -i-#e8 'e @i0-0@ie a 8!#&irii2 care c&8i!ea* ! I0a! Da8a-ci!.

!olemica e-#e &! (e! i#erar ie%i# 'i! !e$0ie 'e &p#* ae cre%#i!i-8&&i. A$!' a r*-p&!'e apr0$0c*ri %i a#ac&ri 'i!

par#ea p*(!i0r2 a i&'ei0r2 a ere#ici0r %i a (!0-#ici0r 'e #0# @e&2 ei#ee cre%#i!e -a& !ar8a#c& ar(&8e!#e i-#0rice2 ra"i0!ae2 80rae2 rei(i0a-e %. a.2 pe care a-c&"i!'&e %i -i-#e8a#i!'&e ea& a%ea# ! 0r'i!e 'e 6*#aie 8p0#ri$a a'$er-ari0r. Ace%#i a'$er-ari2 -piri#e -&6#ie %i

!'r*!e"e2 !& a& r*8a- !ici0'a#* 'a#0ri c& repica. P0e8ica acea-#a cre%#i!*2 p*(!*2 i&'aic* %iere#ic* are2 pe!#r& !0i2 8eri#& 'e a !e !@*"i%a a!aie a8pe a-&pra c&ri0r #a6ere0r !c0!@ic#. Ace-#e a!aie -&!#2 e$i'e!#2 p0e8ice2 %i !0i #re6&ie -* "i!e8 -ea8* 'e &cr& ace-#a.Ee !& a& !-*2 pe!#r& acea-#a2 &! i!#ere- 8ai p&"i! pre"i0-. P0e8ica a ra@i!a# i86a2 -&6"ii!'&i!0"i&!ie2 per@ec"i0!!'&i peri0a'ee %i 8*r!'&i capaci#a#ea -piri#&a*.

Ge!& epistolar e #0# a%a 'e 'e$0#a# ca 0ra#0ria. Le(*#&rie !e!#rer&p#e 'i!#re c08&!i#*"ie

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cre%#i!e2 !e$0ia 'e a ca#eia a 'i-#a!"*2 i!#ere-ee %i a@ec"i&!ea 'i!#re prie#e!i2 'i!#re r&'e2'i!#re 8*r#&ri-i#0rii aceeia%i cre'i!"e2 '0ri!"a 'e a r*-p&!'e a 0 !e'&8erire '0c#ri!a* %i a#ei8p0!'era6ie ae $ie"ii a& pr0$0ca# 0 @0ar#e 60(a#* i#era#&r* epi-#0ar*. Sa& -cri- 8ii 'e-cri-0ri. U!ii ari cre%#i!i a& 0 c0re-p0!'e!"* 8ai 60(a#* ciar 'ec# Cicer0 %i Se!eca.>a0area ace-#ei c0re-p0!'e!"e e-#e i!e(a* %i ca @0!' %i ca @0r8*. S&!# !-* &!ee -cri-0ri !

care c0c0#e%#e per!ic $ia"a per-0!a)&&i re-pec#i$ -a& a $eac&&i -*&. S#i& &!0ra 'i!#re ee e'e 0 ir&8&-e"e ca-ic*. Ee -e ci#e-c c& 0 p*cere !ei-#0$i#*.

CONCLUQIE

!#re Par!a- %i Ta60r2 !#re i#era#&ra ee!* pr0@a!* %i cea ee!* cre%#i!*2 -&!# a-e8*!*ri %i'e0-e6iri care -&6i!ia* pe 'e 0 par#e ee8e!#e e#er! 08e!e%#i2 iar pe 'e a#a2 0ri(i!ai#*"i2 care@ac 0!0are !epieri#0are @iec*reia 'i! ace-#e i


#era#&ri. Dar !#re ee !& e7i-#* a6i-2 ci e(*#&ri per!ice 'e c0!#i!&i#a#e. Li#era#&ra ee!* pr0@a!*a a#i!- cee 8ai !a#e c&8i p0-i6ie ae (e!i&&i 08e!e-c ! '08e!i& @r&80-&&i %i a (!'irii.Acea-#* (!'ire a 'a# 8a7i8&8 08e!e-c. Li#era#&ra ee!* cre%#i!*2 pec!' 'e a @r&8&-e"iei!#eri0are ae -&@e#&&i2 a 'ep*%i# Par!a-& %i Oi8p&2 !*"!'&-e p!* pe pi-c&rie Ta60r&&i%i 'e ac00 p!* a #r0!& &i D&8!ee&. Fr&8&-e"ea %i (!'irea i#era#&rii ee!iee e-#e2 a'e-ea2pie'e-#a& 'e pe 0are i#era#&ra cre%#i!* %i ia 60r& -pre c0r& ,er&$i8i0r. Li#era#&ra cre%#i!*'e-*$r%e%#e p!* a -@i!"e!ie %i !'&8!eeire pe 08& pe care i#era#&ra ee!* pr0@a!* ri'ica-ep!* a (e!i&. Li#era#&ra ee!* c!#* p*8!#& %i @r&8&-e"ie &i2 i#era#&ra cre%#i!* c!#* cer&&i%i &i Ii-&- ,ri-#0-.

CAPITOLUL II

FRUMUSEKEA GNDIRII PATRISTICE

INTRODUCERE

Fi0-0@ia e-#e cea 8ai 8are ar#*2 ice Pa#0! V. Ter8e!& (rec !#re6&i!"a# aici pe!#r& a e7pri8ai'eea 'e ar#* e-#e WA00c&72 care ara#* &cr& M&e0r2 i!-pira#0are ae 0pere0r 'e ar#*2 'ar eara#* 8ai ae- c* @i0-0@ia e-#e cea 8ai 8are 'i!#re ar#e2 pri! !"ee-& -pecia pe care c&$!#&IOOOIX 1a pri8i# !c* 'i! $re8ea ca-ici-8&&i ee! 4 acea 'e 8&ic*. Fi0-0@ia e-#e2 'eci2 cea8ai !a#* 8&ic* pe care a crea#0 %i a i!#0!a#0 8i!#ea 08e!ea-c*. N&8ai pri! ac0r'&rie %i

ar80!iie ace-#ei 8&ici a @i0-0@iei2 !"eep"ii &i Pa#0! -e pea& ri'ica p!* a ce 8ai !a#cerc a -@ere0r cere%#i2 &!'e era& !$re'!ici"i 'e ep0p#eia 'i$i!* a -&6i8e0r I'ei %i &!'e -e'e-@*#a& c& i!e@a6ia 8&ic* a -@ere0r2 8&ica &!i$er-a*2 c0-8ic*.

Cai@ica#i$& 'e @r&80- e-#e pe 'epi! 8eri#a# 'e @i0-0@ia (reac*. P&!!' %i #ra#!' c& ee(a!"* %ipr0@&!i8e 8arie pr06e8e ae $ie"ii %i -piri#&&i 08e!e-c2 ae &!i$er-&&i %i ae -c0p&&i!0-#r&2 @i0-0@ia ee!* a 'a# a'e-ea r*-p&!-&ri #e8ei!ice %i 'e 0 rar* @r&8&-e"e. Fr&80-& era2 'e

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a#@e2 &!a 'i! ar#eree per!ice ae (e!i&&i (rec. Fr&8&-e"ea (!'irii e &!a 'i! acee 8i!&!a#ec&ceriri care1 apr0pie pe 08 'e D&8!ee& %i1 i80r#aiea*. Dr&8& p!* a re$ea"ia @r&80-&&i e a'e-ea '&rer0- %i a8ar!ic2 'ar r*-p*#e%#e 'i! 6e%&( pe 0-#e!i#0r.

Se p0a#e -p&!e acea%i &cr& 'e-pre (!'irea cre%#i!* H 86rac* (!'irea S@i!"i0r P*ri!"i

a8i'a i8peria* a (ra"iei1. Pa#0!20edon, 1 a.

; PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

%i a @r&80-&&i H Ri#8& %i ar80!ia 0rce-#rea* ee8e!#ee c0!-#i#i$e ae (!'irii pa#ri-#ice H

!ai!#e 'e a r*-p&!'e ace-#0r !#re6*ri2 -e c&$i!e *8&ri#* 0 pr06e8* care2 p&-* %i -&-"i!* 'ea!&8i"i (!'i#0ri 'i! a!#ici#a#e %i p!* ai2 c0!#i!&* -* !#re"i!* 0 a#80-@er* 'e -&-pici&!e !)&r& (!'irii cre%#i!e. Ce-&-2 P0r@iri&2 I&ia! Ap0-#a#&2 8&"i !e0pa#0!ici2 0 -ea8* 'e 0a8e!iai Re!a%#erii %i &!ii 80'er!i 'i!#re care 8e!"i0!*8 pe !$*"a#& @ra!ce Ei8e Breier a&

#*(*'&i# %i #*(*'&ie-c (!'irii cre%#i!e pa#ri-#ice ra!(& 'e @i0-0@ie. Fap#& -e e7pic* pe 'e 0par#e pri! 'i-pre"& &!0ra 'i! ace%#i (!'i#0ri @a"* 'e !$*"*#&ra cre%#i!*2 pe 'e a#* par#e pri!!ecre'i!"a &!&i !&8*r 'i!#re ei. G!'irea cre%#i!* !& 0perea* #0#'ea&!a c& aceea%i ca#e(0rii0(ice ca @i0-0@ia pr0@a!*2 !& accep#* 'ec# par"ia -0&"iie ace-#eia %i !& -e c08pace !a#i#&'i!i 0-cia#0rii. G!'irea pa#ri-#ic* e ! pri8& r!' 0 0per* a ar&&i %i a cre'i!"ei. Ea !&p0r!e%#e 'e a p&!c#e !ec&!0-ce2 !& 6)6ie %i !& -e a(a"* 'e -0&"ii e@e8ere. Ea "%!e%#e 'i!cer#i#&'i!ie !e'r&!ci!a#e ae cre'i!"ei. Dar pe!#r& acea-#a2 (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* !& e 8ai p&"i! 0@i0-0@ie. A$!' ! #e8a#ica -a &ria%* -* 'e6a#* 06iec#i$e ca 4 D&8!ee&2 L0(0-&2 &8ea %i08&2 c& 0 0(ic* %i 0 8e#0'* !#r& !i8ic i!@eri0are (!'irii pr0@a!e2 (!'irea cre%#i!* reprei!#*

0 @i0-0@ie2 /a'e$*ra#a @i0-0@ie2 c&8 -p&! S@i!"ii P*ri!"i2 'e 0ri0!#2 pr0p0r"ii %i a'!ci8i!ec&!0-ce p!* ai. G!'irea pa #ri-#ic* !& 0c0e%#e %i !& c0!'a8!* ra"i&!ea 'i8p0#ri$* 4 0)ci$* %i 0 @00-e%#e p!* ! i8ee ei c0!-eci!"e. DarY acea-#* ra"i&!e !& e-#e ra"i&!ea i!cer#* a@i0-0@iei pr0@a!e2 Y ci ra"i&!ea -a!c#i@ica#* pri! ar %i cre'i!"*2 capa6i* -* !'rep#e2 -*a8ei0ree %i -* a'!cea-c* @0r"ee ra"i&!ii pr0@a!e .

S@i!"ii P*ri!"i -&!# 'e ac0r' c* (!'irea cre%#i!* e-#e 0 @i0-0@ie2 0 @i0-0@ie 8-&peri0ar* ceei pr0@a!e2 /@i0-0

. E#ie!!e Gi-0! &!' Pi0#e&- B0!er2Die 2esc%ic%te cler christlichen!%ilosop%ie, von i%ren 'ningen "is icolaus von*ues, Pade!"#$ F. S%&"#'#(!$ 19;:2 p. .


9

@ia !0a-#r*2 -a& /@i0-0@ia 'e-pre D&8!ee&2 a%a c&8 0 !&8e-c (!'i#0rii pa#ri-#ici. S@!#&I&-#i! Mar#ir& %i Fi0-0@&2 '&p* ce%i p0$e-#e%#e 0'i-eea !ea-#8p*r&&i -*& i!#eec#&a pri!

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#0a#e -i-#e8ee 'e @i0-0@ie (reac* %i a!c0rea* ! @i!e ! Aca'e8ia (!'irii cre%#i!e2 &!'e(*-e%#e i8a! @r*8!#*ri0r -ae %i &!'e -e c0!$er#e%#e2 @ace acea-#* 'ecara"ie carac#eri-#ic* 4/A-#@e2 %i 'i! acea-#* prici!* a c0!$er#irii a ,ri-#0-2 a8 a)&!- e& @i0-0@ ;. Deci2 !& 'i@eri#ee-i-#e8e 'e (!'ire (reac* ! care I&-#i! !& (*-i-e apa $ie a 8p*c*rii 8i!"ii2 ci !$*"*#&racre%#i!* era a'e$*ra#a @i0-0@ie. Ce8e!# Ae7a!'ri!& era -&-pec#a# c* ac0r'a &! i!#ere- prea

8are @i0-0@iei (rece%#i %i !cerca -* prei!#e '0c#ri!a cre%#i!* ca pe 0 c&8e a @i0-0@iei2 a(!0ei2 c&8 ice e. A#&!ci e -e !#rea6* 'ac* @i0-0@ia e 0pera &i D&8!ee& -a& a 'ia$0&&i2!$*"a#& ae7a!'ri! r*-p&!'e c* ea e 0 0per* 6&!*2 e $0i#* 'e D&8!ee& %i iiarea eire0!a6i* !& p0a#e @i 'ec# @00-i#0are 3. Dac* 8i!#ea %i ceea#e 'ar&ri c& care 0perea*@i0-0@ia $i! 'e a D&8!ee&2 p0a#e @i @i0-0@ia &! &cr& r*& H S@!#& I0a! Da8a-ci! arec&$i!#e !aripa#e pe!#r& $a0area %i @r&8&-e"ea ac#&&i 'e c&!0a%#ere 4 /Ni8ic !&i 8ai pre"i0-< ice e 0i a'*&(a c* 'i$i!a @i0-0@ie !& p0a#e @i #ra#a#* !ici ! 0rice 808e!#2 !ici ! @a"a 0ric&i2 !ici !&p0a#e $0r6i 'e-pre #0a#e2 ci !&8ai ! ) a!&8i#e 808e!#e2 !&8ai ! @a"a a!&8i#0r 0a8e!i %i

!&8ai !#r0 a!&8i#* 8*-&r* G. Ci!e -&!# 'ar pri$ie(ia"ii care -e p0# 6&c&ra 'e @i0-0@iacre%#i!* H N&8ai cei ae%i2 cei 'e'a"i -pec&a"iei %i 8ai ae- cei c&ra"i a -&@e# %i a #r&p2 -a& care-&!# ac&8 pe p&!c#& 'e a -e c&ra"i. A#i!(erea 'i!#re p&r %i i8p&r e-#e pri8e)'i0a-* ca aceea'i!#re 0ci& 60!a$ %i raa

-0ar*Z.

G!'irea cre%#i!* e-#e 0 @i0-0@ie 'e !a#* "i!*. Pri! 06iec#& %i pri! -c0p& ei2 ea 'ep*%e%#e cee

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8ai per@ec#e acii"ii ae @i0-0@iei (rece%#i. Sa -p&- 'e 8e 0ri %i -e 8ai -&-"i!e %i ai c*(!'irea cre%#i!* pa#ri-#ic* e ! 8are 8*-&r* 'e6i#0are c&(e#*rii ee!e2 c* S@i!"ii P*ri!"i !& a&@*c 'ec# -* p&!* pe 8e0'ie cre%#i!* &! 8a#eria $eci2 &a# 'e prea 8* circ&a"ie !-i-#e8ee (rece%#i. Par#ia!ii ace-#ei #e0rii -a& !& a& !"ee- 'e0c -piri#& pa#ri-#ic2 -a& a& $0i#[

$a0area (!'irii cre%#i!e. E-#e a'ieFRUMUSEKEA GNDIRII PATRISTICE

31

#e0rii

%i $0ie-c -* -&6e-#i8ee

-p0ra'ic %i @ra(8e!#ar ! par#ea 'e @0!'. Li86a)& @i0-0@ic a S@i!"i0r P*ri!"i -e @00-e%#e 'e#er8i!00(ia #e!ic* c0!-acra#* 'e @i0-0@ia pr0@a!*. Dar %i aici2 0 a#e!"ie -&-"i!* $a 06-er$a c*

!& rare0ri (!'i#0rii pa#ri-#ici #0ar!* c0!"i! -a& -e!- !0& ! #er8e!i $eci. O -ea8* 'e acii"iiae (!'irii pr0@a!e -&!# iia#e ca ee8e!#e 'e 'e80!-#ra"ie2 ! 0(ic* %i 8e#0'00(ie.Ci#i#0ri0r -a& a-c*#0ri0r #re6&ia -* i -e -er$ea-c* ar(&8e!#e -a& ra"i0!a8e!#e c&!0-ce.Pr06e8ee 'i! -@era ra"i&!ii -a& c&!0a%#erii !a#&rae -&!# p&-e a @e2 c*p*#!' 'e-e0ri aceea%i-0&"ii. Ace-#e -0&"ii -er$ea& ap0i 'e 6a* 'e80!-#ra"iei pri! re$ea"ia -&pra!a#&ra*. ! par#ea'e @0!'2 e pree!#* i!@&e!"a &i Pa#0! %i a -#0ici-8&&i2 8ai ae- a (!'i#0rii 'i! pri8ee #rei-ec0e a &i Pa#0! ! c0-800(ie %i a!#r0p00(ie2 a -#0ici-8&&i ! #e0ria L0(0-&&i %i ! aceea a-@r%i#&&i &8ii. Dar !ce#& c& !ce#&2 (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* -e 'e(a)ea* %i 'e ace-#e i!@&e!"e-a6e2 c*p*#!' 0 c0!-i-#e!"* %i 0 #*rie pr0prie 'e (ra!i#. G!'irea pa#ri-#ic* a'&ce ee8e!#e !0ia## 'e e7cep"i0!ae2 !c# ea a#ra(e pe cei 8ai !'0c#ri!a"i @i0-0@i p*(!i. G!'irea pr0@a!* %i

-p&-e-e i8& c&$!# %i ep&ia-e pr06e8ee %i 8e#0'ee. Dar par#ia!ii ei !& era& 8&"&8i"i ei -&-pi!a& '&p* &8i!a !0&* a re$ea"iei -&pra!a#&rae. E c&!0-c* 0'i-eea @i0-0@ic* aS@!#&&i I&-#i! pri! #0a#e -i-#e8ee 'e c&(e#are pr0@a!*2 pe!#r& a%i (*-i2 ! cee 'i! &r8*2i!i%#ea ! !$*"*#&ra %e)t'#*+ I! (e!ere2 @i0-0@ia pr0@a!* e -0c0#i#* 'e S@i!"ii P*ri!"i capre(*#i#0are a (!'irii cre%#i!e. I&-#i!

c* 8

\ ]# #ea 8ari0r @i0-0@i pa#ri-#ici a& -#&'ia# ,a' Mar#ir& %i Fi0-0@& rec&!0a%#e c*pr0@e-0rii -*i ee!i2 !

%c0aa (reac* pr0@a!* ..

'e (!'ire ae c0ri@ei0r c&(e#*rii ca-ice. G!'irea %c0i0r^

0 p

a-i8ia# a per@ec"ie -i-#e8ee

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a

i0!ia!*

&!# ai c $_7 iiJJ

2 eea#*2 pi#a(0reic*2 a#08i-#*2 -i-#e8& &i Pa#0!2 a &i Ari-#0#e2 a -#0ici0r2 a ci!ici0r %i aea#0ra !& a& !ic &! -ecre# pe!#r& S@i!"ii P*ri!"i. Acea-#* @0r8a"ie a S@i!"i04 P*ri!"i %ia e7erci#a#i!@&e!"a 8ai ] ] \ ZZ20ic ?Naia!2Discursuri teologice, I2 cap. III2 Mi(!`

8 ! par#ea @0r8aa

. S@. Gri(0rie 'e

P. G. XXX>I2 2 c0. 1;2 C D.

:. I'e82I"idem&

'e0-e6i Pa#0!2 a& a'&- p!* ! pra(& cre%#i!i-8&&i. Fi0-0@ia (reac* )0ac*2 @a"* 'e(!'ireapa#ri-#ic*2 r0& pe care Le(ea >eci&&i Te-#a8e!# )0ac* @a"* 'e N0& Te-#a8e!#. S@!#&I&-#i!2 Ta"ia! A-iria!&2 Te0@i a A!#i0iei2 Ce8e!# Ae7a!'ri!& %i Ori(e! 'e$0#* #e0riacee6r* c0!@0r8 c*reia 8arii @i0-0@i (reci a& par#icipa# a L0(0-& -per8a#i0-2 ,ri-#0-&@ra(8e!#ar -a& !"eepci&!ea 'i$i!* @ra(8e!#ar* precre%#i!* r*-p!'i#* ! &8e. Fi0-0@ia (reac*era 'eci cre%#i!*2 !ai!#e 'e $e!irea &i Ii-&- ,ri-#0-2 pri! 8arie ei

32



33

crea"ii -piri#&ae. D&8!ee& a c0!'&- pe e$rei pri! Le(e2 iar pe (reci pri! L0(0-2 pri! Ra"i&!e .

Fi0-0@ia pa#ri-#ic* are2 a## pri! 06iec#& c# %i pri! pr0p0r"iie ei2 &! -e!- -pecia @a"* 'e @i0-0@iapr0@a!*. Acea-#a 'i! &r8* p0r!ea 'e a 08 %i -e !*"a p!* a @r0!#ieree &!i$er-&&i. G!'ireapa#ri-#ic* p0r!e%#e 'e a D&8!ee&2 -e c060ar* ! &8e %i a 082 %i -e !#0arce c& ace-#e '0&*ee8e!#e -pre "e& ei -&pra!a#&ra. Fi0-0@ia 'e$i!e 0 rei(ie care r*-p&!'e a cee '0&* 8aripr06e8e p&-e 'e (!'ire 4 1 c&!0a%#erea &i D&8!ee& %i &!irea -&@e#&&i c& 'i$i!i#a#ea 9.Fi0-0@ia 'e-ci'e ar( p0r"ie #e00(iei. Fi0-0@ia 'e$i!e pre(*#i#0area %i -&)i#0area #e00(iei.

Te00(ia 'e-ci'e 'r&8& 'e-*$r%irii pri! &!irea c& D&8!ee&.0iloso-ie, teologie %idesvrire, ia#* cee #rei ee8e!#e c0!-#i#i$e ae (!'irii pa#ri-#ice. De%i cri#eri& @i0-0@iei e-#ec&!0a%#erea2 a #e00(iei cre'i!"a2 iar a 'e-*$r%irii c0!#e8pa"ia2 !#re ee !& e-#e c0!#ra'ic"ie ee -e pre(*#e-c &!a pe a#a %i c0!&crea* ar80!ic2 pe!#r& c* ac#i$i#a#ea -piri#&a* a 08&&i e-#e0 &!i#a#e 4 picaiH2 rc#a##H %i =-0pa -&!# p*r"i c08p0!e!#e ae ace&ia%i -piri#1=.

TEMATICA

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a.Dumnezeu& Fr&8&-e"ea (!'irii pa#ri-#ice p0a#e @i -&rpri!-* 8ai ae- ! #e8a#ica ei2 !pr06e8a#ica ei. O6iec#& ace-#ei (!'iri @0r8ea* D&8!ee&2 L0(0-&2 &8ea %i 08&.De6*#e c!' 8ai ca82 c!' 8ai @&r#&!0-2 c!' ! ciii &8ie 'e c*&(*ri2 c!' ! -*ie@a-#&0a-e ae -i!0a'e0r ec&8e!ice2 ace-#e pr06e8e a& pri8i# -0&"ii 'e 0 -i(&ra!"* %i 'e 0ar80!ie !ec&!0-ce &8ii p*(!e. S* e &*8 pe r!'.

D&8!ee& e ce!#r& !#re(ii (!'iri pa#ri-#ice. De a E p0r!e-c %i -pre E -e !'reap#* #0a#ecrea#&rie. E e-#e i

. Ce8e!# Ae7a!'ri!&2 $tromate, >I2 5


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p ri'ica p!* a c&8ea 'e@i!i"iei 6i6ice c* D&8!ee& e-#e /Ce ce e-#e 1V.

D&8!ee& (!'irii pa#ri-#ice e-#e crea#0r& &8ii 'i! !i8ic. E#er!i#a#ea %i a#0#per!icia L&i La& capaci#a# -* creee &8ea 'i! !i8ic. De8i&r(& pa#0!ic creea* &8ea 'i!#r0 8a#erie 'e)a

e7i-#e!#*. C0-800(ia %i a!#r0p00(ia pa#0!ic* -e $0r re-i8"i #0#'ea&!a 'e i8per@ec"i&!eaace-#ei c0!cep"ii.

S@i!"ii P*ri!"i !$a"* c* D&8!ee& a @*c &8ea 'i! 6&!*#a#e %i i&6ire %i c* a crea#0 ca pe 0p0'0a6*. C0!cep"ia 'e-pre 0 &8ep0'0a6* e7i-#a %i ! (!'irea (reac*2 'ar pe c!' a ee!i&8ea era &! c0-80- ar80!i0- ie%i# 'i! c& (rec&&i pe!#r& 8*-&r*2 a S@i!"ii P*ri!"i c0-80-&e-#e 0 e7#eri0riare a per@ec"i&!ii 'i$i!e. Ar80!ia $i!e 'i! 8i!#ea 'i$i!*2 !& 'i! ra"i&!ea &8a!*.

D&8!ee& S@i!"i0r P*ri!"i e-#e2 ! @i!e2 i$0r& !-&%i a @r&80-&&i. Dac* D&8!ee& ar creace$a &r#2 !& ar 8ai @i D&8!ee&2 ice Ori(e!. D&8!ee& e-#e @r&8&-e"e2 'ar E 'ep*%e%#e 0rice

@r&8&-e"e2 ice 8aree #e00( 'i! Naia!.

T0a#e ceea#e a#ri6e ae &i D&8!ee&2 ca i8a#eriai#a#ea2 #ra!-ce!'e!"a2 a6-0&i#a#ea %iper@ec"i&!ea2 -&!# pree!#a#e %i 'e6*#e 'e (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* c& &! &7 'e c&!0%#i!"e2 c& 0-i(&ra!"*2 c& 0 preciie %i c& 0 ee(a!"* 0(ic* %i 8e#0'00(ic*2 c&8 rar -e !#!e-c ! @i0-0@iapr0@a!*. Ori(e! ! IT-pi apJ$2 Gri(0rie 'e Naia! !Discursuri teologice, Gri(0rie 'e N--a!3arele cuvnt cate%etic, Di0!i-ie P-e&'0Are0pa(i#& !umele divine %i I0a! Da8a-ci!!Dogmatic %iDialectic a& -cri- pa(i!i 80'e 'e ca-ici-8 @i0-0@ic. Ar(&8e!#ee 0!#00(ic2c0-800(ic %i i-#0ric pe!#r& '0$e'irea e7i-#e!"ei &i D&8!ee& -&!# %i a-#*i $aa6ie ! @0r8a !care ea crea# %i ea pree!#a# (!'irea pa#ri-#ic*.

11.Eodul, III2 13.


35

Te0ria pa#ri-#ic* a c&!0a%#erii &i D&8!ee& e &! -&per6 -a# epi-#e800(ic %i 8e#a@iic!e'ep*%i# p!* a-#*i 'e !ici 0 a#* #e0rie a c&!0a%#erii. \

6.1ogosul i


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c& #e0ria pa#0!ic* 'e-pre i'ei2 'ar acea-#* a#i!(ere e #rec*#0are2 pe!#r& c*2 'e%i I'eie &i Pa#0!-&!# pree!#e !c* ! '0c#ri!a %c0ii ae7a!'ri!e -&6 !&8ee 'e $08a#a2 "0ic0i %i X:=12 i8peri&ace-#0r I'ei -e 'e-#ra8* 4 L0(0-& ! care a!c0rea* I'eie era a D&8!ee& %i era D&8!ee&!-&%i . A#0#per!icia %i a#0#%#ii!"a L0(0-&&i a& @*c i!i* pree!"a I'ei0r. D&p* ace-#pr00( a E$a!(eiei &i I0a!2 L0(0-& e &8i!a &8ii15. Acea-#* &8i!* e-#e2 ! (!'irea

pa#ri-#ic*2 i$0r& c&!0a%#erii. #ii!"* !-ea8!* &8i!* pri! 8p*r#*%irea 8i!"ii !0a-

1. . i!'e6a!'2 2esc%ic%te det a"endlndisc%en !%ilosop%ie im 'lertum (=and"uc% dor'lterlums>issenc%a#t, 6e(r. $0! IJa! $0! M&er2 @0r#(e-. $0! R. P08a!!2 er((6. $0! . O##02 @&!@#erB!'2 er-#e A6#ei&!(2 er-#er Teii2 $ier#e A&@a(e2 6ear6. $0! A. G0e'ece8eer2 Mii!ce!2 C. ,.Bec-ce >era(-6&ca!'&!(2 19;2 p. ;= i Le0! R06i!2 1a pensee grec?ue et Ies origines de 9espritscientii?ue (1@evolution de l@%umaniteA, Pari-2 La Re!ai--a!ce '& i$re2 19;2 p. 31: Care- er!er2 1ap%ilosop%ie grec?ue (.i"liot%e?ue scientii?ueA, pari-2 Pa0#2 19;2 p. 1.

1;. Care- er!er2 0p. cit&, 0c. %'t+

13. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 0p. cit&,p. 11.

15. Evang%elia dup Ioan, I2 9.

;5 PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

#re 'i! &8i!a !epieri#0are a c&!0a%#erii 'e-*$r%i#e care e ! D&8!ee&L0(0-. D0(8a#i%#ii %i8ai ae- 8i-#icii pa#ri-#ici $*' ! c&!0a%#erea %i ! apr0pierea 'e acea-#* &8i!* a L0(0-&&ii8& (ra' a 'e-*$r%irii (!0-#ice2 a c0!#e8pa"iei. I!&!'area c& &8i!a 'i$i!* eci$aea* c&i!#rarea ! para'i-. O a#* c0!-eci!"* 'e $a0are e7cep"i0!a* a ace-#ei #e0rii e-#e c* L0(0-& @ii!'#e8ei& pri8i#i$ a &8ii %i ! acea%i #i8p &8i!*2 &r8ea* c* &8i!a e-#e @&!'a8e!#& &8ii52&L&8i!a ca 6a* a crea"iei %i a c0-80-&&i e-#e 0 c0!cep"ie &!ic* ! i-#0ria @i0-0@iei %i ! i-#0ria

rei(ii0r. L&8i!a &i A&raMa'a !& e crea#0are2 ci !&8ai &p#*#0are. Pa#r0!!' crea"ia %ic0!'&c!' c0-80-&2 &8i!a L0(0-&&i -a pr0iec#a# par"ia a-&pra &8ii %i a 0a8e!i0r 'i!ai!#e'e $e!irea M!#&i#0r&&i. E7i-#a ! &8ea precre%#i!* 0 c&!0a%#ere !a#&ra* a L0(0-&&i2 care aprece'a# c&!0a%#erea L0(0-&&i !#r&pa#. Acea-#* c&!0a%#ere a @0-# @ra(8e!#ar*2 par"ia*2 c*ciL0(0-& precre%#i! era !&8ai -per8a#i0-2 'i! prici!a !#&!ec*rii -&@e#&&i 08e!e-c pri! p*ca#.La acea-#* c&!0a%#ere a& par#icipa# 8ai 8 -a& 8ai p&"i! 0a8e!ii #&r0r #i8p&ri0r1:. De%i@ra(8e!#ar* %i i!c08pe#*2 acea-#* c&!0a%#ere era 'e 0ri(i!e 'i$i!*2 &cr& pe!#r& care 'e80!ii a&&p#a# c& !'r)ire 8p0#ri$a !"eep"i0r ca ,eraci#2 S0cra#e %i M&-0!i&-. Pri! 0pera (e!ia* a8i!"ii 0r c& care a& $* 0 par#e a a'e$*r&&i2 ace%#i @i0-0@i p0# a$ea #i#& 'e cre%#i!i1.Fi0-0@!' '&p* L0(0-2 -a& ! L0(0-2 !"eep"ii %i pr0@e"ii a!#ici#*"ii a& par#icipa# a ,ri-#0-.S0cra#e a @0-# &!& 'i! ace-#e e7e8pare 'e ei#* care a -&@eri# %i a 8&ri# apr0ape ca &! 8ar#ircre%#i! 19. !#re par#iciparea a L0(0- !ai!#e 'e ,ri-#0- %i re$ea"ia &i ,ri-#0-2 e-#e aceea%i'e0-e6ire ca !#re -*8!"* %i @r&c# -a& ca !#re #a60& &!&i 06iec# %i 06iec#&


8-&%i

22


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20

1. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 op& cit&,pp. 11e!irea &i ,ri-#0- ! &8e !-ea8!* 'e-*$r%irea 0perei L0(0-&&i pri! 8!#&irea pe care E0 a'&cea 0a8e!i0r %i !#re(&&i &!i$er-. Acea-#* 8!#&ire !-e8!a -&pri8area p*ca#&&i %i a#&r0r c0!-eci!"e0r &i pri! 80ar#ea #r&pea-c* a L0(0-&&i !-&%i2 ap0i crearea 'i! !0& a &8iipri! i!&!'area &8i!ii i!e@a6ie a a'e$*ra#ei c&!0a%#eri %i a ar&&i. Acea-#* &8i!* 'e c&!0a%

#ere %i ar ira'ia 'i! !-&%i L0(0-& Ii-&- ,ri-#0-. M!#&irea !0a-#r* !& e-#e2 'eci2 ! @0!'2 'ec#rea'&cerea crea#&ri0r ! -#area pri8ar* 'e &8i!* %i ar. Pri! i'e!#i@icarea L0(0-&&i c& Ii-&-,ri-#0-2 (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* re@ace &!i#a#ea pri80r'ia* a c0-80-&&i2 &!i!' L0(0-& precre%#i! c&cr&cea &8i!ii ! per-0a!a i-#0ric* a M!#&i#0r&&i. De aci !ai!#e &8ea e &!a i #0a#e e@0r#&rieei #i!' -pre 8p*r*"ia &8i!ii.

C& aceea%i @r&8&-e"e (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* prei!#* !$*"*#&ra 'e-pre !"eepci&!ea 'i$i!*2 'e-preS0cpia . Acea-#* !"eepci&!e e-#e 8a!i@e-#area ! ac# a &cr*rii L0(0-&&i. Ea e-#e

1. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 op& cit&,p. :3.

3,

PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTIC+


39

D&8!ee& !-&%i. Ea !& e 0 c&!0a%#ere @i0-0@ic*2 !& e 0 (!0*2 !& are !ici 0 a-e8*!are c&!"eepci&!ea 08e!ea-c*. Ea e pe!#r& i&'ei -8i!#ea*2 pe!#r& p*(!i !e6&!ie. !"eepci&!ea

23


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'i$i!* 'ep*%e%#e ra"i&!ea &8a!* pe!#r& c* ea &crea* '&p* 80'& -&pra!a#&ra 'ar ea !&e7c&'e ra"i&!ea !0a-#r*2 ci 0 pre-&p&!e !#r&! a!&8i# -e!- .

!"eepci&!ea 'i$i!* c0!"i!e !cep&2 ra"i&!ea %i @0r8a #&r0r crea#&ri0r a. E-#e 'eci 0!"eepci&!e crea#0are. Ea e-#e %i pr0!ia#0are2 c*ci !i8ic !& -e !#8p* ! &8e @*r* %#irea %i @*r*

0#*rrea Ei. S@i!"ii P*ri!"i 0perea* c& !"eepci&!ea 'i$i!* 8ai ae- c!' c086a# '0c#ri!ap*(!* 'e-pre 'e-#i! %i 0r0-c0p. S0cp#a a @0-# &! 06iec# 'e 'i-pe !e-@r%i#e ! %c0ie (!0-#ice.4

c.1umea& L&8ea e-i#e 0pera 8i!i0r &i D&8!ee&. C086*#!' c0!cep"iie ee!ice ae %c0i0ri0!ia!* %i a#08i-#*2 care p&!ea& a !cep& &8ii ee8e!#e ira"i0!ae2 S@i!"ii P*ri!"i2 &r8!'!$*"*#&rii 6i6ice2 a@ir8* c* &8ea e crea#* 'e D&8!ee&. 8p0#ri$a &i Pa#0! %i a!e0pa#0!ici0r2 ei -#a6ie-c c* &8ea a @0-# crea#* 'i! !i8ic. ! pa(i!i @a-ci!a!#e2 Ori(e! %iS@!#& >a-ie ara#* i8p0-i6ii#a#ea &!ei 8a#erii pree7i-#e!#e crea"iei %i c0e#er!e c& D&8!ee&.L&8ea a @0-# crea#* ! #i8p %i e-#e c0!#i!&& -&6 0ci& $i(ie!# %i pr0!ie#0ra !"eepci&!ii

'i$i!e. S@i!"ii P*ri!"i2 !'e0-e6i Ori(e!2 S@. >a-ie2 Ter#&ia! %i Ferici#& A&(&-#i!2 'e-cri& c& &7'e a8*!&!#e c08p0i"ia 8a#eriei. ! a@ar* 'e &!i$er-& $ii6i2 D&8!ee& a crea# %i &8ea-piri#&a* a !(eri0r. Ori(e! %i Di0!i-ie P-e&'0Are0pa(i#& !e 'e-cri& c& &7 'e 'e#aii

crearea %i ar80!ia ace-#ei &8i.

L&8ea e2 ! (!'irea pa#ri-#ic*2 e7pre-ia 6&!*#*"ii 'i$i!e ]. Ea e-#e 0 0per* ie%i#* 'i!#r&! ac# 'ei&6ire. C0!cep"ie !a#* p!* ia care -e ri'ica-er* ! 0arecare 8*-&r* ,e-i0' %i Pa#0!2 'ar ac*r0r Er0- !& e 'ec# &! acci'e!#

-a& a#ri6 pa-a(er2 !& 0 reai#a#e 0!#00(ic*2 !& -&6-#a!"a 'i$i!* !-*%i c&8 e ! ca&

D&8!ee&&i cre%#i!.

Fii!' 0per* a 6&!*#*"ii %i a i&6irii2 &8ea e-#e @r&80a-*. L&8ea2 ice Ori(e!2 a @0-# @*c* 'eD&8!ee& i8i#a#*2 pe!#r& a pea @i @r&80a-* 5. Sa i- c* Ori(e! (!'e%#e aici ca &! (rec2 care!& pea c0!cepe &8ea ca i!@i!i#*2 !#r&c# i!@i!i#& era pe!#r& (rec ce$a 6ar6ar2 ip-i# 'ear80!ie %i 8*-&r* . A'e$*r& e c* @r&8&-e"ea &8ii2 ! (!'irea pa#ri-#ic*2 !& e 'a#0ra#*i8i#*rii ei ! -pa"i& 'ec# par"ia2 pe!#r& ca 8i!#ea 08&&i -* -e p0a#* ri'ica p!* a acea-#*@r&8&-e"e ! @0!'2 @r&8&-e"ea c0-8ic* e ca 0 e7#eri0riare a @r&80-&&i care e D&8!ee&!-&%i. Ma#eria !-*%i !& e rea ! -i!e. Ea c0!#ri6&ie2 pri! ca!#i#a#ea 'a#* @iec*rei crea#&ri2 aar80!ia &!i$er-a*. /N0i cre'e82 ice Ori(e!2 /c* D&8!ee&2 Ta#* a #0a#e2 a p0r&!ci# ace-#ea

pe!#r& 8!#&irea #&r0r crea#&ri0r Sae pri! ra"i&!ea i!e@a6i* a L0(0-&&i S*& %i a ?!"eepci&!iiSae... 'i@eri#ee 0r 8i%c*ri2 !&8i#e 8ai -&-2 @&r* r!'&i#e -* @ie p0#ri$i#e %i @00-i#0are ar80!iei&8ii. Fr&8&-e"ea %i r0-#& !a# a &8ii $*e -&!# 0 !0#* carac#eri-#ic* a (!'irii pa#ri-#ice2! 0p0i"ie !& !&8ai c& c0!cep"ia (!0-#ici0r2 care a@ir8a& c* &8ea e i8per@ec#*2 'ar %i c& 0-ea8* 'e -i-#e8e %i rei(ii $eci care2 ca 6&'i-8&2 rei(iie0rie!#ae %i 'e 8i-#erii2 -a& 'i@eri#eer8e#i-8e2 pre#i!'ea& c* &8ea e &! r*& %i #re6&ie p*r*-i#* c# 8ai ie. Pa#0! !-&%i2 caree7a#a a## ar80!ia c0-8ic*2 ar80!ia I'ei0r2 c0!'a8!* &8ea $ii6i*2 care e &! 80r8!# a

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&8ii i!$ii6ie. Se %#ie c* 8aree @i0-0@ e7ecra !& !&8ai !a#&ra2 'ar %i ar#a2 care e-#e 0 @0r8*i'eaia#* a ee8e!#e0r pa-#ice. S@i!"i P*ri!"i ca >a-ie ce Mare2 Gri(0rie 'e Naia!2 Gri(0rie'e N--a2 I0a! G&r* 'e A&r2 Cirii a Ae7a!'riei2 Ferici#& Ier0!i82 Ferici#& A&(&-#i!2 I0a!Da8a-ci! -e !#rec ! a

c!#a @r&8&-e"ie !a#&rii ! 8i)0c& c*reia ei #r*ie-c. Pe!#r& ei2 &8ea e &! 0c 'e !cercare !#r&'e-*$r%ire.

. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 0p. cit&,p. 13.

;. Ori(e!2 Iep# apJ$2 I2 2 .

3. I'e82 0p. cit&, II2 92 .

2;. I'e82 op& cit&, II2 92 1.

. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 0p. cit&,p. 5.

:. Ori(e!2 op& cit&, II2 12 .40



41

'. )mul& A!#r0p00(ia pa#ri-#ic* e &!a 'i! acee !e!#rece p0'0a6e ae @i0-0@iei2 care $r*)e-ca 8ii 'e a!i 'i-#a!"* pe i&6i#0rii 'e c&(e#are. P&-* #i8i' 'e Ter#&ia!2 e7a8i!a#* c& pa-i&!e 'eOri(e!2 a!#r0p00(ia cre%#i!* -e !a"* a ra!(& 'e -i-#e8 'e-*$r%i# %i &!i#ar pri! 8i!#ea 'e a&r

a ace0r (e!ii %i @erici"i -@i!"i care a& @0-# Gri(0rie 'e N--a %i A&(&-#i!.O8& e-#e @*p#&ra &i D&8!ee&. D&p* !(eri2 e e-#e cea 8ai 'e-*$r%i#* crea#&r* a !#re(&&i&!i$er-. L&p#!' c0!#ra 'i@eri#e0r a!#r0p00(ii care a%ea& 0ri(i!ea 08&&i c!' ! p*8!#2c!' ! ap*2 c!' ! a#e ee8e!#e ae 8a#eriei2 (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* -#a6ie%#e 06r%ia 'i$i!* a08&&i2 care !& 'eri$* !ici 'i! a!i8ae2 c&8 pre#i!'ea &! @i0-0@ (rec2 !ici 'i! e8!2 c&8 a@ir8ap0e#& ,e-i0'2 ci a ie%i# 'i! !-e%i 8i!ie Crea#0r&&i. E ! acea-#* a@ir8a"ie !& !&8ai 0c0!-eci!"* a c0-800(iei pa#ri-#ice2 'ar %i c0!-#a#area c* 08& e -i!(&ra 0(i!'* rea* a &iD&8!ee& pe p*8!#. Ori(i!ea 'i$i!* a 08&&i e7pic*2 -i!(&r*2 a-pira"iie &i c*#re 'i$i!.

Ac*#&i# 'i! #r&p %i -&@e#2 08& &a# ! -i!e !& e-#e !ici 'e-*$r%i#2 !ici !e'e-*$r%i# e e 6&! %ip0a#e 'e$e!i 8ai 6&!. Par#ea pri!cipa* a @ii!"ei &i e-#e -&@e#&2 care e 8ai 'e pre" 'ec# #r&p&2c*r&ia e i '* $ia"* %ii @ace p0-i6i* a'&!area %#ii!"ei %i prac#icarea $ir#&"ii9. C&$!#& 'e 0r'i!ea (!'irii pa#ri-#ice e-#e pri8a#& -&@e#&&i %i !r&'irea &i2 !'e0-e6i a p*r"ii c0!'&c*#0are 'i!-&@e#2 a &i nous, a 8i!"ii2 c& D&8!ee&. S&@e#&2 ice Gri(0rie 'e N--a2 e-#e 0 e!#i#a#era"i0!a*2 crea#*2 $ie2 care '* pere 'e $ia"* %i 'e percep"ie c0rp&&i 0r(a!ic %i -e!-i6i2 a##a#i8p c# ace-#a $ia*. S&@e#& are #rei @ac*"i 4 $e(e#a#i$*2 -e!i#i$* %i ra"i0!a* ace-#ea #rei@0r8ea* &!a ! -&@e#& ra"i0!a. Pri! acea-#* 'e@i!i"ie2 S@. Gri(0rie !*#&r* 'e@i!i#i$ 8p*r"irea

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pa#0!ic* %i -#0ic* a -&@e#&&i ! cee #rei ee8e!#e c&!0-ce.

Pri!#r0 'e80!-#ra"ie -a$a!#* %i e7#re8 'e i!#ere-a!#*2 care e-#e %i a-#*i $aa6i*2 Gri(0rie 'eN--a %i Ne8e-i& 'e E8e--a ara#* e(*#&ra 0r(a!ic*2 i!'i-0&6i* 'i!#re #r&p %i -&@e#. S&@e#& %i#r&p& -&!# crea#e ! acea%i #i8p. O8& !& ia !i8ic 'i! a@ar*2 c& e7cep"ia ra!ei2 ci -e 'e$0#*

'i!*&!#r& ! a@ar*2 'i! perea i!#er!*. Acea-#* pere e-#e -&@e#&. S&@e#& e pree!# 'i!808e!#& *8i-irii2 !& -e p0a#e !-* 8a!i@e-#a ! @0r8* per@ec#*2 @ii!'c*i ip-e-c 0r(a!ee!ece-are. E -e 'e$0#* pr0(re-i$. La !cep ac#i$ea* !&8ai perea 'e ra!*. La !a%#ere2c0rp& a)&!(!' a &8i!*2 !cepe -* &cree -e!-i6ii#a#ea. C!' -a 8a#&ria#2 ca &! @r&c#2a#&!ci ra"i&!ea &8i!ea* ! 08. De aceea -&@e#& %i #r&p& 8er( 8pre&!*. S&@e#& !&-**%&ie%#e !#r0 a!&8i#* par#e a #r&p&&i2 ci ! #0# #r&p&. E r*8!e c0!#i!&& &!i# c& c0rp&2ciar '&p* 80ar#e2 !#r&c# !e@ii!' -pa"ia e p0a#e per-i-#a c& p*r"ie c08p0!e!#e ae c0rp&&iciar '&p* 'ea(re(area ace-#&ia. La !$ierea 'i! &r8*2 !& $a #re6&i ca -&@e#ee -* 8ear(* a)&'eca#* c& c0rp&rie c& care a& 8&ri# H 5=.

!'r*!ea"* %i -i-#e8a#ic*2 acea-#* a!#r0p00(ie are2 pri!#re a#ee2 8eri#& 'e a @i i8p&- @i0-0@iei&!i#a#ea 08&&i %i a !a#&rii -ae ac*#&i#* 'i! #r&p %i -&@e#2 &!i#a#e care a !$i!- '&ai-8&pa#0!ic ;1

Dra8a &8a!i#*"ii2 !cep!' c& (re%eaa 'i! para'i- %i -@r%i!' c& prei&a 8!#&irii pri! Ii-&-,ri-#0-2 e-#e !@*"i%a#* ! #0a#* '&rerea2 'ar %i ! #0a#* @r&8&-e"ea ei. G!'irea pa#ri-#ic* ree$* %ia!aiea* @*r* !ce#are p*ca#&2 care2 &cr& $re'!ic 'e re"i! e 'e@i!i# !& ca 0 ac"i&!e p0i#i$*2ci ca 0 ip-* a ce$a care #re6&ia -* @ie2 ip-a 0#*rrii pe!#r& D&8!ee& ;.

C& #0a#e !eca&rie %i -&@eri!"ee &i2 c& #0a#* #ra(e'ia care1 c0!-&8* 'i! prici!a p*ca#&&i care

1 r0a'e2 08& e-#e %i r*8!e pe!#r& (!'irea pa#ri-#ic* cea 8ai 8are p0'0a6*. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 op& cit&,p. ;:.

9. I'e82 op& cit&,p. ;.

;=. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 0p. cit&,pp. 9;


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pe!#r& -i!e p*8!#& %i 8area2 'i-pre"&ie%#e @iaree %i 80!%#rii ape0r2 #0a#* %#ii!"a2 ar#a %i cerce#area i re&%e-c2!#re"i!e c& ci!e $rea e(*#&ri pe-#e (ra!i"e c& a)r& -cri-&&i2 !& -e a-* 8pie'ica#* 'e c0rp %i pr0@e"e%#e cee$ii#0are O8& e '08! pe-#e #0a#e2 -#*p!e%#e pe-#e #0a#e2 -e 6&c&r* 'e #0a#e2 $0r6e%#e c& !(erii %i c& D&8!ee&2

p0r&!ce%#e crea#&rii2 0r'0!* 'e80!i0r2 cerce#ea* !a#&ra &cr&ri0r2 -e 0-#e!e%#e pe!#r& D&8!ee&2 e-#e -*a% %i#e8p& a &i D&8!ee&. T0a#e ace-#ea e e 06"i!e pri! $ir#e %i e$a$ie;;. Orice c08e!#ar a ace-# #e7# e-#e-&per@&&.

e. O nou interpretare a naturii i a istoriei& S@i!"ii P*ri!"i 'a& 0 !0&* i!#erpre#are !a#&rii %i i-#0riei. M!#&ireaa'&-* 'e Ii-&- ,ri-#0- a a@ec#a# !& !&8ai -0ar#a 08&&i2 ci pe a !#re(ii !a#&ri. Acea-#* !a#&r*2 p&ri@ica#* pri!80ar#ea %i !$ierea D08!&&i2 '0(0ri#* 'e c*'&ra ar&&i2 'e$i!e 0(0r& @ec&!' a 'i$i!i#*"ii. R0a'ee !a#&rii-&!# -@i!#e %i

;;. Ne8e-i& 'e E8e--a2 Despre natura omului, I. Mi(!e2 P.G. XL2 c0. 5; C5;; A B.


43

ee !& p0# @i p*i#e2 a#era#e -a& -&pri8a#e 'ec# 'e p*ca#. Na#&ra !&i p*i#* 'e ara!(ei ca para'i-&2 pe!#r& a

i!#erice acce-& ce0r i8p&ri 4 -a#a! %i -a#ei"ii &i a& i6er#a#ea -* circ&e %i -* i-pi#ea-c* 8!#&irea pri! ,ri-#0- !&a i8p&- !a#&rii -@i!"e!ie2 ci !&8ai a p&ri@ica#0 pe!#r& a 8er(e pe caea 'e-*$r%irii. ! @0!'2 08& e acea care'e#er8i!* carac#er& p0i#i$ -a& !e(a#i$ a !a#&rii @a"* 'e D&8!ee&2 c*ci ' e ce ce aprecia*. S@i!"ii P*ri!"i a&2 !(e!ere2 0 a#i#&'i!e 'e -i8pa#ie %i ciar 'e 'ra(0-#e @a"* 'e !a#&ra pr0pri&i-*. !ai!#e 'e a &a 0#*rri 8ari2 !808e!#e 'e #&6&rare2

'i! !e$0ia 'e a a'!ci -a& i8pei (!'&rie %i 8ai ae- pe!#r& a -e 'e-*$r%i2 S@i!"ii P*ri!"i

-e re#ra( ! -!& !a#&rii 4 a p0aee2 pe p0$r!i%& -a& pe pi-c& 8&!"i0r2 pe 8a& ape0r2 i! pe%#eri2 ! p*'&ri -a&! p&-#i&. Tr*i!' ! c0!#ac# 'irec# c& !a#&ra p&r*2 ei -e re(*-e-c pe ei !%i%i %i rei!#r* ! ri#8& -acr& a @irii2 pe care 0c!#* ! $er-&ri !aripa#e ca Gri(0rie 'e Naia! -a& ! pr0* &-#r&i#* ca >a-ie ce Mare2 Gri(0rie 'e N--a2 I0a!G&r* 'e A&r %i A&(&-#i!. E carac#eri-#ic c* i!#r&! a-e8e!ea 0c re#ra-2 pe 8a& Iri-&&i2 ! P0!#2 cei c0i c0e(i %i

prie#e!i2 S@i!"ii >a-ie ce Mare %i Gri(0rie Te00(&2 a& ac*#&i#2 'i! -crierie &i Ori(e!2 ace c0' a c0!'&i#eicre%#i!&&i 'e-*$r%i#2 care -e !&8e%#e /ee(a!"a -a& /'i-#i!c"ia -piri#&a*2cb'00#Xa. Ma)0ri#a#ea S@i!"i0r

P*ri!"i %i a -crii#0ri0r 6i-erice%#i (reci %i a#i!i -cri& c#e &! #ra#a# 'e-pre @eci0rie. Ei e7a#* $ir(i!i#a#ea 08&&i2 !&8i!a c08para"ii0r !e-@r%i#e c& p&ri#a#ea !a#&rii. Na#&ra cre%#i!* are pr0-pe"i8ea2 ca-#i#a#ea %i i!0ce!"a crea#&ri0r! 808e!#& ie%irii 'i! 8i!ie &i D&8!ee&. S@. Gri(0rie 'e Naia! -p&!e &!'e$a c* e pre@er* -* #r*ia-c* c&@iaree2 c*ci ee -&!# !iai 6&!e ca 0a8e!ii. Fiaree 'e-pre care !e $0r6e%#e S@!#& A#a!a-ie ! $ia"a S@!#&&iA!#0!ie -&!# 'e(i*ri -a#a!ice2 carica#&ri*ri ae a!i8ae0r2 !& a!i8ae pr0pri&i-e. !cercarea 'e80!i0r 'e aa#era @irea 86r*c!' cip a!i8aic e #0# a%a 'e @rec$e!#* %i -&6 8a-ca &8a!*. BBCBBB

44

PROBLEME DE F1LOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

G!'irea pa#ri-#ic* are aprecieri a-pre a a're-a !a#&rii &8a!e. Acea-#a e per@ec#i6i*2 'ar e!ci!a#* 8ai ae- -pre &!ecare. >0i!"a i6er* %i carac#er& #rec*#0r a !a#&rii !0a-#re !e @ac a6ii.S@i!"ii P*ri!"i &p#* 'i! r*-peri c0!#ra &!ec*ri0r !a#&rii2 pri! !#*rirea %i !ar8area -&@e#&&i.Na#&ra &8a!* #re6&ie !*"a#* pri! $i!'ecarea i8per@ec"i&!i0r %i #ra!-@i(&ra#* pri! e7erci"i&c0!#i!&& a $ir#&"ii %i a c&!0a%#erii.

Na#&ra e2 ! (!'irea pa#ri-#ic*2 0pera &i D&8!ee& %i -er$e%#e 08&&i ca pae-#r* pe!#r&e7erci"i& 'e-*$r%irii. Ea e &!a2 ac*#&i!' &! #0# per@ec# &!i#ar2 !& 8p*r"i#* ! 'i@eri#e e#a)eapar"i!!' @iecare a#ei 'i$i!i#*"i2 ca ! 8i#00(ia i!'ia!*2 (reaca2 a#i!* %.a. Na#&ra !& e !ici

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i'e!#ic* c& 'e-#i!&2 ca a a#"ia (!'i#0ri p*(!i2 !ici -&@icie!#* -ie%i2 a$!'&-e pe -i!e ca&* %i-c0p2 ci ea e &! i!-#r&8e!# ! 8i!ie &i D&8!ee&2 care &crea* '&p* pa!&rie Sae a-c&!-e.Cerce#area %#ii!"i@ic* a !a#&rii pe care &!ii S@i!"i P*ri!"i 0 prac#ic* c& pa-i&!e c0!@ir8*pri!cipiie cre'i!"ei %i 8*re%#e e!#&ia-8& c&!0a%#erii.

I-#0ria cap*#* %i ea &! -e!- !0&. Ea !& 8ai e-#e 0 !*!"&ire a!0-#* 'e ca&e %i @ap#e ec0!08ice2p0i#ice2 -0ciae %i 8ii#are2 pr0prii c*r0r "*ri -a& c*r0r $re8i. C0!#i!&!' -* e7i-#e2 ace-#eca&e %i @ap#e !& -e 8ai e7pic* pri! -peci@ic& 08e!e-c -a& pri! i8p0!'era6i& !#8p*rii 0ria 'e-#i!&&i2 ci pri! pa!& i!-0!'a6i a Pr0$i'e!"ei 'i$i!e. I-#0ria &8a!* -e 'e-@*%0ar* pep*8!#2 pri!#re 0a8e!i %i pe!#r& 0a8e!i2 'ar ea !& e 0 -i8p* )&c*rie #ere-#r*2 ci e per!ic %i0r(a!ic e(a#* 'e i-#0ria cer&&i. Apic!' @ap#e0r i-#0rice #e0ria @i0-0@ic* a L0(0-&&i-per8a#i0-2 i-#0ricii pa#ri-#ici 'ecar* c* i-#0ria 08e!irii precre%#i!e e-#e 0 pre(*#ire pe!#r&i-#0ria cea !0&*2 care !cepe c& a!& !a%#erii M!#&i#0r&&i. Pri! &86ree %i &8i!ie ei2 'ar 8aiae- pri! &8i!ie ei2 i-#0ria &!i$er-a* 'e-ci'e 'r&8 i-#0riei 8!#&irii2 i-#0riei cre%#i!e.8p*ra"ii %i c0!'&c*#0rii 'e p0p0are2 e(i-a#0rii %i 0a8e!ii p0i#ici precre%#i!i -e i!#e(rea* c&

0!0are ! i-#0ria 'i$i!a 'ac* ei a& &cra# '&p* 'rep#a#e %i '&p* ra"i&!e. I-#0


45

ric& E&-e6i& 'e Ceareea -p&!e &!'e$a c* !&8ai pri! pa!& Pr0$i'e!"ei -e e7pic* 8i!&!a#ac0i!ci'e!"* a r*-p!'irii cre%#i!i-8&&i c& a%earea p*cii r08a!e -&6 pri8ii Ceari2 c0i!ci'e!"*care a #ra!-@0r8a# &8a!i#a#ea ;Y Ferici#& A&(&-#i!2 ! &crarea -a cee6r*De civitate Dei,8par#e 08e!irea ! '0&* ce#*"i ri$ae2 care '&c &! r*60i !e!ce#a# 4 ce#a#ea p*8!#ea-c*2 aace0ra care #r*ie-c '&p* 082 '&p* 80'& &8a!2 %i ce#a#ea cerea-c*2 a ace0ra care #r*ie-c '&p*

D&8!ee&2 '&p* 80'& 'i$i!. Ace-#e '0&* ce#*"i -&!# a8e-#eca#e %i !*!"&i#e aici pe p*8!#2'ar ee $0r @i 6i!e -epara#e &!a 'e a#a a -@r%i#& &8ii ! @a"a Drep#&&i V&'ec*#0r. D&8!ee& $a@ace !-* ca ce#a#ea ce0r ae%i -* -e !#i!'* p!* a 8ar(i!ie p*8!#&&i2 ca 8p*ra"ii %ic0!'&c*#0rii -* @ie ! "*rie 0r i8a(i!ea @i'e* a &i D&8!ee& ! cer&ri < c&8 carac#eriea*E&-e6i& pe C0!-#a!#i! ce Mare


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Pri8& ee8e!# a 8e#0'ei (!'irii pa#ri-#ice e-#e @ap#& rea2 !ec0!#e-#a# 'e !i8e!i2 ai-#0rici#*"ii $e!irii &i D&8

;3. Ai8e P&ec2=istoire de la litterature grec?ue c%retienne (*ol@ection d@Etudes 'nciennesA, #08e III2 Le I>e-iece2 Pari-2 Le- Bee- Le##re-2 19;=2 pp. 19a-ie ce Mare %i Gri(0rie 'e N--a2 ! @i!e pe S@!#& 0a! Da8a-ci!2 !ae c*r0r 0pere e p&-* a c0!#ri6&"ie !#rea(a %#ii!"* a $re8ii 0r. Arii pa#ri-#ici cerce#ea*

pe ar( c08p0i"ia 8a#eriei2 'e-cri& -a& a!aiea* cee #rei re(!&ri 4 a!0r(a!ic2 $e(e#a %ia!i8a2 !e $0r6e-c 'e-pre ac*#&irea a#80-@erei %i a a-#re0r2 -#&'ia* (e08e#ria %i 8a#e8a#icie< Ori(e! e pr0'&-& &!ei a-e8e!ea %c0i %i $a c0!'&ce 0 a#are %c0a* ei -&!# 8ae%#ri !%#ii!"ee i6erae ca @i00(ia %i 'iaec#ica. Se c&!0a%#e a'8ira"ia pe care p*(!i %i a'$er-ari caP0r@iri& %i Li6a!i& 0 a$ea& @a"* 'e ei#ee i!#eec#&ae cre%#i!e. #ii!"a !& c0!#raice2 ci a)* %i&8i!ea* pie#a#ea.

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A pa#r&ea %i ce 8ai 'e -ea8* ee8e!# a 8e#0'icii pa#ri-#ice e-#e c0a60rarea re$ea"iei-&pra!a#&rae. A8 $* c* ra"i&!ea &8i!a#* 'e ar -e !a"* !&8ai p!* a p0r"ie-&pra!a#&ra&&i. De aici !ai!#e re$ea"ia 'i$i!* -i!(&r* 0rie!#ea* %i !'0c#ri!ea* (!'ireapa#ri-#ic*. Ee8e!#ee re$ea#e2 a'ic* Scrip#&ra >eci&&i %i a N0&&i Te-#a8e!#2 i!-pira"ia %i$ii&!ie pri! care D&8!ee& $0r6e%#e 8ra 'i!#re S@i!"ii P*ri!"i2 8i!&!ie pri! care Ii-&-

,ri-#0- -a& S@!#a Trei8e -e @ac $*'i"i %i 8e a#ee p0# c0!#raice e7perie!"ee ra"i&!ii &8a!e2@*r* ca pri! acea-#a -* -e %#ir6ea-c* 0e$a ace-#0r ee8e!#e re$ea#e. De @ap#2 re$ea"ia !& c0!#raice2 ci c08pe#ea* %i 'ep*%e%#e perie %i 'a#ee (!'irii 08e!e%#i. Acea-#* (!'ire2 c& #0a#*@r&8&-e"ea %i !*"i8ea ei2 e-#e i8i#a#*. G!'irea pa#ri-#ic* %i are i$0r& c&!0a%#erii ! Ii-&-,ri-#0- !-&%i 4 /,ri-#0- e-#e !"eepci&!ea per-0!i@ica#* %i a'e$*r& ! E -e a@* a-c&!-e #0a#ec080rie c&!0a%#erii2 ice S@!#& 0a! Da8a-ci! ;. I$0r& pri!cipa a %#ii!"ei pa#ri-#ice -ea@*2 a%a'ar2 ! D&8!ee&2 !& ! &8e2 ! Crea#0r2 !& ! crea#&ri. P*ri!"ii ar80!iea* !#r0 a'e$*ra#* -i8@0!ie re$ea"ia -&pra!a#&ra* c& i-#0ria %i %#ii!"a 08e!ea-c*. Acea-#* -i8@0!ie !& $rea-* c!#e 'ec# a'e$*r&. Ea e 0rce-#ra#* 'e 0 0(ic* pe care !& 0 accep#* #0#'ea&!a @i0-0@ia

aic*2 (e0a-* pe ca#e(0riie %i @*(a%&rie ei. Dar;5. S@. I&-#i! Mar#ir& %i Fi0-0@&2 'pologia I2 332 1=.

;. S@. 0a! Da8a-ci!2Dialectica, cap. I2 Mi(!e2 P.G. XCI>2 c0. 59.

4J

PROBLEME DE FILOSOPIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA


39

0(ica (!'irii pa#ri-#ice are a$a!#a)& 'e a &cra c& !#re(& rea2 ! &8ea $** %i !e$**2 c&D&8!ee& !-&%i2 -p*r(!' i'&rie -#r8#e %i ce!&%ii ae (!'irii pr0@a!e. E 0(ica &8i!iipara'i-iace.

CONCLUQIE

Fr&8&-e"ea (!'irii pa#ri-#ice !& p0a#e @i percep* 'ec# 'e cei ce i&6e-c c& pa-i&!e pe S@i!"iiP*ri!"i. N& cerce#area 0r(0i0a-* a $ie"ii %i 0pere0r 0r2 !& (!'&ri -#r*i!e 'e &8i!a ar!'* ae7i-#e!"ei 0r2 ci 'ra(0-#ea !epri*!i#* %i i!i8a &8ii#* !e apr0pie 'e -&@e#& 0r %i 'e 8i!#ea 0r.Ei -p&! c* i$0r& pri!cipa a c&!0a%#erii &i D&8!ee& e-#e i&6irea2 c* !&8ai pri! acea-#*i&6ire '0(0ri#0are -&@e#& 08e!e-c -e p0a#e &!i c& 'i$i!i#a#ea %i r*8!e c& ea ! $eac. Deci2

%#ii!"a -&pre8*2 %#ii!"a 'e-pre D&8!ee&2 !& -e p0a#e 06"i!e 'ec# pri! i&6ire. I&6i!' pe S@i!"iiP*ri!"i i $08 !"ee(e %i !"ee(!' (!'irea 0r $08 @i @erici"i 4 /Fi0-0@ia2 ice S@!#& I&-#i!Mar#ir&2 /e-#e %#ii!"a rea&&i %i c&!0a%#erea a'e$*r&&i iar @ericirea e-#e c&!0a%#erea ace-#ei%#ii!"e %i a ace-#ei !"eepci&!i ;:. Fr&8&-e"ea e 0pera i&6irii. Dac* &8ea !0a-#r* e @r&80a-*2e-#e pe!#r& c* ea e-#e i$0r#* 'i! i&6irea &i D&8!ee&. G!'irea S@i!"i0r P*ri!"i e @r&80a-*pe!#r& c* ea -a *8i-i# %i -a 'e$0#a# 'i! i&6ire2 %i a #i!-2 c& i&6ire2 c*#re i$0r& !-&%i ai&6irii2 care e D&8!ee&. La r!'& !0-#r&2 !&8ai i&6i!' acea-#* (!'ire pe8 (&-#a 8i!&!a#ee

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ei @r&8&-e"i. i !& 0 $08 i&6i a'ar!ic.

G!'irea pa#ri-#ic* e-#e 0 @i0-0@ie 0p#i8i-#*. Scep#ici-8& @i0-0@iei pr0@a!e e-#e !0c&i# pri!0p#i8i-8& c&!0a%#erii ;. Acea-#* c&!0a%#ere '&c!'2 pr0(re-i$2 a 06"i!erea @ericirii -&pre8ecare e D&8!ee&2 re$ar-* ! !#rea(a 0per* pa#ri-#ic* &! par@&8 'e 6&c&rie %i e!er(ie -piri#&a*.

A'ierie;:. S@. I&-#i! Mar#ir& %i Fi0-0@&2 Dialogul cu Triion, cap. ;2 Mi(!e2 P.G. >I2 c0. 31.

;. E. Gi-0! &. P. B0!er2 0p. cit&,p. 13.

ce #ri-#e"e -a& 'e a8*r*ci&!e care circ&* c#e0'a#* pri! aeie @i0-0@iei pa#ri-#ice -e e7pic* pri!(ra$i#a#ea r0&&i pe care1 )0ac* p*ca#& ! ec0!08ia 8!#&irii2 'ar 8ai ae- pri! &p#a 'r*2cr!ce!*2 er0ic*2 pe care S@i!"ii P*ri!"i a& a$ 'e 'a# c& #0# @e& 'e a'$er-ari %i 'e pie'ici 4ari#*"i 'e -#a# !e!"ee(*#0are2 @i0-0@ie p*(!* 0r(0i0a-*2 (!0-#ici-8 'i0$a!#2 ereii(080#0a-e %i 'e 8e 0ri 'i-e!-i&!i ! ciar -!& Bi-ericii. Dar ace-#e #ri-#e"i -&!# #rec*#0are.

N0#a '08i!a!#* e-#e ea!& -pre !*"i8i2 6&c&ria #r*irii ! D&8!ee&2 ! @i!e2 (!'irea pa#ri-#ic*ar80!iea* &8a!& c& -&pra!a#&ra&. Spiri#& i8i#a# a 08&&i e p&r#a# pri! #rep#ee'e-*$r%irii p!* a &8i!a i!e@a6i* a '&8!eeirii c& care -e &!e%#e pe!#r& #0#'ea&!a. Ac00 -&-2! a&r& !e-@r%i#2 -&@e#ee 0a8e!i0r %i !(erii $0r c!#a a&'a @r&8&-e"ii 'i$i!e. A &!ei@r&8&-e"i !e#rec*#0are pe care !& 0 !$a"* !ici 0 @i0-0@ie a &8ii ace-#eia. Si!(&r* (!'ireaS@i!"i0r P*ri!"i !e ara#* caea -pre para'i-& ace-#ei @r&8&-e"i.

3Z Pr06e8e 'e @i0-0@ie...

EROISMUL ELITELOR PATRISTICE

CAPITOLUL III


INTRODUCERE

Fr&8&-e"ea2 (e!i& %i er0i-8& -&!# #rei p0'0a6e !ee(aa#e ae !ea8&&i 08e!e-c. Ee !& -e!#!e-c 'ec# rari-i8 86&ce#a#e !#r0 -i!(&r* per-0a!*2 care2 pri! !-&%i ce-# @ap#2'ep*%e%#e c0!-i'era6i 8a-ee %i e !*"a#* p!* a ap0#e0*. Nici &!a !-* 'i! ace-#e p0'0a6e !&a&re0ea* pe 08 c& 8ai 8* -#r*&cire %i !&1 i8p&!e 8ai 'e@i!i#i$ pree!#&&i %i $ii#0r&&i caer0i-8&. Er0i-8& e2 !#r0 8*-&r*2 e7pre-ia &cr*rii perii 'i$i!e pri! i!#er8e'i& &8a!. De

aceea er0& e a'e-e0ri 'i$i!ia#. ! #i8p ce @r&8&-e"ea -i (e!i&2 ace-#e 8i!&!a#e -c*p*r*ri ae-&6i8&&i2 -&!# 8ai 8 ee8e!#e !!*-ce2 ar&ri ac0r'a#e @ii!"ei &8a!e2 er0i-8& e-#e &! -a#e7cep"i0!a a ac"i&!ii2 -&8a !#rea(* a #&r0r e@0r#&ri0r 8a7i8e ae 08&&i. Fr&8&-e"ea %i(e!i& !& r0'e-c 'ec# 'ac* -&!# a#0i#e pe &! carac#er ac#i$. Er0i-8&2 ac#i$ pri! e !-&%i2 !& -ereaiea* 'ec# ! %i pri! crea"ie. Er0i-8& !& e 'ec# crea#0r. Er0i-8 !e(a#i$ !& e7i-#*.Er0i-8& care !& creea* e 0 carica#&r*. Er0i-8& care !& -p0re%#e 6i!ee2 care !& i8p&!ea'e$*r&2 care !& e7a#* @r&80-& e &! er0i-8 'e car!a$a. De%i 8a!i@e-#!'&-e per-0!a %i

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!&8ai ! e7e8paree 'e ei#* ae &8a!i#*"ii2 er0i-8& re$ar-*2 pri! perie %i )er#@ee &i26i!e@acerea %i @ericirea a-&pra #&r0r 8a-e0r p0p0r&&i care a pr0'&- er0& -a& er0ii re-pec#i$i.Er0i-8& e-#e2 c& a#e c&$i!#e2 a&r 'e ep0pee pe!#r& ra!a 8&"i8i0r. Er0& ac#i$ea* -a& 80arepe!#r& @ra"ii -*i 8ici2 0a8e!ii 06i%!&i#&&i.

Rei(ia e-#e a86a-a'0area &8a!&&i -pre %i ! -&pra!a#&) ra. C& 8i)0ace a-e8*!*#0are -a&'e0-e6i#e2 a!c0r!' ! ri

#&ri %i a-pira"ii2 ! 8a(ie -a& ! @r&80a-e pri!cipii -piri#&ae2 rei(iie p*8!#&&i2 'e a cee 8aipri8i#i$e p!* a cee 8ai !a#e2 < e7cep#!' i8p&ri#*"ie2 a6-&r'i#*"ie %i 6ar6ariie &!0ra'i!#re ee


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@r&8&-e"ie &i %i 8ai ae- r0a'ee &i aprecia6ie ! i-#0ria c&rii &8a!e. Dar rei(ia %i#ri6ai-8& -a& !a"i0!ai-8& !& -e p0# c&pri!'e recipr0c2 !'e0-e6i ! -#a'i& rei(ii0r&!i$er-ai-#e. O rei(ie care !& p0a#e 'ep*%i i!#ere-ee %i (ra!i"ee &!ei !a"i&!i !& p0a#e 'e"i!ea'e$*r& %i !& p0a#e 0@eri &8ii @ericirea 0are rei'* ! D&8!ee&2 F*c*#0r& cer&&i %i ap*8!#&&i. Ge#0'acii -i!(&ri a& prac#ica# &! er0i-8 'e 0 rar* @r&8&-e"e rei(i0a-* %i ! par#e

'e(a)a# 'e c0r-e#& !a"i0!a. Ei c*a& c& ar'0are 80ar#ea $i#e)ea-c*2 pe!#r& c* acea-#a e a'&cea!e8&rirea ! 8p*r*"ia &i Qa807i-. Er0i-8& 'ac !& era a## &! i8pera#i$ !a"i0!a c# 0p0r&!c* rei(i0a-*. I!'i@ere!# 'e -0ar#a pa#riei2 (e"ii %#ia& c* 80ar#ea er0ic* ii80r#aiea*. Cre%#i!i-8&2 rei(ia 'e-*$r%i#*2 re$ea"ia a'e$*r&&i2 e-#e cea 8ai &ria%* &p#* a&8i!ii2 -i!#ea -&6i8e0r er0i-8e pe care ea c&!0-c 08e!irea. B*#*iie pe care cre%#i!i-8&ea 'a# a## 8p0#ri$a '&%8a!i0r 'i!*&!#r& c# %i a ace0ra 'i! a@ar* -&!# 0 -erie !e-@r%i#* 'e@ap#e er0ice ! @a"a c*r0ra p*e%#e !#rea(a i-#0rie pr0@a!*. Per-ec&"iie p*(!e 'i! pri8ee #rei$eac&ri2 cr&cia'ee %i -a#a!i-8& 60%e$ic a& prie)&i# @ap#e %i a#i#&'i!i 'e 0 @r&8&-e"e!epieri#0are. Spre 'e0-e6ire


'e a#ee2 er0i-8& cre%#i! e-#e !#i $ic#0ria a-&pra pr0priei #ae per-0a!e %i !&8ai '&p* aceeaa-&pra a#0ra %i a-&pra &8ii !#re(i. E &! er0i-8 -piri#&a %i 80ra. E !& !-ea8!* pr*$*ireac&i$a ! -!(e %i "*r!*2 ci $ic#0ria 'reap#* %i 'e@i!i#i$* a-&pra i(!0ra!"ei2 a p*ca#&&i %i a 80r"ii.

! r!'&rie care &r8ea* !ea8 pr0p&- -* pri$i8 er0i-8& cre%#i! ! pri8ee 0p# $eac&ri2 a'ic*! peri0a'a ca-ic*2 cea 8ai -#r*&ci#* a !@0ririi $ie"ii %i -piri#&ai#*"ii Bi-ericii &i ,ri-#0-.P&ri#a#ea %i $i#ai#a#ea cre%#i!i-8&&i ca-ic -a& 8a!i@e-#a# pri!#r&! er0i-8 #rip& 4 ac&!0a%#erii2 a -@i!"e!iei %i a i 80r"ii.

EROISMUL CUNOATERII

Ei#ee pa#ri-#ice a& @0-# 6a#ai0a!ee er0ice ae ar8a#ei p*8!#e%#i a &i Ii-&- ,ri-#0-. Pri! ee2M!#&i#0r& a @*c 'i! Bi-eric* !#i &! &ria% c8p 'e 6*#aie c0!#ra #&r0r ee8e!#e0r'i-#r&(*#0are2 ae r*&&i2 pe &r8* &! 0(0r c& !#i!-e 0'e 'e crea"ii !epieri#0are2 ! @i!e2 0 ce#a#ei!$i!ci6i* a 6i!e&i %i a @r&80-&&i 'i$i!2 i8a(i!e a!#icipa#i$* a ce#*"ii 'i$i!e2 a Ier&-ai8&&icere-c.

U!a 'i! ar8ee pri!cipae 'eci-i$e2 c& care S@i!"ii P*ri!"i a& @*c 'r&8 cre%#i!i-8&&i !p*(!i-8 %i a& i8p&- -piri#&ai#*"ii &8ii a!#ice2 a @0-# perea c&!0a%#erii a'&-* 'e ,ri-#0-.

Cre%#i!i-8& e-#e $ia"* %i a'e$*r2 $ia"a %i a'e$*r& -&!# &8i!*2 &8i!a e c&!0a%#ere. I!$er- 4c&!0a%#erea e &8i!* %i ce 8ai 8i!&!a# 'ar care 8p0'06e%#e pe 08 'e a @acerea &8ii. Ac#&c&!0a%#erii e-#e !& !&8ai &! -e8! 'e ari-#0cra"ie -peci@ic &8a!*2 e e-#e ! acea%i #i8p 0c0!-&8are %i 'eci 0 'ep*%ire a rea&&i2 &! -a# c*#re a'e$*r& ! -i!e %i2 pri! acea-#a2 c*#re-&pra!a#&ra. Dar !&8ai 0 c&!0a%#ere2 0 #ii!"* !ea#era#* 'e p*ca# -a& 'e -c0p&ri !e(a#i$e2 p0a#e'&ce a a'e$*r& ! -i!e.

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C&!0a%#erea precre%#i!* a#i!-e-e c&8i i8pre-i0!a!#e %i @*c&-e 0 -ea8* 'e 'e-c0periri#e8ei!ice 'ar !& -a p ri'ica p!* a a'e$*r a)&!-e-e '0ar a !#re*riri $a(i. Cre%#i

5- PROBLEME DE FILOSOFIE I LITERATURA PATRISTICA

!i-8& a a'&- c&!0a%#erea a6-0* ! per-0a!a i-#0ric* a &i i-&- ,ri-#0- care a -p&- 4 /E& -&!#

A'e$*r&. Ace-# /A'e$*r !a @0-# !-* accep#a# &%0r !ici ! ep0ca ap0-#0ic* %i !ici 8ai #ri&.Repree!#a!"ii c&(e#*rii (rec0a#i!e %i aceia ai -piri#&ai#*"ii i&'aice c0!-i'era& 'rep# 0-8i!#ea* -a& !e6&!ie. !@e&'a"i c*r&i -i-#e8 @i0-0@ic2 )&r!' pe Pi#a(0ra2 pe De80cri#2 pePa#0!2 pe Qe!0!2 pe Ari-#0#e2 pe G*8*iei2 pe Fi0!2 pe P0r@iri&2 pe Ia86ic %i pe 8&"i a"ii-a& $-i!' ! apee 'i@eri#e0r ecec#i-8e %i -cep#ici-8e2 (!'i#0rii pr0@a!i ai $re8&ri0rpa#ri-#icesau era& c0!$i!%i c* 'e"i! a'e$*r&2sau !& !(*'&ia& -* i -e #&6&re c080'i#a#ea &!0rpri!cipii pe 8*-&ra 0r2saupri$ea& c& 'i-pre" 0rice !0a#e $e!i!' 'i! a@ara #ra'i"iei 0r2sauera& i!capa6ii -* -e 0#*ra-c* pe!#r& ce$a2 ca &!ii care !& %#i&-er* !

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