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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 1/2010

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 1/2010

165

AUTORITATEA PRINTEASC

PRIVITOARE LA PERSOANA

MINORULUI N REGLEMENTAREACODULUI CIVIL FRANCEZ

Lect. univ. Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCUUniversitatea Constantin Brncui din Trgu-

Jiu

Rezumat: n dreptul civil francez autoritatea

printeascprivitoare la persoana minorului este definitaca fiind un ansamblu de drepturi i obligaii a crorexercitare i ndeplinire are ca finalitate interesulminorului (art. 371-1 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez).Privitor la persoana minorului prinii au ndatorirea dea-l proteja, ndatorirea de a-l ntreine, ndatorirea idreptul de a-l educa, precum i dreptul de a stabililocuina copilului, dreptul de a consimi la cstoriacopilului, dreptul de a consimi la adopia copilului,dreptul de a cere emanciparea copilului. De asemeneaprintele cruia nu i s-a conferit exerciiul autoritiiprinteti are dreptul de viziti de g zduire, precumidreptuli obligaia de supraveghere.

n principiu, prinii exercit autoritateaprinteascasupra copilului pn la mplinirea de ctreacesta a vrstei de 18 ani cnd devine majori deplincapabil s-i exercite drepturile (art. 371-1 alin. 2 i art.414 din Codul civil francez). nainte de mplinirea acesteivrste autoritatea printeasc poate s nceteze prinemanciparea copilului, indiferent caceasta se producede plin drept prin efectul cstoriei (art. 413-1 din Codulcivil francez) sau printr-o decizie a judectorului detutel(art. 413-2i urm.).

Cuvinte cheie: autoritatea printeasc, persoana minorului, drepturi, obligaii, interesul

minorului

1.1. Precizri prealabilen dreptul civil francez autoritatea

printeasc privitoare la persoana minoruluieste reglementat n Capitolul I din Titlul IXAutoritatea printeasc al Crii IPersoanele, Dispoziiile cuprinse n acestcapitol definesc autoritatea printeasc

privitoare la persoana minorului ca fiind un

PARENTAL AUTHORITY REGARDING

THE MINORS PERSON IN THE

REGULATION OF THE FRENCH CIVILCODE

Alin-Gheorghe GAVRILESCUConstantin Brncui University of Trgu-

Jiu

Abstract: In the French Civil Code, the

parental authority regarding the minors person isdefined as a set of rights and obligations whose exerciseand fulfilment concerns the minors interest (art. 371-1par. 1 of the French Civil Code). As far as the minorsperson is concerned, parents have the duty of protectingit, the duty of supporting it, the duty and right ofeducating it as well as the right to establish the childsplace of living, the right to agree to the childs marriage,the right to agree to the childs adoption, the right torequire the childs emancipation. Also, the parent thathas not been given the exercise of parental authority hasvisitation and hosting rights, as well as surveillanceright and obligation.

As a principle, parents exercise parentalauthority over the child until the latter turns 18 andreaches legal adulthood and becomes fully capable ofexercising its rights (art. 371-1 par. 2 and art. 414 of the French Civil Code). Before turning this age, parentalauthority can terminate through the childsemancipation, whether it occurs by right as the effect ofmarriage (art. 413-1 of the French Civil Code) or by guardianship judges decision (art. 413-2 and thefollowing).

Key words:parental authority, minors person,rights, obligations, minors interest

. Previous mentionsIn the French Civil Code, the parental

authority regarding the minors person isregulated in the 1st Chapter of the 9th TitleParental Authority of the First BookPersons. The provisions included in thischapter define parental authority regarding theminors person as a set of rights and


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ansamblu de drepturi i obligaii a crorexercitare i ndeplinire are ca finalitateinteresul minorului (art. 371-1 alin. 1 din Codulcivil francez). n principiu, prinii exercit

autoritatea printeasc asupra copilului pn lamplinirea de ctre acesta a vrstei de 18 anicnd devine major i deplin capabil s-iexercite drepturile (art. 371-1 alin. 2 i art. 414din Codul civil francez). nainte de mplinireaacestei vrste autoritatea printeasc poate snceteze prin emanciparea copilului, indiferentc aceasta se produce de plin drept prin efectulcstoriei (art. 413-1 din Codul civil francez)sau printr-o decizie a judectorului de tutel(art. 413-2 i urm.) ntruct minorul emancipat

devine capabil, ca i majorul, de toate actelevieii civile (art. 413-6 din Codul civil francez).

1.2. Drepturile i obligaiileprinteti privitoare la persoana minorului

Privitor la persoana minorului priniiau ndatorirea de a-l proteja, ndatorirea de a-lntreine, ndatorirea i dreptul de a-l educa,

precum i dreptul de a stabili locuina copilului,dreptul de a consimi la cstoria copilului,

dreptul de a consimi la adopia copilului,dreptul de a cere emanciparea copilului. Deasemenea printele cruia nu i s-a conferitexerciiul autoritii printeti are dreptul devizit i de gzduire, precum i dreptul iobligaia de supraveghere.

a) ndatorirea de a-l proteja pe copil.Din dispoziiile art. 371-1 alin. 2 din Codulcivil francez rezult c autoritatea printeascaparine prinilor pentru a-l proteja pe copil nsecuritatea, sntatea i moralitatea sa.Misiunea de protecie a copilului este largdefinit, securitatea, sntatea i moralitateareflectnd toate nevoile copilului, morale saumateriale1.

Prinii crora le revine sarcina s protejeze securitatea copilului au dreptul iobligaia s supravegheze activitile sale irelaiile sale cu terii2. Cu toate acestea ei nuvor putea mpiedica relaiile personale aleacestuia cu fraii i surorile sale, de care copilul

nu poate fi separat dect dac meninerea lor

obligations whose exercise and fulfilmentconcerns the minors interest (art. 371-1 par. 1of the French Civil Code). As a principle,

parents exercise parental authority over the

child until the latter turns 18 and reaches legaladulthood and becomes fully capable ofexercising its rights (art. 371-1 par. 2 and art.414 of the French Civil Code). Before turningthis age, parental authority can terminatethrough the childs emancipation, whether itoccurs by right as the effect of marriage (art.413-1 of the French Civil Code) or byguardianship judges decision (art. 413-2 andthe following) because the emancipated minor

becomes capable of all civil lifes acts just like

the major (art. 413-6 of the French Civil Code)

1.2. Parental rights andobligations regarding the minors person

As far as the minors person isconcerned, parents have the duty of protectingit, the duty of supporting it, the duty and rightof educating it as well as the right to establishthe childs place of living, the right to agree tothe childs marriage, the right to agree to the

childs adoption, the right to require the childsemancipation. Also, the parent that has not

been given the exercise of parental authorityhas visitation and hosting rights, as well assurveillance right and obligation.

a) the duty to protect the child.According to the provisions of art. 371-1 par. 2of the French Civil Code, parental authority

belongs to parents in order to protect the childin its safety, health and morality. The

protection mission of the child is largelydefined, safety, health and morality reflectingall the moral or material needs of the child48.

Parents who have the duty of protectingthe safety of the child have the right andobligation to watch over its activities andrelationships with third parties49. In spite allthese, they will not be able to prevent its

personal relationships with its brothers andsisters, from whom the child cannot beseparated unless their being together is possible

or its interest requires another solution (art.


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mpreun nu este posibil sau interesul suimpune o alt soluie (art. 371-5 din Codul civilfrancez). De asemenea, prinii nu vor puteaobstacula exercitarea de ctre copil a dreptului

de a ntreine relaii personale cu ascendeniisi, drept ce este recunoscut copilului de art.371-4 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez. n caz deopoziie a prinilor ascendenii pot s sesizeze

judectorul cu problemele de familie iar priniitrebuie s probeze c opunerea lor este

justificat ntruct interesul minorului se opunerelaiilor personale ale copilului cu ascendeniisi3.

Prinii sunt, de asemenea, garaniirespectrii vieii private a copilului4.

b) ndatorirea i dreptul de educare acopilului. Obligaia prinilor de educare acopilului rezult din prevederile art. 371-1 alin.2 din Codul civil care arat, ntre altele, cautoritatea printeasc aparine prinilor pentrua asigura educarea copilului i a permitedezvoltarea lui. ndeplinirea acestei obligaii

presupune ca prinii s-i asume educaiaintelectual, moral, profesional, civic,

politic, religioas etc. a copilului5, precum iformarea lui profesional. Educaia constituie

pentru prini nu mai o ndatorire ci i un drept,prinii avnd dreptul s dirijeze educaiacopilului6, s aleag modalitile de colarizarea acestuia i s supravegheze instruirea sa7.

c) ndatorirea de ntreinere a copilului.Indiferent c sunt cstorii sau nu oriconvieuiesc sau sunt separai fiecare dintre

prini trebuie s contribuie la ntreinerea ieducarea copilului proporional cu resurselesale, ale celuilalt printe i n raport de nevoilecopilului (art. 371-2 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez).

Obligaia de ntreinere are caracterunilateral n sensul c numai copilul are

posibilitatea de a cere prinilor executareaacesteia8.

Creditor al obligaiei de ntreinere este,n principiu, copilul minor. Totui, copilulmajor poate cere ntreinere de la prinii sidac nu poate s-i acopere singur nevoile sale(de exemplu i continu studiile) ntruct art.

371-2 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez prevede c

371-5 of the French Civil Code). Parents willalso not be able to prevent the childsexercising of the right to have personalrelationships with its ancestors, a right which is

given to the child according to art. 371-4 par. 1of the French Civil Code. In case of parentsopposition, ancestors may inform the judgeresponsible with family matters and parentshave to prove that their opposition is justified

because the minors best interest opposes to the personal relations of the child with itsancestors50.

Parents are also guarantors forrespecting the childs private life51.

b) the duty and right to educate the

child. Parents obligation to educate the childresults from the provisions of art. 371-1 par. 2of the Civil Code which stipulates, amongother things, that parental authority belongs tothe parents in order to provide childseducation and allow its development. Thefulfilment of this obligation supposes that

parents undertake intellectual, moral, professional, civic, political, religiouseducation of the child52, as well as its

professional training. Education is not only a

duty for parents, but a right as well, as parentshave the right to direct the childs education53,to choose schooling methods and monitor itstraining54.

c) the duty to support the child.Whether they are married or not, live togetheror are separated, each of the parents have tocontribute to the childs support and educationin accordance with each ones resources, withthe resources of the other parent and in relationto the childs needs (art. 371-2 par. 1 theFrench Civil Code).

The duty to support has a unilateralcharacter meaning that only the child has the

possibility to ask parents to perform it55.The minor child is basically creditor of

the duty to support. Nonetheless, the majorchild can ask for support from its parents if itcannot cover its needs on itself (for instance tocontinue with its studies), because art. 371-2

par. 2 of the French Civil Code stipulates that

this duty does not end when the child becomes


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aceast obligaie nu nceteaz de plin dreptatunci cnd copilul este major. n caz deseparare a prinilor, printele care i asumsarcina copilului major care nu-i poate acoperi

singur nevoile sale poate cere celuilalt printes contribuie la ntreinerea i educarea acestuia(art. 373-2-5 din Codul civil francez). Prinii

pot conveni, sau, n lips, judectorul poatedecide ca aceast contribuie s fie pltit n totsau n parte copilului (art. 373-2-5 teza finaldin Codul civil francez).

Debitori ai obligaiei sunt prinii iar ncazul n care acetia decedeaz obligaia dentreinere nceteaz.

Obiectul obligaiei de ntreinere l

constituie cheltuielile necesare pentruntreinerea copilului (hran, mbrcminte,ngrijire, locuin etc.) i educarea sa (cheltuielide colarizare, cri, rechizite colare etc.).

Atunci cnd prinii triesc mpreun cucopilul obligaia de ntreinere se execut, deregul, n natur.

n caz de separare a prinilor sau acopilului de acetia contribuia la ntreinerea ieducarea sa ia forma unei pensii alimentare (art. 373-2-2 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez).

Aceasta cade n sarcina printelui sau prinilorcu care copilul nu locuiete i va fi pltitceluilalt printe sau persoanei creia copilul i-afost ncredinat. Modalitile i garaniile

pensiei alimentare se stabilesc prin conveniecare trebuie ncuviinat de judector sau, nlips de convenie, de ctre judector (art. 373-2-2 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).

d) dreptul de a stabili locuina copiluluii de a-l ine. ndeplinirea ndatoririlor fa decopil presupune, ntre altele, ca acetia s poatdetermina locuina copilului. n principiu,atunci cnd prinii convieuiesc, avnd olocuin comun pe care au ales-o de comunacord (art. 215 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez)copilul minori neemancipat are domiciliul laacetia (art. 108-2 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez), locuind mpreun cu ei.

n cazul n care prinii sunt separaiacetia pot s fixeze, prin convenie, locuinacopilului fie alternativ la domiciliul fiecruia

dintre ei, fie la domiciliul unuia dintre ei (art.

of age. In case of parents separation, the parent that undertakes the duty for the majorchild that cannot cover its own needs can askthe other parent to contribute at its support and

education (art. 373-2-5 of the French CivilCode). Parents may agree, or in absence, thejudge may decide that this contribution be paidto the child in part or completely (art. 373-2-5the final thesis of the French Civil Code).

Parents are debtors of the obligationsand in case of their death, the support dutyends.

The subject of the support duty isrepresented by the expenses necessary for thechilds support (food, clothes, care, a place to

live etc.) and education (schooling costs,books, school supplies etc.).

When parents live together with thechild the support duty is usually made in kind.

In case of parents separation or if thechild is separated by them, the contribution toits support and education takes the form of analimony ( art. 373-2-2 par. 1 of the FrenchCivil Code). It shall be borne by the parent or

parents the child lives with and shall be paid tothe other parent or to the person the child has

been entrusted to. Alimony methods andguarantees shall be established by means ofagreement that has to be consented upon by the

judge, or, in the absence of an agreement, bythe judge (art. 373-2-2 par. 2 of the FrenchCivil Code).

d) the right to establish the childsplace to live and keeping it. The fulfilment ofthe duties towards the child supposes, amongother things, that they be able to determine thechilds place to live. Basically, when parentslive together, in a common place to live thatthey have chosen together (art. 215 par. 2 ofthe French Civil Code) the minor and non-emancipated child has the residence with them(art. 108-2 par. 1 of the French Civil Code),living together with them.

If parents are separated they maydecide in an agreement that the childs place tolive be alternatively at one of their places tolive alternatively, or at the domicile of one of

them (art. 373-2-7 and art. 373-2-9 par. 1 of the


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373-2-7 i art. 373-2-9 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez). Pentru a produce efecte convenia

prinilor trebuie ncuviinat de judectorul cu problemele familiale (art. 373-2-7 alin. 1 din

Codul civil francez). Judectorul va ncuviinaconvenia n afar de cazul n care constat cea nu apr suficient interesul copilului sau cacordul prinilor nu a fost dat n mod liber (art.373-2-7 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez). Dac

prinii nu se neleg locuina copilului va fifixat de ctre judectorul cu problemelefamiliale fie alternativ la domiciliul fiecruiadintre prini, fie la domiciliul unuia dintre ei(art. 373-2-8 i art. 373-2-9- alin. 1 din Codulcivil francez).

Ca o consecin a dreptului prinilor dea stabili locuina copilului i de a-l ine art. 371-3 din Codul civil francez arat c, fr

permisiunea prinilor, copilul nu poate sprseasc locuina familiali nu poate fi scosdin aceasta dect n cazurile de necesitate pecare le determin legea (de exemplu o msurde asisten educativ, ncredinarea copiluluiunui ter).

e) Dreptul de a consimi la cstoriacopilului minor. Acest drept este un atribut al

autoritii printeti avnd ca scop protejareacopilului minor9.

Atunci cnd tatl i mama triesc isunt n stare s-i manifeste voina ei trebuie s-i exprime consimmntul la cstoriacopilului lor minor (art. 148 din Codul civilfrancez). Dac unul dintre prini i dconsimmntul la ncheierea cstoriei iarcellalt refuz s consimt, exprimareaconsimmntului de ctre unul dintre acetiaface posibil ncheierea cstoriei,nenelegerile dintre prini fiind considerate cvaloreaz consimmnt (art. 148 teza final dinCodul civil francez). n cazul n care unul dintre

prini este mort, sau n imposibilitate de a-imanifesta voina (de exemplu din cauzaalienaiei sau a debilitile mintale ori adecderii din exerciiul autoritii printeti)consimmntul celuilalt printe este suficient

pentru ncheierea cstoriei (art. 149 alin. 1 dinCodul civil francez). De asemenea,

consimmntul unui singur printe este

French Civil Code). In order to be effective,parents agreement has to be agreed on by the judge responsible with family matters (art.373-2-7 par. 1 of the French Civil Code). The

judge will agree with the convention except forthe case he considers that it does not protectthe childs interest enough or that parentsagreement has not been made freely (art. 373-2-7 par. 2 of the French Civil Code). If parentsfail to agree, the childs place to live will beestablished by the judge responsible withfamily matters either at the domicile of everyone of the parents alternatively or at thedomicile of one of them (art. 373-2-8 and art.373-2-9- par. 1 of the French Civil Code).

As a consequence of parents right toestablish the childs place to live and keep itart. 371-3 of the French Civil Code stipulatesthat, unless parents give their consent, the childcannot leave the family place to live andcannot be taken from if except for the cases ofnecessity established by the law (for instance,an educative assistance measure, if the child isentrusted to a third party).

e) the right to consent to the minorchilds marriage. This right is an attribute of

parental authority and has the purpose ofprotecting the minor child56.

When the father and the mother arealive and are capable of expressing their will,they have to give their consent to the marriageof their minor child (art. 148 of the FrenchCivil Code). If one of the parents gives itsconsent to conclude the marriage and the otherone refuses to consent, the consent expressed

by one of them makes it possible for themarriage to be concluded, themisunderstandings between the parents beingconsidered to value the consent (art. 148 finalthesis of the French Civil Code). If one of the

parents is dead or cannot express its will (forinstance in case of alienation or mental debilityor has been deprived of exercising its parentalauthority) the other parents consent is enoughto conclude the marriage (art. 149 par. 1 of theFrench Civil Code). One parents consent isalso enough of the other parents place to live

is unknown and there has been no news about


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suficient dac locuina celuilalt estenecunoscuti nu exist veti despre acesta deun an (art. 149 alin. 3 din Codul civil francez).Dac ambii prini sunt decedai sau n

imposibilitate de a-i manifesta voinaconsimmntul la cstoria minorului trebuiedat de ascendeni (art. 150 alin. 1 din Codulcivil francez)10.

Consimmntul prinilor sau, dupcaz al printelui la cstoria copilului estenecesar i n cazul n care acesta a fostemancipat (art. 413-6 alin. 2 din Codul civilfrancez).

n situaia n care ambii prini sunt nviai sunt n stare s-i manifeste voina dar

refuz s consimt la cstoria copilului minorsau singurul printe n via i n stare s-imanifeste voina refuz s-i deaconsimmntul la ncheierea acesteia de ctrecopilul minor, refuzul lor constituie un dreptabsolut care nu poate face obiectul unei aciunin justiie, ntruct este vorba de un atribut alautoritii printeti11.

f) Dreptul de a consimi la adopiacopilului. n reglementarea Codului civilfrancez, indiferent c adopia este deplin12 sau

simpl13 este necesar consimmntul prinilorfireti ai copilului pentru ca acesta s poat fiadoptat. Dac filiaia a fost legal stabilit fade ambii prini, este necesar consimmntulfiecruia dintre ei (art. 348 alin. 1 din Codulcivil francez.), indiferent dac este vorba despreun copil legitim sau natural ori prinii suntdivorai sau separai de corp. Consimmntulunui singur printe este suficient dac filiaia nua fost stabilit dect fa de acesta (art. 348-1din Codul civil francez) sau dac cellalt

printe este decedat, n imposibilitate de a-imanifesta voina, ori a pierdut drepturileautoritii printeti (art. 348 alin. 2 din Codulcivil francez). Dac tatl i mama sunt decedai,n imposibilitate de a-i manifesta voina ori au

pierdut drepturile autoritii printeti sau dacfiliaia copilului nu a fost stabilit, consiliul defamilie trebuie s autorizeze adopia dupobinerea avizului de la persoana care are nngrijire copilul (art. 348-2 alin. 1 i alin. 2 din

Codul civil francez).

the latter for more than a year (art. 149 par. 3of the French Civil Code). If both parents aredead or cannot express their will, the consentfor the minors marriage has to be given by

ancestors (art. 150 par. 1 of the French CivilCode)57.Parents consent or, as the case may be,

parents consent to the childs marriage isnecessary if the latter has been emancipated aswell (art. 413-6 par. 2 of the French CivilCode).

If both parents are alive and able toexpress their will but refuse to consent to theirminor childs marriage or the only parent aliveand able to express its will refuses to consent

to the minor childs marriage, their refusal isan absolute right that cannot be subject to anaction in justice, because it is an attribute of

parental authority58.f) The right to consent to the childs

adoption. In the regulation of the French CivilCode, whether the adoption is full59 or simple60the consent of the natural parents of the child isnecessary in order for the latter to be able to beadopted. If the filiation has been legallyestablished by both parents, it is necessary that

each of them give its consent (art. 348 par. 1 ofthe French Civil Code.), whether it is alegitimate or natural child or parents aredivorced or separated. The consent of one

parent is enough is filiation has beenestablished only for it (art. 348-1 of the FrenchCivil Code) or if the other parent is dead,cannot express its will or has lost the rights of

parental authority (art. 348 par. 2 of theFrench Civil Code). If both father and motherare dead, cannot express their will or have lostthe rights of their parental authority or if thechilds filiation has not been established, thefamily council has to authorize the adoptionafter getting the consent from the personentrusted with the childs care (art. 348-2 par. 1and par. 2 of the French Civil Code).

Parents, or as the case may be, theparent has to consent to the childs adoption ofthe latter has been emancipated (art. 413-6 par.2 of the French Civil Code), as well as if

parental authority has been assigned (art. 377-3


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Prinii sau, dup caz, printele trebuies consimt la adopia copilului i n situaia ncare acesta din urm a fost emancipat (art. 413-6 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez), precum i n

cazul n care autoritatea printeasc a fostdelegat (art. 377-3 din Codul civil francez).Instana are posibilitatea de a trece peste

refuzul prinilor fireti, al unuia dintre ei sau alconsiliului de familie de a consimi la adopiedac apreciaz c refuzul este unul abuziv iar

prinii sunt dezinteresai de copil existndriscul de a fi compromis sntatea saumoralitatea acestuia (art. 348-6 din Codul civilfrancez).

n sistemul Codului civil francez,

consimmntul poate fi retractat ntr-un termende dou luni ncepnd din ziua n care el a fostdat (art. 348-3 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).n situaia n care ambii prini i-au exprimatconsimmntul la adopie, retractareaconsimmntului de ctre unul dintre ei estesuficient pentru a mpiedica ncheiereaadopiei14. Legea francez stabilete, ninteresul minorului, un termen scurt n careconsimmntul poate fi retractat, ntruct, dacar fi fost fixat un termen mai lung, legiuitorul ar

fi riscat, prin aceasta, s ntrzie ncredinareacopilului n vederea adopiei atunci cndinteresul lui impune adoptarea sa ct mairapid. Termenul nu va ncepe s curg dect ncazul n care consimmntul a fost valabilexprimat15. Dac dup retractareaconsimmntului prinii se rzgndesc ei vor

putea consimi iari la adopie16.g) dreptul de a cere emanciparea

copilului. n dreptul civil francez minorulnecstorit poate fi emancipat dac a mplinitvrsta de 16 ani (art. 413-2 alin.1 din Codulcivil francez). Cererea de emancipare poate fiformulat de ctre prini mpreun sau de ctreunul dintre ei (art. 413-2 alin. 2 din Codul civilfrancez). Atunci cnd cererea este prezentatinstanei de ctre un singur printe, aceasta vadecide dup ce l ascult pe cellalt cu excepiacazului n care acesta din urm este nimposibilitatea de a-i manifesta voina (art.413-2 alin. 3 din Codul civil francez)17. Instana

va pronuna emanciparea minorului dup

of the French Civil Code).The court may ignore the natural

parents refusal, the refusal of one of them orof the family council to consent to the adoption

if it appreciates that the refusal is abusive andparents are not interested in the child and thereis the risk to compromise its health or morality(art. 348-6 of the French Civil Code).

In the system of the French Civil Code,consent can be withdrawn within two monthsfrom the day it was given (art. 348-3 par. 2 ofthe French Civil Code). If both parents haveexpressed their consent to the adoption,consent withdrawal by one of them is enoughto prevent the conclusion of the adoption61.

The French law establishes, for the minors best interest, a short term to withdraw theconsent, because if a longer term is established,the lawmaker risks to delay childs entrustingfor adoption when its interest requires fastadoption. The term begins to be effective whenthe consent is validly expressed62. If, afterhaving withdrawn their consent, parentschange their minds, they will be able toconsent to the adoption again63.

g) the right to request the childs

emancipation. In the French civil law, the non-married child can be emancipated if it hasturned 16 years old (art. 413-2 par. 1 of theFrench Civil Code). The emancipationapplication can be made by the parentstogether or by one of them (art. 413-2 par. 2 ofthe French Civil Code). When the applicationis submitted to the court by only one parent,the court will decide after having listened tothe other one, except for the case when thelatter cannot express its will (art. 413-2 par. 3of the French Civil Code)64. The court willdecide on the minors emancipation after itshearing and only if there are solid reasons (art.413-2 par. 2 of the French Civil Code). The

judge has a broad power of appreciation. Hewill have to investigate and if he considers thatemancipation is justified he will accept theapplication, Otherwise, if he appreciates thatthis is a comfortable means for parents toreduce their duties, the judge will have to

refuse it65

.


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audierea acestuia i numai dac exist motivetemeinice (art. 413-2 alin. 2 din Codul civilfrancez). Judectorul dispune de o larg puterede apreciere. El va trebui s cerceteze i dac va

considera c emanciparea este justificat vaadmite cererea. n schimb dac va aprecia caceasta este un mijloc comod pentru prini dea se degreva de responsabilitile lor, va trebuis o refuze18.

h) Dreptul de vizit i de gzduire.Acest drept este recunoscut printelui cruia nui-a fost conferit exerciiul autoritii printetide dispoziiile art. 373-2-1 alin. 2 din Codulcivil francez care arat c exerciiul dreptului devizit i de gzduire nu i va putea fi refuzat

acestuia dect pentru motive grave. Dreptul deviziti de gzduire a fcut obiectul modificrii

prin legea nr. 2007-293 din 5 martie 2007 privitoare la protecia copilului. Acest drept,care nu era prevzut de lege dect n cazulexercitrii unilaterale a autoritii printetieste, odat cu adoptarea acestei legi, n modegal organizat n cadrul exercitrii n comun aautoritii printeti (art. 373-2-9 din C. civ.francez). Chiar nainte de intrarea n vigoare alegii din 5 martie 2007 Curea de Casaie a

considerat c printele cruia nu i s-ancredinat copilul nu i se poate refuza un dreptde vizit i de gzduire dect pentru motivegrave innd de interesul su superior19.

Dreptul reglementat de art. 373-2-1alin. 2 din Codul civil francez este constituit dindou prerogative distincte: un drept de vizitiun drept de gzduire, ambele urmrind sasigure relaiile afective ntre copil i printelecare nu are exerciiul autoritii printeti i lacare el nu locuiete. Modalitile de exercitare aacestui drept sunt determinate de ctre

judector n funcie de interesul copilului20. ntemeiul art. 373-2-1 alin. 3 din Codul civilfrancez judectorul cu problemele familiale

poate s organizeze dreptul de vizit ntr-unspaiu de ntlnire desemnat n acest scop.Organizarea dreptului de vizit ntr-un spaiu dentlnire calificat ca loc neutru vine nsprijinul meninerii de legturi cu copilul dectre printele la care acesta nu locuiete

constituind o alternativ oportun la suprimarea

h) visitation and accommodation right.This right is admitted for the parent who hasnot been given the exercise of parentalauthority by the provisions of art. 373-2-1 par.

2 of the French Civil Code which stipulatesthat the visitation and accommodation rightexercise cannot be refused unless there areserious reasons. Visitation and accommodationright has been the subject of amendmentthrough the law no. 2007-293 from 5th ofMarch 2007 regarding childs protection. Thisright, which was provided by the law only forthe case of unilateral exercise of parentalauthority is, starting with the adoption of thislaw, equally organized for joint exercise of

parental authority (art. 373-2-9 of the FrenchCivil Code). Even before the enforcement ofthe law from 5th of March 2007 the Court ofCassation considered that the parent who hasnot been entrusted the child cannot be refusedvisitation and accommodation rights unlessthere are serious reasons related to its superiorinterest66.

The right regulated by art. 373-2-1par. 2 of the French Civil Code consists of twodistinct prerogatives: a visitation right and an

accommodation right, both of them followingto provide the affective relations between thechild and the parent who does not have theexercise of parental authority. The ways toexercise this right are determined by the judgedepending on the childs interest67. Accordingto art. 373-2-1 par. 3 of the French Civil Code,the judge responsible for family matters canorganize visitation rights in a meeting spaceappointed for this. Organizing the visitationright in a meeting space qualified as neutral

place supports the maintenance of aconnection with the child by the parent whereit does not live being an adequate alternativefor suppressing the visitation andaccommodation right68.

If, in relation to the circumstances,the judge has suspended the exercise of thevisitation and accommodation right, the parent

preserves the right to monitor the childseducation and support.

i) Monitoring right and duty.


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dreptului de viziti de gzduire21.n cazul n care, n raport de

circumstane, judectorul a suspendat exerciiuldreptului de vizit i de gzduire printele

conserv dreptul de a supraveghea educaia intreinerea copilului.i) Dreptul i obligaia de supraveghere.

Potrivit art. 373-2-1 alin. 4 din Codul civilfrancez atunci cnd exerciiul autoritii

printeti a fost conferit unui singur printecellalt conserv dreptul i obligaia de asupraveghea ntreinerea i educarea copilului.Dispoziiile aceluiai articol arat c acestatrebuie s fie informat n privina lucrurilorimportante relative la viaa copilului i c

trebuie s-i respecte obligaia ce i revine ntemeiul art. 371-2 din Codul civil francez,respectiv aceea de a contribui la ntreinerea ila educarea copilului proporional cu resurselesale, ale celuilalt printe i n funcie de nevoilecopilului.

Exercitnd dreptul i ndeplinindobligaia de supraveghere printele poate, ntrealtele, s sesizeze instana n situaia n careapreciaz c o anumit decizie luat de ctre

printele care are exerciiul autoritii printeti

este contrar interesului copilului.

1.3. Exercitarea autoritii printeti

1.3.1. Principiile de exercitare a

autoritii printeti1.3.1.1. Exerciiul n comun al

autoritii printetin dreptul civil francez drepturile i

obligaiile printeti sunt exercitate indeplinite n comun de ctre ambii prini.Aceast regul este consacrat de dispoziiileart. 372 care stabilesc c tatl i mama exercitn comun autoritatea printeasc. Exerciiul ncomun al autoritii printeti presupune cdeciziile privitoare la acesta trebuie luatempreun de ctre prini. Legiuitorul francez aavut ns n vedere c n practic autoritatea

printeasc nu poate funciona cu concursulsistematic al tatlui i al mamei i, pentru afacilita exerciiul acesteia, a reglementat n art.

372-2 prezumia de mandat artnd c fa de

According to art. 373-2-1 par. 4 of the FrenchCivil Code, when the exercise of parentalauthority has been given to only one parent, theother parent has the right and duty to monitor

the childs support and education. Theprovisions of the same article stipulate that thelatter has to be informed regarding theimportant things related to the childs life andhas to comply with its obligation according toart. 371-2 of the French Civil Code tocontribute to the childs support and educationin proportion to its resources, to the resourcesof the other parent and depending on thechilds needs.

By exercising the right and fulfilling

the obligation to monitor, the parent can,among other things, notify the court if itappreciates that a decision made by the parentwho has the exercise of parental authority iscontrary tot he childs interest.

1.3. Exercising parental authority

1.3.1. The principles for exercising

parental authority

1.3.1.1. Joint exercise of parental

authorityIn the French civil law parental rights

and duties are jointly exercised and fulfilled by both parents. This rule is established by theprovisions of art. 372 which stipulate that thefather and the mother jointly exercise parentalauthority. The joint exercise of parentalauthority supposes that decisions related to ithave to be made together by both parents. TheFrench lawmaker has considered the fact thatin practice parental authority cannot operatewith the systematic contest of the father andthe mother and, in order to facilitate itsexercise in art. 372-2 it regulated the

presumption of mandate showing that towardsgood-faith third parties, each of the parents issupposed to act with the other parentsapproval when performing on its own an usualact of parental authority regarding the minors

person. The French judicial doctrine andpractice has shown that the category of usual

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terii de bun credin fiecare dintre prini este prezumat c acioneaz cu acordul celuilaltcnd face singur un act uzual al autoritii

printeti privitoare la persoana minorului. n

doctrina i n practica judiciar francez s-aartat c fac parte din categoria actelor uzualece pot fi ndeplinite de ctre un singur printe nexercitarea autoritii printeti privitoare la

persoana minorului actele care intereseazcopilul cu privire la viaa sa colar (nscriereantr-o coal), sportiv ( nscrierea la un clubsportiv), social (nscrierea pe paaportul unuiadintre prini)22 sau care privesc sntatea sa (ointervenie chirurgical benign)23. n schimb,actele referitoare la protecia sau exerciiul

drepturilor personalitii exced caracterul uzual.n acest sens s-a decis c apariia copilului latelevizor ntr-un documentar consacratfamiliilor prinilor divorai nu constituie unact uzual i necesit acordul celor doi prini24.

De la principiul exercitrii n comun aautoritii printeti art. 372 alin. 2reglementeaz dou excepii n care autoritatea

printeasc se exercit de ctre un singurprinte, respectiv:

- n cazul n care filiaia este stabilit

fa de cel de-al doilea printe dup mai multde un an de la naterea copilului a crui filiaiea fost deja stabilit fa de cellalt printe,acesta din urm rmne singur investit cuexercitarea autoritii printeti;

- n cazul n care filiaia a fost stabilit pe cale judectoreasc fa de cel de-al doileaprinte, autoritatea printeasc se exercit dectre printele fa de care copilul i-a stabilitmai nti filiaia.

Totui, n aceste cazuri de stabiliretardiv a filiaiei art. 372 alin. 3 din Codul civilfrancez prevede posibilitatea exercitrii comunea autoritii printeti fie dac tatl i mama facmpreun o declaraie n acest sens n faagrefierului ef al tribunalului de mare instanfie printr-o decizie a judectorului cu

problemele familiale.Prinii pot s ncheie convenii prin

care s stabileasc modalitile de exercitare aautoritii printeti i s fixeze contribuia la

ntreinerea i educarea copilului. Pentru ca

exercising parental authority regarding theminors person includes the actions concerningthe child regarding its school life (registrationat a school), sports life (registration at a sports

club), social life (registration on the passport ofone of the parents)69 or related to its health (a benign surgical intervention)70. In return, theactions related to its protection or the exerciseof personality rights exceed the usualcharacter. It has been therefore decided that achilds appearance on TV in a documentaryabout the families of divorced parents is not anusual act and requires the approval of both

parents71.From the principle of joint exercise of

parental authority art. 372 par. 2 regulates twoexceptions where parental authority isexercised by only one parent, respectively:

- if the filiation is established towardsthe second parent more than a year after the

birth of the child whose filiation has alreadybeen established towards the other parent, thelatter will be the only one invested with theexercise of parental authority;

- if the filiation has been judiciallyestablished for the second parent, parental

authority has been exercised by the parenttowards whom the child established filiationfirst.

Nonetheless, in these cases of lateestablishment of filiation, art. 372 par. 3 of theFrench Civil Code provides the possibility to

jointly exercise parental authority if the fatherand the mother make a statement in front of theclerk of court of the court of law or through adecision of the judge responsible with familymatters.

Parents may conclude agreements inwhich they establish the ways parentalauthority is exercised and establish thecontribution for the childs support andeducation. In order for these agreements to beeffective they have to be agreed upon by the

judge responsible with family matters (art.373-2-7 par. 1 of the French Civil Code).

1.3.1.2. Unilateral exercise of parentalauthority

Except for the cases provided by art.


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aceste convenii s produc efecte ele trebuiencuviinate de ctre judectorul cu problemelefamiliale (art. 373-2-7 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez).

1.3.1.2. Exerciiul unilateral alautoritii printetin afara situaiilor prevzute de art. 372

alin. 2 din Codul civil francez, drepturile iobligaiile printeti sunt exercitate indeplinite de ctre un singur printe n cazurile

prevzute de art. 373-1 din Codul civil francez,respectiv dac cellalt printe este decedat saueste privat de exerciiul autoritii printeti.Privat de exerciiul autoritii printeti este,

potrivit art. 373 din Codul civil francez

printele care nu este n stare s-i manifestevoina din cauza incapacitii ori a absenei salesau din alte motive. n acest sens, n doctrinafrancez s-a artat c punerea sub tutel a unuiadintre prini pentru alienaie mintal duce lanlocuirea exerciiului n comun al autoritii

printeti cu exerciiul unilateral al acesteia,ntruct tutela este rezervat majorului care numai este apt de a veghea el nsui asupraintereselor sale, ea presupune o stare care numai permite printelui s-i asume funcia de

protecie i de educare fa de copil25.Dac i printele supravieuitor

decedeaz sau este privat de exerciiulautoritii printeti n sensul art. 373 din Codulcivil francez autoritatea printeasc dispare ise instituie tutela (art. 390 din Codul civilfrancez).

1.3.2. Exercitarea autoritii printetide ctre prinii separai

1.3.2.1. Exerciiul comun al autoritiiprinteti

n toate cazurile de separare a priniloracetia continu s exercite mpreun drepturilei s ndeplineasc tot astfel obligaiile

printeti. Exerciiul comun al autoritiiprinteti n caz de separare a prinilor rezultdin prevederile art. 373-2 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez care stabilesc c separarea priniloreste fr inciden asupra regulilor de exercitarea autoritii printeti.

Prinii continu s ia de comun acord

372 par. 2 of the French Civil Code, parentalrights and duties are exercised and fulfilled byonly one parent in the cases stipulated by art.373-1 of the French Civil Code, respectively if

the other parent is dead or deprived of theexercise of parental authority. The Frenchparent who is not capable of expressing its willdue to its incapacity or absence or from otherreasons is deprived of the exercise of parentalauthority according to art. 373 of the FrenchCivil Code. In this sense, the French doctrinehas shown that putting one of the parents underguardianship for mental alienation results inthe replacement of the joint exercise of

parental authority with its unilateral exercise,

because guardianship is reserved to the majorwho is no longer able to watch upon itsinterests, it supposes a state that no longerallows the parent to develop the protection andeducation function towards the child72.

If the surviving parent dies as well oris deprived of the exercise of parental authorityaccording to art. 373 of the French Civil Code,

parental authority disappears and guardianshipis established (art. 390 of the French CivilCode).

1.3.2. Exercising parental authority by

separated parents

1.3.2.1. Joint exercise of parentalauthority

In all the cases of parents separation,they continue to jointly exercise all the rightsand fulfil all their parental duties. The jointexercise of parental authority in case of

parents separation results from the provisionsof art. 373-2 par. 1 of the French Civil Codewhich provide that parents separation has noincidence upon the rules of exercising parentalauthority.

Parents continue to make decisionsrelated to parental authority together:registering the child to school, guiding thechild for choosing its religious confession,monitoring its health, spending spare time. Inrelation to good faith third parties each of the

parents is supposed to act with the other

parents consent when making an usual act of


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deciziile relative la autoritatea printeasc:nscrierea copilului la coal, ndrumarea

pentru alegerea confesiunii religioase,supravegherea sntii, petrecerea timpului

liber. Fa de terii de bun credin fiecaredintre prini este prezumat c acioneaz cuacordul celuilalt cnd face singur un act uzualal autoritii printeti referitoare la persoanacopilului (de exemplu o cerere de nscriere acopilului la coal)26.

Pentru meninerea legturilor copiluluicu ambii prini art. 373-2 alin. 2 prevede cfiecare dintre prini trebuie s menin relaii

personale cu copilul i s respecte legturileacestuia cu cellalt printe. De asemenea,

alineatul 3 al aceluiai articol arat c n caz deschimbare a locuinei copilului de ctre unuldintre prini de natur s modificemodalitile de exercitare a autoritii printeti,cellalt printe trebuie informat n prealabil in timp util. Orice dezacord al prinilor naceast privin se soluioneaz de ctre

judectorul cu problemele familiale carestatueaz n funcie de interesul copilului.

Prinii pot s hotrasc modalitile deexercitare a autoritii printeti printr-o

convenie care trebuie ncuviinat de ctrejudectorul cu problemele familiale (art. 373-2-7 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez).

1.3.2.2. Exercitarea autoritiiprinteti de ctre un singur printe

Prin excepie de la principiul exercitriii ndeplinirii n comun a drepturilor iobligaiilor printeti de ctre prinii separaiexerciiul autoritii printeti poate fi conferitde judector, n temeiul art. 373-2-1 din Codulcivil francez, unuia dintre prini dac interesulcopilului o impune. Cellalt printe pstreazanumite prerogative ale autoritii printeti

precum dreptul de vizit i de gzduire (art.373-2-1 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez), precumi dreptul (dar i obligaia) de supraveghere(art. 373-2-1 alin. 4 din Codul civil francez).

1.4. Intervenia judectorului cuproblemele familiale

Prevederile art. 373-2-6 alin. 1 din

parental authority regarding the child (forinstance an application of registering the childto school)73.

In order to maintain the childs

connections with both parents art. 373-2 par. 2stipulates that each of the parents has to havepersonal relations with the child and respect itsrelations with the other parent. Also, paragraph3 of the same article shows that in case ofchanging the childs place of living by one ofthe parents which may alter the exercisingways of parental authority, the other parent hasto be previously informed and in due time. Anydisagreement of the parents in this matter shall

be settled by the judge responsible for family

matters depending on the childs interest.Parents may decide on the ways to

exercise parental authority through anagreement that has to be approved by the judgeresponsible for family matters (art. 373-2-7

par. 1 of the French Civil Code).

1.3.2.2. Exercising parental authorityby only one parent

As an exception from the principle ofjoint exercise and fulfilment of parental rights

and duties by separated parents, the exercise ofparental authority can be granted by the judgebased on art. 373-2-1 of the French Civil Codeto one of the parents if the childs interestrequires it. The other parent keeps certain

prerogatives of parental authority likevisitation and accommodation rights (art. 373-2-1 par. 2 of the French Civil Code), as well asmonitoring right (and duty) (art. 373-2-1 par. 4of the French Civil Code).

1.4. Intervention of the judgeresponsible for family matters

The provisions of art. 373-2-6 par. 1 ofthe French Civil Code give the judge of theCourt appointed with family matters a generalcompetence to settle the matters regarding

parental authority. He has to especially monitorthe compliance with the childs interest.

The judge may take the measures that

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Codul civil francez dau judectoruluiTribunalului de mare instan desemnat cu

problemele familiale o competen general dea soluiona chestiunile referitoare la autoritatea

printeasc. El trebuie s vegheze n special larespectarea interesului copilului.Judectorul poate lua msurile care s

permit garantarea continuitii i efectivitiimeninerii legturilor copilului cu fiecare dintre

prini (art. 373-2-6 alin. 2 din Codul civilfrancez), inclusiv s ordone nscrierea pe

paaportul prinilor a interdiciei de a scoatecopilul de pe teritoriul francez fr autorizareaambilor prini (art. 373-2-6 alin. 3 din Codulcivil francez).

Judectorul cu afacerile de familie estecompetent s statueze cu privire la:

- conferirea exerciiului autoritiiprinteti unuia dintre prini cnd interesulminorului o impune (art. 373-2-1 alin. 1 dinCodul civil francez);

- modalitile de exercitare a autoritiiprinteti i stabilirea contribuiei prinilor lantreinerea i educarea copilului, putnd fisesizat n acest scop de ctre oricare dintre

prini sau de ctre procuror, care, la rndul lui,

poate fi sesizat de ctre un ter, rud sau nu (art.373-2-8 din Codul civil francez).

- ncuviinarea conveniilor prin careprinii stabilesc modalitile de exercitare aautoritii printeti i fixeaz contribuia lantreinerea i educarea copilului (art. 373-2-7alin. 1 din Codul civil francez). Judectorul nuva putea refuza omologarea unei astfel deconvenii dect n cazul n care constat c eanu apr suficient interesul copilului sau cacordul prinilor nu a fost dat n mod liber (art.373-2-7 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).Aadar, voina prinilor are valoare obligatoriei numai cu titlu excepional, n cele doucazuri menionate, ncuviinarea conveniei

poate fi refuzat de ctre judector27.Dispoziiile coninute n convenia ncuviinat

pot fi modificate sau completate oricnd dectre judector, la cererea prinilor sau a unuiadintre ei ori a procurorului care poate fi sesizatde ctre un ter, rud sau nu (art. 373-2-13 din

Codul civil francez).

childs connections with each of the parents(art. 373-2-6 par. 2 of the French Civil Code),including ruling the registration on the parents

passport the interdiction to take the child out of

the French territory with both parents consent(art. 373-2-6 par. 3 of the French Civil Code).The judge responsible for family

matters may rule regarding the following:- giving the exercise of parental

authority to one of the parents when theminors interest requires it (art. 373-2-1 par. 1of the French Civil Code);

- the ways to exercise parental authorityand establish parents contribution to thechilds support and education, being able to be

notified by any of the parents or by the districtattorney, who can be in its turn notified by athird party, relative or not (art. 373-2-8 of theFrench Civil Code).

- agreeing with the conventions throughwhich parents establish the ways of exercising

parental authority and establish thecontribution to childs education and support(art. 373-2-7 par. 1 of the French Civil Code).The judge will not be able to refuse thehomologation of such an agreement unless he

finds that it does not protect the childs interestenough or that parents agreement was notmade freely (art. 373-2-7 par. 2 of the FrenchCivil Code). Therefore, parents will hascompulsory value and only as an exception, inthe two cases mentioned above, accepting theagreement can be refused by the judge74. The

provisions included in the agreement can beamended or completed at any time by the

judge, at the request of the parents or of one ofthem or at the request of the district attorneywho can be notified by a third party, relative ornot (art. 373-2-13 of the French Civil Code).

- determining the childs place to live.The judge may establish the childs place tolive either alternatively at the domicile of eachof the parents, or at the domicile of one ofthem (art. 373-2-8 and art. 373-2-9 par. 1 of theFrench Civil Code). He may also decide, ontemporary basis, on an alternative place to livefor a determined period. When the determined

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- determinarea locuinei copilului.Judectorul poate fixa locuina copilului fiealternativ la domiciliul fiecruia dintre prini,fie la domiciliul unuia dintre ei (art. 373-2-8 i

art. 373-2-9 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez). Deasemenea, el poate hotr, cu titlu provizoriu, olocuin alternativ pe o durat determinat. Lamplinirea duratei determinate de judector,considerat ca perioad de ncercare28,

judectorul decide definitiv asupra locuineicopilului fie alternativ la domiciliul fiecruiadintre prini, fie la domiciliul unuia dintre ei(art. 373-2-9 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).

- atribuirea i stabilirea modalitilor deexercitare a dreptului de vizit. Atunci cnd

fixeaz locuina copilului la domiciliul unuiadintre prini, precum i atunci cnd conferexerciiul autoritii printeti unuia dintre

prini, judectorul statueaz asupramodalitilor de exercitare a dreptului de vizitde ctre cellalt printe, avnd posibilitatea de ahotr, atunci cnd interesul copilului o cere, caacest drept s fie exercitat ntr-un spaiu dentlnire desemnat n acest scop (art. 373-2-9alin. 3 i art. 373-2-1 alin. 3 din Codul civilfrancez).

- concilierea i medierea. n caz dedezacord judectorul trebuie s ncerce s iconcilieze pe prini (art. 373-2-10 alin. 1 dinCodul civil francez). Legea d judectorului

posibilitatea de a le propune prinilor mediereafamilial n vederea unei exercitri consensualea autoritii printeti i, dup ce obine acordullor, s desemneze un mediator familial ( art.373-2-10 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).

- conferirea copilului unui ter.Atunci cnd se pronun asupra

modului de exercitare a autoritii printetijudectorul trebuie s aib n vedere, alturi deinteresul minorului, i elementele prevzute deart. 373-2-11 din Codul civil francez, respectiv:

- practica pe care prini au urmat-oanterior sau acordurile pe care le-ar fi pututncheia anterior;

- sentimentele exprimate de ctrecopilul minor n condiiile prevzute de art.388-1 din Codul civil francez, respectiv cele

exprimate de minorul capabil de discernmnt

which is considered a trial period75, the judgemay definitively decide that the childs place tolive be alternatively at the domicile of each ofthe parents or at the domicile of one of them

(art. 373-2-9 par. 2 of the French Civil Code).- assigning and establishing the ways ofexercising visitation rights. When establishingthe childs place to live at the domicile of oneof the parents as well as when giving theexercise of parental authority to one of the

parents, the judge decides on the ways toexercise visitation rights by the other parenthaving the possibility to decide, when thechilds interest requires it, that this right beexercised in a meeting space appointed for this

(art. 373-2-9 par. 3 and art. 373-2-1 par. 3 ofthe French Civil Code).

- conciliation and mediation. In case ofdisagreement, the judge has to try to conciliatethe parents (art. 373-2-10 par. 1 of the FrenchCivil Code). The law gives the judge the

possibility to propose the parents familialmediation for a consensual exercise of parentalauthority and after getting thei approval, hemay appoint a familial mediator ( art. 373-2-10


- entrusting the child to a third party.When ruling on the way to exercise

parental authority, the judge has to take intoconsideration, along with the minors interest,the elements provided by art. 373-2-11 of theFrench Civil Code, respectively:

- the practice that parents have previously followed or the agreements thatthey could have previously concluded;

- the feelings expressed by the minorchild under the conditions provided by art.388-1 of the French Civil Code, respectivelythose expressed by the minor capable ofdiscernment during its hearing by the judge or

by another person appointed by the judge;- the ability of each of the parents to

undertake the obligations and comply with theother parents rights;

- the results of the expertise maderegarding the child taking into consideration itsage;

- information gathered from possible


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n timpul audierii sale de ctre judector sau dectre o alt persoan desemnat de judector;

- aptitudinea fiecruia dintre prini dea-i asuma obligaiile i de a respecta drepturile

celuilalt;- rezultatele expertizelor efectuate cuprivire la copil, innd cont de vrsta acestuia;

- informaiile culese din eventualeleanchete i contra-anchete sociale.

nainte de luarea oricrei decizii princare fixeaz modalitile de exercitare aautoritii printeti ori exerciiul dreptului devizit sau decide ncredinarea copilului unuiter judectorul poate cere oricrei persoanecalificate efectuarea unei anchete sociale care

are ca scop culegerea de informaii asuprasituaiei familiale i a condiiilor n care triesci sunt crescui copiii (art. 373-2-12 alin. 1 dinCodul civil francez). Dac unul dintre prinicontest concluziile anchetei sociale, la cerereasa, se poate decide o contra-anchet (art. 373-2-12 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).

Deciziile relative la exerciiul autoritiiprinteti au caracter provizoriu putnd fimodificate sau completate oricnd de ctre

judector la cererea ambilor prini ori a unuia

dintre ei sau a procurorului care poate fi sesizatla rndul su de ctre un ter, rud sau nu (art.373-2-13 din Codul civil francez).

1.5. ncredinarea copilului unui ter

Cu titlu excepional i dac interesulcopilului o cere judectorul poate sncredineze copilul unui ter, ales de preferindintre rudele acestuia (art. 373-3 alin. 2 dinCodul civil francez). ntr-o atare situaie,

potrivit art. 373-4 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez, prinii continu s exercite autoritatea

printeasc iar persoana creia i s-a ncredinatcopilul ndeplinete toate actele uzuale relativela supravegherea i educarea sa.

Copilul poate fi ncredinat unui termai ales atunci cnd unul dintre prini este

privat de exerciiul autoritii printeti (art.373-3 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez), precumi n situaia n care judectorul cu problemele

familiale care statueaz asupra modalitilor de

investigations and social counter-investigations.

Before making any decision forestablishing the ways to exercise parental

authority or the exercise of visitation rights ordeciding to entrust the child to a third party, thejudge may ask ant qualified person to developa social investigation with the purpose togather information on the family situation andthe conditions children live and are brought up(art. 373-2-12 par. 1 of the French Civil Code).If one of the parents disagrees with theconclusions of the social investigation, at itsrequest, a social counter-investigation may bedecided upon (art. 373-2-12 par. 2 of the

French Civil Code).Decisions related to the exercise of

parental authority are temporary and can beamended at any time by the judge at therequest of both parents or of one of them or atthe request of the district attorney who can benotified by a third party, relative or not (art.373-2-13 of the French Civil Code).

1.5. Entrusting the child to a thirdparty

As an exception and if the childsinterest requires it, the judge may entrust thechild to a third party preferably from itsrelatives (art. 373-3 par. 2 of the French CivilCode). In such a case, according to art. 373-4

par. 1 of the French Civil Code, parentscontinue to exercise parental authority and the

person who has been entrusted the child fulfilsall the usual acts related to its monitoring andeducation.

The child can be entrusted to a third party especially when one of the parents isdeprived of the exercise of parental authority(art. 373-3 par. 2 of the French Civil Code), aswell as if the judge responsible for familymatters that rules on the ways to exercise

parental authority after the parents separation,decide that, in case the one exercising authoritydies, the child should not be entrusted to thesurviving parent but to a person appointed by it

(art. 373-3 par. 2 of the French Civil Code).


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exercitare a autoritii printeti dup separareaprinilor decide, ca, n caz de deces a aceluiadintre ei care exercit autoritatea, copilul s nufie ncredinat printelui supravieuitor ci unei

persoane desemnate de el (art. 373-3 alin. 2 dinCodul civil francez). i n aceste situaii auaplicabilitate prevederile art. 373-4 alin. 1 dinCodul civil francez numai c autoritatea

printeasc nu se mai exercit de ctre tat imam aa cum arat dispoziiile acestui articolci de acela dintre ei care nu este privat deexerciiul autoritii printeti sau, dup caz, dectre printele supravieuitor.

1.6. Msurile de asisten educativ

Msurile de asisten educativ au caobiect protejarea copilului i ajutarea prinilor

pentru a exercita n mod corect autoritateaprinteasc n situaiile n care aceasta nu maieste exercitat de ctre prini conforminteresului copilului.

Msurile de asisten educativ pot fiordonate de ctre judectorul pentru copii (art.375-1 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez) care se

pronun innd seama de interesul copilului

(art. 375-1 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez) ncazurile prevzute de art. 375 alin. 1 din Codulcivil francez, respectiv dac:

- sntatea, securitatea i moralitateacopilului neemancipat sunt n pericol;

- condiiile educrii i dezvoltrii fizice,afective, intelectuale i sociale sunt gravcompromise.

Asistena educativ nu este destinat si nlture pe prini ci numai s i asiste29. nacest sens, legiuitorul stabilete n art. 375-2alin. 1 din Codul civil francez c de fiecare datcnd este posibil, minorul trebuie meninut nmediul su actual, adic n mediul familialnatural al copilului30. n acest caz dispoziiileaceluiai articol arat c judectoruldesemneaz fie o persoan calificat, fie unserviciu specializat (serviciu de observare,educare sau de reeducare n mediu deschis)care va avea misiunea de a ajuta i de a consiliafamilia pentru a depi greutile materiale sau

morale pe care le ntmpin. De asemenea,

The provisions of art. 373-4 par. 1 of theFrench Civil Code apply in these cases, but

parental authority is no longer exercised by thefather and the mother according to the

provisions of this article but by the one who isnot deprived of the exercise of parentalauthority or, as the case may be, by thesurviving parent.

1.6. Educative assistance measures

Educative assistance measures have thesubject of protecting the child and helping the

parents to correctly exercise parental authorityin the cases in which it is no longer exercised

by parents in accordance with the childsinterest.

Educative assistance measures can beordered by the judge for children (art. 375-1

par. 1 of the French Civil Code) who rulestaking into consideration the childs interest(art. 375-1 par. 2 of the French Civil Code) inthe cases provided by art. 375 par. 1 of theFrench Civil Code, respectively if:

- the health, security and morality ofthe non-emancipated child are in danger;

- the conditions of education and physical, emotional, intellectual and socialdevelopment are seriously compromised.

Educative assistance is not meant toalienate parents but only to assist them76. Inthis sense, the lawmaker establishes in art.375-2 par. 1 of the French Civil Code thatevery time it is possible, the minor has to bekept in his current environment, meaning in thechilds natural familial environment 77. In thiscase, the provisions of the same articlestipulate that the judge appoints either aqualified person or a specialized service(observation, education or re-education servicein an open environment) with the mission ofhelping and advising the family in order toovercome the material or moral difficultiesthey are facing. Also, the person or the servicehas to monitor the childs development and

periodically report on this to the judge (art.375-2 par. 1 final thesis of the French Civil

Code).


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persoana sau serviciul are sarcina de asupraveghea dezvoltarea copilului i de a face

periodic raport cu privire la aceastajudectorului (art. 375-2 alin. 1 teza final din

Codul civil francez).Judectorul poate s subordonezemeninerea copilului n mediul su familialnatural unor obligaii particulare precum cea dea frecventa n mod regulat o instituie sanitarsau de educaia, obinuit sau specializat, saude a exercita o activitate profesional (art. 375-2 alin. 3 din Codul civil francez).

n cazurile mai grave n carejudectorul apreciaz c meninerea minoruluin mediul su familial nu este posibil, acesta

poate decide plasamentul su la cellalt printe,la un alt membru al familiei sau la un ter dencredere, la un serviciu departamental deajutor social pentru copii, la un serviciu sauinstituie abilitat pentru primirea minorilor petimp de zi, la un serviciu sau la o instituiesanitar sau de educaie, obinuit sauspecializat (art. 375-3 din Codul civil francez).

Msurile de asisten educativ nu au caefect retragerea autoritii printeti. Priniicopilului care beneficiaz de o msur de

asisten educativ continu s exercite toateatributele autoritii printeti care nu suntincompatibile cu aceast msur (art. 375-7alin. 1 din Codul civil francez). Pe duratamsurii ei nu pot s emancipeze copilul frautorizarea judectorului de copii (art. 375-7alin. 1 teza final din Codul civil francez). nmod excepional, judectorul de copii poate, ntoate cazurile n care interesul copilului o

justific, s autorizeze persoana, serviciul sauinstituia creia i-a fost conferit copilul sndeplineasc acte relevante ale autoritii

printeti n caz de refuz abuziv sau nejustificatsau n caz de neglijen a titularilor autoritii

printeti (art. 375-7 alin. 2 din Codul civilfrancez).

n situaia n care ncredinareacopilului unei persoane sau instituii estenecesar prinii conserv un drept decoresponden, precum i un drept de vizitide gzduire (art. 375-7 alin. 4 din Codul civil

francez). Dac situaia copilului o permite

The judge may subordinate childsmaintenance in its natural familial environmentto particular obligations like the one ofregularly going through a sanitary institution,

or to regular or specialized education, or toexercise a professional activity (art. 375-2 par.3 of the French Civil Code).

In the more serious cases in which thejudge appreciates that maintaining the minor inits familial environment is not possible, then itmay decide to place the child with the other

parent, with another member of the family or ata trustworthy third party, at a social servicedepartment for children, at a certified serviceor institution for minors accommodation

during daytime, at a regular or specializedsanitary or education service or institution (art.375-3 of the French Civil Code).

Educative assistance measures do notresult in parental authority withdrawal. The

parents of the child that benefit from aneducative assistance measure continue toexercise all the attributes of parental authoritythat are not incompatible with this measure(art. 375-7 par. 1 of the French Civil Code).During the measure they cannot emancipate

the child without the children judges consent(art. 375-7 par. 1 final thesis of the FrenchCivil Code). As an exception, the children

judge can, in all the cases in which the childsinterest justifies it, to authorize the person,service or institution that received the child tofulfil relevant acts of prenatal authority in caseof abusive or unjustified refusal or in case ofnegligence of parental authority holders (art.375-7 par. 2 of the French Civil Code).

If the childs entrusting to a person orinstitution is necessary, parents keep acorrespondence right, as well as a visitationand accommodation right (art. 375-7 par. 4 ofthe French Civil Code). If the childs statusallows it, the judge shall establish the natureand frequency of visitation andaccommodation rights and may decide that theholders of parental authority determinetogether with the person, service or institutionthat the child has been entrusted to the

conditions for exercising these rights (art. 375-


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judectorul fixeaz natura i frecvenadrepturilor de vizit i de gzduire i poatedecide ca titularii autoritii printeti sdetermine mpreun cu persoana, serviciul sau

instituia creia i-a fost ncredinat copilulcondiiile de exercitare a acestor drepturi (art.375-7 alin. 5 din Codul civil francez). Dacinteresul copilului o cere judectorul are

posibilitatea s suspende provizoriu exerciiuldrepturilor de coresponden, de vizit i degzduire (art. 375-7 alin. 4 din Codul civilfrancez).

Prinii copilului care a fcut obiectulunei msuri de asisten educativ sunt inuis-i asume cheltuielile de ntreinere i educare

a copilului (art. 375-8 din Codul civil francez).Msurile de asisten educativ pot fi

decise n acelai timp pentru mai muli copiiaflai sub aceeai autoritate printeasc (art. 375alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).

Msurile de asisten educativ aucaracter temporar. Judectorul de copii fixeazdurata msurii care nu poate depi 2 ani daceste vorba de o msur educativ exercitat deun serviciu sau o instituie. Msura poate firennoit prin decizie motivat (art. 375 alin. 3).

De asemenea, ea poate fi modificat saudesfiinat de ctre judector fie din oficiu, fiela cererea prinilor mpreun, la cererea unuiadintre ei, a persoanei sau serviciului cruiacopilul i-a fost ncredinat, a tutorelui, aminorului nsui sau a procurorului (art. 375-6din Codul civil francez).

1.7. Delegarea autoritii printeti

Dispoziiile Codului civil francezreglementeaz dou cazuri de delegare aautoritii printeti: delegarea voluntar idelegarea forat.

a) Delegarea voluntar poate fipronunat de ctre judectorul cu problemelefamiliale la cererea prinilor. Atunci cndmprejurrile o cer, prinii sesizeaz

judectorul, fie mpreun, fie separat, nvederea delegrii exerciiului autoritii

printeti unui ter, membru al familiei,

persoan de ncredere apropiat, unei instituii

7 par. 5 of the French Civil Code). If thechilds interest requires the judge maytemporarily suspend the exercise ofcorrespondence, visitation and accommodation

rights (art. 375-7 par. 4 of the French CivilCode).The parents of the child who has been

the subject of an educative assistance measurehave to bear the childs support and educationcosts (art. 375-8 of the French Civil Code).

Educative assistance measures can bedecided at the same time for several children

being under the same parental authority (art.375 par. 2 din of the French Civil Code).

Educative assistance measures are

temporary. The children judge establishes theduration of the measure which cannot exceed 2years if it is an educative measure exercised bya service or by an institution. The measure can

be renewed by motivated decision (art. 375par. 3). It can be also amended or cancelled bythe judge either ex officio, or at the request ofthe parents together, at the request made byone of them, by the person or the service towhich the child has been entrusted, at therequest of the guardianship, of the minor or of

the district attorney (art. 375-6 of the FrenchCivil Code).

1.7. Commissioning parentalauthority

The provisions of the French CivilCode regulate two cases of parental authoritycommissioning: volunteer commissioning andforced commissioning.

a) Volunteer commissioning can besentenced by the judge responsible for familymatters at parents request. Whencircumstances require it, parents inform the

judge either together or separately in order tocommission the exercise of parental authorityto a third party, family member, closedtrustworthy person, to an institution authorizedto accommodate children or to a socialassistance department for children (art. 377


b) forced commissioning can be


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autorizate pentru primirea copiilor sau unuiserviciu departamental de ajutor social alcopilului (art. 377 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez).

b) Delegarea forat poate fi pronunatde ctre judectorul cu problemele familialesesizat de ctre persoana, stabilimentul, sauserviciul departamental de ajutor social alcopilului care l-a primit, n caz de dezinteresmanifestat de prini sau dac acetia sunt nimposibilitate de a exercita n totalitate sau n

parte autoritatea printeasc (art. 377 alin. 2 dinCodul civil francez).

Judectorul cu problemele familiale vapronuna o hotrre de delegare total sau

parial a autoritii printeti.Delegarea este total atunci cnd terul

delegat este investit cu toate prerogativeleautoritii printeti cu excepia dreptului de aconsimi la adopia copilului care, potrivit art.377-3 din Codul civil francez nu poate finiciodat delegat.

n cazul delegrii pariale judectorul vadetermina ntinderea acesteia31.

Judectorul poate hotr o mprire, ntot sau n parte, a exerciiului autoritii

printeti ntre prini sau unul dintre ei i teruldelegat. Aceast mprire necesit acordul

printelui sau prinilor n msura n careacetia exercit autoritatea printeasc (art.377-1 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez). Acteleuzuale ale autoritii printeti privitoare la

persoana copilului vor putea fi ndeplinite dectre prini sau de ctre terul delegat, fiindaplicabil prezumia reglementat de art. 372-2din Codul civil francez n temeiul creia fiecaredintre titularii autoritii printeti este

prezumat c acioneaz cu acordul celuilalt fade terii de bun credin.

Delegarea autoritii printeti arecaracter temporar. Ea poate nceta printr-o nouhotrre sau poate fi transferat dacmprejurri noi justific o asemenea soluie (art.377-2 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez). Dacautoritatea printeasc este restituit prinilor

judectorul cu problemele familiale poatestabili n sarcina acestora, dac posibilitile lor

materiale o permit, s restituie n totalitate sau

sentenced by the judge responsible with familymatters notified by the person, establishment orsocial assistance service accommodating it, incase of disinterest showed by parents or if they

are unable to completely or partly exerciseparental authority (art. 377 par. 2 of the FrenchCivil Code).

The judge responsible with familymatters shall sentence a total or partialcommissioning resolution of parental authority.

Commissioning is total when theappointed third party is invested with all the

prerogatives of parental authority except forthe right to consent to the childs adoptionwho, according to art. 377-3 of the French

Civil Code can never be commissioned.In case of partial commissioning the

judge will determine its extent78.The judge can decide to totally or

partially divide the exercise of parentalauthority between the parents or one of themand the commissioned third party. Thisdivision requires the agreement of the parent or

parents to the extent in which they exercise parental authority (art. 377-1 par. 2 of theFrench Civil Code). The usual acts of parental

authority regarding the child will be able to befulfilled by parents or by the commissionedthird party, by applying the presumptionregulated by art. 372-2 of the French CivilCode based on which each of the parentalauthority holders is supposed to act with theconsent of the other towards good faith third

parties.Parental authority commissioning is

temporary. It can terminate through a newresolution or can be transferred if newcircumstances justify such a solution (art. 377-2 par. 1 of the French Civil Code). If parentalauthority is restored to the parents, the judgeresponsible with family matters can decide thatthey pay back, completely or partially, thesupport costs of the child if their material

possibilities allow it to (art. 377-2 par. 2 of theFrench Civil Code).


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n parte cheltuielile de ntreinere a copilului(art. 377-2 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).

1.8. Retragerea autoritii printeti

Dispoziiile Codului civil francezreglementeaz sanciunea retragerii autoritii

printeti fcnd distincie ntre retragereaautoritii printeti care rezult dintr-ocondamnare penal i retragerea autoritii

printeti de ctre instana civil.a. Retragerea autoritii printeti

pronunat de ctre instana penal. Potrivit art.378 alin. 1 din Codul civil francez instana

penal are posibilitatea de a retrage autoritatea

printeasc n dou cazuri:- cnd prinii au fost condamnai ca

autori, coautori sau complici pentru o crim sauun delict comis asupra persoanei copilului;

- cnd prinii sunt condamnai ca icoautori sau complici pentru o crim sau undelict comis de ctre copilul lor.

n aceste ipoteze retragerea autoritiiprinteti va fi decis de ctre instana penalcare i-a condamnat pe prini. Dac aceasta nua uzat de facultatea de a le retrage autoritatea

printeasc, instana civil are posibilitatea, ntemeiul art. 378 din Codul civil francez s

pronune aceast msur32. b. Retragerea autoritii printeti

pronunat de ctre instana civil. Independentde orice condamnare penal, art. 378-1 alin. 1din Codul civil francez prevede c poate firetras total autoritatea printeasc dac

prinii, fie prin rele tratamente, fie princonsum frecvent i excesiv de buturi alcoolicesau folosire de stupefiante, fie printr-o proastreputaie sau un comportament delictuos, fie

plin neglijare sau lips de ndrumare care punn pericol, n mod evident, securitatea, sntateasau moralitatea copilului. n temeiul art. 378-1alin. 2 din Codul civil francez retragerea totala autoritii printeti poate fi pronunati fade prinii al cror copil a fcut obiectul uneimsuri de asisten educativi care mai multde doi ani sau abinut, n mod voluntar, sexercite drepturile i s ndeplineasc

ndatoririle printeti care nu ar fi fost

1.8. Parental authority withdrawal

The provisions of the French CivilCode regulate the penalty of parental authority

withdrawal making a distinction between parental authority withdrawal which resultsfrom a criminal conviction and parentalauthority withdrawal sentenced by the civilcourt.

a. Parental authority withdrawalsentenced by the penal court. According to art.378 par. 1 of the French Civil Code, the penalcourt may withdraw parental authority in twocases:

- when parents have been convicted as

authors, co-authors or accomplices for a crimeor an offence committed upon the child;

- when parents are convicted as co-authors or accomplices for a crime or anoffence committed by their child.

In these circumstances, parentalauthority withdrawal will be decided by the

penal court that has convicted the parents. If ithas not used the faculty of withdrawing their

parental authority, the civil court may,according to art. 378 of the French Civil Code,

sentence this measure79. b. Parental authority withdrawal

sentenced by the civil court. Independent ofany penal conviction, art. 378-1 par. 1 of theFrench Civil Code stipulates that parentalauthority can be withdrawn completely if

parents, due to bad treatments, or to frequentand excessive use of alcoholic drinks or use ofdrugs, or due to their bad reputation or criminal

behaviour, or due to neglecting or lack ofguidance that obviously jeopardise the security,health or morality of the child. According toart. 378-1 par. 2 of the French Civil Code, totalwithdrawal of parental authority can besentenced for the parents whose child has beenthe subject of any educative assistance measureand that have voluntarily refrained for morethan two years from exercising the parentalrights and fulfilling their parental duties thatwould have not been incompatible with theenforcement of the educative assistance

measure (for instance a visitation right)80

.


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incompatibile cu aplicarea msurii de asisteneducativ (de exemplu un drept de vizit)33.

n reglementarea Codului civil francezaciunea n retragerea autoritii printeti poate

fi pornit de ctre procuror, de ctre un membrual familiei sau de ctre tutorele copilului (art.378-1 alin. 3 din Codul civil francez).

Retragerea autoritii printeti este, nprincipiu, total (art. 379 alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez). Instana34 are posibilitatea de a

pronuna doar o retragere parial a autoritiiprinteti limitat la atributele pe care lespecific (art. 379-1 din Codul civil francez); ngeneral, instana reine dreptul de a stabililocuina copilului pentru a asigura securitatea

acestuia35.Retragerea autoritii printeti privete,

aa cum arat art. 379. alin. 1 din Codul civilfrancez, toi copii minori deja nscui lamomentul pronunrii ei de ctre instan, nsaceasta are facultatea de a preciza c msura nu

privete dect anumii copii36.Retragerea autoritii printeti poart,

de plin drept, asupra tuturor atributelor-att celepatrimoniale ct i cele personale-ale autoritiiprinteti (art. 379 alin. 1 din Codul civil

francez) i n special: dreptul de a coabita cucopilul, dreptul de a supraveghea educareacopilului, dreptul de a consimi la adopia, laemanciparea sau la cstoria copilului, dreptulde a administra patrimoniul copilului i de a

beneficia de folosina legal. Retragerea total aautoritii printeti are consecine i asupraresponsabilitii civile a prinilor pentru faptacopilului lor minor, n sensul c aceasta nu vamai fi angajat n temeiul art. 1384 alin. 4 dinCodul civil francez37. Prinii nu vor fi nsscutii de obligaia de a ntreine copilul38. nschimb, copilul este dispensat de obligaiaalimentar care incumb descendenilor fa de

prini (art. 379 alin. 2 din Codul civil francez).Dac retragerea total a drepturilor

printeti s-a pronunat fa de un singur printeiar cellalt printe pierde, la rndul suexerciiul autoritii printeti sau este decedat,instana, pronunnd sanciunea, va desemna oter persoan creia copilul i va fi ncredinat

provizoriu, ori va decide ncredinarea copilului

In the regulation of the French CivilCode, the action for withdrawing the parentalauthority can be initiated by the districtattorney, by a family member or by the childs

guardian (art. 378-1 par. 3 of the French CivilCode).Parental authority withdrawal is,

basically, full (art. 379 par. 1 of the FrenchCivil Code). The court81 may sentence only a

partial withdrawal of parental authority limitedto the attributes it specifies (art. 379-1 of theFrench Civil Code); in general, the courtretains the right to establish the childs place ofliving in order to provide its safety82.

Parental authority withdrawal concerns,

according to art. 379. par. 1 of the FrenchCivil Code, all the minor children already bornwhen it is sentenced by the court, but it has thefaculty of indicating that the measure concernsonly certain children83.

Parental authority withdrawal appliesby right to all the attributes both patrimonialand personal of parental authority (art. 379

par. 1 of the French Civil Code) andespecially: the right to cohabitate with thechild, the right to monitor the childs

education, the right to consent to the adoption,emancipation or marriage of the child and

benefit from legal use. Full withdrawal ofparental authority has also consequences overthe civil liability of the parents for the actionsof their minor child, meaning that it will not be

borne according to art. 1384 par. 4 of theFrench Civil Code 84. Nonetheless, parents willnot be exempted of the obligation to supportthe child85. In exchange, the child is deprivedof alimony obligation that is incumbent on

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