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III. TEORIA LEGILOR POZITIVE

Platonafrma c dre!u" are carac!er #$rma!%&, %ar "e'%"e !re(u%e s fe e)%'e#!e*% su#! crea!e de u# f"$s$+ cu $ u!ere a(s$"u!. E" se r$#u#, %#%%a", -m$!r%&a"e'%% scr%se e#!ru c aceas!a re%#! +$ar!e mu"!e de+ec!e.

/%"$s$+u" ercee %deea de us!%%e eidos, dar #u $a!e c$mu#%ca ce"u% &u"'arreu"!a!u" cerce!r%% sa"e (mitul peterii). /%"$s$+u" au#'e s re&ad -# urmau#u% r$ces de ur%fcare, #u $a!e s c$mu#%ce d%rec! $$ru"u% "e'%"e, ceea ce a&u!, dar -% &a c$mu#%ca r%#c%e"u% care "e &a !ra#su#e -# "e'%.

Le'ea scr%s a+ec!ea us!%%a care #u $a!e f da! ce!e#%"$r -# (aa +$rmu"e"$rscr%se. Or%ce "e'e scr%s se d$&ede*!e %#us!, cu $ca%a a"%cr%% e%.

E)%s! trei tipuri de guvernmnt3

1 4$#ar%a2 Ar%s!$cra%a

6 Dem$cra%a care de'e#erea -# !%ra#%e, $"%'ar%e, dema'$'%e, e#!ru c"e'%"e c$#s!%!u%$#a"e su#! -#c"ca!e.

Pr%#c%%u" "e'a"%!%% $cu u# "$c ce#!ra", de&%#e +a&$ra(%" "e'%% scr%se.

P"a!$# afrm c "e'ea &%#e de sus, #u de "a $$r, es!e re"e&a! f"$s$+u"u%, carede&%#e "e'%u%!$r *% care d%c!ea a#sam("u" de "e'%. Ceea ce es!e %#!eresa#! es!ec -# r%&%#7a +$rme% "e'%% scr%se, aces!a e#u#7 %deea c !re(u%e s +acem $distincie ntre textul propriu-zis al legii i preambul . /%"$s$+u" a afrma! clegile nu sunt altceva dect o copie proast a justiiei perfecte. P"a!$#c$#s%dera c $ "e'ea scr%s -" "ea' e udec!$r *% -" "%m%!ea -# %#!erre!are.

Ce!7e#%% su#! suu*% "e'%% $(ed%e#a +a de "e'e. 8udec!$r%% !re(u%e s a"%ce"e'ea, r%#u"9re'e"e #u (princeps legibus solutus est).

Aristotel sus7%#e #eces%!a!ea "e'%"$r "ec:#d de "a $(ser&area #a!ur%%. Aces!aafrm c dre!u" are u# $(%ec! de cerce!are (aa! e d%a"ec!%c *% $(ser&a%e care#u !re(u%e &u! c reree#!:#d re'"eme#!area de "a u# m$me#! da!. D%a"ec!%caresuu#e erma#e#!a m%;care *% %#!erc$#e)%u#e.

E)%s! dou moduri de crearea "e'%"$r scr%se3 cu au!$ru" "e'%u%!$r%"$r rude#7%*% cu au!$ru" %mar7%a"%!7%% "e'%u%!$ru"u% #u a udec!$ru"u%.

Pu!erea "e'%s"a!%& sau udec!$reasc de7%#u! de ce" care c$#duce a+acer%u("%ce c$#!ea s%!ua%a e care $ are.

Le'%"e au u!er% "%m%!a!e3 "e'%"e au &a"$are #$rma!%& dac e"e c$resu#d u#u% us!#a!ura" < ="e'ea es!e %#!e"%'e#7a +r as%u#e>.

Le'%"e !re(u%e s ema#e de "a au!$r%!7%"e c$me!e#!e, dar se adm%!e +a!u" caces!ea $! "ua #a*!ere *% d%# cu!ume"e ur%d%ce, d%# ur%srude# sau d%rec! de "a$$r. ?e recu#$a;!e -# ace"a*% !%m c "e'ea #u es!e e)c"us%& m$#$$"u""e'%s"a!$ru"u%. Reu"! as!+e" c "e'ea scr%s, em%s de s!a!, -*% %erde d%#au!$r%!a!e f%#d adm%se *% a"!e surse a"e "e'%%.

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S!"#$%A A ##-a &'A%#!*

I. Inuena greac i principiile dreptului romanII. icero

I. I#@ue#a 'reac *% r%#c%%%"e dre!u"u% r$ma# < re"uarea d$c!r%#e%'rece*!%, -# sec%a" a "u% P"a!$# *% Ar%s!$!e", dar *% d$c!r%#a s!$%c%smu"u%.

Stoicismul roman3 ma% mu"! $ d$c!r%# m$ra" dec:! ur%d%c.

/%"$s$+u" -#e"e!u" ce!%%3 s! re!ras, seara! de ce!a!e, #u" %#!eresea sc$u"dre!u"u%.

E)%s! $ "e'e #a!ura" care c$#s! -# ra%u#ea u#%&ersa", $ ar!e se a@ -#c$#*!%%#a fecru% $m < aceas! c$#ce%e m$ra" &a de!erm%#a c$#%#u!u"

dre!u"u% r$ma# c"as%c.Dre!u" #a!ura" -#cee s -*% %ard d%# am"$are, %#s!%!u%%"e ur%d%ce #ef%#d&u!e ca $ erma#e# se a'rea %deea c r$&%# d%#!r$ surs %s!$r%c *% #ud%# dre!u" #a!ura". ?!$%c%smu" %a de!ur#a! e ur%*!%% r$ma#% de "a dre!u"#a!ura"B acce#!3 !e)!u" $%!%&, ra%$#ame#!u" deduc!%&.

Platon a adm%s e)%s!e#a a dou principii3

! "uod principi placuit# legis $abet vigorem% &rinceps legibus solutus estse adm%!e $s%(%"%!a!ea c ce" care c$#duce

s!a!u" "a u# m$me#! da! are u!erea de a ed%ca! dre!u"

Ne$"a!$#%smu" d%# Imer%u" r$ma#3 dre! au!$r%!ar -# +$rm "e'%s"a!%&.

De "a Ar%s!$!e" sa re"ua! %deea de a da fecru%a ce es!e a" su (suum cui'ueretribuere).Dre!u" -#sem#a, -# &%%u#ea sa, ceea ce es!e us! *% der%& d%# us!%%e.

Crearea *% %#!erre!area dre!u"u% se +ace c$#+$rm d$c!r%#e% "u% Ar%s!$!e" e#!ru cse recur'e "a !e)!e, %#:#d, -#s, c$#! de !rad%%a ur%srude#%a", de ac!e"ere!$ru"u% sau a"e ?e#a!u"u%.

4$d%fcarea !e)!e"$r3 -# #ume"e ec%!%%, r%# c$#+ru#!area $%#%%"$r.

8ur%s!u" se 'se*!e -# dre!u" #a!ura" -# #a!ura "ucrur%"$r. Reu"! c re'u"a de

dre! #u se $a!e crea dec:! "ec:#d de "a ceea ce es!e us!.I&$are"e dre!u"u%3 %&$ru" r%#c%a" #u es!e "e'ea, c% #a!ura. Dre!u" c"as%c r$ma#es!e -# sec%a" $era d$c!r%#e%. Le'%"e #u su#! %erar%a!e.

##+ !#!&'

I#@ue#a! de sce!%c%sm, care u#ea acce#!u" e ur%srude#.

C%cer$ a +$rmu"a! #$% $("%'a%%3 $("%'a%a de a resec!a -# fecare $m, fe *% sc"a&,ra%u#ea, uma#%!a!ea, s%#cer%!a!ea, %e!a!ea -# ra$r!ur%"e +am%"%a"e.

Le'ea #a!ura" sau dre!u" #a!ura" es!e $ "e'e &er%!a(%", c$#s!a#!, ac$rda!

#a!ur%%, rs:#d%! -# c$#*!%%#a fecru% $m. Es!e $ "e'e &er%!a(%", c$#s!a#!,e!er#.

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Dre!u" N es!e reu"!a!u" &$%#e% "%(ere a $mu"u%, c% es!e d%c!a! de #a!ur. Aces!aN se +$#dea e $ ur $%!%&%!a!e, e#!ru c ar reu"!a c -# a#um%!e caur% *%"e'%"e !%ra#%"$r ar f dre!.

# ceea ce r%&e*!ejus naturale, aces!a se -mar!e -#jus gentium -# &%%u#ea "u%C%cer$, aces!a s!a(%"e*!e re"a%%"e rec%r$ce d%#!re $$are, es!e +$#da! e #e&$%c$mu#e *%jus civile dre!u" e care -" are fecare $$r -# ar!%cu"ar

De*% recu#$a*!e #eces%!a!ea e)%s!e#e% dre!u"u% #a!ura" %mua(%", #ecrea! de $m,C%cer$ sus%#e c aces!a $a!e f -m(u#!%! cu au!$ru" "e'%u%!$ru"u%, operalegiuitorului poate avea sensul de a tempera eigenele justiiei pure i aleraiunii naturale pure>.

Ideea dre!u"u% #a!ura" c$mu# !u!ur$r $ame#%"$r es!e $ surs de s!$%c%sm,a'rea! de ma$r%!a!ea ur%*!%"$r r$ma#%. /u#dame#!e"e dre!u"u% se 'sesc -##a!ura "ucrur%"$r. Aces! jus naturale es!e "e'a! de ae'uitas de u#de reu"!!ra!ame#!u" e'a" a" "ucrur%"$r. E" c$#!r%(u%e *% "a +$rmarea r%#c%%%"$r 'e#era"e a"e

dre!u"u%, u#u" d%#!re aces!ea f%#d ce" a" e'a"%!7%% $ame#%% su#! e'a"% *% "%(er% r%#s%m"u" +a! a" #a*!er%%, sc"a&%a f%#d $ e)ce7%e de "a aces! r%#c%%u care es!e $+$rm freasc da!$r%! e)%s!e#e% "u% ius gentium.

*us gentium es!e u# c$#ce! r$r%u r$ma#%"$r, -# !%m ce jus naturalees!e u#c$#ce! de !rad%%e 'reac, re"ua! de r$ma#%, -# sec%a" de C%cer$.

!'%!P #%&SA%, !'%!P$ . !*"%#

Tre(u%e +cu! $ d%s!%#c7%e3

1 &n la codi+care, ce!e#%a r$ma# #u area -# r%m"a# dec:! cu$ca%a "%!%'%%"$r r%&%#d d$(:#d%rea sau %erderea ce!e#%e%B

2 ,up codi+care, care a -#sem#a! u#%fcarea !u!ur$r "e'%"$r !$% au +$s!suu*% u#e% "e'% u#%ce *% #u se ma% +cea d%s!%#c%e -#!re r$ma#% *% s!r%#%.Ce!7e#%a r$ma# a de&e#%! ma% mu"! u# s!a!u! s$c%a", de u#de reu"!dou consecin/eB

a. Ce!e#%a es!e exclusiv, -# se#su" c #%me#% #u $a!e f ce!ea# ad$u sau ma% mu"!e ce!%B

(. u#a +u#c%$#are a ce!%% r$ma#e resuu#e $ a#um%! egalitate adrepturilor ntre cet/eni. Aceas! c$#sec%#7 a +$s! de&$"!a!de C%cer$

C%cer$ a %#!er&e#%! *% a afrma! c e)%s! dou egalit/i3

1 #!re ce!e#%3 $ e'a"%!a!e ur%d%c -# +aa "e'%% c%&%"e *% $ e'a"%!a!e $"%!%c -#+aa +u#c%%"$r "e'%s"a!%&e *% e)ecu!%&eB

2 P$"%!%c3 aar%%a r%&%"e'%%"$r care au %#@ue#a! dre!u" u("%c, dar *% dre!u"r%&a!B aare ered%!a!ea $("%'a!$r%e -# e)erc%!area a#um%!$r r$+es%%. #dre!u" e#a", d%# caua r%&%"e'%%"$r aare %#e'a"%!a!ea -#!re edese"e *%r$cedura a"%ca(%".

!'%!$0#, ce!e#%a r$ma# F u# s!a!u! s$c%a" suer%$r d%+ere#7%a!, #eu#%!ar,a@:#duse "a (aa d%s!%#c%e% dre!u"u% u("%c de dre!u" r%&a!.

-ic$el ille/, =ce!e#%a es!e u# s!a!u! s$c%a" cru%a dre!u" -% d $ +$rmur%d%c>.

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ROLL CRETINI?4LI N /OR4AREADREPTLI. EVL 4EDI.

DOCTRINA 8RIDICH A ?/NTLIAG?TIN

1 probleme#+ eoria legilor pro2ane

D$c!r%#a ?+. Au'us!%#3 &%%u#ea cre*!%# asura "um%%.

D%s!%#c%e3

"e'ea d%&%#B "e'ea $me#easc r$+a#B

E)%s! dou principiia"e !e$r%e% "e'%% r$+a#e3

1 Le'%"e r$+a#e #u su#! us!eB2 De*% %#us!e, e"e !re(u%e resec!a!e %deea de $(ed%e# +a de "e'e, de

resec!B

E" cr%!%c !$a!e %#s!%!u7%%"e s!a!u"u% s$c%a"e, ud%c%are *% m%"%!are *% afrm cdre!u" #u $a!e f%#7a dec:! dac es!e us!. C r%&%re "a us!%%e, e" su#e c #u$a!e f #um%! us!%%e dec:! cea care -" are -# ce#!ru e Dum#eeu, Au!$ru" *%?!:#u" !u!ur$r "ucrur%"$r, recum *% $#$area *% resec!u" e care I "e da!$rm.

C$#s%der c us!%%a r$ma# es!e %#us! e#!ru c #u are "a (a cred%#7acre*!%#, %ar u#de #u e)%s! us!%%e%, #u e)%s! #%c% dre!.

Dre!u" N es!e ceea ce s!a(%"esc $ame#%%, #u es!e e)c"us%&.

?+. Au'us!%# rm:#e fde" d$c!r%#e% !rad%7%$#a"e a f"$s$fe% c"as%ce ur%d%ce 'rec$r$ma#e, *% a#ume, c dreptul este ceea ce este 3ust+

Pr$m$&ea u# c$#ce! #$u, c$#ce!u" jus $umanum sem#%fc "e'%"e ce!%%!eres!re, dar #u es!e dec:! $ +ac%"%!a!e de "%m(a %#s!%!u%%"e r$+a#e #u su#! de"$cdre!. DAR3 =!re(u%e s dm Cearu"u% ce es!e a" Cearu"u%>B r%# urmare, "e'%"er$+a#e !re(u%e resec!a!e.

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