lb engleza.docx

8/11/2019 lb engleza.docx

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Relative clauses se folosesc pentru a da informatii despre un anumit subiect fara a

incepe o noua propozitie. Astfel, in loc sa ai doua propozitii scurte despartite de virgula,

vei introduce un relative pronoun(who, which, whose, whom, that) pentru a le lega.

Astfel obtii o propozitie mai complexa dar fluenta, in acelasi timp evitand repetarea

unor anumite cuvinte care nu ar face decat sa ingreuneze textul/propozitia. Sa trecem la

exemple:

1. Do you know that girl? She has a ponytail.

------> Do you know that girl WHO has a ponytail?

2. He got angry. It surprised me.

------> He got angry, WHICH surprised me.

3. Do you like that girl? Her mother is a nurse.

-------> Do you like the girl WHOSE mother is a nurse?

4.I don't like the table. It stands in the kitchen.

-------> I don't liek the table THAT stands in the kitchen.etc.

Again, nu stiu exact nivelul tau, dar presupun ca daca studiati astea la scoala, nu e

nevoie sa iti traduc propozitiile. Sper ca te-am ajutat si bafta in continuare.

Fiecare se folosesc pentru ceva

WHICH=care, cine-doar pentru obiecte/animale;

WHO=cine-doar pentru persoane

WHOSE=al cui/al carui-pentru persoane si obiecte;

THAT=WHO/WHICH dar fara virgula inainte.

De exemplu eu stiu ca faceam exercitii de genu :Rachel is my best friend. She is an actress. Si le imbinam asa :

Rachel, who is my best friend, is an actress.

Relative clauses sunt simple, introduse prin who, which, where etc. si in

esenta reprezinta descrierea subiectului/definirea lui/specificarea lui.

The people who got on the bus were there on time.

The shop where I bought my shoes is not far from here.

Destul de clar, ma refer la oamenii care s-au urcat in autobuz si la magazinul de la care

mi-am cumparat pantofii.

Dar, in cele doua cazuri de mai jos va exista acum o diferenta in sensul propozitiei:

(a) The people who got on the bus were there on time.


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Relative clause

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more

information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.

She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clausetells which noun we are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman

I mean).

A non-defining relative clausegives us extra information about

something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence.

I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantasticparks' is extra information).

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:


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First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining

relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' forthings. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence.

We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well. She has a son who / that is a doctor.

We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

The camera which / that costs 100 is over there.

The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.

In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, theclause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are

some examples:

(Clause after the object)


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She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.

John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.

The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(Clause after the subject)

The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.

The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use

'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We

can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative

pronoun is the subject of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.

My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(Clause comes after the object)

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.

I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.


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Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of

the clause:

For example:

listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.

The music (which / that) Julie listens tois good.

work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to workwith.

go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.

The country (which / that) he went tois very hot.

come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.

I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.

The job (which / that) she applied foris well paid.


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Whose

'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It

replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.

The dogwhoseowner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.

The little girlwhosedoll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.

The womanwhosecar is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.

The housewhoseroof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronounsand prepositions.

I live in a city. I study in the city.

I live in the citywhereI study.

I live in the city that / whichI study in.

I live in the city in whichI study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

The bar in BarcelonawhereI met my wife is still there.


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The bar in Barcelona that / whichI met my wife inis still there.

The bar in Barcelona in whichI met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

The summerwhenI graduated from university was long and hot.

The summer that / whichI graduated from university inwas long and

hot.

The summer in whichI graduated was long and hot.

IF conditional in engleza - forma I

Conditionala I exprima o conditie reala i posibila.

Exemplu:

If it rains, you will need an umbrella.

Daca va ploua, vei avea nevoie de o umbrela.

Propozitia conditionala este o propozitie secundara ce depinde de una principala. In

propozitia secundara pedicatul sta la present, pe cand in cea principala avem will+

infinitiv scurt.

Exemplu:

If I leave now, I will get home at 7 oclock.

Daca plec acum, voi ajunge acasa la ora 7.

If precede conditionala, dar conditionala poate sta inainte sau dupa propozitia

principala.

Exemple:


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If he does his homework, his teacher will be pleased.

Daca ii face temele, profesorul lui va fi multumit,

She will be tired, if she works so much.

Va fi obosita, daca lucreaza aa mult.

In loc de will putem avea alte verbe modale, precum can, may, etc.

Exemple:

If you want to, you can borrow my car.

Daca vrei, pot sa imprumuti maina mea.

If it is cloudy, it may rain.

Daca este innourat, este posibil sa ploua.

Conditionala II expr ima o condi tie putin probabila si se refera la o situatie

ipotetica.

Exemplu:

If I went to University, I would have a good job.

Daca as merge la facultate, as avea un loc bun de munca.

In propozitia secundara predicatul sta la timpul trecut simplu, iar in cea principala

avem constructia would + infinitiv

Exemplu:

If he came home, his mother would be very happy.

Daca ar veni acasa, mama lui ar fi foarte fericita.

Desi predicatele sunt la un timp trecut, conditionala II se refera la viitor.

Exemplu:


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If he were dead, she would miss him.

Daca el ar muri, i-ar fi dor de el. (De fapt el nu a murit inca, dar in cazul in care el

ar muri candva in viitor, ei i-ar fi dor de el.)

Ca si in cazul conditionalei I, if precede conditionala, dar conditionala poate sta

inainte sau dupa propozitia principala.

Exemple:

If they had the chance, they would go to London.

Daca ei ar avea ocazia, ei ar pleca la Londra.

She would travel to Italy, if she had enough money.

Ar calatori prin Italia, daca ar avea destui bani.

Desi forma de trecut simplu a verbului a fi pentru persoana I si persoana a III-a,

numarul singular este was, in cazul conditionalei avem forma were.

Exemple:

If I were you, I would be more careful.

Daca as fi in locul tau, as fi mai prudent.

If he were rich, he would buy this house.

Daca el ar fi bogat, el ar cumpara casa aceasta.

In loc de would, putem avea alte verbe modale, precum might sau could.

Exemple:

If you won the lottery, you could buy that car.

Daca ai castiga la lotto, ai putea cumpara acea masina.

He might get in serious trouble, if he did not pay attention.

Ar putea avea probleme serioase, daca nu ar fi atent.


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Conditionala III expr ima o actiune din trecut ce ar f i putut f i posibi la, daca s-ar

fi indeplini t o anumita conditi e.

Exemplu:If you had been more careful, this would have never happened.

Daca ai fi fost mai atent, nu s-ar intamplat asta

In propozitia secundara predicatul sta la timpul past perfect, iar in cea principala

avem constructia would + have + participiul (a treia forma a verbului).

Exemplu:If he had known the truth, he would have done things differently.

Daca ar fi stiut adevarul, ar fi procedat altfel.

Conditionala III se refera la o actiune care de fapt nu a avut loc, deoarece conditia

pentru ca aceea actiune sa se petreaca nu a fost indeplinita.

Exemplu:

If I had won that money, I would have bought a car.

Daca as fi castigat acei bani, as fi cumparat o masina. (Dar nu am castigat banii,

deci nu mi-am cumparat masina.)

Ca si in cazul conditionalelor I si II, if precede conditionala, dar conditionala

poate sta inainte sau dupa propozitia principala.

Exemple:

If they had eaten that cake, they would have gotten sick.

Daca ar fi mancat acel tort, li s-ar fi facut rau.


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You would have helped him, if you had known he needed you.

L-ati fi ajutatat, daca ati fi stiut ca are nevoie de voi.

In loc de would, putem avea alte verbe modale, precum might sau could, astfel nuam mai avea constructia would + have + participiu, ci constructiile might + have +

participiu sau could + have + participiu.

Exemple:

If he had graduated high school, he could have gone to University.

Daca ar fi absolvit liceul, el ar fi putut merge la facultate.

If he had gone to the party, he might have met Anne.Daca s-ar fi dus la petrecere, poate ar fi intalnit-o pe Anne.

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