Conflictul_din_Cașmir

8/12/2019 Conflictul_din_Camir

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The territorial dispute between India and Pakistan


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*The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India andPakistan over the Kashmir region, the northwestern region ofSouth Asia.

* India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and as of2010, administers approximately 43% of the region, includingmost of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the SiachenGlacier. India's claims are contested by Pakistan, whichcontrolsapproximately 37% of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashmir and thenorthern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan.

* India and Pakistan have fought at least three warsover Kashmir,including the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1999. Indiaand Pakistan have also been involved in several skirmishes over

the Siachen Glacier.


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* In 1947, British rule in India ended with the creation of two new

nations: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, while

British suzerainty over the 562 Indian princely states ended.

According to the Indian Independence Act 1947, the suzeraintyof His Majesty over the Indian States lapses.

*So the states were left to choose whether to join India or

Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the

largest of the princely states, had a predominantly Muslimpopulation, while having a Hindu ruler(Maharaja Hari Singh). On

partition, Pakistan expected Kashmir to be annexed to it.


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* In October 1947, Muslim revolutionaries in western Kashmir andPakistani tribals from Dir entered Kashmir, intending to liberate it fromDogra rule. Unable to withstand the invasion, the Maharaja signed the

Instrument of Accession on 25 October 1947 that was accepted by thegovernment of India on 27 October 1947.

*The Maharaja desperately needed military assistance and India arguedthat the Maharaja must complete negotiations for ceding Jammu andKashmir to India in exchange for receiving military aid.

*The resulting war over Kashmir, the First Kashmir War, lasted until 1948,when India moved the issue to the UN Security Council.


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*The resolution imposed animmediate cease-fire and calledon the Government of Pakistan

to secure the withdrawal fromthe state of Jammu and Kashmirof tribesmen and Pakistaninationals who have entered thestate for the purpose of fighting.

* It also asked Government ofIndia to reduce its forces to theminimum strength, after whichthe circumstances for holding aplebiscite should be put intoeffect 'on the question ofAccession of the state to India orPakistan.

*However, both India andPakistan failed to arrive at aTruce agreement. The Indian

and Pakistani governmentsagreed to hold the plebiscite,but Pakistan did not withdrawits troops from Kashmir, thusviolating the conditions forholding the plebiscite.


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*In 1965 and 1971, heavy

fighting broke out againbetween India and Pakistan.The Indo-Pakistani War of1971 resulted in the defeatof Pakistan and the Pakistanimilitary's surrender in EastPakistan, leading to thecreation of Bangladesh. TheSimla Agreement was signedin 1972 between India andPakistan. By this treaty,

both countries agreed tosettle all issues by peacefulmeans using mutualdiscussion in the frameworkof the UN Charter.

* In 1962, troops from the People's

Republic of China and India clashed in

territory claimed by both. China won a

swift victory in the war, resulting in theChinese annexation of the region called

Aksai Chin, which has continued since

then. Another smaller area, the Trans-

Karakoram, was demarcated as the Line

of Control (LOC) between China and

Pakistan, although some of the territoryon the Chinese side is claimed by India

to be part of Kashmir. The line that

separates India from China in this

region is known as the "Line of Actual

Control".


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* In 1989, a widespread popular and armed insurgency started in Kashmir. Afterthe 1987 State legislative assembly election, some of the results were disputed.This resulted in the formation of militant wings after the election and was thebeginning of the Mujahadeen insurgency, which continues to this day.

* Yasin Malik, a leader of one faction of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, wasone of the Kashmiris to organize militancy in Kashmir, along with Ashfaq MajidWani and Farooq Ahmad Dar (alias Bitta Karatay). Since 1995, Malik hasrenounced the use of violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to resolvethe dispute. He developed differences with one of the senior leaders, FarooqSiddiqui (alias Farooq Papa), for shunning the demand for an independent

Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with the Indian Prime Minister. This resulted in aspilt.

* India claims these insurgents are Islamic terrorist groups from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan, fighting to make Jammu and Kashmir, apart of Pakistan. They claim Pakistan is supplying munitions to the terrorists andtraining them in Pakistan. The Pakistani government calls these insurgents

"Kashmiri freedom fighters"


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*While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeldsuggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hardevidence. A journalistic investigation by a Christian Science Monitor reporter in2002 claimed to have unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates wereprospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan'sNational Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special AirServiceand Delta Forcewas sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to huntfor Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmirimilitant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda washelping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflictbetween India and Pakistan.

* In 2006 Al-Qaeda claim they have established a wing in Kashmir; this worried theIndian government. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Secretary ofDefense, Robert Gates, stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the regionand planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.


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* Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami (abbreviated HUM) is a Pakistan-based Islamicmilitant group operating primarily in Kashmir. In 1997, the United Statesdesignated Harakat al-Ansar a foreign terrorist organization for links to Osama binLaden and al-Qaeda and in response the organization changed its name to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. The group splintered from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI), a

Pakistani group formed in 1980 to fight the Soviet military in Afghanistan. It is alsobelieved that the organization has retained close ties with the Pakistaniintelligence agency, the ISI.

* In 1989, at the end of Soviet-Afghan war, the group entered Kashmiri politics byuse of militants under the leadership of Sajjad Afghani. In 1993 the group mergedwith Harkat-ul-Jehad-al-Islami to form Harkat-ul-Ansar.

* Immediately following the merger India arrested three senior members: NasrullahMansur Langaryal, chief of the former Harkat-ul Mujahideen in November 1993;Maulana Masood Azhar, General Secretary in February 1994, and Sajjad Afghani(Sajjad Sajid) in the same month in Srinagar.

*As a response, the group carried out several kidnappings in an attempt to freetheir leaders, all of which failed. Linked to the Kashmiri group al-Faran thatkidnapped five Western tourists in Kashmir in July 1995; one, Hans Christian Ostr,was killed in August 1995 and the other four reportedly were killed in December ofthe same year.


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*Lashkar-e-Taibais one of the largest and most active militant Islamistorganizations in South Asia, operating mainly from Pakistan.

* It was founded in 1990 by Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, Abdullah Yusuf

Azzam and Zafar Iqbal in Afghanistan. With its headquarters based inMuridke, near Lahore in Punjab province of Pakistan, the groupoperates several training camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

* Itsmain goals is the integration of Jammu and Kashmir with Pakistanafter ending Indian rule in the state and propagation of pan-Islamism

in South Asia.

*Lashkar-e-Taiba has attacked civilian and military targets in India,most notably the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the 2008 Mumbaiattacks. The organization is banned as a terrorist organization byIndia, Pakistan, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European

Union, Russia and Australia. Some experts believe that Pakistan's mainintelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), continues togive LeT intelligence help and protection.


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* Jaish-e-Mohammed is a major jihadi organization based in Kashmir. The group's primary motive isto separate Kashmir from India and it has carried out several attacks primarily in Indian-administered Kashmir. It has been banned in Pakistan since 2002, yet continues to operate severalfacilities in the country.

* According to B. Raman, Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed as the"deadliest" and "the principal terroristorganization in Jammu and Kashmir". The group is regarded as a terrorist organization by severalcountries, including India, United States and United Kingdom.

* In March 2000, Masood Azhar formed Jaish-e-Mohammed from a split within Harkat-ul-Mujahideen(HUM)shortly after his December 1999 release from prison in exchange of Passengers of IndianAirlines flight IC 814 which was hijacked and was taken to Kandahar. A majority of members leftHUM and followed Azhar into the newly founded group. In January 2002, the government ofPresident Pervez Musharraf banned the group. In response JeM changed its name to Khaddam ul-

Islam.

* The group, in coordination with Lashkar-e-Tayiba, has been implicated in the 2001 IndianParliament attack in New Delhi.

* It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl in Karachi.

* An informant, posing as a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed, helped police to arrest four peopleallegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot Stinger missiles atmilitary aircraftin the United States. The arrest of the four took place in May 2009.

* On December 9, 2009, five Muslim Americans, who knew each other from the ICNA Center inArlington, Virginia, were detained in Pakistan during a police raid. The men had met with Jaish-e-Muhammed in Pakistan and offered their assistance in jihadi attacks.


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