proiect engleza2

7/30/2019 proiect engleza2

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Universitatea Maritima Constanta

Facultatea de Electromecanica Navala

Specializarea Electrotehnica

anul lll de studiu IFR

REFERAT LA LIMBA ENGLEZA

Student:Ochesel Ionut

Profesor coordonator:Marcu Elena


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Electrical cables and electrical insulators

An electrical cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors,

usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission

ofelectrical power. Electrical cables may be installed as permanent wiring within

buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed.

Modern power cables come in a variety of sizes, materials, and types, each

particularly adapted to its uses. Large single insulated conductors are also

sometimes called power cables in the industry.

Cables consist of three major components: conductors, insulation, protective

jacket. The makeup of individual cables varies according to application. Theconstruction and material are determined by three main factors:

Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation;

Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the

conductor(s);

Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight

exposure, and mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the

outer cable jacket.

Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also include metalarmor in the form of wires spiralled around the cable, or a corrugated tape wrapped

around it. The armor may be made of steel or aluminum, and although connected

to earth ground is not intended to carry current during normal operation.Power

cables use stranded copper or aluminum conductors, although small power cables

may use solid conductors.The cable may include uninsulated conductors used for

the circuit neutral or for ground (earth) connection.

The overall assembly may be round or flat. Non-conducting filler strands

may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Special purpose power cables

for overhead or vertical use may have additional elements such as steelor Kevlar structural supports.

Some power cables for outdoor overhead use may have no overall sheath.

Other cables may have a plastic or metal sheath enclosing all the conductors. The

materials for the sheath will be selected for resistance to water, oil, sunlight,

underground conditions, chemical vapors, impact, or high temperatures. In nuclear

industry applications the cable may have special requirements for ionizing
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radiation resistance. Cable materials may be specified not to produce large

amounts of smoke if burned. Cables intended for underground use or direct burial

in earth will have heavy plastic or metal, most often lead sheaths, or may require

special direct-buried construction. When cables must run where exposed to

mechanical impact damage, they may protected with flexible steel tape or wire

armor, which may also be covered by a water resistant jacket.

All electrical cables are somewhat flexible, allowing them to be shipped to

installation sites wound on reels or drums. Where applications require a cable to be

moved repeatedly, such as for portable equipment, more flexible cables called

"cords" or "flex" are used. Flexible cords contain fine stranded conductors, not

solid core conductors, and have insulation and sheaths to withstand the forces of

repeated flexing and abrasion. Heavy duty flexible power cords such as those

feeding a mine face cutting machine are carefully engineeredtheir life ismeasured in weeks. Very flexible power cables are used in automated

machinery, robotics, and machine tools. See power cord and extension cable for

further description of flexible power cables. Other types of flexible cable

include twisted pair, extensible, coaxial, shielded, and communication cable.

Cable insulation materials

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not

flow freely, and which therefore does not conduct an electric current, under the

influence of an electric field. A perfect insulator does not exist, but some materialssuch as glass, paper and Teflon, which have highresistivity, are very good

electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have

lower bulkresistivity, are still good enough to insulate electrical wiring and cables.

Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Such materials can serve

as practical and safe insulators for low to moderate voltages (hundreds, or even

thousands, ofvolts).

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate

electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves. An insulating

material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment iscalled insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically to refer to

insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or transmission lines

to utility poles and transmission towers.

Insulators are commonly used as a flexible coating on electric wire and

cable. Since air is an insulator, in principle no other substance is needed to keep
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power where it should be. High-voltage power lines commonly use just air, since a

solid (e.g., plastic) coating is impractical. However, wires which touch each other

will produce cross connections, short circuits, and fire hazards. In coaxial cable the

center conductor must be supported exactly in the middle of the hollow shield in

order to prevent EM wave reflections. Finally, wires which expose voltages higher

than 60V can cause human shock and electrocution hazards. Insulating coatings

help to prevent all of these problems.

Some wires have a mechanical covering which has no voltage rating; e.g.:

service-drop, welding, doorbell, thermostat. An insulated wire or cable has a

voltage rating and a maximum conductor temperature rating. It may not have

an ampacity (current-carrying capacity) rating, since this is dependent upon the

surrounding environment (e.g. ambient temperature).In electronic systems, printed

circuit boards are made from epoxy plastic and fibreglass. The nonconductive

boards support layers of copper foil conductors. In electronic devices, the tiny and

delicate active components are embedded within

nonconductive epoxy or phenolic plastics, or within baked glass or ceramic

coatings.

In microelectronic components such as transistors and ICs, the silicon

material is normally a conductor because of doping, but it can easily be selectively

transformed into a good insulator by the application of heat and oxygen. Oxidized

silicon is quartz, i.e. silicon dioxide, the primary component of glass.In high

voltage systems containing transformers and capacitors, liquid insulator oil is the

typical method used for preventing arcs. The oil replaces the air in any spaces

which must support significant voltage without electrical breakdown. Othermethods of insulating high voltage systems are ceramic or glass wire holders, gas,

vacuum, and simply placing the wires with a large separation, using the air as

insulation.

Thermoplastic compounds are materials that go soft when heated and harden

when cooled:

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)is the most commonly used thermoplastic

insulator for cables. It is cheap, durable and widely available. However,

the chlorine in PVC (a halogen) causes the production of thick, toxic,

black smoke when burnt and can be a health hazard in areas where low

smoke and toxicity are required (e.g. confined areas such as tunnels).

Normal operating temperatures are typically between 75C and 105C

(depending on PVC type). Temperature limit is 160C (300mm2).
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PE (Polyethylene)is part of a class of polymers called polyolefins.

Polyethylene has lower dielectric losses than PVC and is sensitive to

moisture under voltage stress (i.e. for high voltages only).

Thermosetting compounds are polymer resins that are irreversibly cured

(e.g. by heat in the vulcanization process) to form a plastic or rubber:

XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene)has different polyethylene chains

linked together (cross-linking) which helps prevent the polymer from

melting or separating at elevated temperatures. Therefore XLPE is useful

for higher temperature applications. XLPE has higher dielectric losses

than PE, but has better ageing characteristics and resistance to water

treeing. Normal operating temperatures are typically between 90C and110C. Temperature limit is 250C.

EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber)is a copolymer of ethylene and

propylene, and commonly called an elastomer. EPR is more flexible

than PE and XLPE, but has higher dielectric losses than both. Normal

operating temperatures are typically between 90C and 110C.

Temperature limit is 250C.

Paper Based insulation is the oldest type of power cable insulation and isstill used mainly for high voltage cables. The paper insulation must be impregnated

with a dielectric fluid (e.g. oil resin or a synthetic fluid). A lead sheath is

commonly applied over the insulation to prevent water or moisture ingress into the

paper insulation, which is sensitive to moisture.

Insulator -a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or

thermal conductivity; A substance or object that insulates; a

nonconductor; as, polyurethane foam is a popular thermalinsulator.

Corrugated - shaped into alternating parallel grooves and ridges; fold into

ridges; To form or shape into wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and

grooves, as by drawing, contraction, pressure, bending, or otherwise; to

wrinkle; to purse up; as, to corrugate plates of iron; to corrugate the

forehead.
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Jacket - An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some

nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of

heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc; In ordnance, a

strengthening band surrounding and reenforcing the tube in which the charge

is fired.

Reel - A frame with radial arms, or a kind of spool, turning on an axis, on

which yarn, threads, lines, or the like, are wound; as, a logreel, used by

seamen; an angler's reel; a garden reel; ) A device consisting of radial arms

with horizontal stats, connected with a harvesting machine, for holding the

stalks of grain in position to be cut by the knives.

Withstand - force or drive back; stand up or offer resistance to somebody or

something; resist or confront with resistance; To stand against; to oppose; toresist, either with physical or moral force; abide, confront, defy,drive

back, endure,experience, face,fight off.

Electric field - a field of force surrounding a charged particle; the region of

space surrounding electrically charged particles and time-varying magnetic

fields;

Service-drop -an overhead electrical line running from autility pole, to a

customer's building or other premises. It is the point where electricutilities provide power to their customers.

Thermostat - a regulator for automatically regulating temperature by

starting or stopping the supply of heat; A device which automatically

regulates temperature, or provides a signal used by another device to

regulate temperature.

Ampacity- the maximum amount of electrical current a conductor or

device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration;

current rating or current-carrying capacity, ampacity is the RMS electriccurrent which a device or conductor can continuously carry while remaining

within its temperature rating.

Embedded - inserted as an integral part of a surrounding whole; enclosed

firmly in a surrounding mass; fix or set securely or deeply;

engraft, imbed, immerse, implant, plant.
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Elastomer - a polymer with viscoelasticity (colloquially "elasticity"),

generally having low Young's modulus and high yield strain compared with

other materials. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is often

used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred

when referring to vulcanisates. any of various elastic materials that resemble

rubber (resumes its original shape when a deforming force is removed).

Capacitance - an electrical device characterized by its capacity to store an

electric charge; an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is

stored.

Hollow - not solid; having a space or gap or cavity; a cavity or space in

something; remove the interior of; remove the inner part or the core of;

Reverberated from a cavity, or resembling such a sound; deep; muffled.

Ships electrical distribution system

Convey - to carry from one place to another; to bear or transport; to cause to pass

from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything)from one place or person to another; to transmit; as, air conveys sound;

I will convey them by sea in floats.

Switchboard - a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where

lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication;

telephone central where circuits are completed with patchcords;

The ships main switchboardcollapsed.

Step-down - the act of decreasing or reducing something; reduce the level or

intensity or size or scope of; give up or retire from a position; Transforming or

converting a current of high potential or voltage into one of low voltage; as, a step-

downtransformer.

Aboard ship you can find a variety of step- down transformers.
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Load - the device or devices that consume power from a power supply; The

weight or force that a structural support bears or is designed to bear; the object that

creates that force. The work done by a steam engine or other prime mover when

working;

The main electrical loadaboard divides into essential services.

Reliability - the state or quality of being reliable; reliableness; the quality of being

dependable or reliable; the trait of deserving trust and confidence;

efficiency,firmness,operational safety,reliableness,solidity,soundness;

Such reliabiliry requires special care and maintenance.

Overload - an electrical load that exceeds the available electrical power; anexcessive burden; fill to excess so that function is impaired;

saturation, strain,surcharge, weigh down;

Electrical generators are often protected against overload.

Load shedding - cutting off the electric current on certain lines when the demand

becomes greater than the supply; The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or

out; That which is shed, or cast off;desquamation,peeling,sloughing;

Ships electrical distribution system requires a load shedding circuit.

Relay - electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can

switch on and off a current in a second circuit; In various forms of telegraphic

apparatus, a magnet which receives the circuit current, and is caused by it to bring

into into action the power of a local battery for performing the work of making the

record; also, a similar device by which the current in one circuit is made to open or

close another circuit in which a current is passing.

Several trip relays are used in electrical circuits.

Breakdown - the act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue; a

cessation of normal operation; The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage;

downfall.

There was a power breakdown.
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Manned - having a crew; provided with workers; take charge of a certain job;

occupy a certain work place; To furnish with strength for action; to prepare for

efficiency; to fortify.

A mannedengine room needs less control equipment.

Capacitive coupling- the transfer of energy within an electrical networkby

means of the capacitance between circuit nodes. This coupling can have an

intentional or accidental effect. Capacitive coupling is typically achieved by

placing acapacitor in series with the signal to be coupled.

The capacitive coupling aboard is very large.

Heater - heater consisting of a series of pipes for circulating steam or hot water to

heat rooms or buildings; device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room; Anycontrivance or implement, as a furnace, stove, or other heated body or vessel, etc.,

used to impart heat to something, or to contain something to be heated.

Heaters are often used abord ship.

Switchgear - the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit

breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is

used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to

clearfaults downstream. This type of equipment is important because it is directlylinked to the reliability of the electricity supply.

Large switchgearpanels are used in electrical distribution system.

Spectrum - a broad range of related objects or values or qualities or ideas or

activities; an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave;

gamut, range,variety.

They have to cover the complete spectrum.
http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Electrical%20network/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Capacitance/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Capacitor/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Series%20and%20parallel%20circuits/en-en/#Series_circuitshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/Fuse%20(electrical)/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Circuit%20breaker/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Circuit%20breaker/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Fault%20(power%20engineering)/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Electricity/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/gamut/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/range/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/variety/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/variety/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/variety/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/range/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/gamut/en-en/#anchorSynonymshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/Electricity/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Fault%20(power%20engineering)/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Circuit%20breaker/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Circuit%20breaker/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Fuse%20(electrical)/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Series%20and%20parallel%20circuits/en-en/#Series_circuitshttp://dictionary.sensagent.com/Capacitor/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Capacitance/en-en/http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Electrical%20network/en-en/

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