Resurse Repostate Limba Engleza an i Sem II

UNIVERSITATEA DANUBIUS DIN GALAIFACULTATEA DE TIINE ECONOMICE

ENGLISH FOR ECONOMICS 2Ist Year, 2nd Semester

LIVIU-MIHAIL MARINESCU

2014

Toate drepturile pentru aceast lucrare sunt rezervate autorului. Reproducerea ei integral sau fragmentar este interzis.

INTRODUCTIONThe module titled ENGLISH FOR ECONOMICS-2, which is studied in the first academic year 2nd semester, aims at obtaining specific skills regarding the knowledge and use of English by those working in an economic environment. After studying and learning the content of this module, you will acquire the following general skills: knowing, understanding, explaining and interpreting English texts scheming and assessing the practical activities specific to this discipline; using scientific research and approach methods, techniques and instruments. revealing a positive and responsible attitude towards the scientific domain comprising this discipline, fostering a scientific environment focused on democratic values and relationships, turning to the best account the personal potential within scientific activities, participating in the personal scientific development.

The frame objectives I suggest you to attain are the following: acquiring solid knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary; the possibility of efficiently using English words and phrases both in written and in conversation; the significant training in view of reading, understanding and translating text belonging to the technical literature in the field at issue; mastering the use of words and syntagms specific to the domain of interest.

The content is structured according to the following learning units: Economic Outline of Romania Romanian Industry Commercial Correspondence 3 Commercial Correspondence 4The first learning unit, i.e. Economic Outline of Romania develops the following specific skills: exemplify and define the economic indicators in English; describe in short paragraphs the basic characteristics of Romanian economy; define the intra-company correspondence elements (recommendation letter / memorandum ) in English; define and explain the semantic parallels explained. After studying the information presented, you will pass to the second unit -Romanian Industry - in which you will acquire new amounts of knowledge and new skills: explain and define in English key words from an economic text; build up, using the key words extracted, short texts (about ten lines) in which you should present your own ideas concerning an economic theme approached; define and explain the elements of business correspondence (business thank you letter) in English.The next two modules are focussed on developing your business correspondence abilities.In order to assess your degree of knowledge assimilation, you will pass through a control test, which you will further receive corrected for a better understanding of your actual English performance. An efficient learning requires from you the observing of the following steps: Read the module very carefully; Use colours to mark essential information, note it on a paper or use the white space to put it down; Answer the questions and do the exercises; Imitate the final evaluation, proposing yourself a theme and dealing with it without using the written support; Compare the result with the course and explain why you have skipped over several sequences; In case you are not satisfied with your learning result, you should immediately restart the whole learning process from the very beginning. You will be administered control texts all along the studying process. You will answer all requirements in written, using the course support and the indicated extra-materials. You will be assessed according to the degree in which you succeeded in attaining the mentioned objectives. The accuracy of your doing the test, the presentation itself, and the promptness of your answer will be carefully taken into account. For further details and information do not hesitate to contact the indicated instructor.60% of the final grade derives from the continuous evaluation and 40% is based on the final assessment.

CONTENTS1. Economic outline of RomaniaEconomic and Political Outline Economic Indicators (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 1)

Main Sectors of Industry (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 2)

Two Meanings of Economic Growth (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 3)

Company Correspondence: Internal Memorandum to Employee

Language Approach Part 1

Specific Objectives of the Learning Unit

Abstract

Self-Evaluation Tests

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests

Minimal Bibliography

2. Romanian IndustryRomanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis. Part 2

Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pace because of Crisis

Commercial Correspondence - Business Thank You Letter



Abstract



Control Test


3. Studying English for Economics. From Student to Professional Studying Economics an Essential Condition for a Future Businessman

Is the Study of Economics Too Hard or Too Boring?

From Student to Employee: Making the Transition

Commercial Correspondence: Generalities upon the Elements of a Business Letter

Commercial Correspondence: The Appreciation Letter and the Business Introduction Letter



Abstract




4. At a Public MeetingAt the Office Basics and Management

Office Management Basics

Commercial Correspondence: Confirmation Follow-up after Business Meeting



Abstract



Control Test


List of References (A Selective Bibliography):

1.ECONOMIC OUTLINE OF ROMANIA1.1. Economic and Political Outline Economic Indicators (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 1)39

1.2. Main Sectors of Industry (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 2)40

1.3. Two Meanings of Economic Growth (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 3)41

1.4. Company Correspondence: Internal Memorandum to Employee43

1.5. Language Approach Part 344


Abstract45

Self-Evaluation Tests46

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests47

Minimal Bibliography48

Specific objectives: At the end of the chapter, you will have the capacity to: exemplify and define the economic indicators in English; describe in short paragraphs the basic characteristics of Romanian economy; define the intra-company correspondence elements (recommendation letter / memorandum) in English; define and explain the semantic parallels explained.

Average time estimated for the individual study: 8 hours1.1. Economic Outline Economic Indicators (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 1)After having joined European Union in January 2007, Romania is expected to pass through a new phase of economic growth with substantial foreign investments after 2011. The delay is due to the world crisis.The GDP growth rate was 8.4% in 2004 and slackened substantially to 4.1% in 2005 due to floods and rise in imports. A revival to 7,7% has been emerging in 2006 and should stay over 6% in 2007 and 2008 according to the IMF forecast. There has been continuous decline in inflation for 10 years; from 154.8% in 1997 to a figure of 4.3% in 2007. The National Bank of Romania (the central bank) has tightened monetary policy. The unemployment rate touches nearly 8% of the active population. Romania remains one of the poorest European countries, but has considerable potential for development because of its rich agricultural lands, educated & skilled work force, and tourism.Vocabulary:Application (meanings) application form; apprentice, trainee; apprenticeship; CV (curriculum vitae); job interview; skilled worker; to apply for a job; training; training course; vacancy.

Unemployment (meanings) period of notice; to be unemployed; to be out of work; to be on the dole (BE); to fire somebody; to sack somebody (BE); to give somebody notice; to dismiss somebody; to hand in one's notice; to resign; to quit; unemployment; unemployment benefit, dole money.

Working hours, pay (meanings) a full-time job; a part-time job; continued payment of wages; flexitime; pay slip; salary; to get a rise; to get a raise; to work in shifts; to work overtime; wage cut; wage demand, claim; wage group; wages.

Work task 1Using the vocabulary presented above, compose sentences one for each item.

1.2. Main Sectors of Industry (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 2)Agriculture is an important sector in Romania. It employs nearly 25% the active population and contributes nearly 10% to the GDP. The main crops are cereals, sugar beets and potatoes; though the yield remains very low. About 25% of the country is forested (especially around Transylvania) and wood industry is developing very fast. Romania has an inadequate supply of mineral resources and thus needs to import raw material and fuels, although historically it has been an important oil-producing centre. The manufacturing sector is largely based on heavy industry (still Soviet-styled) and contributes nearly one-third to the GDP. Major manufactured products include steel products, machinery, transport vehicles, and chemicals. Technological modernization of the industry is very much needed. Government has initiated privatization programme to attract investors. Tourism is a growing industry; with Bucharest being called as the Paris of the East.

Vocabulary Semantic Parallels: PRACTICE vs. PRACTISE These words are not interchangeable.Practice is a noun, as in He has gone to football practice; It is time to put the plan into practice; It is accepted practice to tip the waiters and our doctor has retired from the practice. Practice is the verb form, as in He practices piano every evening; We must practise economy if we are to remain solvent, He is a medical doctor, but he no longer practises his profession. Note that practise is not one of the verbs that can end in - ize. In American English both the noun and the verb are spelt practice. ECONOMIC vs. ECONOMICALThese words are both connected to the nouns economy but they have different meanings.Economic means referring or related to the economy as in the government's economic policies and studying economic theory. Economical means thrifty, avoiding waste and cheap, as in It is more economical for four of us to by car than by train. (here economical means cheap). Another example: She is a very economical housekeeper. (when economical means avoiding waste). The phrase economical with the truth is a less forthright way of saying lying as in politicians accused of being economical with the truth. FORMER vs. LATTER Former refers to the first of two people or things mentioned while latter refers to the second of two people or things mentioned, as in He was given two options, either to stay in his present post but accept less money or to be transferred to another branch of the company. He decided to accept the former / latter option. Former also means previous, at an earlier time, as in He is a former chairman of the company and She is a former holder of the championship title.

Work task 2Build up a text of approximately twenty lines using samples from the semantic parallels above.

1.3. Two Meanings of Economic Growth (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 3)The term economic growth has two distinct meanings. Sometimes it refers to the growth of that thing we call the economy (the physical subsystem of our world made up of the stocks of population and wealth; and the flows of production and consumption). When the economy gets physically bigger we call that economic growth. This is normal English usage. But the term has a second, very different meaning if the growth of something or some activity causes benefits to increase faster than costs, we also call that economic growth that is to say, growth that is economic in the sense that it yields a net benefit or a profit. That too is accepted English usage.Now, does economic growth in the first sense imply economic growth in the second sense? No, absolutely not! Economic growth in the first sense (an economy that gets physically bigger) is logically quite consistent with uneconomic growth in the second sense, namely growth that increases costs faster than benefits, thereby making us poorer. Nevertheless, we assume that a bigger economy must always make us richer. This is pure confusion.That economists should contribute to this confusion is puzzling because all of microeconomics is devoted to finding the optimal scale of a given activity the point beyond which marginal costs exceed marginal benefits and further growth would be uneconomic. Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost is even called the when to stop rule for growth of a firm. Why does this simple logic of optimization disappear in macroeconomics? Why is the growth of the macroeconomy not subject to an analogous when to stop rule? We recognize that all microeconomic activities are parts of the larger macroeconomic system, and their growth causes displacement and sacrifice of other parts of the system. But the macroeconomy itself is thought to be the whole shebang, and when it expands, presumably into the void, it displaces nothing, and therefore incurs no opportunity cost. But this is false of course. The macroeconomy too is a part, a subsystem of the biosphere, a part of the Greater Economy of the natural ecosystem. Growth of the macroeconomy too imposes a rising opportunity cost that at some point will constrain its growth.But some say that if our empirical measure of growth is GDP, based on voluntary buying and selling of final goods and services in free markets, then that guarantees that growth consists of goods, not bads. This is because people will voluntarily buy only goods. If they in fact do buy a bad then we have to redefine it as a good. True enough as far as it goes, which is not very far. The free market does not price bads, true but nevertheless bads are inevitably produced as joint products along with goods. Since bads are un-priced, GDP accounting cannot subtract them instead it registers the additional production of anti-bads, and counts them as goods. For example, we do not subtract the cost of pollution, but we do add the value of the pollution clean-up. This is asymmetric accounting. In addition we count the consumption of natural capital (depletion of mines, well, aquifers, forests, fisheries, topsoil, etc.) as if it were income. Paradoxically, therefore, GDP, whatever else it may measure, is also the best statistical index we have of the aggregate of pollution, depletion, congestion, and loss of biodiversity. Economist Kenneth Boulding suggested, with tongue only a little bit in cheek, that we re-label it Gross Domestic Cost. At least we should put the costs and the benefits in separate accounts for comparison. Not surprisingly, economists and psychologists are now discovering that, beyond a sufficiency threshold, the positive correlation between GDP and self-evaluated happiness disappears.In sum, economic growth in sense 1 can be, and in the United States has become, uneconomic growth in sense 2. And it is sense 2 that matters.(Adapted from Herman Daly - Published Mar 1 2010 by Centre for the Advancement of a Steady State Economy)

Work task 3Build up a text of approximately ten lines using ten of the key words from the learning unit above

1.4. Company Correspondence: Internal Memorandum to EmployeeMEMORANDUMDate: September 30, 2009From: Meridith Bronson

To: Franco Marconi, Director, Research Programs

Subject: Commendation - Henry Stapleton - Transport

Demand Project

The purpose of this is to officially commend Henry Stapleton for his exceptional contribution throughout his assignment to the Transport Demand Project (TDP).

As you know, Henry has been working on special assignment with the TDP team for the past eight months. Now that he is about to return to your part of the organization I wanted to make sure that he gets some recognition for his significant and exceptional contributions to the project.

As a junior econometrician, Henry's role in the project was pivotal to its timely and successful completion. It was Henry who worked long hours, numerous nights and weekends with his small team of researchers, first specifying, and then testing the thousands of equations that had to be run. The quality of Henry's written work was also exceptional. His regression analysis summaries were always very well written and rarely required revision.

As a colleague and project team member, Henry was also outstanding. His upbeat enthusiasm for the project was infectious, and he seemed to motivate the entire project team. He was very well-liked by all team members, and in effect he became "unofficial" deputy project manager.

In closing, I would like to say that I have worked with many junior economists and econometricians over the years and have never run across one as professional and productive as Henry Stapleton was on the TDP. I believe that the organization as a whole should recognize his exceptional contribution to a major project.

Please let me know if you have any questions or comments.

Meredith BronsonDirector, Econometric Research

cc: Henry StapletonPersonnel file - H. Stapleton

1.5. Language Approach Part 3 The Past Tense SimpleThe simple past is used to describe an action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment of speaking or writing.The verbs in the following sentences that are in the simple past tense describe an action taking place at some point in past. A flea jumped from the dog to the cat.Phoebe gripped the hammer tightly and nailed the boards together.The gem-stones sparkled in a velvet lined display case.Artemisia Gentilsechi probably died in 1652.The storyteller began every story by saying "A long time ago when the earth was green."

The Past Progressive TenseThe past progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the past. These actions often take place within a specific time frame. While actions referred to in the present progressive have some connection to the present, actions referred in the past progressive have no immediate or obvious connection to the present. The on-going actions took place and were completed at some point well before the time of speaking or writing.The cat was walking along the tree branch.This sentence describes an action that took place over a period of continuous time in the past. The cat's actions have no immediate relationship to anything occurring now in the present. Lena was telling a story about the exploits of a red cow when a tree branch broke the parlour window.Here the action "was telling" took place in the past and continued for some time in the past. When the recess bell rang, Jesse was writing a long division problem on the blackboard.This sentence describes actions ("ran" and "was writing") that took place sometime in the past, and emphasises the continuing nature of one of the actions ("was writing"). The archivists were eagerly waiting for the delivery of the former prime minister's private papers.Here the ongoing action of "waiting" occurred at some time unconnected to the present. Between 1942 and 1944 the Frank and Van Damm families were hiding in an Amsterdam office building.In this sentence, the action of hiding took place over an extended period of time and the continuing nature of the hiding is emphasised.

AbstractRomania remains one of the poorest European countries, but has considerable potential for development because of its rich agricultural lands, educated & skilled work force, and tourism.PRACTICE vs. PRACTISE These words are not interchangeable. Practice is a noun, as in He has gone to football practice; It is time to put the plan into practice; It is accepted practice to tip the waiters and our doctor has retired from the practice. Practice is the verb form.ECONOMIC vs. ECONOMICALThese words are both connected to the nouns economy but they have different meanings. Economic means referring or related to the economy as in the government's economic policies and studying economic theory. Economical means thrifty, avoiding waste and cheap.FORMER vs. LATTER Former refers to the first of two people or things mentioned while latter refers to the second of two people or things mentioned. The simple past is used to describe an action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment of speaking or writing. The verbs in the following sentences that are in the simple past tense describe an action taking place at some point in past. The past progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the past. These actions often take place within a specific time frame. While actions referred to in the present progressive have some connection to the present, actions referred in the past progressive have no immediate or obvious connection to the present. The on-going actions took place and were completed at some point well before the time of speaking or writing.

Self-Evaluation Tests - Learning Unit 3 1. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense. The day .......... terribly, and went awfully after. a) took care of;b) understood;c) began.

2. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense. My clocks alarm .......... and that really got me on my nerves.a) didn't go off;b) didn't commit;c) didn't split.

3. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense.I .......... the house with only 1 hour to spare before the flight.a) left;b) remained;c) quitted. 4. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense. I had precisely one single hour before the plane .......... due to take off. a) didn't go; b) was; c) became.

5. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense Luckily there .......... very little traffic, which is more than important for a beginning driver like me. a) was; b) existed; c) had.

6. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense When I .......... at the airport I was left with 30 minutes to spare before the flight. a) fought;b) arrived; c) left.

7. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense There, at the airport, I .......... in at the gate and so did the rest of all people.a) checked; b) stood; c) waited. 8. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense I .......... for a coffee but didnt find any of a good quality in the area. a) shouted; b) went; c) whistled. 9. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense Just as I .......... down , I realized I had forgotten my cell phone at home.a) went; b) sat; c) jumped. 10. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense The announcer .......... my flight, and suddenly I realized it was for the first time that I took the plane a) called; b) whistled; c) shouted.

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests1. c; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. b; 10. a.

Minimal Bibliography:Emerson, Paul (2008). Business English. Macmillan.Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics. Galai: Zigotto, Galai.Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You. Iai: Fundaia Academic "Petre Andrei". Rzeu.Mariana, Nicolae (2008). Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza. Bucureti: Editura Universitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n limba englez. Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.

2. ROMANIAN INDUSTRY

2.1.Romanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis. Part 250

2.2. Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pace because of Crisis51

2.3. Commercial Correspondence - Business Thank You Letter52

2.4. Language Approach Part 453


Abstract54

Self-Evaluation Tests55

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests56

Control Test56

Minimal Bibliography58

Specific objectives:At the end of the chapter, you will have the capacity to: explain and define in English key words from an economic text; build up, using the key words extracted, short texts (about ten lines) in which you should present your own ideas concerning an economic theme approached; define and explain the elements of business correspondence (business thank you letter) in English.

Average time estimated for the individual study: 8 hours

2.1. Romanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis. Part 1 - Diachronic Overview and pre-Crisis Prospects

Romania has been successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, aerospace and weapons sectors. Industry and construction accounted for 32% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005, a comparatively large share even without taking into account related services. The sector employed 26.4% of the workforce. With the manufacture of 245,000 vehicles in 2009, Romania was the Europe's twelfth largest producer of automobiles. In 2004 Romania enjoyed one of the largest world market shares in machine tools (5.3%). Romanian-based companies such as Automobile Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol and Bitdefender are well known throughout Southeast Europe. However, small- to medium-sized manufacturing firms still form bulk of the manufacturing sector. These firms employ two-thirds of the Romanian workforce. Romania's industrial output is expected to advance 9% in 2010, while agriculture output is projected to grow 12%. Final consumption is also expected to increase by 11% overall - individual consumption by 14.4% and collective consumption by 10.4%. Domestic demand is expected to go up 12.7% despite the crisis.The growth of the industrial sector was the principal stimulus to economic development. In 2009 manufacturing industries accounted for approximately 35 percent of the gross domestic product and 29 percent of the work force. Benefiting from strong domestic encouragement and foreign aid, Bucharest's industrialists introduced modern technologies into outmoded or newly built facilities at a rapid pace, increased the production of commoditiesespecially those for sale in foreign marketsand plowed the proceeds back into further industrial expansion. As a result, industry recovered from the decline of the 1990s, and was expected to grow by 7.1% at the end of 2010.Except for mining, most industries were located in the urban areas of the northwest and southeast. Heavy industries generally were located in the south of the country. Factories in Bucharest contributed over 25 percent of all manufacturing value-added in 1998; taken together with factories in surrounding Ilfov, factories in the Bucharest area produced 26 percent of all manufacturing that year. Factories in Bucharest employed 12 percent of the nation's 2.1 million factory workers.

Work task 1Build up fifteen sentences using the key words in the text.

2.2. Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pace because of Crisis

The effects of the global economic crisis become more and more visible in the Romanian economy too, with new orders to Romanian industrialists in February 2010, both from the domestic market and from foreign beneficiaries, dropping compared with February 2009 and also compared with the same month in 2008, by 1.0 and by 15.9 percent respectively, reads a release of the National Institute of Statistics (INS) submitted on Tuesday.While considering only the first two months of the year, compared with the same months of last year, it becomes obvious how severe the situation is, with the Romanian industry having after the first two months in 2008 made the government anticipate a record economic growth in 2008. New orders in the overall industry slumped by 26.1 percent in January-February 2010, against the same interval a year before. Some 4,200 economic operators made these data available, with the maximum error margin of this estimations being of plus/minus 3 percent, according to INS. The drop in new orders in industry became even more obvious while considering successive intervals. In February this year, there were recorded drops in new orders in the intermediary goods industry of minus 10.8 percent, with growth having been recorded in all the other sectors: durable goods industry (plus 14 percent), capital goods (plus 5.4 percent) and consumers goods (plus 1.7 percent).In February 2010, compared with February 2009, when overall new orders in industry dropped by 15.9 percent, sectoral drops generalized and become more substantial: intermediary goods industry (minus 34.8 percent), durable goods industry (minus 32.1 percent) and consumers' goods (minus 12 percent). The capital goods industry saw an increase by 4.9 percent.In January-February 2010, against January-February 2009, there was seen a drop in overall new orders in industry corresponding to sectoral drops by minus 48.4 percent in the intermediary goods area, minus 28.4 percent in the durable goods industry and minus 10.1 percent in the consumer's goods. The capital goods industry climbed by 1.5 percent.

Work task 2Build up fifteen sentences using the key words in the text.

2.3. Commercial Correspondence - Business Thank You Letter

March 15, 2006

Mr. Alphonse GermainPresident and CEOBioDynamics Llc.1525 Broadway, Suite 4500New York, NY 10034

Dear Mr. Germain,

As Chairperson of the Corporate Conscience Campaign - Helping the Homeless in New York, I am writing this to thank you personally for your company's support in last month's fund-raising effort.

As I indicated when we spoke on the phone two weeks ago, the campaign was considered a resounding success, raising a total of $1.65 million to-date, significantly exceeding our target of $1 million. Some donations are still trickling in, so we could end up close to a total of $2 million.

BioDynamics was an influential leader throughout the entire three-month campaign. In fact, we couldn't have succeeded without the generous support of your company, both financially, and through your organizational and administrative assistance. Your Team Leader, Kathryn Gomez was particularly impressive, going above and beyond what we could have expected of someone performing as a volunteer while continuing on with her day-to-day duties. Please convey my special thanks to Kathryn.

I would also ask you to convey my sincere thanks and congratulations to all of those other people in your company who contributed in any way to the Helping the Homeless Campaign. Please tell them that the sum of their contributions resulted in a major success that they should all be proud of taking part in.

I believe that the 27 companies that participated in this effort have set a new standard for social responsibility in this community, and have set a powerful example that will inspire other companies and organizations to do the same.

I look forward to seeing you at the Mayor's special thank you reception next month.

Yours sincerely,

Jackson PritchardFundraising Chair

2.4. Language Approach Part 4The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to refer to actions that took place and were completed in the past. The past perfect is often used to emphasise that one action, event or condition ended before another past action, event, or condition began.Miriam arrived at 5:00 p.m. but Mr. Whitaker had closed the store.All the events in this sentence took place in the past, but the act of closing the store takes place before Miriam arrives at the store. After we located the restaurant that Christian had raved about, we ate supper there every Friday.Here the praise ("had raved") precedes the finding ("located") of the restaurant. Both actions took place sometime before the moment of speaking or writing. The elephant had eaten all the hay so we fed it oats for a week.In this sentence, both actions take place in the past, but the eating of the hay ("had eaten") preceded the eating of the oats ("fed"). The heat wave had lasted three weeks.While the sentence "The heat wave has lasted three weeks" suggests that a condition began in the past and continues into the present, this sentence describes an action that began and ended sometime in the past ("had lasted"). By using the past perfect the writer indicates that the heat wave has no connection to any events occurring in the present. After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.Here the learning took place and was completed at a specific time in the past. By using the past perfect rather than the simple past ("learned"), the writer emphasises that the learning preceded the feeling of independence.

The Past Perfect Progressive TenseThe past perfect progressive is used to indicate that a continuing action in the past began before another past action began or interrupted the first action.The toddlers had been running around the school yard for ten minutes before the teachers shooed them back inside.Here the action of the toddlers ("had been running") is ongoing in the past and precedes the actions of the teachers ("shooed") which also takes place in the past. We had been talking about repainting the front room for three years and last night we finally bought the paint.In this example, the ongoing action of "talking" precedes another past action ("bought"). A construction crew had been digging one pit after another in the middle of my street for three days before they found the water main.Here, the action of digging ("had been digging") took place in the past and occurred over a period of time. The digging was followed by the action of finding ("found"). Madeleine had been reading mystery novels for several years before she discovered the works of Agatha Christie.In this sentence the act of discovery ("discovered") occurred in the past but after the ongoing and repeated action of reading ("had been reading"). The chef's assistant had been chopping vegetables for several minutes before he realized that he had minced his apron strings.This sentence is a bit more complex in that it contains three different past verb tenses. The sequence of tenses conveys a complex set of information. The past perfect progressive ("had been chopping") is used to emphasise the ongoing nature of the past act of chopping. While a second past perfect progressive ("had been mincing") could be used, the past perfect ("had minced") is used to suggest that act of mincing was completed. The simple past ("realized") is used to describe the action closest to the present, an action that followed both the chopping and the mincing.

Sample lettersNatraj & Co. of 13, Krithi Nagar,Bangalore have placed with you an order for four wagons of cement A letter asking them to supply- you with two references as this will be your first transaction with Natraj & Co. Sign yourself as ABC.Bhopal Cement Company Ltd. P.O. Box 135 Lotus Avenue Hyderabad

17th April 20_

Natraj & Co. of 13, Krithi Nagar,Bangalore

Dear Sirs

Sub: Supply of Cement

Thank you for your Order No.B/124/05 dated 1st April 20 four wagons of cement.

As this is our first transaction with your company, we would appreciate if you can kindly supply us with two references.

For your convenience, we are enclosing a list of concerns in Bangalore. Which are already doing business with us for quite some time.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully (Sales Manager) Encl. As stated above

R & R Associates of 128 Stadium Road, DL. , LONDON have not paid you Rs.14, 800/- for Steel furniture supplied to them in March 20_. letter of complaint about Non-payment of Dues-You are the Sales Manager of Standard Furniture & Co Ltd. 8, ALBERTA Square, OT CANADA.

Standard Furniture & Co Ltd.8, Alberta Square, OT CanadaMessrs R & R Associates 128 Stadium Road, DL. ,London8th September 20_Dear SirsSub: Non-payment of duesAfter having been through our accounts recently, we have foundThat we have not yet received payment of Rs.14, 800/- (USDFourteen thousand and eight hundred only) for steel furnitureSupplied to you in Feb 20_ against your Order No. AC/206.We have never received any complaint about goods supplied toYou and we assume that the goods supplied have always gaveYou complete satisfaction.It has been our constant Endeavour to retain the goodwill ofValued customers.Keeping the above in view, we sincerely hope that you willArrange for the payment of dues without any further delay.Thanking you Yours faithfully

(Signature) Sales ManagerThis letter asks a business person to recommend a contractor to do a specific job for your company. Remember to include any incentive you might want to offer.

1234, Main StreetBangalore

03/16/11

Hello.

We will be beginning a very important within the next. The problem is, we don't have the skills we need in-house, and don't know of a freelance For example: "writer" or "graphic designer" who we can trust to deliver the work on deadline. I'd like to know if you've used a For example: "writer" or "graphic designer" whom you would recommend.

The project will begin about and will need to be complete by . If you have used anyone whose work you trust and who would be available for that period, please have him or her call me at I would really appreciate it, and I'd be happy to return the favor anytime. Thanks in advance for the help!

Regards,

Ramania

Encl:

Checking References.H Brothers November 7 2011124 MahaRoadPune

Private and confidential

Dear Sirs,

We have received your name from M/s Sitapati Associates, who have placed an order worth USD 3,50,000 with us and furnished your name as reference.We shall be greatly obliged if you kindly advise us whether we should execute the order under reference. Any information, furnished by you, shall be treated as strictly confidential. We shall be happy to reciprocate with similar information, in case you need any reference from us.

Thanking you

Your faithfully

For Simpson & Sons

J J SimpsonPartner

AbstractRomania has been successful in developing the industry sector after the end of the end of 90s. Except for mining, most industries were located in the urban areas of the northwest and southeast. Heavy industries generally were located in the south of the country. Factories in Bucharest contributed over 25 percent of all manufacturing value-added in 1998; taken together with factories in surrounding Ilfov, factories in the Bucharest area produced 26 percent of all manufacturing that year. Factories in Bucharest employed 12 percent of the nation's 2.1 million factory workers. The past perfect tense is used to refer to actions that took place and were completed in the past. The past perfect is often used to emphasise that one action, event or condition ended before another past action, event, or condition began. The past perfect progressive is used to indicate that a continuing action in the past began before another past action began or interrupted the first action.

Self-Evaluation Tests Learning Unit 41. Match the question to the answer: What time did the meeting finish?a)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.b)About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.c)He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.

2. Match the question to the answer: Where did you stay the last time you were in Londona)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.b)At the Novotel. It was excellent value for London.c)At least fifteen minutes.

3. Match the question to the answer: Who asked a 'Bill Smith' to call them back?a)I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was confidential.b)I did. Can you put him though on my phone?c)At least fifteen minutes.

4. Match the question to the answer: Why didn't you tell me that Harry had called?a)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.b)He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.c)Sorry. It completely slipped my mind.

5. Match the question to the answer: Where did we buy that last computer?a)Some small independent shop, I think.b)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c)At least fifteen minutes.

6. Match the question to the answer: Which day did he say he was coming?a)Tuesday, I think.b)At least fifteen minutes.c)About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.

7. Match the question to the answer: What time did he say he was coming.a)I did. Can you put him though on my phone?b)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c)He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.

8. Match the question to the answer: Why did you tell him that?a)I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was confidential.b)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c)About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.

9. Match the question to the answer: How long did he stay?a)I did. Can you put him though on my phone?b)Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c)Sorry. it completely slipped my mind.

10. Match the question to the answer: How long ago did she arrive?a)At least fifteen minutes.b)I did. Can you put him though on my phone?c)Tuesday, I think.

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. a; 7. c; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

Control Test1. Translate the following text into English:Stadiul de dezvoltare la care ajunsese economia Romniei la sfritul anului 1989, dup mai bine de patru decenii de guvernare comunist, este evideniat prin trsturile de baz ale mecanismului de funcionare a vieii economice i sociale din acea perioad. Una dintre trsturi era dominaia proprietii socialiste, de stat i cooperatiste, monopolul acesteia n toate ramurile economiei naionale, care i-a pus amprenta asupra funcionrii ntregului sistem economic romnesc. Astfel s-a impus conducerea unitar centralizat, cu ajutorul planului naional unic al ntregii activiti economice i sociale. Planificarea centralizat a dezvoltrii ntregii economii naionale, realizat pe cinci ani i anual, era mijlocul principal de dirijare i corelare ex-ante a activitii agenilor economici din toate ramurile produciei naionale. La nivelul macroeconomiei s-au pus bazele strategiei generale de dezvoltare economico-social i tacticii de urmat, pn la etajele inferioare ale economiei. n aceste condiii, activitatea agenilor economici i, n general, macroeconomia, se desfurau potrivit normelor i reglementrilor stabilite de sus n jos, n concordan cu indicatorii economico-financiari din planul naional unic. Prin exercitarea capacitii de decizie, n problemele fundamentale ale activitii economice la nivelul macroeconomiei, autonomia managerial a agenilor economici era limitat la elemente de mic importan pentru strategia i tactica ntreprinderii. Piaa era considerat o component panic a sistemului economic, rolul ei reducndu-se, n principal, la desfurarea actelor de vnzare-cumprare, legate de aprovizionarea tehnico-material a ntreprinderilor i de trecere n consumul populaiei a bunurilor economice necesare. Preul, dobnda, creditul, salariile, impozitele i taxele erau dirijate de la centru, prin planul naional unic, fr s reflecte prin nivelul i evoluia lor, raportul real dintre cerere i ofert pe piaa intern, dar nici condiiile de pe piaa internaional. Concurena nu mai avea rolul de a regla piaa, de aceea eficiena i rentabilitatea activitii agenilor economici nu reflectau realitile interne i internaionale. Resursele economice erau alocate centralizat, prin planul naional, iar agenii economici nu mai dispuneau de autonomia i libertatea necesare folosirii propriilor mijloace economico-financiare. Procesele de modernizare i retehnologizare a capacitilor de producie erau dirijate centralizat prin planuri i programe speciale, adoptate pe ramuri i subramuri, sau chiar pe ansamblul economiei naionale. Relaiile economice extene ale Romniei erau organizate i se desfurau pe planul naional unic, iar aciunea agenilor economici n acest domeniu era n mare msur supus conducerii centralizate a economiei naionale. Echilibrarea balanei comerciale se realiza prin creterea forat a exporturilor i reducerea drastic a importurilor, avnd consecine grave asupra satisfacerii cererilor de pe piaa intern i dezvoltrii economiei pe termen mijlociu i lung. Eficientizarea comerului exterior era conceput i urmrit la nivel macroeconomic, iar agenilor economici nu li se permitea s adopte cele mai bune msuri i s foloseasc cele mai adecvate mijloace economico-financiare. Nu exista interesul necesar gsirii unor modaliti mai eficiente de conducere a afacerilor internaionale. Veniturile salariailor i ale ranilor nu reprezentau eficiena real a activitii depuse de fiecare lucrtor, ci de o eficien global. Productorii direci ai bunurilor economice erau tot mai mult ndeprtai de rezultatele muncii lor. Din cauza fenomenului de nstrinare economic, oamenii au nceput s manifeste un comportament individual i colectiv bazat pe nepsare i lips de rspundere, cu consecine directe asupra motivaiei muncii. Au existat i o serie de ncercri euate de perfecionare a mecanismului economic, cu scopul de a crete nivelul rentabilitii i competitivitii.

2. Build up a twenty line paragraph using ten of the key words extracted from the first learning unit - 4.1. Romanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis. Part 1 - Diachronic Overview and pre-Crisis Prospects in accordance with the economic problems presented within the text, and using your own economic vocabulary3. Extract the key words from the second learning unit 4.2. Romanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis. Part 2 - Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pace because of Crisis, and rephrase the text with using synonyms.

Minimal Bibliography:Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics. Galai: Zigotto.Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You. Iai: Fundaia Academic "Petre Andrei". Rzeu.Mariana, Nicolae (2008). Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza. Bucureti: Editura Universitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n limba englez. Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn de termeni economici. Galai: Editura Alma.Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentru ntreprinztori i oameni de afaceri. Iai: Editura Sagitariu.Vasilescu Ruxandra (coord) (2008). Dictionar de termeni economici roman-englez-francez-spaniol. Bucureti: Polirom.Liviu-Mihail Marinescu English for Economics 2

3. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE3.1.THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A FORMAL LETTER

The rules of writing a business letter might be arbitrary, but taken together they create a formula that produces clarity. When a letter follows all the rules, the reader doesnt have to struggle to figure out where a piece of information might be, what action they should take next, or who sent it everything can be found in its place. Knowing the rules of letter writing is, in that sense, akin to knowing the rules of page layout, i.e. the format of the document should support and clarify the content.From top to bottom, a formal letter contains the following elements: Return address and date: (Upper right hand corner) Once upon a time, this was necessary in case the letter became separated from the envelope, but I doubt that happens much anymore. Even so, this is where your reader is going to look to find your address and the date the letter was written, so it should be there. Mailing address of recipient: (Left-hand side, one line below the return address) This identifies the recipient of the letter. In office environments, letters are often removed from their envelopes and circulated; this helps the letter get back to its rightful recipient. Salutation: (Two lines below the recipients address, or about 1/3 down the page) The person the letter is intended for. Avoid Dear Sir/Madam and especially To Whom it May Concern unless absolutely necessary; not directing a letter to an exact recipient suggests that you dont care who reads it (or you would have made a call or checked their website) and may prevent the letter from reaching someone who can act on your letter. Body: The body of the letter has three parts: an introduction that should explain who you are and why you are writing, a middle part that gives the details and persuades your reader to act, and a closing that tells your reader what action you expect or would like them to take. Valediction: (Left-aligned, two lines below the body) This is the line before your signature. For people whose name you dont know, use Faithfully yours but avoid writing letters without finding out a name first. When you know the recipients name, sign it Sincerely yours or just Sincerely, or in the US Yours truly is acceptable. Dont try anything more cutesy or friendly unless a) you know the recipient quite well and are certain you can be informal without seeming disrespectful, or b) you have a trademark letter ending thats part of your public persona (and the talent and popularity to pull it off). Signature and printed name: Signing your name is a minimal assurance that you stand behind what was written. Since your signature is likely to be difficult to read, type your name down a couple of lines so that your reader knows who is writing to them. Enclosures: (Below signature block) If you have included any further material a business card, a brochure, a price sheet, whatever list the number of items and describe each.

3.2.RULES AND TIPS TO WRITING FORMAL LETTERSRules: Use block style - do not indent paragraphs. Include address of the person you are writing to at the top of the letter, below your company address. After the address, double space and include date Double space (or as much as you need to put the body of the letter in the center) and include the salutation. Include Mr. for men or Mrs, Miss, Ms for women, unless the recipient has a title such as Dr. State a reference reason for your letter (i.e. 'With reference to our telephone conversation...' Give the reason for writing (i.e. 'I am writing to you to confirm our order...') Make any request you may have (i.e. 'I would be grateful if you could include a brochure...' If there is to be further contact, refer to this contact (i.e. 'I look forward to meeting you at...') Close the letter with a thank you (i.e. 'Thank you for your prompt help...') Finish the letter with a salutation (i.e. 'Yours sincerely,') Include four spaces and type your full name and title sign the letter between the salutation and the typed name and title Tips: Keep the letter brief and to the point Do not use shortened verb forms - write them out (i.e. 'don't instead of do not') Always keep a copy of correspondence for future reference.Work task 1Build up a short letter requiring technical support .(5 lines maximum)

3.3.WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS. USEFUL PHRASES

WRITING BUSINESS LETTERSUseful phrases

Salutation Dear Mr Brown Dear Ms White Dear Sir Dear Sirs Dear Madam Dear Sir or Madam Gentlemen

Starting We are writing to inform you that ... to confirm ... to request ... to enquire about ... I am contacting you for the following reason. I recently read/heard about . . . and would like to know . . . Having seen your advertisement in ... , I would like to ... I would be interested in (obtaining/receiving) ... I received your address from ... and would like to ... I am writing to tell you about ...

Referring to previous contact Thank you for your letter of March 15 ... Thank you for contacting us. In reply to your request ... Thank you for your letter regarding ... With reference to our telephone conversation yesterday ... Further to our meeting last week ... It was a pleasure meeting you in London last month. I enjoyed having lunch with you last week in Tokyo. I would just like to confirm the main points we discussed on Tuesday . . .

Making a request We would appreciate it if you ... I would be grateful if you could... Could you please send me . . . Could you possibly tell us/let us have... In addition, I would like to receive ... It would be helpful if you could send us ... I am interested in (obtaining/receiving...) I would appreciate your immediate attention to this matter. Please let me know what action you propose to take.

Offering help We would be happy to ... Would you like us to ... We are quite willing to ... Our company would be pleased to ...

Giving good news We are pleased to announce that ... I am delighted to inform you that ... You will be pleased to learn that ...

Giving bad news We regret to inform you that ... I'm afraid it would not be possible to ... Unfortunately we cannot/we are unable to ... After careful consideration we have decided (not) to ...

Complaining I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with ... I am writing to complain about ... Please note that the goods we ordered on (date) have not yet arrived. We regret to inform you that our order n--- is now considerably overdue. I would like to query the transport charges which seem unusually high.

Apologizing We are sorry for the delay in replying ... I regret any inconvenience caused I would like to apologize for (the delay/the inconvenience) ... Once again, I apologise for any inconvenience.

Orders Thank you for your quotation of ... We are pleased to place an order with your company for ... We would like to cancel our order n... Please confirm receipt of our order. I am pleased to acknowledge receipt of your order n... Your order will be processed as quickly as possible. It will take about (three) weeks to process your order. We can guarantee delivery before ... Unfortunately these articles are no longer available/are out of stock.

Prices Please send us your price list. You will find enclosed our most recent catalogue and price list. Please note that our prices are subject to change without notice. We have pleasure in enclosing a detailed quotation. We can make you a firm offer of ... Our terms of payment are as follows :

Referring to payment Our records show that we have not yet received payment of ... According to our records ... Please send payment as soon as possible. You will receive a credit note for the sum of ...

Enclosing documents I am enclosing ... Please find enclosed ... You will find enclosed ...

Closing remarks If we can be of any further assistance, please let us know If I can help in any way, please do not hesitate to contact me If you require more information ... For further details ... Thank you for taking this into consideration Thank you for your help. We hope you are happy with this arrangement. We hope you can settle this matter to our satisfaction.

Referring to future business We look forward to a successful working relationship in the future We would be (very) pleased to do business with your company. I would be happy to have an opportunity to work with your firm.

Referring to future contact I look forward to seeing you next week Looking forward to hearing from you ""to receiving your comments I look forward to meeting youon the 15th I would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience.

Ending business letters Sincerely, } Yours sincerely, } (for all customers/clients) Sincerely yours, } Regards, (for those you already know and/or with whom you already have a working relationship.)

Work task 2Build up a short letter requesting an offer. (2 lines)

Minimal Bibliography:Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics. Galai: Zigotto.Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You. Iai: Fundaia Academic "Petre Andrei". Rzeu.Mariana, Nicolae (2008). Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza. Bucureti: Editura Universitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n limba englez. Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn de termeni economici. Galai: Editura Alma.Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentru ntreprinztori i oameni de afaceri. Iai: Editura Sagitariu.

3. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE

3.1.THE ESSENTIAL STRUCTURE OF A WRITTEN PRESENTATION

Written Presentation should include the following components:

1. Cover page.(title of theme + illustration, team name, names of all team members, name of school, name of teacher, subject, class, date) 2. Index 3. Detailed outline of overall presentation of theme including the topics with their subheadings. The outline should state when slides and activities are used during the presentation. It should also provide an explanation for why each activity was chosen. 4. Purpose of Theme presentation. 5. Introduction of theme. 6. Topics of individual team members- Each topic will include the following: a- Cover page for individual member (title of topic + illustration, team name, student name, name of school, name of teacher, subject, class, date) b- Index + Page numbers c- Detailed outline of presentation d- Purpose of topic presentation e- Introduction f- Facts- PARAPHRASE! (titles and subheadings and pictures) g- Personal Analysis (Relate the information found to your own life/country...) h- Conclusion i- References (They should be written according to the APA style) Your references should consist of Four to Five works minimum. (Internet sources, at least one book, refereed journals...) j- Appendix that includes: 1- paper copies of overhead transparencies or PowerPoint slides, handouts, quizzes, cartoons or anything else you would provide during the presentation. 2- an evaluation form that you have created for your presentation. 3- a paragraph describing how you proceeded to work on this project and how much you benefited from it. 4- comment on the compatibility and cooperation of all team members in regards to preparation.Format 7. Conclusion of theme. 8. Bibliography or Sources for further information. 9. Paper copies of overhead transparencies or PowerPoint slides, handouts, quizzes, cartoons or anything else you would provide as a Team during the presentation. 10. Comments on a single page from all the team members regarding this experience Signatures ALL Team Worksheets: Team pledge, Team leader pledge, Team charter, First team progress report, Team Progress Reports, Team schedule, Team work evaluation, Team listening skills evaluation, Conflict negotiation rating sheet, Self-esteem test, Leadership self-assessment, Team leader evaluation, Team assessment. 11. Final Words/ Illustrations/ eventually Pictures. Creativity is a necessity.

Work task 1Build up a short inquiry. (2 lines)

Work task 2Build up a short report. (6 lines maximum)

Minimal Bibliography:Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics. Galai: Zigotto.Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You. Iai: Fundaia Academic "Petre Andrei". Rzeu.Mariana, Nicolae (2008). Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza. Bucureti: Editura Universitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n limba englez. Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn de termeni economici. Galai: Editura Alma.Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentru ntreprinztori i oameni de afaceri. Iai: Editura Sagitariu.

List of References (A Selective Bibliography):Alexander, L.G. (1994). Longman Advanced Grammar. London: Longman.Brooks, Michael; David Horner (1991). English for the Business World. Paris: Edition Belin.Ciuciuc, Olea; Eugenia Tnsescu (1998). English for Business Purposes. Essential English. Bucureti: Teora.Cotton, D.; S. Robbins (1996). Business Class. London: Longman.Dimitriu-Caracota, Maria; Frederick Henry Duncan (1998). English - Romanian Dictionary of Accounting, Economic and Financial Terms. Bucureti: Garamond.Dutescu, Dan; Liliana Mare (1988). Manual de conversaie n limba englez. Bucureti: Editura tiinific i Enciclopedic.Emerson, Paul (2008). Business English. Macmillan.Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics. Galai: Zigotto.Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You. Iai: Fundaia Academic "Petre Andrei". Rzeu.Mariana, Nicolae (2008). Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza. Bucureti: Editura Universitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n limba englez. Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn de termeni economici. Galai: Editura Alma.Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentru ntreprinztori i oameni de afaceri. Iai: Editura Sagitariu.Vasilescu Ruxandra (coord) (2008). Dictionar de termeni economici roman-englez-francez-spaniol. Bucureti: Polirom.

Resurse Repostate Limba Engleza an i Sem II

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