Gramatica Lb Engleze

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Articolul Cuprins Lectia 1 Lectia 2 Lectia 3 Lectia 4 Lectia 5 Lectia 6 Lectia 7 Lectia 8 Lectia 9 Lectia 10 Lectia 11 Lectia 12 Lectia 13 Lectia 14 Lectia 15 Lectia 16 Lectia 17 Lectia 18 Lectia 19 Lectia 20 Lectia 21 Lectia 22 Lectia 23 Lectia 24 Lectia 25 Lectia 26 Lectia 27 Definitie: - reprezinta un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea intelesului unui substantiv intr-o propozitie. Tipuri de articole: Articolul Hotarat - THE Articolul Nehotarat - A / AN Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata) Articolul hotarat THE: Cand folosim articolul hotarat? - Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in textul respectiv: Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father. - Inaintea substantivelor care sunt unice: Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air - Inaintea numeralelor ordinale: Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth - In realizarea superlativului: Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest - Inaintea substantivelor care reprezinta nume de colectivitati si institutii: Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament - Inaintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre,

Transcript of Gramatica Lb Engleze

Page 1: Gramatica Lb Engleze

Articolul  Cuprins

 

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Definitie: - reprezinta un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea intelesului unui substantiv intr-o propozitie.

Tipuri de articole:Articolul Hotarat - THEArticolul Nehotarat - A / ANArticolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)

Articolul hotarat THE:

Cand folosim articolul hotarat?

- Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in textul respectiv:Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father.

- Inaintea substantivelor care sunt unice:Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air

- Inaintea numeralelor ordinale:Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth

- In realizarea superlativului:Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest

 

- Inaintea substantivelor care reprezinta nume de colectivitati si institutii:Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament

- Inaintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc):Exemplu: the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand Hotel, the New York Times, the Beatles

- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de locuri geografice, munti, fluvii, oceane, mari etc:Exemplu: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the Sahara

Articolul nehotarat A / AN

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Utilizam articolul nehotarat A:Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana:Exemple: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom

Utilizam articolul nehotarat AN:Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u):Exemple: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action

Articolul nehotarat - exceptii:- Folosim articolul nehotarat AN inaintea unui substantiv care incepe cu litera "h", doar atunci cand este vorba despre un "h mut".Exemple: an hour, an honour

- Folosim articolul nehotarat A inaintea unui substantiv care incepe cu litera "u" sau grupul de litere "eu", doar atunci cand acestea se pronunta ca "you"Exemple: a European, a university, a unit

Cand folosim articolul nehotarat A/AN?- Inaintea unui substantiv concret nedeterminat si numarabil:Exemple: A boy entered into the classroom.The reporter took an interview.

- Inaintea unui substantiv concret cu functia de nume predicativ:Exemplu: She is a teacher. Ronnie is an elephant.

Articolul zero

Nu folosim articol in urmatoarele situatii:- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume proprii la singular:Exemplu: Paul is going to the school.

- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de tari, orase si limba acestora:Exemple: France is a European country.You speak English fluently.Bucharest is the capital of Romania.

- In unele expresii invariabile:Exemplu: by car, at school, in church, by train

- Inaintea substantivelor abstracte, care indica nume de culori, stiinte, arte, materii etc:Exemplu: beauty, health, dinner, lunch, breakfast, truth, green, gold, silver, mathematics, physics

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Pronumele  Cuprins

 

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1. Pronumele personal

a) cu functie de subiectb) cu functie de complement

a) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de subiect:

I --- euYou --- tu, dumneata, dumneavoastraHe --- elShe --- eaIt --- el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animaleWe --- noiYou --- voi, dumneavoastraThey --- ei, ele, dumnealor

Exemple: I am a big girl.He lives near the school.We like chocolate very much.Do you like football?

b) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de complement:me- mie, imi, mi (complement indirect)- pe mine, ma, m (complement direct)

you- tie, iti, ti, dumitale, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe tine, te, pe dumneata, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

 

him- lui, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe el, il (complement direct)

her- ei, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe ea, o (complement direct)

it- lui, ei, ii, i (complement indirect)

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- pe el, il, pe ea, o (complement direct)

us- noua, ne, ni (complement indirect)- pe noi, ne (complement direct)

you- voua, va, vi, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe voi, va, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

them- lor, le, li (complement indirect)- pe ei, ii, i (complement direct)

Exemple:I watch my brother playing tennis.You gave me a nice gift.Give them a kiss from me!

2. Pronumele reflexive si de intarire

myself --- ma, insumi, insamiyourself --- te, insuti, insatihimself --- se, insusiherself --- se, insesiitself --- se, insusi, insasi (neutru)ourselves --- ne, insine, inseneyourselves --- va, insiva, insevathemselves --- se, insisi, insesi

Exemple:I found myself very smart.We did ourselves all the exercises.

3. Pronumele demonstrativ

this --- acesta, aceasta, asta, astathat --- acela, aceea, ala, aiathese --- acestea, acestia, astia, asteathose --- acelea, aceia, aia, alea

Exemple:This is my brother.Those are his parents.

4. Pronumele posesive

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mine --- al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale meleyours --- al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale talehis --- al sau (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai sai (ai lui), ale sale (ale lui)hers --- al sau (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai sai (ai ei), ale sale (ale ei)its own --- al sau, a sa, ai sai, ale sale (neutru)ours --- al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastreyours --- al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastretheir --- al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor

Exemple:My brother is tall, but yours is taller.His car is old, but hers is older.I lost my pencil, can you lend me yours?

5. Pronumele nehotarat

some + body, one, thingany + body, one, thingno + body, one, thing

Exemple:I want something from you.She didn't find anything in the fridge.There was no one in the room.

6. Pronumele relativ

who --- carewhom/who --- pe carewhose --- al (a, ai, ale) carui, careia, carorawhat --- ce, ceea cewhich --- care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...)that --- care

Exemple:My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Bucharest.Tom, whose car was stolen, bought another one last week.I found a cat that was lost.I didn't like what I saw.

7. Pronumele interogativ

who? --- cine?whom? who? --- pe cine?whose? --- al (a, ai, ale) cui?what? --- care?, pe care,ce?

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which? --- (pe) care dintre?

Exemple:Whom did you see last Sunday?Whose shoes are those?What are you doing?Which do you like more?

Verbul  Cuprins

 

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Verbul "TO BE" - a fi

Forma afirmativa:I am (I'm) - Eu suntYou are (You're) - Tu estiHe is (He's) - El esteShe is (She's) - Ea esteIt is (It's) - El/Ea esteWe are (We're) - Noi suntemYou are (You're) - Voi suntetiThey are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt

Forma interogativa:Am I? - Sunt eu?Are you? - Esti tu?Is he? - Este el?Is she? - Este ea?Is it? - Este el/ea?Are we? - Suntem noi?Are you? - Sunteti voi?Are they? - Sunt ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu suntYou are not (You aren't) - Tu nu estiHe is not (He isn't) - El nu esteShe is not (She isn't) - Ea nu esteIt is not (It isn't) - El/Ea nu esteWe are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntemYou are not (You aren't) - Voi nu suntetiThey are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt

 

Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea

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Forma afirmativa:I have (I've) - Eu amYou have (You've) - Tu aiHe has (He's) - El areShe has (She's) - Ea areIt has (It's) - El/Ea areWe have (We've) - Noi avemYou have (You've) - Voi avetiThey have (They've) - Ei/Ele au

Forma interogativa:Have I? - Am eu?Have you? - Ai tu?Has he? - Are el?Has she? - Are ea?Has it? - Are el/ea?Have we? - Avem noi?Have you? - Aveti voi?Have they? - Au ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu amYou have not (You haven't) - Tu nu aiHe has not (He hasn't) - El nu areShe has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu areIt has not (It hasn't) - El/Ea nu areWe have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avemYou have not (You haven't) - Voi nu avetiThey have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au

Verbul "TO DO" - a face

Forma afirmativa:I do - Eu facYou do - Tu faciHe does - El faceShe does - Ea faceIt does - El/Ea faceWe do - Noi facemYou do - Voi facetiThey do - Ei/Ele fac

Forma interogativa:Do I? - Fac eu?Do you? - Faci tu?Does he? - Face el?

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Does she? - Face ea?Does it? - Face el/ea?Do we? - Facem noi?Do you? - Faceti voi?Do they? - Fac ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I do not (I don't) - Eu nu facYou do not (You don't) - Tu nu faciHe does not (He doesn't) - El nu faceShe does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu faceIt does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu faceWe do not (We don't) - Noi nu facemYou do not (You don't) - Voi nu facetiThey do not (They don't) - Ei/Ele nu fac

Substantivul  Cuprins

A. Tipuri de substantive

1. Substantive comune2. Substantive proprii

1. Substantivele comune desemneaza fiinte (oameni si animale) si obiecte / lucruri.

Exemple:- fiinte: man, woman, grandmother, teacher, brother, pupil, doctor, nurse- obiecte (lucruri): pencil, school, car, hotel, medicine, shop, power, health

2. Substantivele proprii desemneaza nume de familie si prenume, nume de munti, orase, tari, ape etc.

Exemple:- nume de familie si prenume: Ewing, Brown, Sawyer, John, Mary, Helen- nume de munti: Alps, Himalaya, Everest- nume de orase: Bucharest, Paris, Venice- nume de tari: France, Italy, Croatia- nume de ape: Mississippi, Danube, Thames

 

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B. Genul substantivelor

1. Genul masculin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal he)

Exemple: man, doctor, driver, father, boy

 

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2. Genul feminin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal she)

Exemple: woman, mother, girl, actress, sister.

3. Genul neutru (nume de lucruri, obiecte si animale; se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal it)

Exemple: cat, dog, pencil, butterfly, car, notebook.

C. Numarul substantivelor

Substantivele pot fi la singular sau la plural.

Formarea pluralului:

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a) pluralul cu "-s"

Exemple:a dog ---> two dogsa school ---> two schoolsa car ---> two carsa book ---> two books

b) pluralul cu "-es" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh)

Exemple:a bus ---> two busesa fax ---> two faxesa church ---> two churches

Atentie:a tomato ---> two tomatoesa potato ---> two potatoes

darradio ---> radiosphoto ---> photos

c) pluralul cu "-ies" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -y)

Exemple:lady ---> ladiesbaby ---> babiesfly ---> flies

dar:day ---> daysboy ---> boys

Reguli:- pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o consoana, pluralul se va face in -ies- pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o vocala, pluralul se va face in -s

d) pluralul cu "-ves" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -f sau -fe)

Exemple:leaf ---> leavescalf ---> calvesshelf ---> shelveswife ---> wives

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wolf ---> wolves

Exceptii:chief ---> chiefsproof ---> proofsbelief ---> beliefs

e) pluralele neregulate

Exemple:child ---> childrenman ---> menwoman ---> womenfoot ---> feetgoose ---> geesemouse ---> micetooth ---> teeth

f) substantive invariabile care nu primesc "-s"

Exemple:deer (cerb)duck (rata)sheep (oaie)trout (pastrav)fish (peste)fruit (fructe)

g) substantivele cu sens colectiv care nu au forma de plural

Exemple:advice (sfat)baggage (bagaj)luggage (bagaje)information (informatii)furniture (mobila)people (oameni)crowd (multime)police (politie)

h) pluralul substantivelor proprii

Exemple:the Brownsthe Johnsonsthe Thompsons

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D. Substantive compuse

Exemple:classroomschoolboyschoolgirlblackboarddining-roombreakfast

Adjectivul  Cuprins

 

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Adjectivele in limba engleza au urmatoarele caracteristici:a) nu variaza dupa gen si numarb) se aseaza inaintea substantivelor

Exemplu:a good cake ---> good cakes A. Tipuri de adjective

• opinion adjectives (adjective de opinie): descriu ceea ce credem despre cineva sau ceva.

Exemple: beautiful, great, nice, expensive, cheap, ugly etc.

• fact adjectives (adjective de fapt): descriu ceea ce fiintele sau obiectele determinate sunt cu adevarat

Exemple: short, large, long, green, round etc.

! Adjectivele de opinie stau inaintea adjectivelor de fapt B. Adjectivul demonstrativ

Desemneaza fiinte sau lucruri pe care le aratam precizand in acelasi timp apropierea sau departarea in timp sau spatiu.

Forme:• singular:- this (acest, aceasta)- that (acel, acea)

• plural:- these (acesti, aceste)- those (acei, acele)

 

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Exemple:This man is a doctor.That girl is a pupil.These children are small.Those boys are playing in the scoolyard.

C. Adjectivul posesiv

Desemneaza raportul de posesie dintre un posesor si ceea ce acesta poseda:

Forme:• singular: - my (meu, mea, mei, mele)- your (tau, ta, tai, tale)- his (lui, sau, sa, sai, sale)- her (ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)- its (lui, ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)

• plural:- our (nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre)- your (vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre)- their (lor)

Exemple:This is my house.It is his car.That is our shop.Those are your books.

D. Comparativul adjectivelor

a) Comparativul de egalitate / inferioritate:"as ... as" (tot atat de / la fel de)"not as ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)"not so ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)

Exemple:She is as pretty as her mother.He is not as tall as his brother.

b) Comparativ de superioritate:- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-er" la finalul adjectivului respectiv- pentru adjective lungi, acestea sunt precedate de adverbul "more"

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Adverbul  Cuprins

 

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A. Adverbe de mod

- arata modul in care se petrece o actiune

Mod de formare:- de obicei, aceste adverbe se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly la finalul unui adjective.

Exemple: beautiful ---> beautifullysad ---> sadlycapable ---> capablyslow ---> slowlyeasy ---> easily B. Adverbe de loc

- arata locul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple:here, there, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, outside, inside C. Adverbe de timp

- arata timpul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple: today, yesterday, tomorrow, Saturday, Monday, now, finally, later, soon, just, still D. Adverbe de durata

- arata perioada de timp a unei actiuni

Exemple: forever, shortly, long, permanently

 

E. Adverbe de comparatie

- arata gradul de intensitate al unei actiuni

Exemple: extremely, greatly, hugely, partially, perfectly, strongly, totally, almost, very, entirely

F. Adverbe de frecventa

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- arata gradul de repetabilitate al unei actiuni

Exemple: always, constantly, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never

G. Adverbe de probabilitate

- arata gradul de probabilitate a unei actiuni

Exemple: certainly, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely

Exercitii:

Prepozitia  Cuprins

 

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A. Prepozitii de miscare

- arata miscarea

Exemple:to, through, across

to - utilizam "to" pentru a arata deplasarea catre o destinatie anume.

Exemplu:I went to Chicago two years ago.

through - utilizam "through" pentru a sugera deplasarea dintr-o parte in alta a unui spatiu inchis.

Exemplu:The cars went through the tunnel.

across - utilizam "across" pentru a sugera miscarea dintr-o parte in alta a unei suprafete.

Exemplu:She flew across the sea.

Alte prepozitii de miscare:along, down, over, off, round, into

 

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B. Prepozitii de loc

- arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite

Exemple:at, on, in

at - folosim "at" pentru a arata un anumit loc sau o anumita pozitie.

Exemplu:Someone is at the door.

on - folosim "on" pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala.

Exemplu:The dog is on the roof.

in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis.

Exemplu:The parrot is in the cage.

Alte prepozitii de loc:after, among, behind, between, in front of, next to, beside, by, over, above, under, below.

C. Prepozitii de timp

- pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni

Exemple:at, on, in

at - pentru a arata timpul exact.

Exemplu:She left at 7.00 a.m.

on - pentru anumite date sau zile

Exemple:She arrived on Monday.Her birthday is on 23rd of October.

in - pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna, anotimp.

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Exemple:It is very cold in Winter.I left Romania in 1989.

Alte prepozitii de timp:after, by, since, during, for, throughout

Exercitii:

! Verbelelor care se termina in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o li se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I kiss – He kisses I wish – He wishes I catch – He catches I mix – He mixes I go – He goes

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o consoana, se inlocuieste litera y cu litera i, iar apoi se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I fly – He fliesI study – He studiesI cry – He cries

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o vocala, se adauga terminatia „-s"

Exemple: I pay – He paysI stay – He stays I play – He plays

C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru:

• activitati zilnice, saptamanale, lunare, anuale Exemple: I go to the mountains every month. We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning.

• obiceiuri, hobby-uri Exemple: She plays tennis in her free time. In the summer, they go to the seaside.

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• situatii permanente Exemplu: He lives in Paris. I work as a manager.

• a exprima actiuni care respecta un anumit program Exemple: The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday. I have Maths Friday at 11.30.

• situatii emotionale Exemple: I love my girlfriend very much. He hates cats.

• adevaruri generale Exemple:The earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100°C.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Simplu:

every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always, sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc.

Exemple:1. He goes to the gim every day. 2. I play football every week. 3. We go to the dentist every year.4. She watches TV every evening. 5. She usually studies hard for her exams. 6. I always do my homework. 7. He sometimes goes shopping. 8. I often play pool with my friends.9. She never go to school by bus.10. In the evening we play Monopoly.

Prezentul Simplu

 

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:

 

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Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv(la persoana a III-a singular se adauga terminatia „-s" sau „-es")

Exemple:1. I go to school every day. 2. He reads a book every month. 3. She lives in Bucharest.

Interogativ:Do / Does (pers.III, sg.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv

Exemple:1. Do you go to school every day? 2. Does he read a book every month? 3. Does she live in Bucharest?

Negativ:Subiect + do / does (pers.III, sg.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv Se folosesc adesea contractiile don't (do + not) si doesn't (does + not)

Exemple:1. I don't go to school every day. 2. He doesn't read a book every month. 3. She doesn't live in Bucharest.

B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei „-s" sau „-es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia „-s" la persoana a III-a singular la afirmativ

Exemple: I talk – He talks I work – He works I sleep – He sleeps

! Verbelelor care se termina in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o li se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I kiss – He kisses I wish – He wishes I catch – He catches I mix – He mixes I go – He goes

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! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o consoana, se inlocuieste litera y cu litera i, iar apoi se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I fly – He fliesI study – He studiesI cry – He cries

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o vocala, se adauga terminatia „-s"

Exemple: I pay – He paysI stay – He stays I play – He plays

C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru:

• activitati zilnice, saptamanale, lunare, anuale Exemple: I go to the mountains every month. We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning.

• obiceiuri, hobby-uri Exemple: She plays tennis in her free time. In the summer, they go to the seaside.

• situatii permanente Exemplu: He lives in Paris. I work as a manager.

• a exprima actiuni care respecta un anumit program Exemple: The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday. I have Maths Friday at 11.30.

• situatii emotionale Exemple: I love my girlfriend very much. He hates cats.

• adevaruri generale Exemple:The earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100°C.

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D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Simplu:

every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always, sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc.

Exemple:1. He goes to the gim every day. 2. I play football every week. 3. We go to the dentist every year.4. She watches TV every evening. 5. She usually studies hard for her exams. 6. I always do my homework. 7. He sometimes goes shopping. 8. I often play pool with my friends.9. She never go to school by bus.10. In the evening we play Monopoly.

Prezentul Continuu   Cuprins

A. Mod de formareAfirmativ:Subiect + to be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I'm writing an article now.2. They are playing football.3. She is having lunch at this moment.

Interogativ:To be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Am I writing an article now?2. Are they playing football?3. Is she having lunch at this moment?

Negativ:Subiect + to be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + not +

 

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Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile isn't (is + not) si aren't (are + not)

Exemple:1. I'm not writing an article now. 2. They aren't playing football. 3. She isn't having lunch at this moment

 

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B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei „-s" sau „-es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia „-ing" fara nici o modificare:

Exemple:play – playingtry – tryingdrink – drinkingsing - singinggo - goingdraw - drawingcook - cooking

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learn - learningsend - sendingwash - washing

! La verbele care se termina in litera e precedata de o consoana, se renunta la litera e si se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:make – makingcome – comingleave – leaving

! La verbele formate dintr-o singura silaba (monosilabice) care se termina intr-o consoana precedata de o vocala, se dubleaza consoana si apoi se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:get – getting sit – sittinghit – hitting

C. Folosim Prezentul Continuu pentru:

• activitati care se petrec in momentul vorbirii Exemple: She is watching TV now.Mother is washing the dishes at this moment.

• actiuni care se desfasoara pe o perioada mai mare de timp, incluzand si momentul vorbirii Exemple: John is studying Maths for his exam.My brother is writing a book.

• a vorbi despre o intalnire sau despre un aranjament din viitorul apropiat Exemple: He is flying to New York next week.I'm meeting Susan next Sunday.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Continuu:

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now, at this moment, these days, this week, today, tonight etc.

Exemple:1. Paul is repairing his car now.2. I'm having lunch at this moment.3. He is working hard for a project these days.4. They are going to the basketball game this week.5. I'm writing a letter today.6. I'm watching TV tonight.

Trecutul Simplu   Cuprins

 

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A. Mod de formareAfirmativ:Subiect + Vb.II (terminatia "-ed" pentru verbele regulate)

Exemple:1. I wrote a book last year.2. He went to a football game last week.3. We played in the park yesterday.

Interogativ:Did + Subiect + Vb.I?

Exemple:1. Did you write a book last year?2. Did he go to a football game last week?3. Did you play in the park yesterday?

Negativ:Subiect + didn't + Vb.I

Exemple:1. I didn't write a book last year. 2. He didn't go to a football game last week. 3. We didn't play in the park yesterday. B. Folosim Trecutul Simplu pentru:

 

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• activitati terminate care s-au petrecut in trecutExemple:She was in France 2 years ago.We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago.

• actiuni incheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat in trecutExemple: They were in England in 1981.I left Bucharest in april 1994.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Simplu:

yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago, last year, last week, the day before yesterday

Exemple:1. Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago.2. I was having lunch at this time yesterday.3. They played football 2 hours ago.4. Paul taught English and French 3 months ago.5. She left town the day before yesterday.

Trecutul Continuu   Cuprins

A. Mod de formareAfirmativ:Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I was learning a poem at this time yesterday.2. You were watering the flowers at this time yesterday.3.They were mending the radio at this time yesterday.

Interogativ:Was (pers.I/III sg) / Were (restul pers.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

 

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Exemple:1. Was I learning a poem at this time yesterday?2. Were you watering the flowers at this time yesterday?3. Were they mending the radio at this time yesterday?

Negativ:Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile wasn't (was + not) si weren't (were + not)

Exemple:1. I wasn't learning a poem at this time yesterday.2. You weren't watering the flowers at this time yesterday.3.They weren't mending the radio at this time yesterday.

 

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B. Folosim Trecutul Continuu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune in desfasurare ce a avut loc in trecutExemple: She was playing in her room at this time yesterday.They were listening music at this time last Saturday.

• a exprima o actiune repetata de-a lungul unei perioade de timp Exemple: Did she ask any questions?Oh, she was asking questions all the time.

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Did he buy any sweets?.Oh, he was buying sweets all the time.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Continuu:

at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day, for ...

Exemple:1. Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday .2. She was playing quitar from 6 to 8 o'clock.3. They were laughing all day.4. She was living in an old building for 6 years.

Prezentul Perfect Simplu   Cuprins

A. Mod de formareAfirmativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la forma a III-a

Exemple:1. I have washed her blouse.2. He has written his homework.3. We have learnt our English lesson.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + vb. la forma a III-a

Exemple:1. Have I washed her blouse?2. Has he written his homework?3. Have we learnt our English lesson?

Negativ:Subiect + have/has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la forma a III-aSe folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not)

 

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Exemple:1. I haven't washed her blouse.2. He hasn't written his homework.3. We haven't learnt our English lesson.

 

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B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune incheiata de curand, dar nu se cunoaste cu exactitate momentul incheierii acesteiaExemple: I have cooked a delicious steak.They have finished their homeworks.

• a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent; efectele actiunii se resimt si in prezentExemple: I have lived here since 1994.We have started classes for 3 hours.

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C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:

already, just, yetExemple:1. He has already finished his classes.2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.3. They haven't written the exercise yet.

never, ever, oftenExemple:1. I have never heard such a thing.2. Have you ever read this news?3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside.

ever and beforeExemplu:Have you ever heard this song before?

for and sinceExemple:1. I've had my own car for four years.2. She has been ill since yesterday.

until now, so far, up to nowExemple:1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now.2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage.3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.

Prezentul Perfect Continuu   Cuprins

A. Mod de formareAfirmativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I have been waiting for your reply since yesterday.2. He has been sending me letters for 3 months.

 

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3. We have been crying for 3 hours.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + been + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Have I been waiting for your reply since yesterday?2. Has he been sending me letters for 3 months?3. Have we been crying for 3 hours?

Negativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"Se folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not)

Exemple:1. I haven't been waiting for your reply since yesterday.2. He hasn't been sending me letters for 3 months.3. We haven't been crying for 3 hours.

 

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B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Continuu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care nu s-a incheiat incaExemple: She has been eating for ten minutes.They have been working for several hours.

• a descrie stari sau sentimente care au inceput in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp si sunt inca prezente in momentul vorbiriiExemple:I have lived here since 1994.We have started classes for 3 hours.

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C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu:

sinceExemplu:You have been living in Paris since 1996.

forExemplu:They have been watching TV for 3 hours.

so farExemplu:So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London.

everExemplu:Have you ever been listening to the radio?

neverExemplu:I have never been travelling to France until now.