Capitolul 5 - .tocilar.

7/28/2019 Capitolul 5 - .tocilar.

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5. Psycholinguistics

the study of (a) the mental processes that a person uses in producing and

understanding language, and (b) how humans learn language. Psycholinguistics

includes the study of speech PERCEPTION, the role of MEMORY, CONCEPTSand other processes in language use, and how social and psychological factors

affect the use of language.

Perception

the recognition and understanding of events, objects, and stimuli through the use

of senses (sight, hearing, touch, etc.). Several different types of perception are

distinguished:

a. Visual perception: the perception of visual information and stimuli

b. Auditory perception: the perception of information and stimuli received

through the ears. Auditory perception requires a listener to detect different

kinds of acoustic signals, and to judge differences between them according to

differences in such acoustic characteristics as their frequency, amplitude,

duration, order of occurrence, and rate of presentation.

c. Speech perception: the understanding or comprehension of speech (see

CHUNKING, HEURISTIC (2)).

Memory

the mental capacity to store information, either for short or long periods. Two

different types of memory are often distinguished:

a. Short-term memory refers to that part of the memory where information which

is received is stored for short periods of time while it is being analyzed and

interpreted. Once the message or information in an utterance is understood the

data may become part of permanent memory (or long-term memory). The

utterance itself is now no longer needed and may fade from short-term

memory.

b. Long-term memory is that part of the memory system where information is

stored more permanently. Information in long-term memory may not be stored

in the same form in which it is received. For example, a listener may hear

sentence A below, and be able to repeat it accurately immediately after hearing


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it. The listener uses short-term memory to do this. On trying to remember the

sentence a few days later the listener may produce sentence B, using

information in long-term memory which is in a different form from the original

message.

A: The car the doctor parked by the side of the road was struck by a passing

bus.

B: The doctors car was hit by a bus.

Applied linguistics

1. the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.

2. the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems, such as

LEXICOGRAPHY, TRANSLATION, SPEECH PATHOLOGY, etc. Applied

linguistics uses information from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and

INFORMATION THEORY as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own

theoretical models of language and language use, and then uses this

information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design, SPEECH

THERAPY, LANGUAGE PLANNING, STYLISTICS, etc.

Lexicography

the compiling of dictionaries.

Translation

the process of changing speech or writing from one language (the SOURCE

LANGUAGE2) into another (the TARGET LANGUAGE

2), or the target-language

version that results from this process. A translation which reproduces the general

meaning and intention of the original but which does not closely follow the

grammar, style, or organization of it, it is known as a free translation. A

translation which approximates to a word-for-word representation of the original is

known as a literal translation.

Interpretation


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the translation by an interpreter of what someone is saying into another

language, to permit a speaker to communicate with people who do not understand

the speakers language.

If the interpretation takes place as the speaker is talking, providing a continuous

translation which parallels the speakers speech, it is called simultaneous

interpretation.

If the speaker pauses during speaking to give the interpreter time to provide a

translation of everything said up to that point, the result is called consecutive

interpretation.

Speech pathology

the study of abnormalities in the development and use of language in children and

adults (such as STUTTERING and APHASIA). Speech pathology includes the

diagnosis of such disorders and the development of techniques (including clinical

techniques) to treat them. Speech therapists (see SPEECH THERAPY) are

sometimes called speech pathologists or speech-language pathologists,

especially in the USA.

Stuttering

a speech disorder which results from one or more of the following factors and

which leads to disfluent speech;

1. abnormal repetition of segments of speech (sounds, syllables, words). For

example:

d-d-d-dont

Ive gota-gota-gota-cold

2. excessive pausing between words

3. abnormal lengthening of sounds. For example:

I fffffffeel cold.

4. introduction of extra words or sounds at points of difficulty, such as oh, orgosh.

Stutterers vary in the precise nature of their stuttering and in the situations which

cause them to stutter. Several theories have been suggested to account for

stuttering but no single cause has been identified.

Aphasia


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also dysphasia

loss of the ability to use and understand language, usually caused by damage to

the brain. The loss may be total or partial, and may affect spoken and/or written

language ability.

There are different types of aphasia: agraphia is difficulty in writing; alexia is

difficulty in reading; anomia is difficulty in using proper nouns; and agrammatism

is difficulty in using grammatical words like prepositions, articles, etc.

Aphasia can be studied in order to discover how the brain processes language.

Speech therapy

activities and exercises which are designed to help to alleviate or cure a language

or speech defect (e.g. stuttering) or to help someone to regain their use of speech

after having suffered speech loss (e.g. after a stroke). A person who works in the

field of speech therapy is called speech therapist.

Stylistics

the study of that variation of language (STYLE) which is dependent on the

situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker

wishes to create on the reader or hearer. Although stylistics sometimes includes

investigations of spoken language, it usually refers to the study of written

language, including literary texts. Stylistics is concerned with the choices that are

available to a writer and the reasons why particular forms and expressions are

used rather than others.

Highlights

Psycholinguistics is the study of (a) the mental processes that a person uses in

producing and understanding language, and (b) how humans learn language.

Perception is the recognition and understanding of events, objects, and stimuli

through the use of senses (sight, hearing, touch, etc.).

Memory is the mental capacity to store information, either for short or long

periods.

Applied linguistics is:

1. the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.


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2. the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems, such as

LEXICOGRAPHY, TRANSLATION, SPEECH PATHOLOGY, etc.

Lexicography is the compiling of dictionaries.

Translation is the process of changing speech or writing from one language (the

SOURCE LANGUAGE2) into another (the TARGET LANGUAGE

2), or the target-

language version that results from this process.

Interpretation is the translation by an interpreter of what someone is saying into

another language, to permit a speaker to communicate with people who do not

understand the speakers language.

Speech pathology is the study of abnormalities in the development and use of

language in children and adults (such as STUTTERING and APHASIA).

Stylistics is the study of that variation of language (STYLE) which is dependent

on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or

speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer.

Questions

1. What does psychlinguistics study?

2. How many types of perception are distinguished?

3. How many types of memory are distinguished?

4. What kind of information does applied linguistics use?

5. What is a free translation?

6. What is a literal translation?

7. What is simultaneous interpretation?

8. What is consecutive interpretation?

9. What is stuttering?

10. What is aphasia?

11. What types of aphasia are there?

12. What are speech act activities and exercises designed for?

13. What is stylistics concerned with?

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