Din Istoria Romanilor

12
'LQLVWRULDURPkQLORU GH'U$OH[DQGUX6XJD (GLWXUD&DUSDWLL0DGULG'HF 8QIDSWHVWHVLJXUúLDFHVWDQXPDLSRDWHILVFKLPEDWLVWRULDURPkQLORUDIRVWDVDFXPDIRVWúLQX FXPDUILWUHEXLWVILH *UHúDODPXOWRUSHUVRDQHFRQVWLQIDSWXOFODMXGHFDUHDDQXPLWRUHYHQLPHQWHLVWRULFHQXWLQVHDP GHFHOHvQWkPSODWHDGLFDúDFXPVDXSHWUHFXWFLVHLQWURGXFHFHYDSHUVRQDOúLVHWUDJFRQFOX]LLGLQ IDSWHLPDJLQDUHFDUHGLIHUGHODSHUVRDQODSHUVRDQGHODFXOWXUFODVVRFLDOYkUVWVDX SHULRDGLVWRULFHWF 1HDPIRUPDWFDSRSRULQWURPDVLOLURWUDFVXERRFXSDWLHURPDQDSRLQHDPFRQVROLGDWFD SRSRUWLPSGHDSURDSHRPLHGHDQLVXEGLIHULWHRFXSDWLLVWULQH'HH[LVWHQWDSRSRUXOXLURPkQ RSLQLDSXEOLFPRQGLDODOXDWFXQRúWLQWWkU]LXDIOkQGFVXQWHPDFRORúLFQDPYHQLWGHDLXUHD 'XúPDQLLSRSRUXOXLURPkQQHPXWORFXOQDúWHULLDúDFXPOHGLFWHD]LQWHUHVHOH3HQWUXJUHFLYHQLP GLQQRUGSHQWUXXQJXULYHQLPGLQVXG&QLFLXQDGLQWHRULLOHIDXULWHGHGXúPDQLQXFRUHVSXQG UHDOLWWLORULVWRULFHRGRYHGHVFGHVFRSHULULOHDUKHRORJLFH3ULPHOHRUJDQL]DWLLVWDWDOHURPkQHúWLDSDU DELDLQPLOHQLXODOGRLOHD(VWHLQXWLOVIDFHPWHRULLúLVVXVWLQHPFGDFQHDPILSVWUDW RUJDQL]DWLDVWDWDOFXVLJXUDQWFDVW]LPDVHOHLOLURWUDFHURPDQL]DWHDUILSRSXODWúLDOWHUHJLXQL GHFkWWLQXWXOGLQWUH1LVWUXúL7LVD0DUDPXUHúúL'XQUHúLJUXSHOHGHURPkQLSHYDOHD7LPRFXOXLLQ %DQDWXOMXJRVODY3LQG7UDQVQLVWULD&ULPHLDVDXSHFRDVWD$GULDWLFHLRGRYHGHVF,QVHFROXOWUHFXW PDMRULWDWHDSRSXODWLHLGLQVXGXO'XQULLYRUEHDOLPEDURPkQ 5HODWULOHGHPDLVXVYUHDXVOHLQWUHVFFXRLQWkPSODUHSHUVRQDOWULWGHPLQHvQWURFOWRULHLQ ,QGLDvQWUHúL8QSULHWHQMXGHFWRUOD7ULEXQDOXOGLQ-DLSXU5DMDVWODQPLQYLWVO LQVRWHVFvQWURLQVSHFWLHLQWUXQVDWGLQUHJLXQHDSXVWLXOXL7KDQFFDNPVSUHYHVWGH-DLSXULQ GLUHFWLDIURQWLHUHLFX3DNLVWDQ$PFOWRULWFXRPDúLQGHSROLWLHWLSEUHDNúLDPWUDYHUVDWRUHJLXQH IDUGUXPXULúLIUúRVHOHFRPSOHWL]RODWGHRUDúSULQWUHGXQHGHQLVLSFDLQ6DKDUDVDXWXILúXULGH XQIHOGHWUHVWLHúLPUFLQLFDUHFkWHRGDWvPSLHGLFDXLQDLQWDUHD'UXPXOVHGHVFKLGHDGHvQVRWLWRUL FXWRSRDUHOH'XSRUHGHFWWRULHDPDMXQVODGHVWLQDWLHXQVDWLQSXVWLXFDUHQXVHGHRVHEHD LQWUXQLPLFGHVDWHOHSULQFDUHWUHFXVHUP6LWRWXúLODXQPRPHQWGDWDPLPSUHVLDFPJVHVF XQGHYDvQWUROXPHFXQRVFXW&HYDVSHFLDOLPLVDUHLQRFKLORFXLWRULLDYHDXRDOWLQIWLúDUHGHFkW FHLSHFDUHvLFXQRúWHDPVHPQDXFX027,,QRúWUL$YHDPLPSUHVLDFYHGHDP0278/FDUHVHGXFH ODRUDúVVLYkQGFLXEHUHOHLPEUFDWLLQFPúLDOEHúLFX,7$5,&RSLLLSXUWDXKDLQHGH',0,( IRDUWHYHFKLDGLFIRDUWHSXUWDWHFHLDFHLQVHPQDVUFLHLDUSHWLFLOHvQVLODWHSHKDLQHHUDXODIHO FDFHOHGLQVDWXOPHXGHSH%UJDQ)HPHLOHSXUWDXXQIHOGHEOX]HúLSXUWDXRDOHOHSHFHS /DSULPULHDPIRVWSULPLWLFXEXQWWLOHUHVSHFWLYHQLVDVHUYLWù(59(7QXPHOHH[DFWQXY PLQXQDWLXQQXPHFXQRVFXWLQ5DMDVWKDQúL&($,FXIRDUWHPXOW]DKU&WUHVHDUQHDPLQWRUV DFDV,QWXQGUDPWULWSXVWLXOFDUHvQYLDVH8UOHWHGHúDFDOLúLGHDOWHILDUHIFHDXDWkWDVJRPRW vQFkWLQIULFRúDXúLSHLQGLHQLLGLQPDúLQ'LQWRDWHSUWLOHIXJHDXDQLPDOHLDUSVULGHQRDSWHQH DWDFDXPDúLQD /XQLGH]LOHPDXUPDULWFDODWRULDGLQSXVWLXúLUHWULUHDVDXJVLUHDPHGLXOXLGHDFDV'DUQX úWLDPGHFH6HFUHWXOODPDIODWGLQLQWkPSODUH0LDF]XWLQPkQROXFUDUHDXQXLHQJOH]FDUHD VFULVRODLQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXLDOOHDúLDQXPHGHVSUHORFXLWRULLúLSXVWLXO7KDU(QJOH]XOSRYHVWHúWH GHR&$67DSDUWHúLIRDUWH0Æ1'5FDUHVHGHRVHEHVWHGHFHLODOWLORFXLWRULSULQDFHLDFVXVWLQ FVHWUDJGLQWURQDWLH12%,/GLQ,/,5,-DPHV7RG$QDOHVDQG$QWLTXLWLHVRI5DMDVWKDQ 3UHUHDGHDWXQFLRVXVWLQúLDVW]LHQJOH]XODDYXWGUHSWDWHLDUHXGLQLQWkPSODUHDPDYXW QRURFXOVYL]LWH]XQVDWDLFUXLVWUPRúLDXIRVW,/,5,, 5HJUHWFQDPUHWLQXWPDLPXOWGLQFORULHQLFLQXPHOHVDWXOXLúLQLFLQDPSXWXWFRQVWDWDGDF ORFXLWRULLYRUEHDXXQGLDOHFWúLGDFPDLSVWUDXFHYDGLQYRFDEXODUXOLOLULORU3FDW

Transcript of Din Istoria Romanilor

Page 1: Din Istoria Romanilor

'LQ�LVWRULD�URPkQLORU��

GH�'U��$OH[DQGUX�6XJD��(GLWXUD�&DUSDWLL��0DGULG�����'HF��������8Q�IDSW�HVWH�VLJXU��úL�DFHVWD�QX�PDL�SRDWH�IL�VFKLPEDW��LVWRULD�URPkQLORU�D�IRVW�DVD�FXP�D�IRVW�úL�QX�FXP�DU�IL�WUHEXLW�V��ILH���*UHúDOD�PXOWRU�SHUVRDQH�FRQVW��LQ�IDSWXO�F��OD�MXGHFDUHD�DQXPLWRU�HYHQLPHQWH�LVWRULFH�QX�WLQ�VHDP��GH�FHOH�vQWkPSODWH��DGLF��DúD�FXP�VDX�SHWUHFXW��FL�VH�LQWURGXFH�FHYD�SHUVRQDO�úL�VH�WUDJ�FRQFOX]LL�GLQ�IDSWH�LPDJLQDUH��FDUH�GLIHU��GHOD�SHUVRDQ��OD�SHUVRDQ���GHOD�FXOWXU���FODV��VRFLDO���YkUVW��VDX�SHULRDG��LVWRULF��HWF�����1H�DP�IRUPDW�FD�SRSRU�LQWUR�PDV��LOLUR�WUDF��VXE�R�RFXSDWLH�URPDQ���DSRL�QH�DP�FRQVROLGDW�FD�SRSRU�WLPS�GH�DSURDSH�R�PLH�GH�DQL�VXE�GLIHULWH�RFXSDWLL�VWU�LQH��'H�H[LVWHQWD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ��RSLQLD�SXEOLF��PRQGLDO��D�OXDW�FXQRúWLQW��WkU]LX��DIOkQG�F��VXQWHP�DFROR�úL�F��QDP�YHQLW�GH�DLXUHD��'XúPDQLL�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�QH�PXW��ORFXO�QDúWHULL�DúD�FXP�OH�GLFWHD]��LQWHUHVHOH��3HQWUX�JUHFL��YHQLP�GLQ�QRUG��SHQWUX�XQJXUL��YHQLP�GLQ�VXG��&��QLFL�XQD�GLQ�WHRULLOH�IDXULWH�GH�GXúPDQL�QX�FRUHVSXQG�UHDOLW�WLORU�LVWRULFH��R�GRYHGHVF�GHVFRSHULULOH�DUKHRORJLFH��3ULPHOH�RUJDQL]DWLL�VWDWDOH�URPkQHúWL�DSDU�DELD�LQ�PLOHQLXO�DO�GRLOHD��(VWH�LQXWLO�V��IDFHP�WHRULL�úL�V��VXVWLQHP�F��GDF��QH�DP�IL�S�VWUDW�RUJDQL]DWLD�VWDWDO���FX�VLJXUDQW��F��DVW�]L�PDVHOH�LOLUR�WUDFH�URPDQL]DWH�DU�IL�SRSXODW�úL�DOWH�UHJLXQL�GHFkW�WLQXWXO�GLQWUH�1LVWUX�úL�7LVD��0DUDPXUHú�úL�'XQ�UH��úL�JUXSHOH�GH�URPkQL�SH�YDOHD�7LPRFXOXL��LQ�%DQDWXO�MXJRVODY��3LQG��7UDQVQLVWULD��&ULPHLD�VDX�SH�FRDVWD�$GULDWLFHL��R�GRYHGHVF��,Q�VHFROXO�WUHFXW�PDMRULWDWHD�SRSXODWLHL�GLQ�VXGXO�'XQ�ULL�YRUEHD�OLPED�URPkQ����5HODW�ULOH�GH�PDL�VXV�YUHDX�V��OH�LQW�UHVF�FX�R�LQWkPSODUH�SHUVRQDO��WU�LW��GH�PLQH�vQWUR�F�O�WRULH�LQ�,QGLD�vQWUH������úL�������8Q�SULHWHQ��MXGHF�WRU�OD�7ULEXQDOXO�GLQ�-DLSXU�5DMDVWODQ��P��LQYLW��V��O�LQVRWHVF�vQWUR�LQVSHFWLH�LQWUXQ�VDW�GLQ�UHJLXQHD�SXVWLXOXL�7KDQ��FFD�����NP�VSUH�YHVW�GH�-DLSXU�LQ�GLUHFWLD�IURQWLHUHL�FX�3DNLVWDQ��$P�F�O�WRULW�FX�R�PDúLQ��GH�SROLWLH�WLS�EUHDN�úL�DP�WUDYHUVDW�R�UHJLXQH�IDU��GUXPXUL�úL�I�U��úRVHOH��FRPSOHW�L]RODW��GH�RUDú�SULQWUH�GXQH�GH�QLVLS�FD�LQ�6DKDUD�VDX�WXILúXUL�GH�XQ�IHO�GH�WUHVWLH�úL�P�U�FLQL��FDUH�FkWHRGDW��vPSLHGLFDX�LQDLQWDUHD��'UXPXO�VH�GHVFKLGHD�GH�vQVRWLWRUL�FX�WRSRDUHOH��'XS��RUH�GH�F�W�WRULH�DP�DMXQV�OD�GHVWLQDWLH��XQ�VDW�LQ�SXVWLX�FDUH�QX�VH�GHRVHEHD�LQWUX�QLPLF�GH�VDWHOH�SULQ�FDUH�WUHFXVHU�P��6L�WRWXúL��OD�XQ�PRPHQW�GDW��DP�LPSUHVLD�F��P��J�VHVF�XQGHYD�vQWUR�OXPH�FXQRVFXW���&HYD�VSHFLDO�LPL�VDUH�LQ�RFKL��ORFXLWRULL�DYHDX�R�DOW��LQI�WLúDUH�GHFkW�FHL�SH�FDUH�vL�FXQRúWHDP�VHP�QDX�FX�027,,�QRúWUL��$YHDP�LPSUHVLD�F��YHGHDP�0278/�FDUH�VH�GXFH�OD�RUDú�V��VL�YkQG��FLXEHUHOH��LPEU�FDWL�LQ�F�P�úL�DOEH�úL�FX�,7$5,��&RSLLL�SXUWDX�KDLQH�GH��',0,(���IRDUWH�YHFKL��DGLF��IRDUWH�SXUWDWH���FHLDFH�LQVHPQD�V�U�FLH��LDU�SHWLFLOH��vQV�LODWH��SH�KDLQH�HUDX�OD�IHO�FD�FHOH�GLQ�VDWXO�PHX�GH�SH�%�U�JDQ��)HPHLOH�SXUWDX�XQ�IHO�GH�EOX]H�úL�SXUWDX�RDOHOH�SH�FHS���/D�SULP�ULH�DP�IRVW�SULPLWL�FX�EXQ�W�WLOH�UHVSHFWLYH��QL�VD�VHUYLW��ù(59(7���QXPHOH�H[DFW��QX�Y��PLQXQDWL��XQ�QXPH�FXQRVFXW�LQ�5DMDVWKDQ��úL��&($,��FX�IRDUWH�PXOW�]DK�U��&�WUH�VHDU��QH�DP�LQWRUV�DFDV���,Q�WXQGU��DP�WU�LW�SXVWLXO�FDUH�vQYLDVH��8UOHWH�GH�úDFDOL�úL�GH�DOWH�ILDUH�I�FHDX�DWkWD�VJRPRW�vQFkW�LQIULFRúDX�úL�SH�LQGLHQLL�GLQ�PDúLQ���'LQ�WRDWH�S�UWLOH�IXJHDX�DQLPDOH��LDU�S�V�UL�GH�QRDSWH�QH�DWDFDX�PDúLQD���/XQL�GH�]LOH�PD�XUPDULW�FDODWRULD�GLQ�SXVWLX�úL�UHWU�LUHD�VDX�J�VLUHD��PHGLXOXL�GH�DFDV����'DU�QX�úWLDP�GH�FH��6HFUHWXO�O�DP�DIODW�GLQ�LQWkPSODUH��0L�D�F�]XW�LQ�PkQ��R�OXFUDUH�D�XQXL�HQJOH]�FDUH�D�VFULV�R�OD�LQFHSXWXO�VHFROXOXL�DO����OHD�úL�DQXPH�GHVSUH�ORFXLWRULL�úL�SXVWLXO�7KDU��(QJOH]XO�SRYHVWHúWH�GH�R��&$67���DSDUWH�úL�IRDUWH��0Æ1'5���FDUH�VH�GHRVHEHVWH�GH�FHLODOWL�ORFXLWRUL��SULQ�DFHLD�F���VXVWLQ�F��VH�WUDJ�GLQWUR�QDWLH�12%,/���GLQ�,/,5,����-DPHV�7RG��$QDOHV�DQG�$QWLTXLWLHV�RI�5DMDVWKDQ���������3�UHUHD�GH�DWXQFL�R�VXVWLQ�úL�DVW�]L���HQJOH]XO�D�DYXW�GUHSWDWH���LDU�HX��GLQ�LQWkPSODUH��DP�DYXW�QRURFXO�V��YL]LWH]�XQ�VDW�DL�F�UXL�VWU�PRúL�DX�IRVW�,/,5,,���5HJUHW�F��QDP�UHWLQXW�PDL�PXOW�GLQ�F�O�RULH��QLFL�QXPHOH�VDWXOXL�úL�QLFL�QDP�SXWXW�FRQVWDWD�GDF��ORFXLWRULL�YRUEHDX�XQ�GLDOHFW�úL�GDF��PDL�S�VWUDX�FHYD�GLQ�YRFDEXODUXO�LOLULORU��3�FDW���

Page 2: Din Istoria Romanilor

1XPDL�VWDWXO�FD�IRUP��GH�RUJDQL]DUH�D�XQXL�SRSRU�HVWH�FDSDELO�V��DSHUH�LQWHUHVHOH�QDWLXQLL��VR�FRQVROLGH]H�úL�VR�DSHUH�GH�GXúPDQL�úL�GH�GHVQDWLRQDOL]DUH��,Q�MXUXO�FDSLWDOHL�VH�VWUkQJ�IRUWHOH�FUHLDWRDUH�DOH�XQXL�VWDW��)UDQWD�VD�GHVYROWDW�LQ�MXUXO�3DULVXOXL��LDU�*HUPDQLD�LQ�MXUXO�%HUOLQXOXL��úL�IRDUWH�WkU]LX��'LQ�DFHDVW��FDX]��*HUPDQLD��GHúL�XQ�SRSRU�IRDUWH�PDUH��D�MXFDW�XQ�URO�GHVWXO�GH�PLF�LQ�LVWRULH�úL�FKLDU�D�GHYHQLW�XQ�VWDW�XQLWDU��IRDUWH�WkU]LX��/D�QRL��LQ�MXUXO�RUDúXOXL�%XFXUHúWL�VDX�FRQFHQWUDW��úL�SXWHUHD�HFRQRPLF���FkW�úL�FHD�FXOWXUDO����'DWRULW��VLWXD LHL�SROLWLFH�úL�JHRJUDILFH�URPkQLL�VDX�FRQVWLWXLW�IRDUWH�WkU]LX�LQ�GRX��SULQFLSDWH��úL�DQXPH�0ROGRYD�úL�0XQWHQLD��LDU�FHL�GLQ�7UDQVLOYDQLD��GHúL�IRUPDX�PDMRULWDWHD�ORFXLWRULORU�GLQ� LQXW�DX�U�PDV�VXE�VW�SkQLUH�VWU�LQ��SkQ��OD������������3ULYLW��VLWXDWLD�SROLWLF��SULQ�SHUVSHFWLYD�WLPSXOXL�GH�IDW���VLWXDWLD�3ULQFLSDWHORU�HVWH�GH�FRQGDPQDW��GDU�QX�SXWHP�VFKLPED�DEVROXW�QLPLF���3H�OkQJ��GHVS�UWLUHD�VWDWDO��D�PDL�OLSVLW�úL�DOW�IDFWRU�GHFLVLY���VXFFHVLXQHD�OD�GRPQLH���'RPQ�LQ�3ULQFLSDWH�SXWHD�IL�DOHV�RULFH�SHUVRDQ��FDUH�GRYHGHD�F��DUH��RV�GRPQHVF���$FHDVW��VLWXDWLH�D�GXV�OD�DQRPDOLW�WL�úL�OD�QHVLJXUDQW���$X�XUPDW�OXSWH�IUDWULFLGH�úL�R�PXOWLPH�GH�DYHQWXULHUL�DX�VO�ELW�úL�LQVWLWX LD�úL�VWDWXO���2�DOW��FDX]��FDUH�D�GXV�OD�VO�ELUHD�VWDWHORU�URPkQHúWL��QH�R�VSXQH�LVWRULFXO�$�'��;HQRSRO��FRQVWD�LQ�IDSWXO�F��SUHWHQGHQWLL�OD�WURQ��úL�ELQHvQ HOHV�úL�OD�DOWH�IXQF LXQL�DOH�VWDWXOXL��vúL�SXQHDX�WRWGHDXQD�R�LQWUHEDUH�IDOV����GH�FH��OD�úL�QX�HX���FkQG�LQ�UHDOLWDWH�SUHWHQGHQWLL�WUHEXLDX�VD�VL�SXQ��LQWUHEDUHD�LQYHUV���GHFH�HX�úL�QX��OD���$FHDVW��PHQWDOLWDWH�HJRLVW��D�VO�ELW�DXWRULWDWHD�VWDWXOXL�úL�D�IDFXW�R�LQVWDELO���2UL��VH�úWLH��F��QXPDL�R�RUJDQL]DWLH�VWDWDO��SXWHUQLF����D�QX�VH�FRQIXQGD�FX�GHVSRWLVP�úL�GLFWDWXU����SRDWH�DVLJXUD�R�GRVYROWDUH�SDúQLF��SH�WRDWH�W�UkPXULOH��DWkW�HFRQRPLF��FkW�úL�FXOWXUDO���'H�DFHVW�LGHDO�DX�IRVW�F�O�X]LWL�FHL�FDUH�OD����)HEUXDULH������DX�GHWURQDW�SH�'RPQLWRUXO�$OH[DQGUX�,RDQ�&X]D��FDUH�OD����,DQXDULH������IXVHVH�DOHV�FD�SULPXO�'201�DO�7�ULORU�5RPkQHúWL��0ROGRYD�úL�0XQWHQLD��FDUH�PDL�WkU]LX�DX�OXDW�QXPHOH�GH�5RPkQLD��6XE�/RFRWHQHQWD�'RPQHDVF��FRPSXV��GLQ�/DVFDU�&DWDUJLX��1LFRODH�*ROHVFX��1LFRODH�+DUODPELH�úL�D�JXYHUQXOXL�FRQGXV�GH�,RQ�*KLFD�VD�I�FXW�SOHELVFLWXO�SHQWUX�DOHJHUHD�FD�GRPQ�DO�5RPkQLHL�D�SULQWXOXL�&DURO�+RKHQ]ROOHUQ�6LJPDULQJHQ��LDU�OD����0DL�������DGXQDUHD�DOHDV��OD���$SULOLH�SURFODP��FD�GRPQ�DO�5RPkQLHL�SH�SULQWXO�&DURO�GH�+RKHQ]ROOHUQ�6LJPDULQJHQ���$GXFHUHD�SULQWXOXL�VWUDLQ�HUD�PHQLW��V��vQO�WXUH�OXSWHOH�IUDWULFLGH�GLQWUH�SUHWHQGHQWLL�OD�WURQ��GH�D�LQW�UL�LQVWLWXWLD�GRPQLHL�úL�D�VXFFHVLXQHL��LDU�SULQWUR�VWDELOLWDWH�SROLWLF��GH�OXQJ��GXUDW��V��VH�GHD�SRVLELOLWDWHD�W�ULL�V��VH�GHVYROWH�HFRQRPLF�úL�FXOWXUDO���$�XUPDW�R�SHULRDG��GH�VWDELOLWDWH�FDUDFWHUL]DW��SULQWUR�EXQ��RUJDQL]DUH�DGPLQLVWUDWLY���VD�vQILLQWDW�R�DUPWD�QDWLRQDO��SXWHUQLF���VDX�FRQVWUXLW�XQLW�WL�HFRQRPLFH��SRGXUL��úRVHOH�úL�F�L�IHUDWH��$UPDWD�URPkQ��D�GDW�GRYDG��LQ�WLPSXO�U�]ERLXOXL�LQGHSHQGHQ HL�GH�R�EXQ��LQVWUXFWLH�LQ]HVWUDW��FX�XQ�EXQ�DUPDPHQW���&URQLFDUXO�DPLQWHúWH�F��OD���0DL�������SDUODPHQWXO�URPkQ�D�SURFODPDW�LQGHSHQGHQWD��LDU�OD����0DL������3ULQWXO�&DURO�GHYLQH�5HJHOH�5RPkQLHL��VXE�QXPHOH�GH�&DURO�,�úL�GRPQHúWH�S�Q��OD����6HSWHPEULH�������DGLF��SkQ��FkQG�D�GHFHGDW���,Q�WLPSXO�FHORU�GRL�DQL�GH�QHXWUDOLWDWH�����������5RP�QLD�HVWH�FXUWDW��GH�EHOLJHUDQWL�)LHFDUH�GLQWUH�HL�SURPLWHD�5RPkQLHL��LQ�FD]XO�FkQG�LQWU��LQ�U�]ERLX�DO�WXUL��GH�HL��WHULWRULL�SH�FDUH�FHO�ODOW�EHOLJHUDQW�OH�RFXSD��/D�XUP��JDUDQWD�LQWHJULWDWHD�WHULWRULDO��úL�UHFXQRúWHD�GUHSWXULOH�5RPkQLHL�DVXSUD�WHULWRULLORU�GLQ�$XVWUR�8QJDULD�ORFXLWH�GH�URPkQL��3H�GH�DOW��SDUWH�$XVWULD�JDUDQWD�5RPkQLHL�RFXSDUHD�WHULWRULLORU�GH�VXE�VW�SkQLUHD�5XVLHL��ORFXLWH�GH�URPkQL��5RPDQLD�LQWU��LQ�U�]ERLX�FRQWUD�3XWHULORU�&HQWUDOH��$XVWUR�8QJDULD�*HUPDQLD��GHúL�DYHD�FX�DFHVWHD�XQ�WUDWDW�VHFUHW�VHPQDW�vQF��GLQ�������/D�VIkUúLWXO�U�]ERLXOXL�PRQGLDO�SRSRUXO�URPkQ�UHDOL]HD]��81,5($�FHD�0$5(��WRDWH�SURYLQFLLOH�ORFXLWH�GH�URPkQL�LQWU��LQ�FRPSRQHQWD�VWDWXOXL�URPkQ�IRUPkQG�520Æ1,$�0$5(��YLVXO�URPkQLORU�GH�WRWGHDXQD��6H�DOLSHVF��%DVDUDELD��%XFRYLQD��7UDQVLOYDQLD��%DQDWXO��7DUD�&ULVXULORU�úL�0DUDPXUHúXO��&HLDFH�GRUHD�V��IDF��0LKDL�9LWHD]XO�������������HVWH�vQI�SWXLW��7RWL�URPkQLL�LQWUXQ�VWDW��VXE�XQ�UHJH��)HUGLQDQG�����'HVSUH�GRPQLD�SULPLORU�GRL�UHJL��FURQLFDUXO�QX�DUH�DSURDSH�QLPLF�U�X�GH�SRYHVWLW��'HVSUH�&DURO�,�VFULD�OD�����������,�&��%U�WLDQX�LQ�]LDUXO�8QLYHUVXO���&DURO��SH�DWXQFL�'RPQLWRU��D�IRVW�XQ�IDFWRU�KRW�UkWRU�LQ�PDULOH�UHDOL]�UL��SHQWUXF��HUD�XQ�E�UEDW�LQWHOHSW��SUXGHQW��FX�PDUH�FRQYLQJHUH�D�PHQLUHL�

Page 3: Din Istoria Romanilor

SRSRUXOXL�URP�Q�GH�FDUH�'XPQH]HX�vO�OHJD��PDUH�VLP �DO�GHPQLW�WLL�SHUVRQDOH�úL�D�6WDWXOXL��FX�ILUHDVF��DPELWLXQH�SHQWUX�7DU��úL�SHQWUX�(O����,QGHSHQGHQWD�5RPkQLHL�QX�VD�I�FXW�LQWUR�VLQJXU��]L�úL�QD�I�FXW�R�XQ�VLQJXU�RP��HD�D�IRVW�UH]XOWDWXO�PXOWRU�OXSWH��D�PXOWRU�MHUWIH�úL�D�XQHL�QHP�UJLQLWH�LQFUHGHUL�LQ�]LOH�PDL�EXQH��8QLUHD�3ULQFLSDWHORU��,QGHSHQGHQWD��5RPkQLD�0DUH�DX�IRVW�I�FXWH�FRQWUD�YRLQWHL�0DULORU�3XWHUL��LDU�SLHUGHULOH�GH�WHULWRULL�GLQ�������SLHUGHUHD�VXYHUDQLW�WLL�úL�D�LQGHSHQGHQWLL�GXS��������VDX�I�FXW�FRQWUD�YRLQWHL�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ��SLHUGHUL�LPSXVH�GLQ�FDQFHODULL�VWU�LQH���7RW�GLQ�FLWDWXO�OXL�,�&��%U�WLDQX��DP�UHPDUFDW�F��VH�VFRDWH�LQ�HYLGHQW���PHQLUHD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ��úL�GDF��SRSRUXO�URPkQ�VDU�IL�FRPSO�FXW�vQ�VLWXDWLD�GDW���QLFLRGDW��QX�VDU�IL�VFKLPEDW��FL�VDU�IL�SHUSHWXDW�VLWXDWLD�LQ�FDUH�VH�J�VHD�OD�LQFHSXWXO�VHFROXOXL�DO����OHD�úL�FHOXL�GH�DO����OHD��1X�WUHEXLH�XLWDW�F��DP�IRVW�úL�VXQWHP�LQFRQMXUDWL�GH�VWDWH�LPSHULDOLVWH�FDUH�QLFLRGDW��QX�QH�DX�YUXW�ELQHOH��$XVWULD�GRUHD�VD�VL�LQWLQG��IURQWLHUHOH�VSUH�U�V�ULW�úL�YL]D�R�SDUWH�GLQ�SRVHVLXQLOH�WXUFHúWL��5XVLD�YRLD�V��DMXQJ��OD�W�UPXUL�FDOGH�úL�V��VW�S�QHDVF��%RVIRUXO�úL�GUXPXULOH�FDUH�GXFHDX�SHVWH�3ULQFLSDWH��3UXVLD�VXVWLQHD�SROLWLFD�GH�H[SDQVLXQH�D�5XVLHL��LDU�$QJOLD�YLVD�SULQ�GHVWU�PDUHD�LPSHULXOXL�RWRPDQ�QRL�GHEXúHXUL�FRPHUFLDOH�SHQWUX�SODVDUHD�SURGXVHORU�IDEULFDWH��)UDQWD��LQ�RSR]LWLH�FX�$QJOLD��VXVWLQHD�FkQG�LQWHUHVHOH�WXUFHúWL�FkQG�SH�FHOH�UXVHúWL��3ULQFLSDWHOH�VH�J�VHDX�OD�PLMORF��LQWUH�FLRFDQ�úL�QLFRYDO����3H�GHRSDUWH��YRLDX�V��VFDSH�GH�VX]HUDQLWDWHD�úL�WULEXWXO�JUHX�GLQ�SDUWHD�7XUFLHL��LDU�SH�GH�DOW��SDUWH��HUDX�VXIRFDWH�GH�LQIOXHQWD�úL�IRUW��UXVHDF��FXUH�VH�vQWLQGHD�GLQ�FH�LQ�FH�PDL�PXOW��úL�GHYHQHD�GLQ�FH�LQ�FH�PDL�JUHD���6H�úWLH�F��LQFHSkQG�GLQ�������GXS��SDFHD�GHOD�.XFLXF�.DLQDUGML��5XVLD�FDS�W��XQ�YDJ�GUHSW�GH�LQWHUYHQWLH�OD�3RDUW��LQ�IDYRDUHD�3ULQFLSDWHORU��,Q�������5XVLD�GHVFRSHU��R�QRX��LPS�UWLUH�DGPLQLVWUDWLYD�D�3ULQFLSDWHORU�úL�DQXPH�SH�OkQJ��0XQWHQLD�úL�0ROGRYD��DSDUH�%DVDUDELD��XQ�WLQXW�FDUH�OD���$SULOLH������HUD�VRFRWLW�FD�I�FkQG�SDUWH�GLQ�0ROGRYD��DúD�VH�SXWHD�FLWL�LQ�WUDWDWXO�LQFKHLDW�LQWUH�3HWUX�FHO�0DUH�úL�'LPLWULH�&DQWHPLU��,PS�U�WHDVD�&DWHULQD�D�,,�D�SURSXQH�OD������vQILLQWDUHD�'$&,(,��DGLF��XQLUHD�FHORU�WUHL�SURYLQFLL�VXE�VFHSWUXO�XQXL�SULQW�UXV��/D������5XVLD�QH�IXU��%DVDUDELD��3ULQ�KDWLúHULIXO�GLQ�������3RDUWD�VH�REOLJ��HD�VLQJXU���FD�LQORFXLUHD�'RPQLORU�LQ�3ULQFLSDWH�V��VH�IDF��QXPDL�FX�DSUREDUHD�5XVLHL��&RQYHQWLD�GHOD�$FNHUPDQ�GLQ������LQW�UHúWH�KDWLúHULIXO�GLQ�������LDU�SULQ�SDFHD�GHOD�$GULDQRSRO��5XVLD�GHYLQH�SURWHFWRDUHD�3ULQFLSDWHORU�úL�OH�RFXS��SkQ��LQ�������3UDFWLF�VH�LQO�WXU��SURWHFWRUDWXO�WXUFHVF�F�UXLD�VH�VXEVWLWXH�FHO�UXVHVF��0DL�U�X��7XUFLD�QX�VD�DPHVWHFDW�LQ�DIDFHULOH�LQWHUQH�DOH�3ULQFLSDWHORU��LQ�WLPS�FH�5XVLD�QX�WLQH�VHDP��GH�QLFLR�LQWHOHJHUH��VH�DPHVWHF��LQ�DIDFHULOH�LQWHUQH�DOH�3ULQFLSDWHORU�úL�VH�FRQVLGHU��VW�SkQD�ORU��3ULQ�SDFHD�GHOD�3DULV�HVWH�LQO�WXUDW�SURWHFWRUDWXO�UXVHVF�úL�VH�vQORFXLHúWH�FX�FHO�DO�0XULORU�3XWHUL���7RDWH�DFHVWH�SUHVLXQL�GLQ�DIDU��úL�GLQ�LQWHULRU��DS�VDX�DW�W�GH�JUHX�SH�VSDWHOH�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�LQFkW�R�VFKLPEDUH�D�VLWXDWLHL�VH�LPSXQHD��0DL�WUHEXLH�WLQXW�VHDP��GH�IDSWDO�F��RGDW��FX�DSDULWLD�5XVLHL�FD�IRUW��SROLWLF��LQ�GHYHQLUH��LDU�LPSHULXO�WXUFHVF�VRFRWLW�FD�XQ�LPSHULX�LQ�GHFOLQ��WRDWH�W�ULOH�HXURSHQH�DúWHSWDX��PRDUWHD�EROYDQXOXL�GHOD�&RQVWDQWLQRSRO��úL�YRLDX�V��SURILWH��,Q�SULPXO�U�QG�5XVLD�LQWUHWLQHD�R�SURSDJDQG��ELQH�SXV��OD�SXQFW�FRQWUD�LPSHULXOXL�WXUFHVF��3H�GH�R�SDUWH��DW� D�U�VFRDOH�LQ�LPSHULXO�WXUFHVF��LDU�SH�GH�DOW��SDUWH�LQ�EXúLUHD�U�VFRDOHORU�G�GHD�SULOHM�SURSDJDQGHL�UXVH�V��YRUEHDVF��LQ�QXPHOH�FUHúWLQLORU�RSULPDWL�GHVSUH��FUX]LPLOH�QHPDLSRPHQLWH�DOH�S�JkQLORU��FRQWUD�FUHúWLQLORU�GLQ�%DOFDQL��6L�SH�DFHD�YUHPH��FD�úL�LQ�]LOHOH�QRDVWUH�SURSDJDQGD�UXVHDVF��HUD�FUH]XW���� � � ��,QF��GLQ�WLPSXULOH�WUHFXWH�3ULQFLSDWHOH�DX�IRVW�RELHFWXO�GH�WkUJ�úL�GH�LQWHOHJHUH�DO�0DULORU�3XWHUL�FRQWUD�LQWHUHVHORU�SRSRUXOXL�URP�Q��,QWUH�WDUXO�5XVLHL�$OH[DQGUD�,�úL�vPS�UDWXO�)UDQWHL��1DSROHRQ�,�VH�vQFKHLH�GRX��WUDWDWH�VHFUHWH�SULQ�FDUH�5XVLD�LúL�DURJD�GUHSWXO�GH�D�DQH[D�3ULQFLSDWHOH�URP�QH��'HúL�EHOLJHUDQWL�LQ�WLPSXO�U�]ERLDOXL�UXVR�WXUF�GLQ������������QX�QL�VR�UHFXQRDúWH�GUHSWXO�GH�EHOLJHUDQW��LDU�5XVLD��FX�FDUH�5RPDQLD�LQFKHLDVH�OD���$SULOLH������XQ�WUDWDW��SULQ�FDUH�VH�DFRUGD�GLQ�SDUWHD�5RPkQLHL�GUHSWXO�GH�SDVDM�DO�WUXSHORU�UXVHúWL��LQ�WLPS�FH�5XVLD�VH��REOLJ��V��JDUDQWH]H�LQWHJULWDWHD�WHULWRULDO��D�VWXWXOXL�URPkQ���'DU�LQ�WLPS�FH�WUXSHOH�URPkQH�VXQW�FKHPDWH�LQ�JUDE��GH�FRPDQGDUUQHQWXO�UXVHVF�V��OH�VDOYH]H�GH�GLVWUXJHUH��5XVLD�OXD�P�VXUL�GH�DQH[DUHD�VXGXODL�%DVDUDELHL��1LFL�OD�SDFHD�GHOD�6DQ�6WHIDQR�úL�QLFL�OD�&RQJUHVXO�GHOD�%HUOLQ�QX�QL�VH�UHFXQRDúWH�GUHSWXO�GH�EHOLJHUDQW��GHúL�VkQJHUDVHP��0DL�PXOW��0DULOH�3XWHUL�VDQFWLRQHD]��DQH[LXQHD�%DVDUDELHL�úL�QH�LPSXQH��FRQGLWLD��FD�SHQWUX�UHFXQRDúWHUHD�LQGHSHQGHQWHL��V���DFRUG�P�FHW�WHQLD�WXWDURU�HYUHLORU�

Page 4: Din Istoria Romanilor

DIO�WRUL�OD�DFHD�YUHPH�LQ�5RPkQLD���R�FRQGL LH�FDUH�LQ�QLFL�DQD�GLQ�W�ULOH�VHPQDWDUH�QX�HUD�DSOLFDW���6H�úWLH�F��DFRUGDUHD�XQHL�FHW�WHQLL�VH�IDFH�QXPDL�OD�FHUHUH�úL�QXPDL�LQGLYLGXDO��$FRUGDUHD�FHW�WHQLHL�VH�IDFH�LQ�PDV��QXPDL�OD�VFKLPEDUHD�GH�WHULWRULL�úL�QXPDL�FHW� HQLORU�W�ULL�FDUH�D�FHGDW�úL�QX�VWU�LQLORU�DIODWL�LQWkPSO�WRU�VDX�LQ�PRG�H[FHSWLRQDO�SH�DFHO�WLQXW��0DULOH�3XWHUL�QH�FRQGDPQ��FkQG�WUXSHOH�URP�QH�DX�DOXQJDW�UHJLPXO�GH�WHURDUH�FRPXQLVW�GLQ�8QJDULD��LQVWDODW�GH�%HOD�.XQ��,Q�DQXO�������DP�IRVW�LPS�U LWL�LQWUH�6WDOLQ�úL�+LWOHU��LDU�OD�7HKHUDQ��-DOWD�úL�3RWVGDP�DP�IRVW�GD L��LQ�VIHUD�GH�LQIOXHQW��VRYLFWLF���XQGH�QH�DIO�P�úL�DVW�]L�I�U��FRQVLPW�PkQWXO�úL�IDU��YRLD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ����(VWH�R�PDUH�PLQXQH�F��XQ�SRSRU�PLF�D�SXWXW�V��LQIUXQWH�DWkWHD�IRUWH�VWU�LQH�úL�GXúPDQH�úL�V��GHVMRDFH�DWkWHD�SODQXUL�VWU�LQH��$P�VSXV�R�úL�R�UHSHW�P��I�U��GHFODQúDUHD�IRU HORU�LQWHUQH�DOH�SRSRUXOXL�URPDQ�QX�VH�SXWHD�UHDOL]D�QLPLF��0HULWHOH�VXQW�DOH�OXL���,Q�WLPSXO�QHQRURFLULL�HSRFHL�IDQDULRWH��VD�LQWkPSODW�R�PLQXQH��%RHULL�URP�QL�DX�OXDW�OD�FXQRúWLQW��SULQ�IDQDULRWL�VL�DX�VWDELOLW�FRQWDFWXO�FD�FXOWXUD�IUDQFH]��úL��FX�WRDWH�F��XQLL�GLQWUH�HL�úL�DX�UXLQDW�DYHULOH��úL�DX�WULPLV�FRSLLL�V��LQYH H�OD�LQVWLWXWHOH�GH�LQY� �PkQW�GLQ�DSXV��1X�WUHFH�PXOW�WLPS�úL�XQ�PDUH�QXPQ�U�GH�URPkQL�VWXGLD]��OD�3DULV��0LODQR��5RPD��%HUOLQ�VDX�9LHQD��7RWL�VH�LQWRUF�LQ� DU��FX�GRULQ D�FD�FHOH�LQY�WDWH�LQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH�V��OH�DSOLFH�LQ�WDUD�S�ULQWLORU��1XPH�FD�*KHRUJKH�%LEHVFX��&RQVWDQWLQ�&DQWDFX]LQR��&RQVWDQWLQ�)LOLSHVFX��'XPLWUX�*ROHVFX��*KHRUJKH�$VDFKL��IUDWLL�%U�WLDQX��0LKDL�.RJ�OQLFHDQX���FD�V��QXPHVF�QXPDL�FkWLYD�GLQWUH�HL���YRU�LQLWLD�UHYROXWLD�GHOD�������YRU�PLOLWD�SHQWUX�81,5($�GLQ�������YRU�IL�FWLWRULL�,1'(3(1'(17(,�GLQ������úL�I�XULWRULL�520Æ1,(,�0$5,�GLQ�������,Q�DFHDVW��RUGLQH�GH�LGHL�QX�WUHEXLH�XLWDW��úL�PDUHD�LQIOXHQW��YHQLW��GH�SHVWH�&DUSDWL��GLQ�7UDQVLOYDQLD��,PHGLDW�GXS��8QLUHD�ELVHULFLL�GLQ�������R�VHULH�GH�WLQHUL�URPkQL�VWXGLD]��LQ�,WDOLD�VL�GHVFRSHU��F���GHOD�5kP�QH�WUDJHP���3HUVHFXWDWL�GH�XQJXUL��WUHF�PXQWLL��vQILLQWHD]��úFROL��]LDUH�úL�UHYLVWH�LQ�OLPED�URPkQ��LQ�FHOH�GRX��3ULQFLSDWH��7RDWH�DFHVWHD�DX�FRQWULEXLW�OD�UHGHúWHSWDUHD�VSLULWXOXL�QDWLRQDO�ùL�RGDW��FX�DFHDVWD��OD�DOXQJDUHD�WXWXURU�UHOHORU�YHQLWH�GH�SHVWH�KRWDUH���7RW�FHLDFH�GXúPDQXO�YRLD�V��vQO�WXUH�úL�V��VH�RSXQ��VD�UHDOL]DW��7RDWH�SURYLQFLLOH�URPkQH�GH�VXE�RFXSDWLH�VWU�LQ��VDX�HOLEHUDW�VL�DX�IRUPDW�5RPkQLD�0DUH���6XE�GRPQLD�XUPDúXOXL�OXL�)HUGLQDQG�,��&DURO�DO�,,�OHD�5RPkQLD�SLHUGH�WHULWRULL�LQ�������%DVDUDELD��%XFRYLQD��7LQXWXO�+HUWD�VXQW�RFXSDWH�GH�5XVLD��8QJDULD�RFXS��R�SDUWH�GLQ�7UDQVLOYDQLD�LDU�VXGXO�'REURJHL�WUHFH�LQ�FRPSRQHQWD�VWDWXOXL�EXOJDU��,Q�DQXO�������VXE�0LKDL�,�VH�LQFHDUF��UHRFXSDUHD�SURYLQFLLORU�RFXSDWH�GH�5XVLD�LQ�������GDU�HúXLD]���,Q�XUPD�FHG�ULORU�GH�WHULWRULL��&DURO�DO�,,�OHD�HVWH�VLOLW�V��DEGLFH��/D����$XJXVW�������LQ�XUPD�XQHL�ORYLWXUL�GH�VWDW��FX�HOHPHQWH�GLQ�MXUXO�SDODWXOXL�úL�SROLWLFLHQL�SULQWUH�FDUH�VL�,XOLX�0DQLX�VL�D�IRVWXOXL�RIL HU�GH]HUWRU�OD�UXúL�(PLO�%RGQ�UDú��VH�U�VWRDUQ��JXYHUQXO��FRPDQGDQWXO�RúWLULL�WQDUHúDOXO�,RQ�$QWRQHVFX�HVWH�DUHVWDW�úL�SUHGDW�UXúLORU��'XS��YHUVLXQHD�RILFLDO���VH�LQWU��LQ�WDE�UD�DOLD LORU���LQ�UHDOLWDWH�VH�GHVFKLG�SRUWLOH�FHOHL�GH�D����D�LQYD]LH�UXVHDVF���LQYD]LH�FH�GXUHD]��úL�LQ�]LOHOH�QRDVWUH��XQD�GLQ�FHOH�PDL�OXQJL�RFXSDWLL���/D����'HFHPEULH�������5HJHOH�0LOLDL�HVWH�VLOLW�V��DEGLFH�VL�VH�J�VHúWH�FD�PXO L�URPkQL��LQ�H[LO��LDU�5RPDQLD�HVWH�WUDQVIRUPDW��LQ�UHSXEOLF���$P�WUHFXW�LQ�UHYLVW��F�WHYD�HYHQLPHQWH�PDL�LPSRUWDQWH�GLQ�LVWRULD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�SHQWUX�LQ HOHJHUHD�PXOWRU�VLWXD LL��,Q�WLPSXO�UHJDOLW�WLL�VDX�LQWkPSODW�IDSWH�FDUH�VXQW�GH�UHPDUFDW�VL�GH�GDW�H[HPSOX��DOWHOH�QX�WUHEXLHVF�DPLQWLWH��1LFL�XQHOH�QX�WUHEXLHVF�LJQRUDWH��ILLQGF��EXQH�VDX�UHOH�DX�H[LVWDW�úL�LQWUDW�LQ�LVWRULD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ���$SDULWLD�SULPLORU�UHJL�D�vQVHPQDW�XQ�SURJUHV��FDUH�D�DGXV�R�SHULRDG��GH�OLQLúWH�úL�GH�SURJUHV��,Q�FHLDFH�SULYHúWH�GRPQLD�XOWLPLORU�GRL�UHJL��S�UHULOH�VXQW�LQF��GHRVHELW�GH�FRQWURYHUVDWH�ùL�SURFHVXO�GH�UHVWDELOLUH�D�IDSWHORU�LVWRULFH�HVWH�LQF��LQ�FXUV��([LVW��R�VHULH�GH�GRFXPHQWH�LQ�FDQFHODULLOH�úL�DUKLYHOH�VWDWXOXL�FDUH�QLFL�QX�VXQW�GDWH�SXEOLFLW�WLL�VL�QLFL�FHUFHWDWH�GH�LVWRULFL��6XE�GRPQLD�UHJHOXL�&DURO�DO�,,�OHD�VDX�vQWkPSODW�FULPH�RULELOH�úL�VD�DMXQV�OD�GHVWU�PDUHD� �ULL��LDU�F�WUH�VIkUúLWXO�FHOXL�GH�DO�GRLOHD�U�]ERLX�PRQGLDO�VD�LQLWLDW�GHOD�3$/$7�R�DFWLXQH�FDUH�D�GXV�OD�SLHUGHUHD�WXWXURU�UHDOL]�ULORU�I�FXWH�GH�SRSRUXO�URPkQ�LQ�XOWLPHOH�GRX��VHFROH���$úH]DWL�OD�U�VFUXFH�GH�GUXP��XQGH�VH�J�VHVF�GLIHULWH�SRSRDUH��GLIHULWH�LQWHUHVH�VL�GHDVHPHQHD�FHO�PDL�PDUH��JKLQLRQ���úL�DQXPH�IDSWXO�F��DYHP�OD�U�V�ULW�XQ�GXúPDQ�KU�S�UHW��SULPLWLY��GDU�PkQDW�GH�XQ��PLVLRQDULVP�VDWDQLF��XUP�ULW�FX�SHUVHYHUHQW��VHFROH�GHDUkQGXO��,Q�VHFROXO�WUHFXW�UXúLL�YRLDX�V��QH�HOLEHUH]H�GH��S�JkQL��úL�VXE�DFHVW�SUHWH[W��QH�DX�IXUDW�S�PkQWXO���%DVDUDELD���LQ�WLPSXULOH�QRDVWUH�VXVWLQ�F���QH�DX�HOLEHUDW�GH�H[SORDWDUH��GDU��QH�DX�IXUDW�OLEHUWDWHD�VL�QH�DX�vQO�WXUDW�LQGHSHQGHQWD��SHQWUX�FDUH�JHQHUDWLL�LQWUHJL�VH�OXSWDVH�VHFROH�GHDUkQGXO��DGXFkQGX�QH�vQWUR�VLWXD LH�PXOW�PDL�JUHD�GHFkW�DFHLD�GHOD�LQFHSXWXO�VHFROXOXL�WUHFXW��3H�DWXQFL�HUDP�H[SORDWDWL�GH�WXUFL��GDU�

Page 5: Din Istoria Romanilor

WXUFLL�QX�DWHQWDX��FD�UXúLL�DVW�]L�OD�GLVWUXJHUHD�ILLQWHL�QD LRQDOH��7XUFLL�QH�DX�GDW�OLEHUWDWHD�GH�DFWLXQH�úL�QX�VDX�DPHVWHFDW�LQ�DIDFHULOH�LQWHUQH�DOH�3ULQFLSDWHORU���,Q�LVWRULH�VH�vQWkPSO��IDSWH�GH�FDUH�XUPDúLL�VH�UXúLQHD]���GH�DOWH�IDSWH�vQV��VH�PkQGUHVF��,DW��FkWHYD�GLQWUH�HOH���,Q�SULPXO�UkQG�DPLQWLP�GHVSUH�DFWLYLWDWHD�GLSORPDWXOXL�URPkQ�GLQ�/RQGUD�FDUH��DúD�D�LQWUDW�LQ�LVWRULD�FRQWHPSRUDQ���SULQWU�R�úWLUH�IDOV��VFKLPE��VLWXD LD�SROLWLF��LQ�FkWHYD�]LOH�úL�R�LQ�VSUHúWH�LQ�DúD�IHO�vQFkW�SURYRDF��VW�UL�GH�DODUP��úL�vQFRUG�UL�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH��/D����0DUWLH�������9LUJLO�7LOHD�VH�SUH]LQW��OD�PLQLVWHUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�EULWDQLF�úL�SUHWLQGH�F��DUH�LQIRUPDWLL�VLJXUH��F��*HUPDQLD�YD�GD�XQ�XOWLPDW�5RPkQLHL�úL�F��R�YD�RFXSD�DúD�FXP�D�RFXSDW�&HKRVORYDFLD��8UPHD]��XQ�VLU�GH��GHVPLQWLUL����UDSRDUWH�úL�FRQWUDUDSRDUWH�GLSORPDWLFH���JXYHUQXO�HQJOH]�RUGRQ���SXQHUHD�LQ�VWDUH�GH�DODUPD�D�WUXSHORU��LDU��SUHVD�HQJOH]����LQ�PDMRULWDWHD�HL��FRVPRSROLW���vQFHSH�R�FDPSDQLH�GH�SUHV��FRQWUD�*HUPDQLHL�FDUH�VD�GXV�WRW�WLPSXO�U�]ERLXOXL�úL�D�FRQWLQXDW�FX�PDUH�LQWHQVLWDWH�úL�GXS����0DL�������'LSORPDWXO�URPkQ���9LUJLO�7LOHD�QX�HVWH�vQORFXLW�GHOD�SRVWXO�V�X��GHúL�HVWH�GHVPLQWLW�RILFLDO�GH��JXYHUQXO�URPkQ���&X�WRDWH�GHVPLQWLULOH��SUHVD�úL�UDGLRXO�FRQWLQX��DWDFXULOH�FRQWUD�*HUPDQLHL��úL�DFHVWH�DWDFXUL�FRQWULEXLH�OD�vQU�XW�WLUHD�VLWXDWLHL�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH��0DL�W�U]LX��SUHWLQVXO�XOWLPDW�DO�OXL�7LOHD��YD�LQWUD�LQ�LVWRULD�FRQWHPSDUDQ��VXE�QXPHOH�GH��PLQFLXQLOH�OXL�7LOHD��úL�VH�YD�U�VIUkQJH�LQ�FXUkQG�LQ�OXFUDUHD�VD��+LVWRLUH�GH�/$UPHH�DOOHPDQGH��IDFH�XUP�WRDUHD�FRQVWDWDUH���3UHVD�úL�UDGLRXO�VL�DX�vQGHSOLQLW�PLVLXQHD��QLPHQL�QX�PDL�FRQWHVWD�UHDOLWDWHD�XOWLPDWXOXL�JHUPDQ���$QJOLD�DFRUG��JDUDQWLL�WHULWRDULDOH�5RPkQLHL�OD����$SULOLH�������/D����$XJXVW������LQ�WUDWDWXO�0RORWRY�5LEEHQWURS��*HUPDQLD�DFRUG��8QLXQLL�6RYLHWLFH��GUHSWXUL�DVXSUD�%DVDUDELHL����*DUDQWLLOH�DFRUGDWH�GH�$QJOLD�5RPkQLHL�VH�GRYHGHVF�OD����,XQLH������LQHILFDFH��$QJOLD�DFRUGD��JDUDQWLL�WHULWRULDOH��5RPkQLHL�QXPDL�IDW��GH�*HUPDQLD�QX�úL�IDW��GH�5XVLD��,Q�VFKLPE���GUHSWXULOH�DFRUGDWH�GH�*HUPDQLD�5XVLHL�VH�YDORULILF��WRW�OD����,XQLH�������5XVLD�RFXS��%DVDUDELD�FX�DMXWRUXO�*HUPDQLHL�úL�FX�DSUREDUHD�WDFLW��D�JDUDQWXOXL�$QJOLD���'DU��VH�PDL�LQWkPSO��úL�FRQWUDULXO���6H�úWLH�F��LQ�WRW�WLPSXO�DQXOXL������úL�SkQ��LQ�$XJXVW������VH�GXFHDX�WUDWDWLYH�GLSORPDWLFH�LQWUH�)UDQWD�úL�$QJOLD�SH�GH�R�SDUWH�úL�5XVLD�SH�GH�DOW��SDUWH��SHQWUX�vQFKHLHUHD�XQXL�WUDWDW�GH�DOLDQW��LQWUH�W�ULOH�QXPLWH�PDL�VXV��$SURDSH�GRL�DQL�GH�]LOH�GLSORPD LL�IUDQFH]L�VL�HQJOH]L�VXQW�SH�GUXPXUL��FkQG�OD�0RVFRYD��FkQG�OD�%XFXUHúWL��FkQG�OD�9DUúRYLD��8Q�WUDWDW�GH�DOLDQW��QX�SXWHD�IL�vQFKHLDW�ILLQGF��5XVLD�FHUHD�vQGHSOLQLUHD�D�GRX��FRQGL LL��FHUHD�PRGLILF�UL�GH�IURQWLHUH�LQ�U�V�ULWXO�(XURSHL�VL�YRLD�FD�vQDLQWH�GH�LQFKHLHUHD�XQXL�DVWIHO�GH�WUDWDW�V��ILH�LQ�SRVHVLD�XQHL�LQOHOHJHUL�LQ�VFULV�LQ�FDUH�5RPkQLD�úL�3RORQLD�V��DFRUGH�GUHSWXO�GH�SDVDM�DO�WUXSHORU�VRYLHWLFH�SHVWH�FHOH�GRX��W�UL��3RORQLD�VL�5RPDQLD�UHIX]DX�VHPQDUHD�XQHL�DVWIHO�GH�FRQYHQWLL��3H�P�VXU��FH�OD�0RVFRYD��DYDQVDX�WUDWDWLYHOH���SH�DFHLDúL�P�VXU��RSR]LWLD�JXYHUQHORU�SRORQH]H�VL�URPkQH�VH�FUDPSRQDX�SH�XQ��QX�FDWHJRULF���'LVSHUDW�GH�DFHVW�UHIX]�FDWHJRULF��VWLLQGX�VH�SUHD�ELQH�F��IURQWLHUHOH�FHORU�GRX��W�UL�HUDX�JDUDQWDWH�GH�$QJOLD�VL�GH�)UDQ D��JXYHUQXO�HQJOH]�WULPLWH�OD�9DUVRYLD�XQ�HPLVDU�GLSORPDWLF�FX�PLVLXQHD�VSHFLDO��GH�D�DIOD�FDX]D�U�VSXQVXOXL�QHJDWLY�DO�JXYHUQXOXL�SRORQH]��5�VSXQVXO�JXYHUQXOXL�SRORQH]�VLPSOX�VL�FDWHJRULF���'DF��YLQ�JHUPDQLL�SHVWH�QRL��QH�SLHUGHP�OLEHUWDWHD��GDF��YLQ�UXúLL�DWXQFL�QH�SLHUGHP�VXIOHWXO���5RPkQLD�VL�3RORQLD�DYHDX�IULF��F��RGDW��LQWUDWH�WUXSHOH�UXVHVWL�SHVWH�WHULWRULLOH�ORU��QX�OH�YRU�PDL�S�U�VL��6L�FH�GUHSWDWH�DYHDX��6L�vQF��FHYD�WUHEXLH�OXDW�LQ�FRQVLGHUDWLH��OD�DFHD�GDW��QX�VH�FXQRúWHDX�DWURFLW�WLOH�WUXSHORU�VRYLHWLFH��3RORQH]LL�VL�5RPkQLL�FXQRVWHDX�FRPSRUWDPHQWXO�WUXSHORU�WDULVWH�úL�DVWD�vL�vQJUR]HD������'DU��VH�VFKLPE��YUHPXULOH�VL�VH�VFKLUUQE��VL�S�UHULOH�����,QWUH�WLPS��GXS��FXP�VH�VWLH��WUXSHOH�UXVHúWL�vPSUHXQ��FX�FHOH�JHUPDQH�GHVILLQ HD]��3RORQLD��5RPDQLD�SRDUW��XQ�U�]ERLX�FRQWUD�5XVLHL�SHQWUX�UHFXFHULUHD�WHULWRULLORU�SLHUGXWH�OD����,XQLH�������)�U��UHPXVF�UL�SXWHP�VXVWLQH�F���RULFH�JXYHUQ�URPDQ��FDUH�DU�IL�FRQGXV�WDUD�OD����,XQLH������DU�IL�SRUQLW�OD�OXSW��SHQWUX�HOLEHUDUHD�IUDWLORU�GH�VXE�MXJ�VWU�LQ��6RDUWD�DUPHORU�D�IRVW�DOWD��'DF��LQ������úL������SROLWLFLHQLL�URPkQL�UHIX]DX�FX�WHQDFLWDWH��V��DFRUGH�GUHSWXO�GH�SDVDM�WUXSHORU�VRYLHWLFH���GHúL��GXS��FXP�VD�VFULV�PDL�VXV�5RPkQLD�HUD�LQ�SRVHVLD�XQXL�WUDWDW�VHPQDW�SULQ�FDUH�VH�JDUDQWDX�IURQWLHUHOH�5RPkQLHL��LQ�WLPSXO�U�]ERLXOXL�VH�SURGXFH�FHYD�GH�QHvQFKLSXLW��$QJOLD�QX�DFRUG��XQ�WUDWDW�LQ�VFULV��FL�IDFH�SURPLVLXQL�YDJL��ùL�DFHVWHD�PDL�PXOW�SULQ�LQIRUPDWLL�LQ�SUHV��úL�úWLUL�UDGLR�GLIX]DWH��6L�LQ�5RP�QLD�VH�SURGXFH�R�PHWDPRUIR]���3ROLWLFLHQL�VL�IXQF LRQDUL�DL�VWDWXOXL�URPkQ�LQ�IUXQWH�FX�UHJHOH�W�ULL�IDF�HIRUWXUL�PDUL�FD�V��DGXF���SH�UXúL�FDW�PDL�UHSHGH�SH�WHULWRULXO�W�ULL���GHúL�DFXP��FHL�FDUH�

Page 6: Din Istoria Romanilor

I�FHDX�DFHVWH�HIRUWXUL��QX�WUHEXLDX�V��IDF��DSHO�OD�LVWRULH��FL�DYHDX�FD�P�UWXULH�FRPSRUWDUHD�WUXSHORU�VRYLHWLFH�FDUH�DX�RFXSDW�%DVDUDELD��%XFRYLQD�VL�UHJLXQHD�+HUWD��7RWXúL�DFHúWL�PDUWRUL�RFXODUL��VWUkQJ�LQIRUPDWLL�FDUH�VH�OLYUHD]��GXúPDQXOXL��SHQWUX�D�FkúWLJD�OXSWD�FRQWUD�VROGDWXOXL�URPkQ�FDUH�vúL�SLHGHD�YLDWD�úL�Y�UVD�VkQJHOH�SHQWUX�DS�UDUHD�OLEHUW�WLL�úL�JOLHL�VWU�EXQH��/D�3$/$7�VH�I�XUHúWH�R��ORYLWXU��GH�VWDW��úL�OD����$XJXVW������VH��GHVFKLG��SRUWLOH�LQYD]LHL�VRYLHWLFH���5HJHOH�0LKDL�,�HVWH�GHFRUDW�GH�6WDOLQ�FX�FHO�PDL�PDUH�RUGLQ�VRYLHWLF��9,&725,$���GDU�WRW�GH�6WDOLQ��0LKDL�,�HVWH�VLOLW�OD����'HFHPEULH������V��S�U�VHDVF��WDUD�VL�V��SOHFH�LQ�H[LO�����,Q�XOWLPLL�DQL�VD�SXV�LQ�GLVFXWLH�SUREOHPD�5HJHOXL�0LKDL��'H�3HUVRDQD�OXL�VXQW�OHJDWH�R�VHUVH�GH�HYHQLPHQWH�LVWRULFH��RFXSDUHD�W�ULL��FRPXQL]DUHD��MHIXLUHD�DYHULORU�QDWLRQDOH�úL�SHUVRQDOH��LQWURGXFHUHD�FHOXL�PDL�JURD]QLF�UHJLP�GH�WHURDUH�FXQRVFXW�LQ�LVWRULD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ��2�SDUWH�GLQ�HOH�VDX�SURGXV�FX�DMXWRUXO�GLUHFW�DO�5HJHOXL�0LKDL��'LQ�DFHDVW��FDX]��SHQWUX�XQLL�URPkQL�GLQ�H[LO�0LKDL�,�QX�PDL�HVWH�UHJHOH�5RPkQLHL��LQ�WLPS�FH�SHQWUX�DOWLL�HVWH�VRFRWLW�LQF��UHJH��2�O�PXULUH�HVWH�QHFHVDU����6H�úWLH�F��5HJHOH�GXS��&RQVWLWXWLD�GLQ�������LQWUDW��LQ�YLJRDUH�LPHGLDW�GXS�����$XJXVW�������G�GHD�UHJHOXL�R�VHULH�GH�SHURJDWLYH��8QD�GLQWUH�HOH�HUD�úL�QXPLUHD�3UHúHGLQWHOXL�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQúWUL��'XS��������������DGLF��GXS��DEGLFDUHD�5HJHOXL�0LKDL�úL�VWDELOLUHD�VD�LQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH��5HJHOH�0LKDL�D�QXPLW�SH�3UHúHGLQWHOH�&RPLWHWXOXL�1DWLRQDO��1X�YUHP�VR�SXQHP�LQ�GLVFXWLH�GDF��HVWH�OHJDO��VDX�QX��2�DPLQWLP�ILLQGF��D�IRVW�H[HUFLWDW���)DSWXO�QXPDL��F��LQ�WLPSXO�FkW�D�IXQFWLRQDW�&RPLWHWXO�1DWLRQDO�GLQ�6WDWHOH�8QLWH��FRPSXV�GLQ�SROLWLFLHQL�FDUH�DX�FRQWLQXDW�R�DFWLYLWDWH�SROLWLF��LQ�H[LO��IDU��V��ILH�LPSXWHUQLFLWL�GH�QLPHQL��DGLF��I�U��PDQGDW��úL�QXPDL�SH�XQ�WLPS�OLPLWDW��DGLF��DWkWD�WLPS�FkW�DX�DYXW�OD�GLVSR]LWLH�IRQGXULOH�GLVORFDWH�GH�PDUHúDOXO�,RQ�$QWRQHVFX�LQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH�úL�DWkWD�YUHPH�FkW�DPHULFDQLL�DX�SO�WLW��FX�VLPEULH�LQ�GRODUL���QX�LQGUHSW�WHúWH�SH�QLPHQL�V��VH�FRQVLGHUH��H[LOD L�GH�PkQD�vQWkLD���LDU�FHL�FDUH�DX�GXV�JUHXO�úL�QDX�SURILWDW�GH�SH�XUPD�VLPEULLORU�LQ�GRODUL��V��ILH�VRFRWLWL�H[LODWL�GH�PkQD�GRXD��1LFL�SUDFWLFD�GH�DWXQFL�D�5HJHOXL�0LKDL�,�GH�D�QXPL��3UHúHGLQWHOH�&RQVLOLXOXL��QX�vQVHDPQ��F��HO�DUH�VDX�DYHD�SUHURJDWLYH�LQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH�úL�F��DU�IL�LQGUHSW�WLW�V��OH�H[HUFLWH��,Q�DFHDVW��RUGLQH�GH�LGHL�WUHEXLH�DPLQWLW�F��5HJHOH�0LKDL�D�QXPLW��3UHúHGLQWHOH�QRXOXL�&RPLWHW�1DWLRQDO��LQILLQWDW�OD�LQWLDWLYD�U�SRVDWXOXL�1LFRODH�3HQHVFX��$UH�5HJHOH�0LKDL�SUHURJDWLYH�VDX�QX"�3HQWUX�LQWHOHJHUHD�VLWXDWLHL�HVWH�QHYRLH�GH�R�UHFDSLWXODUH�LVWRULF���'XS�����$XJXVW�������5RPkQLD�úL�D�SLHUGXW�VXYHUDQLWDWHD��LDU�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�L�VD�IXUDW�GUHSWXO�GH�DúL�DOHJH�UHSUH]HQWDQWLL��3ULPXO�JXYHUQ�GH�GXS�����$XJXVW�������5RPkQLD�úL�D�SLHUGXW�VXYHUDQLWDWHD��LDU�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�L�VD�IXUDW�GUHSWXO�GH�D�úL�DOHJH�UHSUH]HQWDQWLL��3ULPXO�JXYHUQ�GH�GXS�����$XJXVW�D�IRVW�FRQVWLWXLW�GXS��R�ORYLWXU��GH�VWDW�LQ�IUXQWH�FX�5HJHOH�W�ULL��0LKDL����0HPEULL�SULPXOXL�JXYHUQ�DX�IDFXW�SDUWH�GLQ��FHUFXULOH�SDODWXOXL�FDUH�DX�FRPSORWDW�FRQWUD�JXYHUQXOXL�FRQGXV�GH�,RQ�$QWRQHVFX���&HOHODOWH�JXYHUQH�FDUH�DX�XUPDW�DX�IRVW�IRUPDWH�FX�DSUREDUHD�IRUWHORU�GH�RFXSDWLH�VRYLHWLFH��LDU�OD���0DUWLH�������8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��D�LPSXV�SULQ�SUH]HQWD�SURFXURUXOXL�VRYLHWLF�9vúLQVFKL�IRUPDUHD�XQXL�JXYHUQ�GXS��R�OLVW��FRPSOHWDW��OD�0RVFRYD��6H�SRDWH�VSXQH�F��WUDQVIRUPDUHD�5RPkQLHL�LQ�FRORQLH�VRYLHWLF��D�LQFHSXW�OD����$XJXVW�úL�SULQ�GLIHULWH�HWDSH�VD�vQFKHLDW�OD�������������FkQG�5HJHOH�0LKDL���D�IRVW�REOLJDW�V��DEGLFH���/D�������������OLGHULL�FRPXQLúWL�DX�VLOLW�SH�5HJHOH�0LKDL�,�V��VHPQH]H�XQ�DFW�GH�DEGLFDUH��3ULQWUH�DOWHOH�SXWHP�FLWL���,Q�YLDWD�6WDWXOXL�URPkQ�VDX�SURGXV�LQ�XOWLPLL�DQL�DGkQFL�SUHIDFHUL��HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH��FDUH�DX�FUHLDW�QRL�UDSRUWXUL�vQWUH�SULQFLSDOLL�IDFWRUL�DL�YLHWLL�GH�6WDW���,Q�FRQWLQXDUH�VH�SRDWH�FLWL�F���DFHVWH�UDSRUWXUL�QX�PDL�FRUHVSXQG�WLPSXOXL���6L�ILLQGF��5HJHOH�HUD�FRQúWLHQW�GH�DFHVWH�PRGLILF�UL��DEGLF��SHQWUX�HO�úL�XUPDúLL�V�L�OD�WURQ����3ULYLW�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�MXULGLF�IRUPDO��DFWXO�GH�DEGLFDUH�HVWH�YDODELO��6H�LQGLF��SHUVRDQD��IXQF LD�VL�DUH�R�VHPQ�WXU���7RWXúL�DFWXO�GH�DEGLFDUH�GHOD������������DUH�XQ�YLFLX�FDUH�GXFH�OD�DQXODUHD�OXL��&RQVLPW�PkQWXO�5HJHOXL�0LKDL�úL�VHPQ�WXUD�DQ�IRVW�OXDWH�VRE�DPHQLQWDUHD�FX�IRU D��2UL��LQ�WRDWH�OHJLVODWLLOH�PRGHUQH��RULFH�DFW�VHPQDW�VXE�DPHQLQWDUHD�FX�IRUWD�HVWH��GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�MXULGLF�QXO�úL�DQXPH�ORYLW�GH�R�QXOLWDWH�FH�QX�PDL�SRDWH�IL�vQO�WXUDW�����5HJHOH�0LKDL�D�VHPQDW�VXE�DPHQLQWDUHD�FX�IRUWD�úL�FD�DWDUH��WUHEXLH�V��L�VH�DFRUGH�úL�OXL�GUHSWXULOH�DQFRUDWH�LQ�X]XO�GUHSWXOXL��,Q�DFHDVW��SULYLQ ��FUHG�F��QX�HVWH�QLPLF�GH�DG�RJDW��&HO�FDUH�MXGHF��DOWIHO��MXGHF��S�UWLQLWRU�úL�QX�HVWH�ELQH���6L�WRWXúL��WRW�LQ�GUHSW�H[LVW��VL�R�DOW��LQVWLWXWLH�FDUH�HVWH�LQ�GHIDYRDUHD�5HJHOXL�0LKDL��5HJHOH�0LKDL��VRVLQG�LQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH�QX�VD�SURQXQWDW�FDWHJRULF�FRQWUD�DFWXOXL�GH�DEGLFDUH�VHPQDW�VXE�SUHVLXQH��0DL�PXOW��WUHFkQG�SULQ�6DO]EXUJ��$XVWULD��H[LODWLL�URPkQL�DQ�YUXW�V��L�IDF��R�SULPLUH�FD�XQXL�UHJH��5HJHOH�0LKDL�D�URIX]DW�DFHVW�FRQWDFW��3UREDELO�F��QX�L�VRVLVHU��EXQXULOH�SURPLVH�GH�FRPXQLúWL��&�WLYD�DQL�D�

Page 7: Din Istoria Romanilor

GHVHPQDW�SHUVRDQH�LQ�IXQFWLD�GH�3UHúHGLQWH�DO�&RPLWHWXOXL�1DWLRQDO��FD�GXS��DFHHD�V��VH�GHD�OD�IXQG�úL�FKLDU�V��GHFODUH�F��QX�O�PDL�LQWHUHVHD]��VRDUWD�QHDPXOXL�URPkQHVF��5HIX]kQG�V��DFWLYH]H�LQ�VHQVXO�&RQVWLWXWLHL�úL�QHH[HUFLWkQG�SHURJDWLYHOH�UHJDOH�DFRUGDWH�GH�&RQVWLWXWLH��5HJHOH�0LKDL�úL�D�SLHUGXW�GUHSWXULOH�SH�FDUH�OH�DYHD�FRQIRUP�&RQVWLWXWLHL��(O�GRYHQLQG�XQ�IHO�GH�URIXJLDW�RDUHFDUH��XQ�IHO�GH�IRVW�FHW�WHDQ�URPDQ�VWDELOLW�LQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH�VDX�LQ�FHO�PDL�EXQ�FD]�XQ�IHO�GH�UHIXJLDW�SROLWLF�RDUHFDUH��úL�FD�DWDUH�QX�L�VH�SRDWH�LQWHU]LFH�GH�QLPHQL�V��DFWLYH]H�LQ�FDGUXO�H[LOXOXL�SHQWUX�vQO�WXU�UHD�IODJHOXOXL�FRPXQLVW�GLQ�5RP�QLD�VDX�GH�SURWXWLQGHQL��'DU�QXPDL�DWkW��)DSWXO�F��XQLL�GLQWUH�UHIXJLDWL��VL�DX�DGXV�DPLQWH�GH�5RJHOH�0LKDL�úL�VDX�DGUHVDW�/8,�V��QXPHDVF��XQ��3UHúHGLQWH�DO�&RQVLOLXOXL�1DWLRQDO��UHLQYLDW�GH�1LFRODH�3HQHVFX�QX�vQVHDPQ��F��VL�D�UHGREkQGLW�GUHSWXUL�V��OH�H[HUFLWH�FRQIRUP�QRUPHORU�FRQVWLWXWLRQDOH��'H�DOWIHO�VL��128/��&RPLWHW�1DWLRQDO�HVWH�LDU�VL�LQ�DJRQLH��FD�VL�FHO�GH�SH�YUHPXUL�LQILLQ DW�GH�FHL�FDUH�DX�GDW�ORYLWXUD�GHOD����$XJXVW�������,Q�MXUXO�5HJHOXL�0LKDL�DX�DS�UXW�DOWL�HURL�VL�YRU�V��LQWHPHLH]H�XQ�DOW�&RPLWHW��3�UHUHD�PDMRULW�WLL�H[LOXWXL�HVWH�F��DFHVWD�V��QX�úL�DURJH�SHURJDWLYH�LQ�H[LO��3UREOHPD�UHJHOXL�WUHEXLH�GLVFXWDW��úL�UH]ROYDW��QXPDL�GXS��LQO�WXUDUHD�IODJHOXOXL�FRPXQLVW��QX�GH�H[LO��FL�QXPDL�GH�SRSRUXO�URPDQ��5HJHOH�0LKDL�DUH�R�SROLW��GH�SO�WLW��HO�ILLQG�XQXO�GLQWUH�DFHLD�FDUH�D�IDFLOLWDW�LQWUDUHD�WUXSHORU�VRYLHWLFH�LQ�WDU��úL�D�LQOHVQLW�FRPXQL]DUHD�HL��3RSRUXOXL�URPDQ�WUHEXLH�V��L�VH�DFRUGH�GXS��DW�WD�VXIHULQW��GUHSWXO�GH�D�GHFLGH�úL�GH�D�MXGHFD���1RL�FHL�GLQ�H[LO��QX�SXWHP�úL�QLFL�QX�DYHP�GUHSWXO�V��LPSXQHP�FHORU�FH�DX�VXIHULW�SH�SLHOHD�ORU�WHURDUHD�úL�XUJLD�FRPXQLVW���GH�DLFL�GLQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH�IHOXO�GH�UHJLP�VL�IRUPD�GH�JXYHUQ�PkQW��3URSRUXO�URP�Q�WUHEXLH�V��VH�SURQXQWH�SULQWUXQ�SOHELVFLW��'DF��SRSRUXO�URP�Q�VH�YD�SURQXQWD�SHQWUX�PRQDUKLH�úL�YUHD�V��DLE��XQ�UHJH��DWXQFL�QX�L�VH�SRDWH�RELHFWD�QLPLF��'DU�FD�GLQ�OXPHD�OLEHU��VL�VH�IRUPH]H��JUXSH��VDX��JXYHUQH�LQ�H[LO��FD�V��VH�WUDQVSODQWH]H�GH�SH�PDOXULOH�6HQHL��VDX�DOH�7DPLVHL�OD�%XFXUHúWL��QX�VH�SRDWH�DPPLWH�VL�QLFL�QX�VH�SRDWH�UHFRPDQGD��0LVLXQHD�QRDVWU��QX�L�V��IRUP�P��JXYHUQH�LQ�H[LO���FL�V��LQIRUP�P�RSLQLD�SXEOLF��GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�SURIHVLRQDO�FDW�PDL�ELQH�FD�V��SXWHP�DMXWD�OD�UHFRQVWUXFWLD� �ULL��*kQGXUL�F��XQLL�GLQWUH�QRL�YRU�GHYHQL�PLQLúWUL�VDX�PDUL�GUHJDWRUL�LQ�5RPDQLD�GH�PkLQH��QX�V�JkQGXULOH�RDPHQLORU�FRUHF L��FL�DOH�DFHORUD�FDUH�QX�VH�GHRVHEHVF�LQWUX�QLPLF�GH�VOXJLOH�PRVFRYLWH�GH�DVW�]L�GLQ� DU���$U�IL�FHD�PDL�PDUH�QHQRURFLUH�SHQWUX�WDU��FD�P�LQH�V��L�VH�RSXQ��SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�XQ�JXYHUQ�GLQ�VWU�LQ�WDWH��FDUH�V��O�LQORFXLDVF��SH�FHO�GH�DVW�]L��VXSXV�LQWUX�WRWXO�0RVFRYHL��3URLHFWH�GH�YLLWRU�FD�LPSUHXQ��FX�5HJHOH�0LKDL�V��VH�DUHQGH]H�IXQFWLLOH�vQ�WDU���WUHEXLHVF�UHVSLQVH�QX�QXPDL�FD�QHV�Q�WRDVH��GDU�FKLDU�IRDUWH�SHULFXORDVH��([LOXO�QX�WUHEXLH�V��VH�SRODUL]H]H�QLFL�LQ�MXUXO�5HJHOXL�0LKDL�úL�QLFL�FRQWUD�OXL��,DU�SHQWUX�D�QX�VH�SXQH�LQ�GLVFXWLH�SUREOHPD�UHJDOLW�WLL�VL�D�OHJDOLW� LL�DFWHORU�5HJHOXL�0LKDL��DFHD�SRDWH�GLQ�H[LO�VD�VL�LQGHS�UWH]H�DFHVWH�JkQGXUL�úL�V��OXSWH�FRQWUD�IODJHOXOXL�FRPXQLVW�I�UD�VFRSXUL�PDWHULDOH��FL�QXPDL�LQ�VHQVXO�HOLEHU�ULL�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�GH�VXE�WHURDUHD�FRPXQLVW���$FHDVWD�HVWH�PLVLXQHD�QRDVWU��úL�QXPDL�LQ�DFHVW�VHQV�V��QH�vQWUHEXLQ �P�IRUWHOH��'DF��0LOLDL�HVWH�VDX�QX�5(*(��GDF��DUH�VDX�QX�DUH�SHURJDWLYH��QX�L�GDWRULD�QRDVWU��GH�D�GHFLGH��FL�HVWH�GUHSWXO�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ�GH�PkLQH�FkQG�YD�IL�OLEHU��1LPHQL�GLQWUH�QRL�QX�L�SRDWH�UHWUDJH�GUHSWXO�GH�D�OXSWD�LQ�H[LO�SHQWUX�HOLEHUDUHD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ��5HSHW��UH]ROYDUHD�SUREOHPHL�LQV��QXPDL�LQ�5RPDQLD��� � � ��$QL�GH�]LOH�H[LOXO�URPkQHVF��FD�úL�FHOHODOWH�H[LOXUL�DX�FRQGDPQDW�úL�DX�FHUXW�LQO�WXUDUHD�LQWHOHJHULORU�VHFUHWH�GHOD�-DOWD��I�FXWH�FX�SXWLQ�WLPS�vQDLQWH�GH�WHUPLQDUHD�FHOXL�GH�DO�GRLOHD�U�]ERLX�PRQGLDO��0XOW�WLPS�VH�S�UHD�F��QLPHQL�QX�HR�LD�LQ�VHDP���PDL�PXOW�QH�I�FHD�LPSUHVLD�F��DFWLXQLOH�QRDVWUH�vL�VWLQJKHUHVF��2SLQLD�SXEOLF��D�OXDW�OD�FXQRúWLQW��FXP�W�UL�OLEHUH�GHYLQ�FRORQLL�PRGHUQH��LDU�]HFL�GH�PLOLRDQH�GH�FHW�WHQL�DL�W�ULORU�GLQ�HVWXO�(XURSHL�PRU�LQ�ODJ�UH�VL�LQFKLVRUL��GDU�QLPHQL�QX�VH�VLQFKLVHD�GH�VXIHULQ HOH�ORU��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��QH�D�DMXWDW�HD�LQV�úL��LQ�PRG�LQGLUHFW��FD�RSLQLD�SXEOLF��LQWHUQDWLRQDO��V��VH�DO�WXUH�QRX��úL�SULQ�DFHDVWD�V��VH�IDF��R�VFKLPEDUH�GH�SR]LWLL�úL�V��VH�LD�DWLWXGLQL�IDYRUDELOH�QRX���5XVLD�RFXS��$IJDQLVWDQXO�úL�FHUH�P�VXUL�DVSUH�GH�UHSUHVLXQH�LQ�3RORQLD��SULQ�DPHQLQW�UL�GLUHFWH�VL�PDQHYUH�GH�OXQJ��GXUDW��OD�IURQWLHUHOH�W�ULL��3XWLQ�WLPS�GXS��DOHJHUHD�FD�SUHVHGLQWH�DO�6WDWHORU�8QLWH�D�OXL�5RQDOG�5HDJHQ��QH�SDUYLQH�úWLUHD�F��DFHVWD�GHFODU��F���OD�-DOWD�VD�I�FXW�QHGUHSWDWH�W�ULORU�GLQ�(RURSD�GH�HVW���,UQHGLDW�GXS��DFHLD�VDX�DX]LW�JODVXUL�VLPLODUH�GLQ�)UDQWD�úL�$QJOLD��/H�PXOWXPLP�SHQWUX�FRQVWDW�ULOH�IDFXWH��úL�OH�PDL�PXOWXPLUQ�D�GRXD�RDU���FD�VL�DX�DGXV�DPLQWH�GH�VXIHULQ HOH�SRSRDUHORU�GLQ�U�V�ULWXO�(XURSHL��1RL�vQV���VWDWHOH�FDUH�QH�DP�SLHUGXW�OLEHUWDWHD��SRSRDUHOH�FDUH�DX�IRVW�WUDQVIRUPDWH�LQ�URERWL�úL�VFODYL�PRGHUQL��FHUHP�LQ�QXPHOH�PLOLRDQHORU�GH�PRUWL�FDUH�úL�DX�SLHUGXW�YLDOD�LQ�ODJ�UH�úL�LQFKLVRUL��LQ�FRQGLWLL�QHRPHQHVWL��úL�D�]HFLORU�GH�PLOLRDQH�FDUH�úL�DX�SLHUGXW�V�Q�WDWHD�úL�DX�U�PDV�YUDFXUL�RPHQHúWL�úL�LQ�QXPHOH�D�SHVWH�R�VXW��GH�PLOLRDQH�GH�HXURSHQL�V�U�FLWL�úL�MHIXLWL��FD�YRFLOH�RDPHQLORU�SROLWLFL�GLQ�YHVW�V��QX�VH�PXOWXPHDVF��QXPDL�FX�FRQVWDW�UL��FL�V��FDXWH�V��vQO�WXUH�U�G�FLQD�U�XOXL��úL�DQXPH�GHQXQWDUHD�DFRUGXULORU�VHFUHWH�GHOD�7HKHUDQ��-DOWD�úL�3RWVGDP�úL�LQO�WXUDUHD�ORU��6WDWHOH�OLEHUH�DX�SRVLELWLWDWHD�úL�FKLDU�REOLJDWLD�PRUDO��V��FHDU��VFKLPEDUHD�VLWXDWLHL�GH�DVW�]L��$QJOLD�úL�6WDWHOH�8QLWH�DX�SRUQLW�XQ�U�]ERL�FD�V��

Page 8: Din Istoria Romanilor

LQO�WXUH�FODX]HOH�WUDWDWXOXL�VHFUHW�GLQWUH�+LWOHU�úL�6WDOLQ�SULQ�FDUH�DFHúWLD�LúL�vPS�UWHDX�UHFLSURF�GUHSWXUL�LQ�GHIDYRDUHD�VWDWHORU�FDUH�QDX�SDUWLFLSDW�OD�LQFKHLHUHD�ORU��3RORQLD��)LQODQGD��6WDWHOH�%DOWLFH�úL�5RPkQLD���3RORQLD�vPS�UWLW���6WDWHOH�%DOWLFH�vPS�U LWH��WHULWRULL�ILQODQGH]H�úL�URPkQH�DFRUGDWH�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH��WRDWH�DFWLXQL�FRQWUD�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDWLRQDO��5HDPLQWHVF�F��FHOH�GRX��W�UL��PDL�W�U]LX�úL�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF���VH�REOLJDVHU��SULQ�&KDUWD�$WODQWLFXOXL�V��QX�DFFHSWH�DQH[LXQL��LDU�LQ�FD]XO�FkQG�DFHVWHD�HUDX�QHFHVDUH��V��QX�VH�IDF��WUDQVIHUXUL�GH�WHULWRULL�I�U��FRQVXOWDUHD�SRSXODWLHL��7RDWH�DFHVWH�VFRSXUL�HUDX�QRELOH�úL�PXOWH�SRSRDUH�OH�DX�DSUREDW�úL�úL�DX�SXV�VSHUDQWH�LQ�HOH��&H�PHWDPRUIR]��VD�LQW�PSODW�LQ�WLPSXO�FHOXL�GH�DO�GRLOHD�U�]ERL�PRQGLDO��QX�VH�úWLH��6H�FXQRVF�QXPDL�UH]XOWDWHOH��DQH[LXQL�I�U��FRQVXOW�UL�úL�F�OF�UL�IODJUDQWH�GH�GUHSW��1HGUHSW�WLOH�GHOD�-DOWD�VDX�I�FXW�FX�DSUREDUHD�FHOXL�PDL�SXWHUQLF�VWDW�GLQ�OXPH��6WDWHOH�8QLWH��'H�DFHLD��DYHP�PDUH�VSHUDQW��LQ�VFKLPEDUHD�GH�DWLWXGLQL��YHQLW��WRFPDL�GLQ�DFHD�WDU��FDUH�D�DMXWDW�FHO�PDL�PXOW�FD�V��VH�IDF��QGUHSW�WLOH�FRQWUD�W�ULORU�HXURSHQH���3HQWUX�D�QH�GD�VHDPD�GH�VFKLPE�ULOH�SURIXQGH�LQWkPSODWH�LQ�XOWLPD�YUHPH�HVWH�ELQH�V��IDFHP�R�PLF��UHFDSLWXODUH�LVWRULF��úL�DFHDVWD�QXPDL�SHQWUX�D�vQWHOHJH�LQVHPQ�WDWHD�VFKLPE�ULL�GH�SR]LWLH�DPHULFDQ���,QF��GLQ�DQXO�������DGLF��LQDLQWH�GH�vQFHSHUHD�U�]ERLXOXL�PRQGLDO��H[LVWD�vQWUH�6WDOLQ�úL�5RRVHYHOW�R�LQWHOHJHUH�VHFUHW��GH�FDUH�úWLD�QXPDL�SDWUX�SHUVRDQH��3ULQ�DFHDVW��FRQYHQWLH�6WDWHOH�8QLWH�VH�REOLJDX�V��OLYUH]H�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH�LQIRUPDWLL�PLOLWDUH��/D�IHO�VH�úWLH�F��WRW�5RRVHYHOW�D�IRVW�DFHOD�FDUH�LQ�WLPSXO�U�]ERLXOXL�D�OLYUDW�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH�R�LPHQV��FDQWLWDWH�GH�DUPDPHQW��PLOLRDQH�GH�WRQH�GH�DOLPHQWH�úL�DOWH�SURGXVH�LQGXVWULDOH��0DL�PXOW��6WDWHOH�8QLWH�DX�OLYUDW�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH�úL�SURGXVH�úL�FXQRúWLQOH�SHQWUX�FRQVWUXFWLD�ERPEHL�DWRPLFH��,Q�WRW�WLPSXO�U�]ERLXOXL�:DOWHU�/LSPDQQ��FHO�PDL�FXQRVFXW�FRPHQWDWRU�DPHULFDQ��VI�WXLD�JXYHUQXO�DPHULFDQ�V��QX�XUP�UHDVF��R�SROLWLF��GH�LQGHSHQGHQWD�D�VWDWHORU�PLFL�GLQ�(XURSD�GH�HVW��FL�V��OH�REOLJH�D�GXFH�R�SROLWLF��GH��EXQ��YHFLQ�WDWH�FX�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF����$FHVW�VIDW�D�IRVW�SXV�LQ�SUDFWLF��OD�7HKHUDQ��-DOWD�úL�3RWVGDP��7RDW��OXPHD�VD�PLUDW�F��6WDWHOH�8QLWH�DX�GDW�FHYD�I�U��V��SULPHDVF��QLPLF�LQ�VFKLPE��úWLLQGX�VH�SUHD�ELQH�F��DPHULFDQLL�QX�VXQW�QHJXVWRUL�VODEL��$OWFHYD�WUHEXLH�V��IL�IRVW�LQ�MRF��'DU�V��DGPLWHP�F��LQ�DFHOH�WLPSXUL��RDPHQLL�SROLWLFL�DPHULFDQL�QX�FXQRúWHDX��VDX�QX�DYHDX�GH�XQGH�V��FXQRDVF��PHQWDOLWDWHD�VRYLHWLF���1XPDL�LQ�DFHVW�FD]��OH�DP�SXWHD�DFRUGD�FLUFXPVWDQOH�DWHQXDQWH��'DU�GXS��WUDQVIRUPDUHD�W�ULORU�HVW�HXURSHQH�LQ�FRORQLL�PRGHUQH��SULQ�MHIXLUHD�úL�V�U�FLUHD�D�SHVWH�R�VXW��GH�PLOLRDQH�GH�HXURSHQL�úL�SULQWUR�SROLWLF��DJUHVLY��úL�GH�H[SDQVLXQH��QX�OH�PDL�HUD�DGPLV�RDPHQLORU�SROLWLFL�DPHULFDQL�FD�GXS�����GH�DQL�GH�H[SHULHQ ��úL�QHGUHSW�WL�UXVHúWL��V��SHUVLVWH�LQ�PHQWLQHUHD�U�XOXL�VRYLHWLF��6SUH�JURD]D�QRDVWU���DIO�P�LQ�'HFHPEULH������GLQ�JXUD�H[SHUWXOXL�GH�SROLWLF��HVW�HXURSHDQ��DPHULFDQ��:DOWHU�6RQQHQIHOG��FDUH�LQ�IDOD�GLSORPDWLORU�DPHULFDQL�vQWUXQLWL�GLQ�WRDW��(XURSD��OD�/RQGUD��IDFH�QLúWH�GHFODUDWLL�úL�FRQVWDW�UL�FDUH�D�LQVS�LP�QWDW�PLOLRDQH�GH�HVW�HXURSHQL��:DOWHU�6RQQHQIHOG�QX�HUD�XQ�RDUHFDUH�IXQFWLRQDU�VDX�SURIHVRU�I�U��LQIOXHQW���FL�HUD�FRQVLOLHUXO�PLQLVWUXOXL�GH�H[WHUQH�DPHULFDQ�.LVVLQJHU��FDUH�VH�SOkQJHD�LQ�IHOXO�XUP�WRU���8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��QD�IRVW�FDSDELO��V��VH�DVLJXUH�GH�ORLDOLWDWHD�W�ULORU�HVW�HXURSHQH���&X�DOWH�FXYLQWH�QX�QH�LQJKLWLVH�FRPSOHW��,Q�FRQWLQXDUH�:DOWHU�6RQQHQIHOG�WUDJH�FRQFOX]LD�F���PDL�GH�YUHPH�VDX�PDL�W�U]LX��VLWXDWLD�SRDWH�GHYHQL�H[SOR]LY��úL�DU�FDX]D�XQ�DO�WUHLOHD�U�]ERLX�PRQGLDO���$FHDVW��VLWXDWLH�QHQDWXUDO��úL�QHRUJDQLF��D�UDSRUWXULORU�HVWH�R�SULPHMGLH�SHQWUX�SDFHD�PRQGLDO��úL�LQFHSHUHD�XQXL�FRQIOLFW�vQWUH�HVW�úL�YHVW�HVWH�GH�QHHYLWDW����'HFODUD LL�PDL�VILG�WRDUH�úL�PDL�QHRPHQRDVH�FD�DOH�H[SHUWXOXL�DPHULFDQ�QLFL�QX�VH�SRDWH��6��VH�SO�QJ��F��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��QD�IRVW�FDSDELO��V��VH�DVLJXUH�GH�ORLDOLWDWHD�W�ULORU�VXEMXJDWH�úL�H[SORDWDWH��QX�L�FRQVWDWDUHD�XQXL�RP�FH�YUHD�ELQHOH��FL�DOH�XQHL�SHUVRDQH�FH�GRUHúWH�FD�W�ULOH�HVW�HXURSHQH�V��U�P�Q��PDL�GHSDUWH�VXE�MXJXO�UXVHVF���$P�UHODWDW�FHOH�GH�PDL�VXV�SHQWUX�D�QH�GD�VHDPD�FH�vQVHDPQ��DFWXDOHOH�VFKLPE�UL�GLQ�6WDWHOH�8QLWH��$FWXDOXO�SUHúHGLQWH�GHFODU��I�WLú�F��OD��-DOWD�VD�I�FXW�QHGUHSWDWH�W�ULORU�GLQ�HVWXO�(XURSHL���$FHVWH�GHFODUDWLL�QH�GDX�VSHUDQ H�VL�L�PXOWXPLQ���6H�SDUH�F��SHULFROXO�FRPXQLVW�D�GHYHQLW�DWkW�GH�JUDY�úL�DPHQLQW�WRU�vQFkW�6WDWHOH�8QLWH�QX�PDL�SRW�VWD�LQ�VWDUH�GH�SDVLYLWDWH�úL�QLFL�VD�L�PDL�DMXWH�FXP�D�I�FXW�LQ�WUHFXW��6H�SDUH�F��SROLWLFD�RILFLDO��DPHULFDQ��QX�PDL�HVWH�R�SROLWLF��GH�GXSOLFLWDWH�FD�LQ�WUHFXW��3H�GH�R�SDUWH�V��WU�PELWH]H�SULQFLSLLOH�GH�OLEHUWDWH��LDU�SH�GH�DOW��SDUWH�V��DFRUGH�5XVLHL�SXWHUL�SHVWH�W�UL�úL�SRSRDUH��FRQWUDUH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDWLRQDO��6��VSHPP�F��6WDWHOH�8QLWH�DX�WUHFXW�OD�DFWLXQL�FRQFUHWH�úL�DVWD�LQVHDPQ��SHQWX�QRL��VSHUDQW���VSHUDQW��F��LQ�FXUkQG�úL�W�ULOH�VDWHOLWH��SULQWUH�FDUH�úL�5RPkQLD�YRU�GHYHQL�OLEHUH���$�FHUH�XQ�GUHSW�DQFRUDW�LQ�&KDUWD�1DWLXQLORU�8QLWH�úL�UHFXQRVFXW�GH�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�HVWH�R�GDWRULH�GLQ�SDUWHD�QRDVWU���7UHEXLH�V��FHUHP�LQ�WRDWH�vPSUHMXU�ULOH�úL�LQ�WRDWH�RFD]LGH��LQO�WXUDUHD�

Page 9: Din Istoria Romanilor

WUDWDWHORU�VHFUHWH�úL�QHGUHSWH�GHOD�7HKHUDQ��-DOWD�úL�3RWVGDP��&HUkQGX�OH�QX�LQVHDPQ��F��YUHP�U�]ERL��'LQ�FRQWU��YUHP�HOLEHUDUHD�W�ULL�QRDVWUH��I�U��U�]ERL��úL�WDUH�QH�DP�EXFXUD�GDF��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��VL�DU�GD�VHDPD�F��RSULPkQG�SRSRDUH�QX�FRQWULEXLH�OD�PHQWLQHUHD�S�FLL�úL�QLFL�OD�VHFXULWDWH�SURSULH���6L�PDL�WUHEXLH� LQXW�VHDP��GH�XQ�IDSW��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��QX�HVWH�FDSDELO��V��SRDUWH�XQ�U�]ERL�úL�GLQ�DFHDVW��FDX]��QX�O�YD�vQFHSH��5XVLD�HVWH�DWkW�GH�VODE��LQ�LQWHULRU��LQFkW�LQ�FXUkQG�QX�YD�PDL�SXWHD�IDFH�IDW��SUREOHPHORU�QHUH]ROYDWH�úL�FDUH�WUHEXLHVF�WRWXúL�V��ILH�UH]ROYDWH��6L�DWXQFL�YRP�YHGHD�PRPHQWXO�SU�EXúLULL�LPSHULXOXL�PXOWLQDWLRQDO�úL�DQDFURQLF�8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��úL�OLEHUWDWHD�FHORU�SHVWH�R�VXW��GH�PLOLRDQH�GR�HXURSHQL��0RPHQWXO�QX�HVWH�GHSDUWH�úL�HVWH�GH�SUHY�]XW��� � � ��,Q�DFHDVW��OXPH�QLPLF�QX�U�PkQH�GHILQLWLY��7RWXO�HVWH�LQ�VFXUJHUH��WRWXO�HVWH�LQ�SUHIDFHUH��,Q�WDUD�QRDVWU��5RPkQLD��GRPQHúWH�FHD�PDL�FUXG��WLUDQLH�FDUH�QDUH�DVHP�QDUH�LQ�LVWRULH��3HVWH� DUD�QRDVWU��DX�WUHFXW�PXOWH�QHQRURFLUL��SO�JL�úL�MHIXLWRUL��GDU�XOWLPD�RFXSDWLH�UXVHDVF��OH�D�LQWUHFXW�SH�WRDWH��D�V�UDFLW�SRSRUXO��O�D�LQIO�PkQ]LW�úL�L�D�DWDFDW�VXIOHWXO��*XYHUQXO�GHOD�%XFXUHúWL��WU�LHúWH�GLQ�PLOD�0RVFRYHL��I�U��0RVFRYD��DFWXDOXO�UHJLP�QX�VH�SRDWH�PHQWLQH�OD�SXWHUH�QLFL�P�FDU�R�RU���)�U��SXWHUHD�0RVFRYHL��SRSRUXO�URP�Q�QDU�IL�F�]XW�LQ�URELH��QDU�IL�IRVW�QHYRLW�V��úL�SLDUG��ILL�LQ�LQFKLVRUL�úL�ODJDUH��VDX�V��vQGXUH�IRDPHWH�LQWUR�WDU��FDUH�LQDLQWH�GH�U�]ERLX��LQDLQWH�GH�YHQLUHD�SO�JLL�FRPXQLVWH�H[SRUWD�DOLPHQWH��,Q�WUHFXW�Q�Y�OLWRULL�VH�LQWHUHVDX�QXPDL�GH�SUDG���DFWXDOLL�Q�Y�OLWRUL�YRU�V��QH�GLVWUXJ��LQ�SOXV�úL�VXIOHWXO��&X�WRDWH�LQFHUF�ULOH�I�FXWH��LQF��QX�OH�D�UHXúLW�V��QH�GLVWUXJ��FD�QDWLXQH�úL�ILLQWD�QDWLRQDO��LQF��PDL�UH]LVW���%D]DWL�SH�H[SHULHQWHOH�GLQ�WUHFXWXO�QRVWUX��VXQWHP�FRQYLQúL�F��QLFL�GH�GDWD�DFHDVWD�QX�QH�YRU�GLVWUXJH���,Q�FDSLWDOD�JURD]HL�úL�FHQWUXO�WXWXURU�QHQRURFLULORU�JXYHUQHD]��XQ�UHJLP�VDWDQLF��FDUH�D�I�XULW�R�DUPDW��SXWHUQLF���7DQFXUL�úL�DYLRDQH��VWDX�JDWD�V��ILH�SXVH�LQ�PLúFDUH��LDU�UDFKHWHOH�FX�ERPEH�DWRPLFH�VXQW�DPSODVDWH�LQ�PXOWH�FROWXUL�DOH�OXLPLL�úL�VXEPDULQH�OH�SRDUW��SH�IXQGXO�PDULORU�úL�RFHDQHORU��LDU�VSXWQLFL�VERDU��LQ�VSDWLDO�LQWHUSODQHWDU�JDWD�FD�LQ�RULFH�PRPHQW�V��GHVO�QWXLH�SU�S�GXO�ILQDO��6L�WRWXúL�DFHVW�FRORV�PLOLWDU�HVWH�JDWD�GH�D�VH�SU�EXúL�LQDLQWH�GH�D�GHVO�QWXL�SU�S�GXO�ILQDO��/LFKLGDUHD�PRQVWUXOXL�VRYLHWLF�HVWH�SURJUDPDW���/LFKLGDUHD�SRDWH�IL�LQW�U]LDW���GDU�VI�UúLWXO�QX�PDL�SRDWH�IL�LQO�WXUDW���'DF��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��DU�IL�SXWHUQLF���QLPHQL�QDU�IL�SXWXW�VR�LPSLHGLFH�V��WUHDF��OD�DWDF��$U�IL�GDW�XOWLPDWH�FXP�D�GDW�LQ������úL������VL�DU�IL�LQVWDODW�SUHWXWLQGHQL�JXYHUQH�FRPXQLVWH�FRQWUD�YRLQ HL�SRSRDUHORU��1X�OH�D�I�FXW�SHQWUXF��QD�SXWXW��,DU�DVW�]L��RULFkW�DU�YUHD�QX�PDL�SRDWH��5XVLD�úL�D�vQIO�PkQ]LW�SURSULL�VXSXúL�úL�IO�PkQ]LL�QDX�SHQWUX�FH�OXSWD���/D�OLFKLGDUHD�PRQVWUXOXL�FRPXQLVW�YRU�FRQFXUD�PDL�PXOWH�FDX]H������7LQHUHWXO��/D�RUD�DFWXDOD�LGHLD�FRPXQLVW��VDX�VRFLDOLVPXO�UXVHVF�QX�PDL�SRDWH�PRELOL]D�IRUWH�LQ�LQWHULRU�FDUH�V��GLQDPL]H]H�DFWLYLWDWHD�WLQHUHWXOXL��6WDWXO�FRPXQLVW�HVWH�FRQGXV�GH�LQGLYL]L�FH�QX�FUHG�LQ�QLPLF��LQ�DIDU��GH�GRULQ D�GH�D�U�PkQH�OD�SXWHUH��WLU�VLVWHPXO�LQDXJXUDW�úL�PHQWLQXW�FX�IRU D�DUPDW��D�FUHVFXW�XQ�WLQHUHW�IDU��PRUDOD��I�U��UHVSHFW�IDW��GH�OHJH�úL�I�U��LQFUHGHUH�LQ�YLLWRU��6WDWXO�VRYLHWLF�HVWH�FD�XQ�IHO�GH�DYLRQ�FDUH�VERDU��I�U��EHQ]LQ��QXPDL�LQ�YLUWXWHD�LQHU LHL��'H]RUGLQLOH�LQ�IDEULFL��DWHOLHUH��DGPLQLVWUDWLD�SXEOLF��VXQW�OD�RUGLQHD�]LOHL��2�GR]RUGLQH�VH�REVHUY��FKLDU�LQ�XQLW�WLOH�PLOLWDUH��1XP�UXO�GH]HUWRULORU�GLQ�XQLW�WLOH�VRYLHWLFH�FUHVF��6ROGDWLL�VRYLHWLFL�VXQW�FRQWUD�RILWHULORU��úL�LQ�GLVFXOLL�LQWUH�HL�VSXQ�F��SULPHOH�JORDQWH�LQ�U�]ERLX��YRU�IL�SHQWUX�RIL HULL�XQLW�WLLORU���'LQ�FDX]D�WUDWDPHQWXOXL�QHRPHQRV�DO�VROGDWLORU��VROGDWLL�XQXL�UHJLPHQW�GH�LQIDQWHULH�GHOD�IURQWLHUD�UXVR�FKLQHD]��DX�RPRUvW�WRWL�RILWHULL�FX�EDLRQHWHOH�úL�FX�FXWLWHOH��/XFU�WRULL�úL�VROGD LL�ILLQG�WUDWDWL�FD�QLúWH�VFODYL��úL�UH]XOWDWXO�PXQFLL�ORU�HVWH�WRW�FHD�D�VFODYXOXL��'DF��SHQWUX�SURGXF LD�XQHL�FDQWLW�WL�GH�PDUWID�LQ�VWDWHOH�OLEHUH�HVWH�QHFHVDU�XQ�QXP�U�GH�����GH�OXFU�WRUL��SHQWUX�DFHLDúL�FDQWLWDWH�GH�PDUID�LQ�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��HVWH�QHYRLH�GH�����GH�OXFU�WRUL������)RUPD�GH�VWDW��'HVSRWLVPXO�FRPXQLVW�QX�SRDWH�IL�UHIRUPDW��LQ�QLFLXQ�FD]�QX�VH�SRDWH�KXPDQL]D�úL�QLFL�OLEHUDOL]D��HO�SRDWH�IL�QXPDL�GLVWUXV��úL�DQXPH�GLQ�LQWHULRU��,Q�SULPXO�UkQG�IRDPHWHD�HVWH�PDL�SHULFXORDV��GHFkW�LGHRORJLD�úL�DWkUQ��FD�R�ERPE��SROLWLF��DVXSUD�FDSHWHORU�SROLWLFLHQLORU�GLQ�FRPLWHWXO�FHQWUDO��0LORYDQ�'MLODV�IRVWXO�LGHRORJ�FRPXQLVW�DO�OXL�7LWR�HVWH�GH�S�UHUH�F��UHYROXWLD�XQJDU��GLQ������D�GDW��XQ�IHO�GH�DFFHODUDWLH�SU�EXúLULL�VLVWHPXOXL�FRPXQLVW�úL�GH�DWXQFL�DU�IL�LQ�DJRQLH����

Page 10: Din Istoria Romanilor

'DF��QDU�IL�DUPDWD�URúLH��GH�PXOW�DU�IL�GLVS�UXW�UHJLPXO�FRPXQLVW��3DUWLGXO�FRPXQLVW�UQX�PDL�MRDF��QLFLXQ�URO�LQ�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF���)�U��DUPDWD�URúLH�XOWLPXO�VLVWHP�FRORQLDOLVW�GLQ�OXPH�VDU�IL�SU�EXúLW��GDU�úL�DFHDVWD�HVWH�SH�SXQFWXO�GH�D�VO�EL������,QGXVWULD�VRYLHWLF���,QGXVWULD�VRYLHWLF��D�WU�LW�úL�WU�LHúWH�GLQ�FDSLWDOXO�úL�FXQRúWLQWHOH�GLQ� �ULOH�FDSLWDOLVWH��SH�FDUH�8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��YUHD�V��OH�GLVWUXJ���,Q�WLPS�GH�U�]ERL�DFHDVW��LQGXVWULH�QX�L�FDSDELO��V��OLYUH]H�VROGDWXOXL�UXV�SLHVHOH�GH�VFKLPE��6H�SRYHVWHúWH�F��OD�R�PDQHYU��PLOLWDU��FDUH�D�DYXW�ORF�LQ�6LEHULD�DX�SDUWLFLSDW�R�PLH�GH�WDQFXUL��GDU�OD�GHVWLQDWLH�QDX�VRVLW�GHFkW����R�VXW���'DF��VH�VLVWHD]��DFRUGDUHD�GH�FUHGLWH�úL�FRQVWUXFWLD�GH�IDEULFL�GH�F�WUH�VWDWHOH�OLEHUH��VDU�SURGXFH�XQ�KDRV�LQ�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF�������$JULFXOWXUD��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��SRVHG��FHD�PDL�PDUH�LQWLQGHUH�GH�S�PkQW�DJULFRO�GH�SH�JORE��GDU�QX�HVWH�FDSDELO��VD�VL�KU�QHDVF��SRSXOD LD��8Q�SRSRU�IO�PkQG�vúL�P�QkQF��JXYHUQXO��GDU�DFHVWD�QX�L�HILFDFH�GHFkW�LQ�PRPHUQWXO�FkQG�VH�vQDUPHD]���6L�DVWIHO�GH�UHYROXWLL�VH�FXQRVF���1XPHOH�ODJ�UHORU�XQGH�DX�DYXW�ORF�UHYROXWLL�YRU�U�PkQH�PHUHX�SUH]HQWH��.LQJLU��.DUDJDQGD��:RUNXWD��.RO\PD��1RU\OVN��WRDWH�LQ�EXúLWH�LQ�VkQJH�GH�XQLW�WL�GH�HOLW��DOH�PLQLVWHUXOXL�GH�LQWHUQH��,Q�DQXO������D�DYXW�ORF�UHYROWD�URPkQLORU�GLQ�&KLúLQ�X��5RPkQLL�VDX�UHYROWDW�FX�DUPD�LQ�PkQ��SURWHVWkQG�FRQWUD�VFXPSLULL�DOLPHQWHORU��7RDWH�DSHOXULOH�OLGHULORU�FRPXQLúWL�GH�D�VH�SURGXFH�PDL�PXOWH�DOLPHQWH�QDX�DGXV�UH]XOWDWHOH�GRULWH��GLQ�FRQWU��SURGXF LD�HVWH�PDL�PLF���,Q�DQXO������VH�SUHY�]XVH�FRQIRUP�SODQXOXL�����PLOLRDQH�GH�WRQH�GH�FHUHDOH��GDU�VDX�UHFROWDW�QXPDL�����GH�PLOLRDQH��GHFL�FX�SHVWH����OD�����PDL�SXWLQ�GHFkW�VH�SUHY�]XVH��,Q�DQXO������5XVLD�WDULVW��H[SRUWD�FHUHDOH�LDU�5XVLD�FRPXQLVW���GXS�����GH�DQL�GH�SXWHUH��LPSRUW��FHUHDOH������0LQRULW�WLOH�QDWLRQDOH��5XúLL�VXQW�R�PLQRULWDWH�LQ�VWDWXO�PXOWLQDWLRQDO��LDU�8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��HVWH�XQ�DQDFURQLVP�LQ�WLPSXULOH�QRDVWUH��7RDWH�VWDWHOH�PXOWLQDWLRQDOH�DX�GLVS�UXW��U�P�QkQG�QXPDL�HD�VLQJXU��FD�R�UHPLQLVFHQ ��LVWRULF��D�WLPSXULORU�WUHFXWH��5XVLL�GHWLQ�IXQFWLL�GH�FRQGXFHUH�LQ�DSDUDWXO�GH�VWDW��LQ�RUJDQL]DWLLOH�GH�RSUHVLXQH�FD�PLOLWLD�úL�VHFXULWDWHD���*.%���úHIL�GH�LQWUHSULQGHUL�LQGXVWULDOH�úL�GH�FRPHUW��LDU�SHQWUX�PLQRULW�OLOH�QDWLRQDOH�QX�U�PkQ�GHFkW�IXQF LL�GH�MRV�VDX�GH�FRUYRDG���,QUSHULXO�WDULVW�D�IRVW�VGUXQFLQDW�GH�OR]LQFD�FRPXQLVW����'HVFKLGHWL�SRUWLOH�LQFKLVRULL�SRSRDUHORU��5XVLD���&RPXQLúWLL�LQV��QX�úL�DX�UHVSHFWDW�OR]LQFD��7RDWH�SRSRDUHOH�RSULPDWH�GH�IRVWXO�LPSHULX� DULVW�VH�J�VHVF�úL�DVW�]L�LQ�LQFKLVRDUH��PDL�UQXOW�DOWH�SRSRDUH�DX�IRVW�DGXVH�LQ�vQFKLVRDUHD�SRSRDUHORU��GH�GDWD�DVWD�VH�QXPHúWH��8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��úL�QX�5XVLD�WDULVW���3UREOHPD�PLQRULW�WLORU�QDWLRQDOH�GLQ�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��U�PkQH�XQ�EXWRL�GH�SXOEHUH�úL�YD�V�UL�LQ�DLHU�OD�WLPSXO�SRWULYLW��$SUR[LPDWLY����OD�����GLQ�JUHYHOH��GLQ�UHYROXWLLOH�vQ�EXúLWH�LQ�VkQJH�LQ�8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��DX�DYXW�ORF�LQ�WLQXWXULOH�QH�UXVH�LQ�8FUDLQD��LQ�&DXFDV��LQ�%DVDUDELD��LQ�7�ULOH�%DOWLFH��LQ�7XUNHVWDQ��LQ�*HRUJLD��LQ�5XVLD�$OED�úL�LQ�6LEHULD��0LQRULW�WLOH�ILLQG�LQ�GXEOX�VHQV�H[SORDWDWH��GH�VRFLDO�FRORQLDOLúWL�úL�GH�LPSHULDO�FRORQLDOLúWL��,Q�FHQWUHOH�LQGXVWULDOH�QH�UXVH�PLúF�ULOH�UHYROXWLRQDUH�DOH�PXQFLWRULORU�SRDUW��XQ�FDUDFWHU�QDWLRQDO��&DUDFWHUXO�XQHL�GHVS�UWLUL�GH�5XVLD�HVWH�GLQ�FH�LQ�FH�PDL�SURQXQWDW��)RL�YRODQWH�FRQWUD�LPSHULDOLVUXXOXL�UXVHVF�DQ�IRVW�U�VS�QGLWH�LQ�PXOWH�UHJLXQL�DOH�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH��3UHVD�VRYLHWLF��D�UHODWDW�HD�vQV�úL�GHVSUH�IRLOH�YRODQWH�U�VSkQGLWH�GH�VWDGHQWLL�XFUDLQHQL�GLQ�&KLHY������3HUVHFXWLLOH�UHOLJLRDVH��,QWHQ LD�OLGHULORU�FRPXQLúWL�GH�D�GLVWUXJH��RSLXPXO�SRSRDUHORU��UHOLJLD��D�GDW�JUHú��&RQWUDULXO�VD�UHDOL]DW��6HQWLPHQWXO�UHOLJLRV�D�GHYHQLW�GLQ�FH�LQ�FH�PXL�SXWHUQLF�úL�XQ�PDUH�SHULFRO�SHQWUX�UHJLPXO�FRPXQLVW��,Q�DFHDVW��RUGLQH�GH�LGHL�WUHEXLH�DPLQWLW��úL�UHGHúWHSWDUHD�SRSRDUHORU�UQDKRPHGDQH�GLQ�LPSHULDO�FRORQLDO��8Q�PDUH�SHULFRO�SHQWUX�UHJLPXO�FRPXQLVW�LO�IRUPHD]��VHFWHOH�úL�DQXPH�GDWRULW��XQXL�IDSW�IRDUWH�VLPSOX��,Q�WLPSXO�U�]ERLXOXL��6WDOLQ�D�I�FXW�DSHO�OD�ELVHULFD�RUWRGR[��UXV���$FHDVWD�D�DMXWDW�OD�vQW�ULUHD�VHQWLPHQWXOXL�QDWLRQDO��GDU�VL�D�FUHLDW�úL�R�VO�ELFLXQH��$�GHYHQLW�XQHOWD�DSDUDWXOXL�GH�VWDW��,Q�ELVHULF��VH�URDJ��SUHRWLL�SHQWUX��V�Q�WDWHD�FRQGXF�WRULORU�VWDWXOXL��úL�VH�FLWHVF��RUGLQH�VL�LQIRUPDWLL�YHQLWH�GLQ�SDUWHD�VWDWXOXL�FXUH�RSULPHD]��SRSXOD LD���6LQJXUHOH�FRPXQLW�WL�VRFLDOH�FXUH�QX�IDF�FRPSURPLVXUL�FX�UHJLPXO�FRPXQLVW�VXQW�VHFWHOH�UHOLJLRDVH��$FHVWHD�IDF�RSR]L LH�úL�SRSRUXO�FDUH�HVWH�DQWLFRPXQLVW�VH�vQGUHDSW��VSUH�HOH��LQW�ULQGX�OH�SULQ�QXP�U��úL�DMXWkQGX�OH�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�PDWHULDO��0HPEULL�VHFWHORU�QX�YRU�V��IDF��VHUYLFLL�PLOLWDUH�VDX�V��VOXMHDVF��VWDWXOXL�FRPXQLVW��'LQ�DFHDVW��FDX]��VXQW�SULJRQL L��LDU�SULJRDQD�FUHLD]��UQDUWLUL�úL�RSR]LWLH���3U�EXúLUHD�LPSHULXOXL�DQDFURQLVW�úL�LPSHULDOLVW�VH�YD�SURGXFH�SULQ�����U�]ERL������HYROXWLH�VDX�����UHYROXWLH���

Page 11: Din Istoria Romanilor

����5�]ERLXO��5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��QX�YD�SRUQL�XQ�U�]ERL��,Q�PRPHQWXO�GH�ID ��QX�O�SRDWH�FkúWLJD�úL�GLQ�DFHDVW��FDX]��LO�YD�HYLWD��(VWH�GUHSW�5XVLD�QD�UHQXQWDW�OD�FXFHULUHD�OXPLL��GDU�QX�SULQ�U�]ERL��FL�SULQ�DWkWDUH�GH�UHYROXWLL�LQ�GLIHULWH�FROWXUL�DOH�OXPLL��,QFHUF�ULOH�GH�D�FkúWLJD�GH�SXUWHD�HL�SH�UHYROXWLRQDULL�GLQ�$PHULFD�GH�VXG��SDUH�F��QD�GDW�URDGHOH�DúWHSWDWH��LDU�FRPXQL]DUHD�úL�PHQWLQHUHD�XQXL�UHJLP�FRPXQLVW�LQ�&XED�FRVW��R�VXP��HQRUP��VWDWXO�VRYLHWLF��/D�IHO�VL�RFXSDWLD�GLQ�$IJDQLVWDQ�VROGDW��FX�PLL�GH�PRUWL�IDU��V��SRDW��SDFLILFD�VWDWXO��DGLF��V��O�DLE��VXE�FRQWURO�FRPSOHW���/D�IHO�HVWH�JUHX�GH�VSDV�GDF��L�VH�YD�LPSXQH�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH�XQ�U�VERL�GLQ�H[WHULRU��,Q�PRPHQWXO�GH�IDW��QX�VH�SRDWH�QXPL�R�WDU��FDUH�DU�IL�GLVSXV��V��SRDUWH�XQ�U�VERL�FRQWUD�5XVLHL�VRYLHWLFH��,Q�SOXV�DUPHOH�DWRPLFH�vPSLHGLF��XQ�DVWIHO�GH�U�VERL�������(YROXWLD��,PHGLDW�GXS��FHO�GH�DO�GRLOHD�U�VERL�PRQGLDO�DQ�DS�UXW�XQ�PDUH�QXP�U�GH�GRFWULQDUL��FDUH�YHGHDX�R��HYROXWLH�D�FRPXQLVPXOXL��úL�DQXPH��R�VFKLPEDUH�D�OXL�LQ�VHQVXO�XQHL�GHEDUDV�UL�GH�R�VHULH�GH�DVSHFWH�GH�GLFWDWXU��úL�DSURSLHUHD�GH�GHPRFUDWLH��2UL�FRPXQLVPXO�QX�VH�SRDWH�PHQWLQH�I�U��GLFWDWXU���5HJLPXULOH�FRPXQLVWH�LQWUHWLQ�FHOH�PDL�QXPHURDVH�DUPDWH�úL�I�U��IRUWD�PLOLWDU��QX�VH�SRW�PHQWLQH�OD�SDWHUH��,Q�GHFXUVXO�DQLORU�VD�SXWXW�IDFH�FRQVWDWDUHD��FD�RULFH�UHJLP�FRPXQLVW�FXUH�QX�VH�SRDWH�ED]D�SH�IRUWD�PLOLWDU��HVWH�VRUWLW�SLHLULL��,Q�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��WRDWH�LQFHUF�ULOH�UHYROXWLRQDUH�DOH�PXQFLWRULORU�DX�IRVW�vQ�EXúLWH�LQ�V�QJH��6WDWXO�QX�GLVFXW��FX�FHW�WHQLL��QLFL�SUREOHPH�GH�FRQGXFHUH�úL�QLFL�GH�LPEXQ�W�WLUHD�VLWXDWLHL�PDWHULDOH��6D�vQFHUFDW�LQ�&HKRVORYDFLD�XQ�FRPXQLVP�FX��IDW��PDL�XPDQ���GDU�VD�SU�EXúLW�LQ�IDWD�WDQFXULORU�VRYLHWLFH��1LFL�LQFHUF�ULOH�GLQ�3RORQLD�FD�SULQ�DMXWRUXO�XQXL�VLQGLFDW�SXWHUQLF�V��VH�SRDW��GXFH��XQ�GLDORJ�LQWUH�VWDW�úL�UQXQFLWRU��VD�SU�EXúLW�LQ�IDWD�IRUWHORU�DUPDWH�������5HYROX LD��$FHDVW��SRVLELOLWDWH�DU�IL�SHQWUX�SRSRDUHOH�URELWH�GLQ�U�V�ULWXO�(XURSHL�FHD�PDL�EXQ��VROXWLH��6LWXDWLD�GLQ�5XVLD�VRYLHWLF��VH�vQU�XW�WHúWH�GLQ�FH�LQ�FH�PDL�PXOW��,Q�5XVLD�DX�DYXW�ORF�FHOH�UQDL�PXOWH�UHYROXWLL��LDU�OD�RUD�DFWXDO��SUREOHPD�QDWLRQDOLW�WLORU�VXEMXJDWH�HVWH�WRW�DWkW�GH�JUDY��FDP�D�IRVW�SH�WLPSXO�UHYROXWLHL�FRPXQLVWH�F�QG�/HQLQ�úL�6WDOLQ�DX�SRUQLW�OD�OXSW��RQ�OR]LQFD��GHVFKLGHWL�SRUWLOH�LQFKLVRULL�SRSRDUHORU��5XVLD����/D�RUD�DFWXDO��5XVLD�6RYLHWLF��HVWH�XQ�LPSHULX�FRORQLDO��FHO�PDL�PDUH�GLQ�OXPH�úL�DQDFURQLF��(O�QX�YD�PXL�SXWHD�VXSUDYLHWXL�úL�VH�YD�SU�EXúL�FDP�VDX�SU�EXúLW�WRDWH�LPSHULLOH�FRORQLDOH���0XOWL�SROLWRORJL�úL�LVWRULFL�FDUH�VDX�RFXSDW�GH�IHQRPHQXO�UQRQVWUXOXL�VRYLHWLF�DX�DMXQV�OD�FRQFOX]LD��F��PDL�FXUkQG�VDX�UQDL�WkU]LX�VH�YD�SU�EXVL��'LQWUR�PXOWLPH�GH�OXFU�UL��DP�DOHV�QXPDL�FkWHYD���D��$QGUHL�$��$OPDULN���LVWRULF�UXV��VL�D�SXV�LQWUHEDUHD�GDF���8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF���YD�VXSUDYLHWXL�DQXO�������$OPDULN�DMXQJH�OD�FRQFOX]LD�F��5XVLD�WUHEXLH�V��SO�WHDVF��SHQWUX�FXFHULULOH�OXL�6WDOLQ���E��(PPDQXHO�7RGG��LQ�OXFUDUHD�VD��/D�FKXWH�ILQDOH���DS�UXW��LQ�DQXO������LQ�HGLWXUD�5REHUW�/DIRQW��DMXQJH�OD�FRQFOX]LD�F��LPSHULDO�VRYLHWLF��VH�YD�SU�EXúL�LQ�SULPLL��������VDX����GH�DQL����F��&RPXQLVWXO�MXJRVODY��0LORYDQ�'MLODV��LQ�OXFUDUHD�VD��1RXD�FODV���HVWH�GH�S�UHUH�F���VLWXDWLD�DFWXDO��QX�PXL�SRDWH�GXUD��úL�VH�YD�DMXQJH�LQ�FXUkQG�úL�LQ�PRG�LQHYLWDELO�OD�R�OLPW���LDU�DFHDVW��OLPLW��YD�IL�vQFHSXWXO�VI�UúLWXOXL�VW�SkQLULL�QHvQJU�GLWH�D�ELURFUDWLHL�SROLWLFH�D�QRLL�FODVH���G��*K��%DUWVFK��IRVW�FRPXQLVW��VH�H[SULP��LQ�OXFUDUHD�VD��6FKLPEDUH��GH�PDFD]��LQ�(XURSD�GH�U�V�ULW��vQ�IHOXO�XUP�WRU���GHVWU�PDUHD�LPSHULXOXL�FRPXQLVW�D�LQFHSXW�GHOD�GHIHFWLXQHD�OXL�7LWR����H��:ROIJDQJ�/HRQDUG��IRVW�VWXGHQW�OD�úFRDOD�GH�3DUWLG�GLQ�0RVFRYD��LQ�WLPSXO�GH�IDW��SURIHVRU�XQLYHUVLWDU�LQ�6WDWHOH�8QLWH�LQ�OXFUDUHD��LQ�DMXQXO�XQHL�UHYROXWLL��VXV LQH�F��8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��VH�DIO���vQWUR�VWDUH�SUH�UHYROXWLRQDU�����I��6WHIDQ�<RZHZ�LQ�OXFUDUHD��3RDWH�IL�LQYLQV�FRPXQLVPXO��DMXQJH�OD�FRQFOX]LD�F���VLVWHPXO�WRWDOLWDU�FRPXQLVW�QX�PDL�LQFHSH�XQ�U�]ERLX�FRQWUD�SRSRDUHORU�OLEHUH�úL�F��SHQWUX�LQYLQJHUHD�FRPXQLVPXOXL��I�U��U�]ERLX��VXQW�úDQVH�UHDOH���J��*HQHUDOXO�6LU�-RKQ�+DFNHWW�LQ�OXFUDUHD�VD��&HO�GH�DO�WUHLOHD�U�]ERL�PRQGLDO��7HDWUX�GH�RSHUDWLL�SULQFLSDO�*HUPDQLD��DS�UXW��LQ������LQ�HGLWXUD�JHUPDQ��&��%HUWHOPDQQ��VXVWLQH�S�UHUHD�F��FHO�GH�DO�WUHLOHD�U�]ERLX�PRQGLDO�vQFHSH�OD���$XJXVW�������OD�RUD�SDWUX�GLPLQHDWD��/D�DFHD�GDW��5XVLD�YD�DWDFD�

Page 12: Din Istoria Romanilor

FX����GLYL]LL��YD�FkúWLJD�WHUHQ��GDU�YD�SLHUGH�U�]ERLXO��5HYROXWLL�LQWHUQH��LQ�VSHFLDO�DOH�SRSRDUHORU�VXEMXJDWH��YRU�VO�EL�SXWHUHD�VRYLHWLF��LQFkW�YD�IL�QHYRLW��V��FHGH]H�SXWHUHD���K��0LFLPHO�6��9ROVHQVN\�LQ�OXFUDUHD��1RPHQNODWXUD�&ODVD�VW�SkQLWRDUH�LQ�8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF���DS�UXW��LQ������LQ�HGLWXUD�0ROGHQ�9LHQD��0��9RVOHQVN\�FXQRDúWH�VLVWHPXO�VRYLHWLF�GLQ��LQWHULRU��ILLQGF��D�IRVW�PHPEUX�GH�SDUWLG�úL��FRODERUDWRU�DO�FRPLWHWXOXL�FHQWUDO�DO�SDUWLGXOXL�FRPXQLVW�VRYLHWLF�D�DOHV�OLEHUWDWHD�LQ������GHQXPHúWH�FODVD�FRQGXF�WRDUH��120(1./$785$��úL�FDUH�LQ�UHDOLWDWH�HVWH�R��FODVD�H[SORDWDWRDUH��úL�HVWH�VW�SkQD�úL�SURSLHWDUD��SURSULHW�WLL�VRFLDOLVWH��úL�DFHDVW��VLWXDWLH�QX�SRDWH�GXUD�OD�LQILQLW���L��+HOHQH�&DUUHUH�G(QFDXVVH�LQ�OXFUDUHD��/H�SRXYRLU�FRQILVTXH��JRXYHUQDQWV�HW�JRXYHUQHV�RQ�8566��DS�UXW��LQ�HGLWXUD�)ODPDULRQ��3DULV������YRUEHúWH�GH�ILVXULOH�GLQ�8QLXQHD�6RYLHWLF��FDX]DWH�GH�PLQRULW�WLOH�QDWLRQDOH��