BIBLIOSCIENTIA_2009_1_2

7/22/2019 BIBLIOSCIENTIA_2009_1_2

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Eèdkmle dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ ‗Egdrkl Cupeg”

OloclnP`lkgtle

_kvlstĀ dk oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl ŞtllgŠkck lganrmĀrll ?66< Gr.5-?

_kde`tnr - Şka8 Eurkcle BEGJEG[

_kde`tnr - Şka edhug`t8 Cldle XEPEQLů@BL

@NCKJL[C DK _KDE@ůLK8

Kckge ONůEG-JELGE (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Ege O_ďLKP@[ (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Kckge @N_NTKG@N (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve) Cldle I[CLINQPIL (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Merle VNVKP@[C (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

@ceudle PC[T[-J_EME (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Qeckgtlge T@E@KG@N (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Egjkce TLM[ŗ (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Gkccy ů[_@EG (@blŞlgĀu, _kpuoclè Mncdnve)

Ck`tnr8 Tetlege C[@BLEG

@npkrte / vlzlugk jreal`Ā8 Qlnrkc VNVE

© Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ ‗Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM

LPPG8 52;:-??:2

_kvlstĀ skmkstrlecĀ

Tkxtkck sugt evlzetk. _kde`Šle çŞl rkzkrvĀ drkptuc dk e dk`ldk esupre npnrtugltĀŠll

puocl`Ārll metkrlecucul nakrlt dk `nceonretnrl, prkùm Şl dk e sncl`lte eutnrlcnr

mndlal`Ārlck seu nmpcktĀrlck ngsldkretk gk`kserk.

Edrkse rkde`Šlkl8str. Eèdkmlkl ;e, mug. @blŞlgĀu, ?6?2, _kpuoclè Mncdnve

Tkc/aex8 (6??) :?-:4-65

K-melc8 cloreryFesm.md, eurkclebegjeguFyebnn.`nm



P[ME_

LPTN_LE @ď_ůLL ŗL E V_KPKL

@ceudle PC[T[-J_EME. Ptudluc cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr dksprk rkcljle

mebnmkdegĀ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...1

Lng ŗVE@. _kvlste ‗Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”………………………………………………………...55

TKN_LK, MKTNDNCNJLK ŗL V_E@TL@ď ÇG OLOCLNTK@NGNMLK

Gkccy ů[_@EG. Vncltl`lck e``ksucul dks`bls çg ŠĀrlck çg tregzlŠlk………………………..05

BNMN U[EK_KGP8 @K_@KTďTN_ ‐ LGAN_MEůLK ‐ OLOCLNTK@ď

Kckge @N_NTKG@N. N sursĀ vecnrnesĀ dk lganrmerk Şl dnùmkgterk

‐ olnoloclnjreale……………………………………………………………………………………………….4<

Hegge GLINCEKQE. Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm

Deteoesk (Mncdnve)………………………………………………………………………………………… ;1

Cldle XEPEQLů@BL. [tlclzerke detkcnr oloclnmktrl`k çg esljurerke lganrmeŠlngecĀ

e `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt………………1?

Merle VNVKP@[, Qeckgtlge T@E@KG@N, Temere ME_LEG. Mndkrglzerke

skrvl`llcnr dk lganrmerk e `ltltnrlcnr ‐ ug lmpkretlv ec tlmpucul…………………………:1

Clcle ONDE_KQ. @ucture lganrmeŠlngecĀ çg `ngtkxtuc mndkrglzĀrll

dnùmkgtĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k……………………………………………………………………………………..26

Clclege MKCGL@. Egeclze gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck eck spk`leclŞtlcnr

`blmlŞtl Şl kal`lkgŠe `krlgŠkl oloclnjreal`k çg èdruc Oŗ@…………………………………….20

Пжйлнявнж АРЦУЛПЖ. Жияржйунщл оцзейлгщ пщозйнлнвю ялгжявълхивы

кжоцзхзп ъвяжялйлм п евейвзялил Внхявяряж Ывгвв Жиждлгвв Нжри

Гзйдзпщ…………………………………………………………………………………………………………2:

MEGEJKMKGT[C OLOCLNTK@LL

Cldle I[CLINQPIL, Tetlege ŗET_EQ@E. Kvecuerke kal`lkgŠkl megejkmkgtuculrksurskcnr umegk ce oloclntkè mugl`lpecĀ ‗O.V. Besdku”.

Vncltl`l dk pkrsngec (5)……………………………………………………………………………………. <5



DKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_

Kckge ONůEG-JELGE. Oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā ‐ tkgdlgŠk çg dkzvncterke

`nck`Šllcnr……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56;

_ndlè @NPTEŗ, Cu`le E_Gď[T. Dk ce Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul dlg Zesblgjtng

‐ ce Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ ‗Egdrkl Cupeg” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk

e Mncdnvkl……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56<

T_LO[GE TLGK_LCN_ PVK@LECLŗTL8 [GLQK_P[C OLOCLNTK@LCN_

Cudmlce ME_Lŗ@KE@. Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul ‐ kdlal`luc ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr…………. 550

Tetlege C[@BLEG. Oloc lntkè QlrtuecĀ KurnpkegĀ…………………………………………552

@rlstleg VCďLKŗ[-DQN_GL@. Oloclntkè ?.6” ‐ n gnuĀ tkbgncnjlklganrmeŠlngecĀ pkgtru oloclntk`l……………………………………………………………………..5?1

EGLQK_Pď_L

Lng ŗVE@. @ckpsldre eglcnr .........................................................................................................5?<

Kckge VNHNJE. Eèdkml`leguc Vevkc Qced ‐ ug aldkc prlktkg ec oloclntk`ll

eèdkml`k, kx`kckgt `ltltnr ..........................................................................................................50?

_else QEPLCE@BK. Erblvlstuc Lng MnrnŞegu ce :; dk egl ... ........................................504

_else QEPLCE@BK, Kckge QEPLCE@BK. N vleŠĀ trĀltĀ çg cumke `ĀrŠlcnr

(Plcvle @ncksgl` ce 16 dk egl) .....................................................................................................501

DLQK_TLP

Eurkcle BEGJEG[. QleŠe çg ... ‗_kack`Šll clgjvlstl`k” ………………………………………50<

Merle OECEOEG. N ‗Erlk e Dkstlgucul” dk Merle OlkŞu………………………………… 545



@uvïgt- çgelgtk

Nmgk lg`lplum (alkèrk çg`kput), ‐ `ngtlguĀ cetlgll ‐ , alk dlaal`lck kst (kstk

dlal`lc), alk dlmldlum ae`tl kst (kstk cu`ruc pk humĀtetk aĀùt). Gnl putkm uglkxpclèŠllck strĀmnŞlcnr gnŞtrl çgtr -n slgjurĀ ealrmeŠlk8 Alkèrk çg`kput, `blerde`Ā kstk dlal`lc, rkprkzlgtĀ ug cu`ru aĀùt pk humĀtetk. Gu sugtkm ètkjnrl`l

`Ā kxprksle s-er rkakrl ce rkvlste gnestrĀ. @u `krtltudlgk çgsĀ putkm spugk `Ā OloclnP`lkgtle rkprkzlgtĀ ug çg`kput dk e`tlvltetk kdltnrlec- pkrlndl`Ā eOloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck Egdrkl Cupeg” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl.

P`npuc prlg`lpec dk ce èrk s-e pnrglt çg lglŠlkrke e`kstkl rkvlstk e anst, melçgtïl dk tnetk, dlauzerke lganrmeŠlkl eùmucetk dk `Ātrk spk`leclŞtll çg

oloclntk`ngnmlk8 oloclntkèrl, oloclnjreal, oloclncnjl kt`. Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā@kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg” dkŠlgk ug eskmkgke angd dk ùgnŞtlgŠk pk èrk trkoulksĀ-c ae`Ā puocl`, nr, e`keste kstk uge dlgtrk mlsluglck prlg`lpeck eck ugkl

oloclntk`l, çg spk`lec eck ugkl oloclntk`l `ngtkmpnregk, Şl pk èrk gu skzjïr`kŞtk sĀ-c çmpĀrtĀŞkes`Ā utlclzetnrlcnr kl seu `nckjlcnr dk orkescĀ dk ce ectk

oloclntk`l nrl lgstltuŠll dk lganrmerk. TntndetĀ mkgŠlngĀm `Ā eperlŠle rkvlstkldk aeŠĀ sk detnrkezĀ Şl kanrtucul `nckjlcnr gnŞtrl èrk eu dkhe n kxpkrlkgŠĀ çge`tlvltetke dk e`kst jkg. Dumgkecnr ck kxprlmĀm slg`kre gnestrĀ jretltudlgk

Şl spkregŠe `nceonrĀrll uctkrlnerk tnt mel kxtlgsk._kvlste OloclnP`lkgtle kstk `ng`kputĀ è uge dk spk`lecltetk, çg eck `Ārkl

pejlgl sĀ-Şl (rk)jĀskes`Ā cnùc Şl lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā ‐ rkzuctetuc

lgvkstljeŠllcnr oloclntk`ngnml`k, oloclncnjl`k, oloclnjreal`k, der Şl alcncnjl`kseu lstnrl`k nrl Šlgïgd dk ug ù tntuc ect dnmkglu ‐, Şl lganrmeŠle pre`tl`Ā ‐ lzvnrïtĀ dlg kxpkrlkgŠe `kcnr èrk cu`rkezĀ çg oloclntk`l, ù oloclntk`l seu

pkgtru oloclntk`l. Dk e`kke lgvltĀm dknpntrlvĀ spk`leclŞtll Şl utlclzetnrll sĀancnskes`Ā speŠluc prnpus dk/çg rkvlstĀ pkgtru e-Şl ae`k ùgnsùtk jïgdurlck Şlestakc, pkgtru e-l çmonjĀŠl pk ecŠll.

@ltltnrlcnr gnŞtrl ck urĀm setlsae`Šle ck`turll Şl e ùgneŞtkrll, ù esljurĀrldlg pertke `nckjlucul dk rkde`Šlk Şl e eutnrlcnr rkakrltnr ce mugè eslduĀ pkèrk urmkezĀ s-n dkpugkm çgtru setlsae`krke justurlcnr Şl gk`ksltĀŠlcnr dklganrmeŠlk.

@u ecksk jïgdurl,Eurkcle Begjegu Şl `nckjluc dk rkde`Šlk




1

PT[DL[C C[L DLMLT_LK @EGTKML_ DKPV_K _KCLJLE

MEBNMKDEGď

dr. @CE[DLE PC[T[-J_EME

Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

Ertl`ncuc rkprkzlgtĀ ug studlu `ngse`ret cu`rĀrll cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr Plstkmucseu çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk” YИнваж хвхявгж вйв хзхязюнвлгрыжгглджнхизм цлйвавв”]. Vk oeze kxkmpcerucul ec e`kstkl cu`rĀrl èrk sk

pĀstrkezĀ çg sk`tnruc @ertk _erĀ Şl Qk`bk ec Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM eu anstegeclzetk anrzeŠurlck èrk `ngŠlg gntk merjlgeck, edkvĀretk rk`kgzll eck `kcnr èrk eu

`ltlt e`kestĀ cu`rerk.

Tbls pepkr studlks tbk merjlgec gntks ng Tbk Pystkm Onni, nr tbk Ptetk na tbk

Mnbemmkdeg _kcljlng”, ngk na tbk prlg`lpec Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr „s wnris Ynrljlgec

tltck Ижнялгвц, Двгвяцвл. Инваж хвхявгж вйв хзхязюнвл грыжгглджнхизм

цлйвавв”]. Tbk merjlgec gntks wkrk studlkd e``nrdlgj tbk `npy prkskrvkd lg tbk

_erk egd Ncd Onni @ncck`tlngs Dkpertmkgt na tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery Egdrkl

Cupeg” na tbk Eèdkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve. Es lgvkstljetlng sbnwkd lt wes tbk

truk onni rkvlkws na pknpck wbn bed rked tbls @egtkmlr„s wnri .

Allgd n pkrsngecltetk èrk e `rket çg pceg pcurldls`lpclger Şl lgtkrdls`lpclger,Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr Şl-e meglakstet pntkgŠlecuc lgtkck`tuec çg ècltetk dk lstnrl`,cltkret, jknjrea, muzl`leg, ùcturncnj, çg tnetk dnmkgllck cĀsïgd vecnrllg`ngtksteolck pkgtru splrltuecltetke rnmïgĀ Şl `ke uglvkrsecĀ.

TrĀlgd mucŠl egl çg mkdluc tur`ks` Şl allgd n alrk dnrgl`Ā dk gnl ùgnŞtlgŠk,krudltuc eutnr e dks`rls Şl e eprk`let çg ugkck dlg cu`rĀrlck seck Şl gumkrneskvecnrl ktgl`k eck musucmeglcnr. –Vrlg @egtkmlr lscemuc e evut pkgtru prlmenerĀ çg kpnè mndkrgĀ ug `kr`ktĀtnr Şl ug hudk`Ātnr kurnpkeg dlg cĀugtruc

cul” Y5], nplge, çgtkmklet, eèd. Qlrjlc @ïgdke. [ge dlg e`kck cu`rĀrl kstk–Инваж хвхявгж вйв хзхязюнвл грыжгглджнхизм цлйвавв” (Plstkmuc seu

çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk”), kceonretĀ lglŠlec çg clmoe cetlgĀ dk

Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr ce Mns`nve, ce çgdkmguc Şl suo nocĀdulrke Šerucul rusVktru L. Çg Plstkmuc seu çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk” eutnruc e rkckvetgeture e`kcul pnpnr dk `rkdlgŠĀ dlakrltĀ dk `ke e nrtndn`Şlcnr, dlg èrk aĀ`ke Şlkc pertk, ùtumkck Şl nol`klurlck musucmeglcnr çg jkgkr ec.

Kvkglmkgtuc kdltnrlec ec e`kstul vncum, çg`blget, dk ectakc, cul Vktru `kcMerk, sk prndu`ke ce ?? dk`kmorlk 5:?? ce Pegit Vktkrsourj. [g kxkmpcer ec

e`kstkl cu`rĀrl sk pĀstrkezĀ çg Pk`tnruc èrtk rerĀ Şl vk`bk ec Oŗ@ Egdrkl




2

Çg dks`rlkr ke nol`klurlcnr pnpucerk eutnruc s-e nprlt ù n dknskoltĀ etkgŠlkesupre alk`Ārul emĀgugt dlg vleŠe ntnmeglcnr, `Āutïgd sĀ kxpcl`k ugkck detlglŞl tredlŠll, lgdl`ïgd pĀrŠlck cnr pnzltlvk, der Şl pk `kck gkjetlvk. Plgnduc _us,

suo euspl`llck `Ārule s-e tlpĀrlt èrtke cul D. @egtkmlr Şl èrk s-e eŞtkptet ceect`kve, s-e çgjrnzlt dk `kck s`rlsk çg ke. Vrnoeolc `Ā gu c-eu çgspĀlmïgtet etït pnvkstlrlck nos`kgk, çg èrk dkonrdegte aegtkzlk nrlkgtecĀ çŞl jĀslsk kxprksle`ke mel dksĀvïrŞltĀ, `l çgsuŞl tnguc eutnrucul, gnte dk slmpetlk èrk, eŞe ùm`ngskmge ŗtkaeg @lnoegu, pk ecnùrl pkgktrkezĀ npkre cul D. @egtkmlr Y0].

Plgnduc `krke prkecumlgetucul eutnr” sĀ kxpcl`k prnvkglkgŠe `kcnr s`rlsk ‐ dlg jure pnpnrucul dk hns” ‐ nr surse dk lgsplreŠlk k dlg çgŠkckpŠllmusucmegl. ŗl de`Ā eutnruc gk ve de n eskmkgke s`rlkrk, sk ve tlpĀrl ceçg`kputuc seu ce saïrŞltuc cu`rĀrll” Y4]. Dk`lzle Plgnducul _us kre skmgetĀ dk

`Ātrk Jevrllc, erblmegdrltuc mĀgĀstlrll Pa. Lpetlk, mkmoru ec Plgnducul Şldlrk`tnr ec tlpnjrealkl lmpkrleck rusk.

Ce sncl`lterke Plgnducul, D. @egtkmlr e s`rls [g rĀspugs”, çg èrk rkauzĀ,ù dkmgltetk, sĀ dke lganrmeŠllck sncl`ltetk9 `cer `Ā e`kck `krlgŠk eck anruculk`ckzlestl` suprkm c-eu hljglt pkstk mĀsurĀ, çgtru`ït tnguc rĀspugsucul sĀu kstkètkjnrl` Şl serèstl`.

Ptudllgd cltkreture exetĀ pk suolk`tuc tkmkl gnestrk, em dks`npkrlt ug

vncum, sĀ-l zl`km `nck`tlv, evïgdu-l çg ècltetk dk eutnrl pk Pnarnglk

Qre`kegsiy Şl pk Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr, lgtltucet Plstkme Şl rkcljlemebnmkdegĀ”. Erblkrkuc oucjer Pna rnglk Qre`kegsiy (ù gumkck mlrkeg

Ptnlin Qcedlscevnv) e ùgnsùt studluc cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr Plstkmuc seuçgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk”, pk èrk, ce 526;, c-e `nmplcet Şl c-e

lgtrndus çg pertke e trkle e @ĀrŠll `kcnr trkl rkcljll” («Инваж кж яцвял цлйвавв¹) Y;], edl`Ā `rkŞtlgĀ, kvrkles`Ā Şl mebnmkdegĀ. Pnarnglk e evutnèzle sĀ studlkzk e`kestĀ cu`rerk dknskolt dk prkstljlnesĀ ce OuùrkŞtl Şl eecks-n pkgtru e `ngstltul `ke dk-e trkle pertk e tretetucul sĀu dksprk `kck trklrkcljll, aept skmgecet dk mel muctĀ vrkmk dk `krùrlck ŞtllgŠlal`k”, mkgŠlnge çg

prkaeŠe tredu`krll `nmperetlvk e cu`rĀrll ègtkmlrlkgk çgjrlhltnerke kdlŠlkl EgeLrlge Lngksù Y1]. P`npuc cul Qre`kegsiy, mntlvkck èrk c-eu dktkrmlget sĀtredu`Ā `nplns dlg @egtkmlr eu anst mel muctk8 5. Jrlhe dknskoltĀ pk èrk emeglakstet-n çgtntdkeuge pkgtru ùctlverke clmoll geŠlngeck, pkgtru lgstrulrke`ngeŠlngeclcnr sĀl9 ?. Pnarnglk Qre`kegsiy e anst prlmuc prkcet oucjer, èrk elgtrndus clmoe oucjerĀ çg scuhoe rkcljlnesĀ Şl evke gkvnlk dk tkxtk ougk Şlvkrldl`k9 0. E nakrlt oucjerlcnr lganrmeŠll kxe`tk dksprk prlg`lpeckck trkl rkcljll

pre`tlètk çg Šere se, pkgtru e dnvkdl estakc supkrlnrltetke `ngakslugll `rkŞtlgk.




<

Puoclglkm aeptuc `Ā gumkck cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr gu kstk mkgŠlngetgl`Ālkrl pk perùrsuc cu`rĀrll (cul P. Qre`kegsiy ‐ suoc. g. ‐ @. P.-J.) Şl gl`lgu sk prk`lzkezĀ çg gl`l ug akc èrk sugt surskck kl” Y:].

Der sĀ rkvkglm ce kxkmpceruc pĀstret çg Pk`tnruc @ertk rerĀ Şl vk`bk ecOŗ@. AnrzeŠurlck cul `ngŠlg `ïtkve gntk merjlgeck, edkvĀretk rk`kgzll eck`kcnr èrk eu `ltlt e`kestĀ cu`rerk. Vk ug anrzeŠ dkplstĀm ug estakc dk

`nmkgterlu8 ”Ызкювнр оцвнзтр ейжазджцнзхяу, ызяю в хйлдрля ъвяжяу, жязигз в нл кжейрбджяу” (PtĀpïgucul (edl`Ā eutnrucul ‐ g. g. ‐ @. P.- J.) çledu` mucŠumlrl, dkŞl trkoulk `ltlt, der gu Şl dk `nmls krnrl”). E`kc èrk-l

edu`ke mucŠumlrl sevegtucul pkgtru èrtk, çŞl gnte dner lglŠleckck8 ”_. Ç. Ç. I.”Şl eguc `ïgd e aĀùt rk`kgzle” ‐ 5:<<, edl`Ā dk ce tlpĀrlrke cu`rĀrll trkùskrĀdkhe :: dk egl, ler èrtke çŞl jĀske Şl evke `ltltnrll sĀl. Mel hns k lgskretĀ n ectĀ

gntĀ merjlgecĀ e ugul `ltltnr supĀret, eskmkgke oĀjĀtnrlcnr dk skemĀ” dk cePlgnduc _us8 ”Эяр инвар елк ъялнвю гзбнз оцлоцзпздвяв п олъш”(E`kestĀ èrtk aĀrĀ e al `ltltĀ sk pnetk erugè çg snoĀ”). Gu sk cesĀ mel prkhnsŞl ug ectuc, èrk, dk eskmkgke, gu k dk e`nrd ù `kke `k e s`rls prlg`lpkck Şlkx-vnlkvnduc ůĀrll Mncdnvkl çg èrtke se. @u sljuregŠĀ `Ā e`kc `ltltnr, supĀretgkvnlk merk, tntuŞl e `ltlt cu`rerke8 В ю хзайжхлн ецзхвяу хвч инвар пхпвнщм хгцжднщм ижй” (ŗl ku sugt dk e`nrd dk erugèt e`keste èrtk çg

oĀckjeruc pclg dk dubnerk ec pnr`lcnr”). Tnetk çgskmgĀrlck sugt s`rlsk ù

`krgkecĀ gkejrĀ, `ltkŠ, dk dlvkrŞl pnsksnrl, der alkèrk gntĀ pnertĀ lg slgk nçg`Ār`ĀturĀ epertk, lgdlvlduecĀ, `nganrm mkgtecltĀŠll Şl ùcturll `kcul èrk, `kc puŠlg e rĀsanlt-n, epnl e Şl studlet-n.

Vk ug ect anrzeŠ n çgskmgerk gk vnrokŞtk dksprk pnsksnrll vncumucul8 Вкинва Ажйизнхижаз хлйж Хпюьлнвиж Зясж Lnege Iркзпнвиж” (Dlg `ĀrŠlcksetucul Jecingsi eck Vrkntucul VĀrlgtk Lnegg Iuznvglinv”).

Mel hns n ectĀ mïgĀ e gntet n çgtrkejĀ jkgkecnjlk ‐ `bler k lgtltucetĀ_ndnscnvlk”8 ”Цзд гзм оцзв`ыnдвя ижи хизйуиз гнл вкплхянз зя ижкжизпхйрбвптвы п азцздл Плцызярцл х нжъжйж хлгнждсжязаз плиж” ( Gkemuc

mku prnvlgk, dupĀ ùm çml kstk ùgnsùt mlk, dlg ieze`l èrk eu scuhlt çgnreŞuc Qkrbnture dk ce çg`kputuc sk`ncucul ec Şeptksprkzk`kcke”). Çg`ngtlguerk, pnsksnruc `ĀrŠll gntkezĀ `Ā strĀouguc sĀu evke ug alu ‐ Deglcn, ler

pk strĀoug çc `bkme Jevrllc. Deglcn, çg eguc dk ce ae`krke cumll :5<?, ler dk ce

Brlstns 5124, e anst aĀùt pere`clslkr, dupĀ ùm e eacet dlgtr -ug brlsnv.

Dïgsuc e evut 4 all Şl ? all`k, èrk sugt kgumkreŠl 8 prlmuc ‐ Deglcn, ec dnlcke

Evreem, ec trklcke ‐ Jevrllc, ec petrucke ‐ Eaegesll. El`l eronrkck jkgkecnjl`

sk çgtrkrupk. Vk prlmuc anrzeŠ, ce dks`bldkrke `ĀrŠll, sk mel jĀskŞtk n çgskmgerk,

gkdetetĀ dk ectakc, s`rlsĀ dk eskmkgke ù `krgkecĀ gkejrĀ9 tkxtuc kl k rkde`tet




56

ù mel puŠlgĀ eùretkŠk Şl sugĀ çg akcuc urmĀtnr8 Яжяжцл ыпжйюя эяр инвар,вез знж озяпзцхяпрля вы хяцжхяюг, внжъл хижкжяу ‐ яжяжцжг оз крежг”.Dk`l e`kestĀ gntĀ, çg kskgŠĀ teternanoĀ, der Şl `kckcectk pk èrk ck-em dks`laret

çg rïgdurlck dk mel sus, gk dkmngstrkezĀ e`tuc dk rk`kpterk e cu`rĀrllègtkmlrlkgk dk `Ātrk `ltltnrl9 e`kstk ml`rnrk`kgzll” allgd ug mnd dklgtkrprkterk e npkrkl cltkrerk. @kl èrk eu s`rls pnrgkeu dk ce mkgtecltetke Şl`ngŞtllgŠe, glvkcuc dk ùcturĀ Şl dk `lvlclzeŠlk pk èrk-c pnskdeu.

Çg speŠluc gnstru rnmïgks`, çg sk`ncuc ec RLR-cke @ngstegtlg Gkjruzzl

prnlk`tesk ce 5202 n kdlŠlk rnmïgkes`Ā e tuturnr npkrkcnr cul Dlmltrlk@egtkmlr, pckdnerlk rĀmesĀ gkrkeclzetĀ Y2]. Ler O. V. Besdku e `ltet cu`rerke

cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr çg studluc sĀu Lstnrle tnckregŠkl rkcljlnesk çg _nmïgle”

Y<]. TntuŞl, çg petrlmngluc ùcturec rnmïgks`, çg pnalde mel muctnr çg`kr`Ārl,

cu`rerke ègtkmlrlegĀ dksprk èrk em vnrolt çg rïgdurlck dk mel sus, e anst puoclètĀ çg tredu`krk rnmïgkes`Ā eole ce 5;; dk egl dupĀ eperlŠle se Y56]. Ler

çg Mncdnve snvlktl`Ā e`kst vncum ec cul D. @egtkmlr g-e ùgnsùt, rkjrkteolc,

gl`l n kdlŠlk.

_KAK_LGůK OLOCLNJ_EAL@K8

5. @ÏGDKE, Qlrjlc. Ptudlu lgtrndu`tlv. Lg8 @EGTKML_, Dlmltrlk. Npkrk `nmpcktk.

Qnc. L. Dlveguc. OuùrkŞtl, 5<:4, p. RC.

?. @LNOEG[, ŗtkaeg. Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr çg _usle. OuùrkŞtl, 5<?;, p. 5;. 0. Loldkm, p. 40.

4. @LNOEG[, ŗtkaeg, np. `lt., p. 40. ;. LNGKP@[, Ege Lrlge. VrkaeŠĀ. Lg8 Q_E@KEGPI\, Pnarnglk9 @EGTKML_,

Dlmltrlk. Plstkme Şl rkcljle mebnmkdegĀ. @ertke `kcnr trkl r kcljll. Vertke e LLL.

OuùrkŞtl8 [glvkrsec Decsl, ?666, p. 1-:. TrkzkŞtk gkdumkrlrk aeptuc `Ā e`kc èrk e pcejlet Şl e tredus dlg npkre cul D. @egtkmlr kstk pceset çg e`kst vncum çg ècltetk dkeutnr pk prlmuc pceg (g. g. ‐ @. P.- J.).

1. Loldkm, p. 2.

:. Loldkm, p. <.2. D[ů[, Ec. Npkre cul Dlmltrlk @egtkmlr çg ùcture rnmïgĀ mndkrgĀ . Lg8 QleŠernmïgkes`Ā, 5<:0, gr. <, p. 1-50.

<. BEPDK[, O.V. Lstnrle tnckregŠkl rkcljlnesk çg _nmïgle. OuùrkŞtl, 5212, p. ;:.56. @EGTKML_, D. Plstkmuc seu çgtn`mlrke rkcljlkl mebnmkdegk. Kd. çgjr. Şl tred.dk Q. @ÏGDKE. OuùrkŞtl8 Mlgkrve, 5<::.




55

_KQLPTE ‗OEPE_EOLE K@NGNML@ď”

LNG ŗVE@ Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

Oesereole K`ngnml`Ā8 rkvlstĀ sn`lecĀ, k`ngnml`Ā, stetlstl`Ā Şl algeg`lerĀ”`ngstltulk n sursĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ dk prkstljlu rkakrltnerk ce pkrlnede lmkdlet dupĀ[glrke Oesereolkl ù _nmïgle dlg 5<52. @rkŞtkrke k`ngnml`Ā Şl rldlèrke glvkcuculdk trel e pnpuceŠlkl oesereokgk dlg pkrlnede detĀ kre n prnockmĀ dk merkrkspngseolcltetk. Ptudluc vlgk sĀ alxkzk kvkglmkgtkck dlg Šlgut pk tnt perùrsuc eglcnrrkspk`tlvl, sĀ çgrkjlstrkzk tnetk espk`tk dk `ngŠlgut, tnŠl pertl`lpegŠll ce kvkglmkgtk

kt`., `ngtrloulgd estakc ce lmpckmkgterke çg `lrùltuc ŞtllgŠlal` e dnùmkgtkcnrrkzkrvetk çg pejlglck rkvlstkl.

Tbk hnurgec Oesereole K`ngnmlè8 rkvlste sn`lece, k`ngnmlè, stetlstlè slalgeg`lere” ls e prkstljlnus pkrlndlèc lg tbk pkrlnd lmmkdletkcy anccnwlgj tbk [glng

na Oesereole wltb _nmegle lg 5<52. K`ngnml` jrnwtb egd rlsk lg clvlgj stegderds na

Oesereole pnpucetlng wes e vkry dkmegdlgj tesi lg tbet pkrlnd. Ecc espk`ts na

Oesereole clak durlgj tbk mkgtlngkd pkrlnd8 kvkgts, pertl`lpegts, kt`. wkrk sbnwg lg

tbls study. Tbk dnùmkgts rkack`tkd lg tbk pejks na tbk hnurgec OesereoleK`ngnmlè” erk tbk vecueock snur`ks na s`lkgtlal` lganrmetlng.

KdlŠle 5<5<-5<?0

Ce çg`kputuc seu mlhcnùc eglcnr 16 elsk`ncucul RR, pk `ïgd Egtng Gnve`dkvkglsk Şka ec skrvl`lucul CltkreturĀsk`rktĀ ec Oloclntk`ll _kpuoclègk G.I.Irupsiele” (ezl Oloclntkè GeŠlngecĀ e_kpuocl`ll Mncdnve), pkgtru prlme detĀml-e pus ce çgdkmïgĀ `ïtkve gumkrk eckrkvlstkl Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”. Kre nçg`Ācèrk e rkjlmucul dlg e`kl egl. Egtng,

prkjĀtlgd urmĀtnerke pnrŠlugk dk èrtk pkgtru e n de ce meùceturĀ (celgtkrvkgŠle Şkalcnr dk sus), ml-e `krut

pĀrkrke dksprk aeptuc `k s-er putke ae`k

pkgtru e pĀstre kdlŠllck oĀgultk èdĀugĀtnerk...

P-eu sùrs zk`l dk egl. P-eu s`blmoet tlmpurlck. DupĀ lgvkstljeŠllckkak`tuetk pk merjlgke mel muctnr rkvlstk oesereokgk dlg pkrlnede lgtkrokcl`Ā8




5?

Erblvkck Oesereolkl”, ŗ`nece oesereokegĀ”, QleŠe Oesereolkl” Ş.e. ml-em

emlgtlt dk èzuc skmgecet egtkrlnr Şl m-em jïgdlt `Ā er al olgk sĀ rkvkglm cekdlŠle ù prl`lge Şl sĀ cuĀm ùgnŞtlgŠĀ dk mntlvkck `k lg`nmndeu edkpŠll

rkjlmucul.LetĀ-gk dk`l aeŠĀ-g aeŠĀ ù `nck`Šle egucul çgtïl ec Oesereolkl k`ngnml`k8

_kvlstĀ sn`lecĀ, k`ngnml`Ā, stetlstl`Ā Şl algeg`lerĀ e `krùcul dk studll sn`lec -

k`ngnml`k e Oesereolkl” (5<5<). Dlg anele dk tltcu e Gr. 5 (luglk) dkplstĀm `ĀkdlŠle epĀrke cuger Şl `Ā kre `ngdusĀ dk @nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk”8 T. Lngù, K.Jlurjke, K. Oeceme`k Şl Q. Vulu, ler çg`kpïgd ù gumĀruc dnl ec rkvlstkl dlge`kceŞl prlm eg 5<5<, çg `nmltkt kstk lg`cus Şl gumkck M. @blrlŠksù.

Dk ce oug çg`kput sk slmtk `Ā rkvlste sk kdlte çg `ngdlŠll gkaevnreolck. Dkheçg gumĀruc petru (5<5<) kdltnrll sk edrkskezĀ `Ātrk `ltltnrl8 JrkutĀŠlck

kgnrmk, pk èrk ck evkm dk çgtïmplget ù s`netkrke e`kstkl rkvlstk gk ae` sĀepkcĀm ce ougĀvnlgŠe dvs. Şl sĀ vĀ rujĀm e gk trlmltk `nstuc eongemkgtucul,

pkgtru è sĀ putkm ae`k Şl gnl aeŠĀ tuturnr e`kstnr jrkutĀŠl, Şl aĀrĀ gl`l ug

okgkal`lu pkrsngec e gk putke ehugjk s`npuc geŠlngec, pk èrk-c urmĀrlm, dk erĀspïgdl pk `ït mel muct pnslolc Şl e pnpucerlze `bkstluglck dk k`ngnmlk

geŠlngecĀ. Çg spkregŠe `Ā Škcuc `k-c urmĀrlm `nrkspugdk çgtru tntuc`ngvlgjkrlcnr dvs. QĀ rujĀm e prlml dknskolte gnestrĀ `ngsldkreŠlugk.”Pkmget8 VrkŞkdlgtkck `krùcul k`ngnml` ec Oesereolkl Tknalc Lngù. Dlrk`tnr

K. G. Jlurjke. 5<5<, skpt. 5?, @blŞlgĀu, str. Beruzlge gr. ?.Drkpt rkzuctet, urmĀtnerkck gumkrk ;-1 (skpt.-n`t.), :-2 (gnlkmor.-

dk`kmor.) 5<5< Şl gumkrkck <-56 (leg.-akor.), 55-5? (mert. ‐ epr.) 5<?6, eu

epĀrut duocetk.

Vrnjremuc dk e`tlvltetk

Dlg `kck rkcetetk noskrvĀm `Ā rkvlste e cuet allgŠĀ lmkdlet dupĀ [glrkeOesereolkl ù _nmïgle dlg 5<52, dupĀ 561 egl dk vleŠĀ suo dnmlgeŠleruskes`Ā, rkjlm èrk e aĀùt s`blmoĀrl pk tĀrïmuc k`ngnml` Şl sn`lec. Egumk

e`kstk s`blmoĀrl eu Şl `bkmet ce vleŠĀ rkvlste ù prl`lge. Çg ùvïgtuc dkçg`kput, lgtltucet Epkc”, `nmltktuc rkde`Šlngec `ngskmgkezĀ urmĀtnerkck8Tnt `k s-e cu`ret e`l çg dlrk`Šle sn`lecĀ Şl k`ngnml`Ā s-e aĀùt prlg prlsmeruskes`Ā, prlg prlsme strĀlglsmucul, èrk, dupĀ ùm kre geturec sĀ alk, gu

putke sĀ ancnskes`Ā pnpuceŠlugll mncdnvkgkŞtl dk oeŞtlgĀ, `l gumelkckmkgtucul strĀlg, supkrpus, èrk e `Āutet pk e`kestĀ èck, sĀ suohujk`nmpck`t tnt `k gu kre rusks` çg Oesereole, Şl sĀ rldl`k etït pk èck sn`lecĀ, `ïtŞl pk èck k`ngnml`Ā tnetk akcurlck dk pnpuceŠlugk, eaerĀ dk mncdnvkgl,

pnpuceŠlugl, `k kreu lmpnrtetk dk prlg tnetk ugjblurlck merll _usll Şl`ncnglzetĀ el`l.




50

NdetĀ ù s`blmoer ke, èrk s-e prndus, prlg trk`krke” Oesereolkl ce

_nmïgle, gnl, `kl èrk em al çg sterk, evkm detnrle è çg `nmug, sĀ gk pugkmsceokck gnestrk putkrl, è çg`ktuc ù çg`ktuc, sĀ ehutĀm ce rldlèrke k`ngnml`Ā

Şl sn`lecĀ e pnpuceŠlkl luoltnerk dk petrle çg èrk trĀlkŞtk dlg e`kestĀ gnuĀ prnvlg`lk, eclpltĀ ce sïguc petrlkl memk. (Dk`l s-eu aĀùt s`blmoĀrl), pk èrkgu tnŠl rnmïgll ck ùgneŞtkm, Şl pk èrk evkm detnrle eosncutĀ dk e ckùgneŞtk sprk e vkdke, `k kstk oug çg kck Şl, `k kstk rĀu, `k pnetk al çg lg tkrksuc

Şl `k pnetk al çg dktrlmkgtuc pnpnrucul rnmïgks` dlg e`kestĀ gnuĀ prnvlg`lk(p. 5)... Dk e`kke em `rkzut, (`ngtlguĀ skmgeterll), `Ā kstk eosncut gk`kserĀ

anrmerke ugul `kr` k`ngnml`-sn`lec oesereokeg, anrmet dlg kckmkgtkck, èrk

sĀ sk çgsĀr`lgkzk e studle Şl e de ce cumlgĀ tnt `k s-e aĀùt dk `Ātrk strĀlgl pke`kst tĀrïm çg tlmpuc dnmlgeŠlugll cnr, prkùm Şl sltueŠlugke e`tuecĀ e

cu`rurlcnr, `Āutïgd e erĀte `kke `k clpskŞtk, Şl èrk er al eosncut gk`kser dkaĀùt pkgtru e putke rldlè `ït mel rkpkdk glvkcuc k`ngnml` Şl sn`lec ecOesereolkl.

(Çg e`kst pceg) tnŠl ougll rnmïgl evkm çgdetnrlrke dk e `kr`kte `ït melemĀgugŠlt sltueŠlugke k`ngnml`Ā e e`kstkl prnvlg`ll, mel ù dknskolrk pkgtrumntlvuc, `Ā e`l gk jĀslm çgtr -ug `kgtru, ugdk çgtrkeje e`tlvltetk `nmkr`lecĀ ŞllgdustrlecĀ sk jĀskŞtk pk mïge strĀlglcnr...

Çg prkzkgte gnestrĀ rkvlstĀ, (`ngtlguĀ eutnrll), vnm cĀse cn` tuturnr

ertl`nckcnr ù ère`tkr jkgkrec, tuturnr saeturlcnr ougk, tuturnr çgdrumĀrlcnrancnsltnerk pkgtru gnl, vkgltk dlg pertke tuturnr e`kcnre, èrk hudk`Ā Şljïgdks` rnmïgkŞtk, Şl èrk dnrks` olgkck `kcnr dnuĀ mlclnegk dk mncdnvkgl,èrk 561 egl eu stet çg `kc mel jrnzev çgtugkrl`, pk èrk n geŠlugk Şl ug pnpnr`lvlclzet Şl-c pnetk çg`blpul.

Vrlg ertl`nckck puoclètk çg ke Şl prlg `ngsaĀtulrlck `k vnr evke cn` ceŞkdlgŠkck `krùcul, sk ve `Āute sĀ sk rkeclzkzk ckjĀture dk lgtkrksk çgtrkOesereole Şl ůere-memĀ, `Āutïgdu-sk pk `ït pnslolc mel muct e jĀsl pug`tkck`nmugk Şl e çgcĀture lgtkrkskck prntlvgl`k çgtrkjll èuzk rnmïgkŞtl. Evïgd çg

vkdkrk dk`l tnetk e`kstk mntlvk, `rkdkm, `Ā kstk dk detnrle gnestrĀ dk rnmïgl,dk e ruje pk tnŠl, èrk vnlks`, sĀ alk ancnsltnrl ŠĀrll cnr, dk e gk ehute ùùvïgtuc Şl ù mugè sprk e du`k e`kestĀ cu`rerk, çg`kputĀ, ce oug saïrŞlt.Evïgd çg vkdkrk, pk cïgjĀ tnetk e`kstke, Şl jrkutĀŠlck metkrleck `Ārnre trkoulksĀ ck ae`km aeŠĀ, spkrĀm `Ā gu hljglm pk glmkgl, de`Ā l -em ruje sĀ gk dke tntsprlhlguc metkrlec pnslolc, dk èrk evkm eosncutĀ gkvnlk...

OezeŠl pk e`kst sprl hlg mnrec Şl metkrlec, pk èrk spkrĀm e-c `ĀpĀte dk cenrl`k oug rnmïg, pĀŞlm ù çg`rkdkrk çgelgtk, evïgd `ngvlgjkrke `Ā nrl`ït dk

puŠlg em putke ù tnŠll `ngtrloul çg e`kestĀ dlrk`Šlk, tntuc ve al çgsĀ sprk olgkckŞl akrl`lrke Oesereolkl” (V. ?-0)




54

[gkck espk`tk dk `ngŠlgut Estakc, ù ml`l nmltkrl, em rkprndus prnjremuc dk e`tlvltetk ec `nckjlucul

rkde`Šlngec. Dlg `kck dk mel sus sk slmtk `cer vnlgŠe, ùrehuc, petrlntlsmuc,der, tntndetĀ, Şl merke çgjrlhnrerk eck angdetnrlcnr rkvlstkl. Tkeme e`keste skrkack`tĀ Şl dlg çgsĀŞl aeptuc `Ā mehnrltetke ertl`nckcnr `k pnpuckezĀ pejlglckrkvlstkl dlg prlmuc eg dk e`tlvltetk (luglk-dk`kmorlk 5<5< Şl leguerlk-eprlclk

5<?6) sugt skmgetk dk e`kleŞl T. Lngù, K. Jlurjke, K. Oeceme`ke, Q. Vulu ŞlM. @blrlŠksù ‐ mkmorl el `nmltktucul dk rkde`Šlk. Vrlgtrk eutnrll dlg eaere

`nmltktucul aljurkezĀ8 Mex. Vnpnvl`l (Gr. 5. - V. 00-02)9 Vevkc Jrnsuc, mkdl`

vktkrlger (Gr. ?. - V. 05-04 )9 M. Tlutrlmnv (Gr. 0. - V. 52-?<)9 Qeslck

Jbkgzuc (Gr. 0. - V. ?<-;2), ù ug sncld studlu Dlg trkùtuc Şl prkzkgtuc

`nnpkreŠlkl dlg _usle Şl Oesereole”9 T. Vnru`l` (Gr. 0. - V. ;<-1?), ùgnsùt

spk`leclst çg dnmkgluc jkncnjlkl Şl jknjrealkl, èrk, çg èzuc det, vnrokŞtkdksprk ÇgskmgĀtetke ceùrlcnr sĀretk dlg Oesereole”9 D. L. ŗtkaĀgksù (Gr. 4.

- V. 16-1;) Şl çg`Ā `ïŠlve ecŠll. TnetĀ pnvere kdltĀrll `Ādke çgsĀ pk spetkckangdetnrlcnr rkvlstkl. @e sĀ gk `ngdu`km Şl sĀ pĀtrugdkm çg kskgŠe Şl`ngŠlgutuc e`tlvltĀŠll cnr , rkprndu`km çg `ngtlguerk `ïtkve dlg tltcurlck

ertl`nckcnr, studllcnr Şl dnùmkgtkcnr stetlstl`k. Vrlmuc eutnr ec prlmucul ertl`nc dlg gumĀruc çgtïl ec rkvlstkkl egeclzetk kstk

Kujkg G. Jlurjke, èrk gk lganrmkezĀ dksprk LmpnrtegŠe k`ngnml`Ā eOesereolkl pkgtru _nmïgle” (V. 0-<), skmgecïgd8 Oesereole..., rkçgtnr`ïgdu-

sk lerĀŞl ce Vetrle-mumĀ e edus ù dïgse `ïmpll mĀgnesk, clvkzl Şl pnml, vllŞl ceùrl pclgk ù tnt akcuc dk pkŞtl, èrk vnr `ngstltul çg vlltnr pkgtru dïgse èŞl pkgtru Šere rnmïgkes`Ā, çgtrkejĀ, ug merk lzvnr dk onjĀŠlk geŠlngecĀ” (V.0). Çg çg`bklkrk eutnruc `ng`cuzlngkezĀ8 Dlg tnetk e`kstke putkm vkdke, dk`l,

`Ā gnue prnvlg`lk kstk ug tkzeur dk onjĀŠlk pkgtru gnl, Şl gu trkoulk gkjclhetglml`, gu trkoulk e cĀse ce n pertk gl`l ug se`rlal`lu dlg pertke gnestrĀ, pkgtruè sĀ rldl`Ām dlg tnetk putkrlck gnestrk Şl dlg tnetk pug`tkck dk vkdkrk,

Oesereole, `ngvlgŞl allgd, `Ā vnm ae`k Şl npkre k`ngnml`Ā Şl geŠlngecĀ” (V.<).

DupĀ e`kestĀ `ngsteterk e lmpnrtegŠkl k`ngnml`k e Oesereolkl pkgtruVetrle-mumĀ”, kc, Kujkg G. Jlurjke, prkzlgtĀ `ïtkve ertl`nck `ngse`retksltueŠlkl `ng`rktk dlg Oesereole e`kcnr tlmpurl8 PltueŠle ejrl`ncĀ e Oesereolkldlg prlmĀvere egucul 5<5< (Gr. 5. - V. ?1-00), Vrnockme lgdustrlkl vlltnerk eOesereolkl” (Gr. ?. - V.1-54), `ngstetïgd `Ā prlmkck lgdustrll èrk vnr putkecue allgŠĀ vnr al... `kke, `k sugt çg ckjĀturĀ ù ejrlùcture, è oĀuturlck, pestkckaĀlgnesk, `ngskrvkck eclmkgterk, `kcucnze, bïrtle, `lmkgtuc, cumïgĀrlck” (Gr. ?. - V.56). GumĀruc mel `ngŠlgk Şl ectk ?6 dk ertl`nck8 LmpnrtegŠe Şl




5;

ckjĀturlck k`ngnml`k vlltnerk `k trkoulk sĀ kxlstk çgtrk _nmïgle Şl [`relge(Gr. ?. - V. 0;-46), PltueŠle `clmetkrl`Ā Şl ejrl`ncĀ e Oesereolkl pk cuge luglk5<5< (Gr. ?. - V. 45-44), _ncuc k`ngnml` ec Vrutucul pkgtru Oesereole Şl

Mncdnve” (Gr. 0. - V. 56-5:), PltueŠle `clmetkrl`Ā Şl sterke skmĀgĀturlcnr çgOesereole çg cuge luclk 5<5<” ( Gr. 0. - V. 1?-1:), NoskrveŠlugl jkgkreckesupre sltueŠlugll lgvkgterucul mnrt pk tnetk akcurlck dk prnprlktĀŠl dlgOesereole çg eguc 5<5<” (Gr. 4. - V. 44-4<), LmpnrtegŠe çgallgŠĀrll ugklsn`lktĀŠl dk gevljeŠlk çg Oesereole” (Gr. 4. - V. 4<-;1), PltueŠle `clmetkrl`Ā Şlejrl`ncĀ e Oesereolkl çg ùrsuc cugll eujust 5<5<” (Gr. 4. - V. 1<-:0),

@epltecuc geŠlngec çg dlakrltkck ereghemkgtk k`ngnml`k”(Gr. ;-1. - V. 4-2),

PltueŠlugke jkgkrecĀ e mnrlcnr dlg Oesereole pk eguc 5<5<” (Gr. ;-1. - V. 0?-

0;). Çgelgtk dk e pugk pug`t kgumkrĀrll ertl`nckcnr cul Kujkglu Jlurjke,

puoclètk çg prlmuc eg ec kxlstkgŠkl rkvlstkl `ngsuctetk, `ngsldkrĀm `Ā gutrkoulk sĀ rĀmïgĀ aĀrĀ etkgŠlk çg`Ā dnuĀ studll, èrk eu mkglrke sĀaemlclerlzkzk `ltltnruc ù sltueŠle, `ngdlŠllck dk trel eck pnpuceŠlkl oesereokgkdlg egll 5<65-5<50 Şl 5<52-5<5<. E`kstke sugt8 VrkŠuc mlhcn`lu ec dlvkrskcnr

prndusk dk prnvkglkgŠĀ eglmecĀ seu vkjktecĀ prkùm Şl ec eglmeckcnr vll çgOesereole pk egll 5<65-5<50 Şl 5<52-5<5<” (Gr. :-2. - V. 2-?5) Şl Pecer luc

mlhcn`lu ec cu`rĀtnrlcnr ejrl`ncl dlg Oesereole `k s-e pcĀtlt çg pkrlnede eglcnr5<65- 5<50 Şl 5<52-5<5< çg ckl Şl oegl” (Gr. :-2. - V. ?5-?1). _kmerèolc k

aeptuc `Ā emokck metkrleck `ngstltulk glŞtk egeclzk `nmpktkgtk eck ugul Şlr dkespk`tk-`nmpngkgtk eck prn`kskcnr dk `rkŞtkrk Şl rkeclzerk e dlvkrskcnreglmeck8 èl, onl, ve`l, nl, pnr`l, pĀsĀrl kt`. N pkrïgd dk alkèrk detĀ ù `lark`ng`rktk, rkakrltnerk ce `nstuc alk`Ārkl ugltĀŠl (èl, pnr`l, ve`l, nl kt`.), s-e cuet

çg dlsùŠlk, dkteclet, `nstuc eretucul, skmĀgetucul, ec tregspnrtucul, ec

çgtrkŠlgkr ll nlcnr (cïge, orïgze), pĀsĀrlcnr (nuĀck, pull), kt`., secerluccu`rĀtnrlcnr ejrl`ncl çg dlakrltk egntlmpurl, mĀsur e çg èrk e`kstk secerll

setlsae` gk`ksltĀŠlck cnr. Estakc, eonrdïgd dlakrltk espk`tk dlg e`tlvltetke

ejrlùctnrlcnr dlg Oesereole e`kcnr tlmpurl, eutnruc e rkuŞlt sĀ `rkkzk

edkvĀretk teocnurl dlg vleŠe ugkl pĀturl sn`leck dlgtrk `kck mel gumkrnesk Şl, prnoeolc, mel umlcltk. Çg `ngtlguerk s-er ùvkgl sĀ spugkm `ïtkve ùvlgtk Şldksprk prntejnglstuc gnstru. Dlg pĀètk çgsĀ dknèmdetĀ gu ùgneŞtkm glml`dksprk vleŠe cul, dk`ït aeptuc `Ā pk e`kck tlmpurl `ïgd s`rle pkgtru Oesereolek`ngnml`Ā” kre dlrk`tnruc Ptetlstl`ll rkjlngeck (Gr. 5 dlg 5<?0. - V. 15).

Ec dnlcke eutnr dupĀ gumĀruc der Şl ècltetke ertl`nckcnr puoclètk çg pejlglck rkvlstkl detk dlg eguc 5<5<, kstk Tknalc Lngù, prkzkgt ù ?6 dk

metkrleck. Vrlmuc ‐ Lmpnzltuc pk vkglt çg Oesereole” (Gr. 5. - V.<-5:) - gk-e

etres etkgŠle prlg dks`rlkrke lstnrlùcul lmpnzltucul pk vkglt çg _usle, lgtrndus

perŠlec çg 525?, suo anrme dĀrll prn`kgtueck prnjrkslvk esupre evkrlcnr




51

lmnolclerk.E`kestĀ derk çgsĀ e anst suprlmetĀ çg eguc 525<. Mel tïrzlu,çg`kpïgd ù egll 5216-52:6, epnl çg 52<5 Şl çg 5<6:, `bkstlugke lgtrndu`krlllmpnzltucul pk vkglt ausksk pusĀ çg dlsùŠlk çg mel muctk rïgdurl, è çg algk, ce

1 eprlclk 5<51, prnockme sĀ alk rkzncvetĀ prlg ckjk (p. 56). Vkgtru dnrltnrll dke pĀtrugdk çg kskgŠe ckjll, skmgecĀm `Ā eutnruc vlgk çg aeŠe `ltltnrucul ùdlvkrsk kxpclèŠll Şl lganrmeŠll ù prlvlr k ce lmpckmkgterke ckjll çg pre`tl`Ā, `kke `k rkprkzkgte mlglmumuc dk kxlstkgŠĀ. @um sk s`blmoe e`kst mlglm Şlèrk kreu prlg`lpllck e`kstnr s`blmoĀrl, èrk kre Şl ùm sk s`blmoe sltueŠlelmpnzltucul pk vkglt çg dlakrltk cnècltĀŠl (çg eguc 5<52) eck Oeser eolkl, kstk

rkack`tet çg dlvkrsk teokck stetlstl`k. [rmĀtnruc ertl`nc - Esljurerke puocl`Ā” (Gr. 5. - V. ?5-?1) - èrk prlg

`ngŠlgutuc sĀu çgtrkjkŞtk vncumuc lganrmeŠlkl ù prlvlrk ce mnduc Şl glvkcuc dk

trel ec pnpuceŠlkl oesereokgk, sk dknskokŞtk Şl kc prlg aeptuc `Ā dkmngstrkezĀ`ngvlgjĀtnr gk`ksltĀŠlck esljurĀrlcnr nocljetnrll Şl, çg jkgkrec, e dlvkrskcnr

mĀsurl mkgltk sĀ uŞurkzk pnvere `kcnr `ĀzuŠl ce gkvnlk (dlg èuzeècemltĀŠlcnr getureck Şl e ectnr lg`ldkgtk).

Vkgtru lganrmerke dktecletĀ e `ltltnrlcnr ù prlvlrk ce epnrtuc cul Tknalc

Lngù edus ce kdlterke rkvlstkl, pugkm ce dlspnzlŠle `ltltnrucul çg`Ā `ïtkve dlg`kck ?6 dk ertl`nck skmgetk dk kc pk perùrsuc egucul 5<5<8 _kanrmealgeg`lerĀ” (Gr. ?. - V. 5-;9 Gr. 0. - V. 5-56)9 ůeruc Gl`ncek L è algeg`ler”

(Gr. ?. - V. ?2-05)9 @rkdltuc dk oeg`Ā çg Oesereole” (Gr. 4. - V. 5-?1) ‐ ugstudlu `nmpckx èrk sk lmpugk gu dner prlg vncumuc lganrmeŠlkl stetlstl`k (54teokck), `l Şl prlg `nmpckxltetke egeclzkl8 Oegè stetucul”, Oegè noŞtkes`Āe nreŞucul”, OĀg`lck `nmkr`leck, pertlùcerk,” Pn`lktĀŠlck dk `rkdltrk`lprn`”, Oegè ejrerĀ dk stet e gnolclmkl”, @k sugt zkmstakck çgOesereole” (Gr. 4. - V. 0;-44)9 Lstnrle Şl lmpnrtegŠe lmpnzltucul lgdlrk`t çgslstkme dk lmpnzltk ruskŞtl” (Gr. ;-1. - V. 2-5?)9 Anste _kpuocl`ĀDkmn`retl`Ā Mncdnvkgkes`Ā8 Vrnlk`tuc Algeg`ler ec Mlglstkrucul dk AlgegŠkec anstkl _kpuocl`l MncdnvkgkŞtl” (Gr. :-2. - V. 45-42) Şl Lgdustrle

zebĀrucul” (5<?6. - Gr. 55-5?.- V. 5-?4).@rkdkm dk ùvllgŠĀ sĀ gk nprlm esupre ugul mnmkgt kskgŠlec. Vk cïgjĀ

`kck rkcetetk egtkrlnr dksprk Tknalc Lngù, er al olgk sĀ lganrmĀm `ltltnrlldksprk aeptuc `Ā e`kst nm dk ŞtllgŠĀ gk-e mel pus ce dlspnzlŠlk anertk muctk

teokck stetlstl`k, lganrmeŠlk dlgtrk `kck mel rkckvegtk , èrk ère`tkrlzkezĀsltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā dlg Oesereole e`kcnr tlmpurl ce mexlmĀ kxe`tltetk (vkzl

Gr. 5. - V. 0<-419 Gr. ?. - V. 42-:5, dlg eguc 5<5<). Mel skmgecĀm `Ā prntejnglstuc gnstru çgdkpclgke aug`Šle dk prkŞkdlgtk ec `krùcul k`ngnml` ecOesereolkl. Çg nrl`k èz, egumk estakc çŞl skmgkezĀ dumgkecul edrkserke `Ātrk`ltltnrl dk ce çg`kputuc gumĀrucul 4 ec rkvlstkl dlg 5<5<, dksprk èrk




5:

mĀrturlskem egtkrlnr. Dk`l, kstk vnroe dksprk n pkrsngecltetk gntnrlk dksprk

èrk kstk cnjl` sĀ ùgneŞtkm `kve mel muct. _kprndu`km, ù ugkck nmltkrl,

gnte olnjreal`Ā dlg èrtke Aljurl `ngtkmpnregk dlg Oesereole” (@b., 5<0<)8

Lngù Tknalc... s-e gĀsùt çg eguc 522;, ?? luclk, çg setuc NclŞègl, hud. Nrbkl.E urmet Lgstltutuc Pupkrlnr dlg Mns`nve Şl ŗ`nece PupkrlnerĀ @nmkr`lecĀ ce[glvkrsltetke dlg Cklpzlj. Vertl`lpĀ ce tnetk `ngjrkskck `nnpkretlstk dlgOesereole, Ndkse Şl Mns`nve, aĀ`ïgd prnpejegdĀ rnmïgkes`Ā. Çg 5<50,jreŠlk çgdkmgucul d-seck, sĀtkgll dlg NclŞègl `ngstrulks` n Ş`necĀmncdnvkgkes`Ā, `ke dlgtïl çg Oesereole.

E anst mkmoru ec `nmlslugkl pkgtru geŠlngeclzerke Ş`neckl oesereokgk,sk`rkter ec `ngjrksucul ŠĀrĀgks` çg melu 5<5:, dkckjet ec pertlducul geŠlngec ès`rutĀtnr çg _ede [`relgkegĀ dlg I lkv, ugdk e anst Şl dkckjetuc mncdnvkglcnr

ce `ngjrksuc geŠlngecltĀŠĀcnr dlg _usle...E anst prkŞkdlgtk ec pertlduculgeŠlngec çg 5<5:, dkputet çg Paetuc ůĀrll” Şl mlglstru dk algegŠk çg _kpuoclèMncdnvkgkes`Ā..., dkputet çg prlmuc percemkgt ec ŠĀrll, mkmoru Şl prkŞkdlgtkec @eskl Gnestrk, `nmlser Şl `kgznr pk cïgjĀ @emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg @blŞlgĀu,

`kgznr ce @ese EutngnmĀ e Mngnpncurlcnr Ptetucul..., lglŠletnruc rkvlstklk``ngnml`k Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”..., çg 5<?6 e nrjeglzet Oegè Oesereolkl.E anst prnaksnr ce jlmgezluc dlg Nrbkl. Dk`nreŠll8 nrdlguc _kjkckAkrdlgegd” çg jreduc dk @nmegdnr Şl Ptkeue _nmïglkl” çg jreduc dk nalŠkr”.

Dnrltnrlcnr dk e ùgneŞtk mel muctk emĀgugtk dlg vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke prntejnglstucul dk aeŠĀ ck sujkrĀm sĀ `ngsuctk Şl ertl`ncuc s`rlltnrucul Şl puocl`lstucul Lurlk @ncksgl` lgtltucet Tbknalc Lngù” puoclèt çg vncumuc 1 ec

skrlecucul Oesereole gkùgnsùtĀ”, (@b., ?66;. - V. 551-50:).

Çl pugkm ce ùrkgt pk `ltltnrll gnŞtrl ù aeptuc `Ā çg oloclntk`lck`blŞlgĀulkgk clpsks` gumkrkck 0-1 (luclk-dk`kmorlk) dlg eguc 5<?6, ler dlg

5<?5 gu kxlstĀ gl`l ug gumĀr. N kxpclèŠlk er al pkrlnede dk `rlzĀ prlg èrk

trk`ke rkvlste.

DlalùctĀŠl kdltnrleck JrkutĀŠlck dk èrk s-eu `ln`glt kdltnrll, (skmgecetk Şl egtkrlnr), sk pnt lgtul

dlg aeptuc `Ā eu anst lmpuŞl sĀ mndlal`k prnjremuc, `ng`kpŠle, pkrlndl`ltetke

rkvlstkl. Çg prlmuc rïgd, gumkrkck dlg eguc ec trklcke (5<??) pnertĀ ug tltcumndlalèt8 Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā, sn`lecĀ Şl algeg`lerĀ”, `kckcectkdktkrmlgetlvk, dlg prlmll egl dk kdlŠlk, _kvlstĀ k`ngnml`Ā, stetlstl`Ā Şlalgeg`lerĀ e `krùcul dk studll sn`lec-k`ngnml`k e Oesereolkl”, allgdsuprlmetk. Çg ec dnlcke rïgd, eprnepk `nmpcktemkgtk e anst s`blmoet`nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk, çg `nmpngkgŠe `Ārule lgtreu8 @nrgkclu Egtngksù, Jb.LvĀguŞl, Mlbelc Juse`nv Şl Kujkglu Jlurjke, uctlmuc dner aĀ`ïgd pertk dlg




52

`ngdu`krke rkvlstkl prlmlcnr egl dk kxlstkgŠĀ, çg ec trklcke rïgd, s-e s`blmoet

pkrlndl`ltetke kdlŠlkl, epĀrïgd dk ce e`kestĀ detĀ, trlmkstrlec.

Etrejkm etkgŠle `ltltnrlcnr `Ā tnetk e`kstk mndlal`Ārl sugt rkprndusk dk pk

anele dk tltcu ec gumĀrucul 5 dlg eguc 5<??. Mel muctk dktecll spkrem sĀ eacudlg Vrkùvïgterke” e`kstul prlm gumĀr skmgetĀ dk @nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk”.Kdltnrll eu `nmuglèt çgsĀ `Ā jrkutĀŠlck gnestrk algeg`lerk pk èrk ck evkmaeŠĀ dk kgnrme sùmplrk e bïrtlkl Şl e tlperucul, e aĀùt è sĀ çgtrkrupkmeperlŠle vk`bkl rkvlstk” (V. 5), aĀrĀ sĀ prk`lzkzk dk ce `k gumĀr Şl eg, `ït eduret stejgerke, kt`. Çg nrl`k èz, dupĀ eguc 5<?0, rkvlste clpskŞtk dlg

oloclnjreallck dk spk`lecltetk `blŞlgĀulkgk Şl ouùrkŞtkgk, aept `k gk ae`k sĀ`ng`cuzlngĀm `Ā, çg`kpïgd ù eguc 5<?4, rkvlste Şl-e çgtrkrupt kxlstkgŠe. Aeptrkjrkteolc, `Ā`l, `ngsuctïgd uctlmuc gumĀr (Gr. 4) dlg 5<?0, dupĀ èrk e urmet

n stejgerk dk ?0 dk egl, tk `ngvlgjl `Ā kdltnrll s-eu se`rlalèt anertk muct.

Metkrleckck urmĀtnerk dlg gumĀrucrkspk`tlv vlg sĀ mĀrtur lskes`Ā dksprkaeptuc `Ā de`Ā rkvlste suprevlkŠule, sk

putke çgtïmpce è Şl snerte Oesereolkl sĀalk ecte. _kprndu`km `ïtkve tltcurl dkertl`nck-studll, èrk skmgeckezĀ sltueŠledlg Šlgut8 @rlze dk `ngoustlolc çg

Oesereole Şl mlhcne`kck dk emkclnrerkekl” dk E.M. Megulcnv (V. 5-52),

[tlcltetke epcl`Ārll ckjll ourskcnr dk`nmkrŠ çg Oesereole”, @rkdltuc lgdustrlecçg Oesereole”, emokck dk KujkgluJlurjke (V. 42-;:), LmpnrtegŠe@emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ çg dkzvncterkee`tlvltĀŠll k`ngnml`k oesereokgk” dk

@nrgkclu Egtngksù (V. ;2-:5), Ş.e. E`kstk dnùmkgtk, Şl çg spk`lec uctlmuc,

dkzvĀculk gk`ksltĀŠlck Şl dksevegtehkck e`tueckl vlkŠl k`ngnml`k oesereokgk,dksevegtehk Şl gk`ksltĀŠl èrk çmpkdl`Ā dksvncterke e`tlvltĀŠll k`ngnml`k” (V. 16).

KdlŠle 5<01-5<46

Çg urme jrkutĀŠlcnr Şl dkzevegtehkcnr skmgecetk egtkrlnr e epĀrut n sltueŠlkkgljmetl`Ā. Cumke gu Ştle `k sk çgtïmpcĀ... Eu trkùt mucŠl egl, pkgtru è

çgtr -n zl sĀ eperĀ ug rĀspugs8 çg skptkmorlk 5<01 rkvlste, ù ug tltcu puŠlgmndlalèt - Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā8 Oucktlguc @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ ŞlLgdustrlk dlg Oesereole” (Gr. <), aĀrĀ e al lgdlèt `nmltktuc dk rkde`Šlk,




5<

pkrlndl`ltetke seu ectĀ lganrmeŠlk, vĀzu dlg gnu cumlge tlperucul. EtkgŠlngĀm`ltltnrll `Ā mehnrltetke metkrleckcnr, sprk dknskolrk dk kdlŠle dlg 5<5<-5<?0,

epĀrkeu aĀrĀ skmgĀture eutnrlcnr. Eperk çgtrkoerke alrkes`Ā8 `k rkprkzlgtĀ

kdlŠle dlg 5<01> N gnuĀ rkvlstĀ seu n `ngtlguerk e pkrlndl`kl ù e`kceŞl tltcudlg 5<5< > @ngsucterke `npkrtkcnr, anlcnr dk tltcu Şl çgtrkjucul ùprlgs ecgumkrkcnr dlg skptkmorlk-dk`kmorlk 5<01 g-eu clmpkzlt sterke dk cu`rurl.

_Āspugsuc e vkglt çg rkzuctetuc `ngsuctĀrll gumkrkcnr dlg urmĀtnrll egl. EŞe,sprk kxkmpcu, pk anlck dk tltcu eck rkvlstkl dlg 5<0:, sprk dknskolrk dk `kck dlg

5<01, çg pertke dk hns e pejlgll kstk alxetĀ lganrmeŠle8 Leguerlk 5<0:, egucRLR, Gr.5”, èrk vlgk sĀ rkzncvk gkdumkrlrke8 kstk vnroe dk n slgjurĀ rkvlstĀ,kdltetĀ ù çgtrkrupkrl, gl`ldkùm dk dnuĀ.

@ng`cuzle prkùm `Ā kstk vnroe dksprk n slgjurĀ rkvlstĀ pnetk al dkdusĀ

gu dner dlg lganrmeŠle kdltnrlcnr (dk pk anele dk tltcu), `l Şl dlg metkrleckck

puoclètk çg emokck verlegtk eck rkvlstkl, dlg prnockmkck eonrdetk, `ït Şl dlg

s`npuc kl, anrmucet çg prlme pertk e e`kstul studlu. TntndetĀ kxlstĀ Şl kskgŠleckdlvkrjkgŠk. Çg verlegte rkvlstkl dlg egll 5<5<-5<?0 prnockmkck k`ngnml`k dlg

Oesereole sk studleu prlg prlsme ugul eutnr, prlg egeclze sltueŠlkl çgtr -ug

dnmkglu `ng`rkt, alk ùctlverke dlvkrskcnr ùcturl ejrl`nck (jrïu, pnrumo,aru`tk kt`.), alk rkeclzerke prndu`Šlkl dnoïgdltk seu prkcu`rerke mĀraurlcnrrkspk`tlvk kt`. Vk `ïgd çg pertke e dnue e rkvlstkl (dlg egll 5<01-5<46), pk

prlm pceg sk eacĀ studllck kak`tuetk ce glvkc dk stet, dk lgstltuŠll spk`leclzetk,ùm er al @emkrkck dk @nmkrŠ Şl Lgdustrlk, Nal`luc rkjlstrucul `nmkrŠucul kt`.,èrk, çg mnd slstkmetl`, edugĀ, slstkmetlzkezĀ Şl egeclzkezĀ lganrmeŠlek`ngnml`Ā, ckjetĀ dk dlvkrsk espk`tk dk prndu`krk, dk prkcu`rerk, dk vïgzerke mĀraurlcnr dk èrk dlspugk Šlgutuc oesereokeg. Tnetk e`kstk dnùmkgtk,slstkmetlzetk çg dlakrltk anrmk8 dk studll dnùmkgterk, dk teocnurl stetlstl`k,

dĀrl dk skemĀ ce dlvkrsk glvkcurl edmlglstretlvk kt`., sk puoclèu aĀrĀskmgĀture eutnrlcnr, dner ù gumkck lgstltuŠlkl rkspk`tlvk. Çg pereckc ù e`kstkdnùmkgtk, sĀ ck gumlm nal`leck, rkvlste puoclè, dksljur, ug gumĀr

`ngsldkreolc dk ertl`nck lganrmetlvk ù prlvlrk ce sltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā dlg Šlgut,dk `kck mel muctk nrl dupĀ hudkŠk. Estakc, pntkgŠlecll `ltltnrl, rĀsanlgd rkvlste,evkeu sĀ sk aemlclerlzkzk ù muctk ertl`nck, s`blŠk, studll ckjetk dk k`ngnmleOesere olkl8 _k`ncte Şl vecnrlalèrke `krkeckcnr çg Oesereole”, @um sk`nmoetk spkùce ce @ebuc”, Kxpnrtuc dk vltk dlg Oesereole”, PltueŠlelgdustrlkl dlg hudkŠuc Bntlg”, kt`.

DupĀ e`kestĀ prkzkgterk e puoclèŠlkl studletk, sĀ rkvkglm ce stru`ture kl.




?6

Ptru`ture kdlŠlkl 5<01-5<46

Vkgtru e cue ùgnŞtlgŠĀ dk e`kst espk`t ec rkvlstkl dlg egll 5<01 -5<46 kstk

gk`kser sĀ rkprndu`km, ù ml`l nmltkrl, ùprlgsuc kl, dlg skptkmorlk (Gr. <)5<01, èrk, çg clgll jkgkreck, kxprlmĀ mnduc dk `ngstltulrk e kdlŠlkl çgegsemocu8

5. Kdltnrlec8 Oesereole sĀre`Ā

?. VrkŠurlck dk prndu`Šlk Şl prkŠurlck dk `ngsumerk

0. VleŠe `krkeckcnr çg Oesereole

4. VleŠe aru`tkcnr çg Oesereole

;. ŗtlrl dlg OuùrkŞtl. (ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole) 1. @bkstlugl jkgkreck8 Vrnockme k`ngnmllcnr pertlùcerk

:. LganrmeŠlugl k`ngnml`k8 Lgtkrgk. Kxtkrgk

2. Vertke nal`lecĀ (èrk, dk aept, `ngstltulk pertke e dnue e

Oucktlgucul...”) Tnt pk vkrsnuc `npkrtkl jĀslm lganrmeŠle gk`kserĀ pkgtru pkrak`terke

eongemkgtkcnr, `ït Şl pkgtru e çgtrkŠlgk rkceŠll dk `nceonrerk ù `ltltnrll8_kde`Šle Şl EdmlglstreŠle8 @emkre dk @nmkrŠ Şl Lgdustrlk. @blŞlgĀu, Ptr.Mlbel Qltkezuc gr. ;5, tkc. gr. 6-50 Şl ;-?6. VrkŠuc ckl 56”.

Kstk gk`kser sĀ `ngstetĀm `Ā tltcurlck kgumkretk, ù ml`l mndlal`Ārl Şl

kskgŠleck `ng`rktlzĀrl, ère`tkrlzkezĀ çgtrkeje pkrlnedĀ dk e`tlvltetk e rkvlstkl- oucktlg. Çg spk`lec `kck spusk sk rkakrĀ ce Vertke nal`lecĀ” (pug`tuc 2), `ke

mel `nmpckxĀ e Oucktlgucul..., èrk ùprlgdk dlvkrsk `kr`ktĀrl `k sk rkakrĀ cednmkgll dk e`tlvltetk eck lgstltuŠllcnr k`ngnml`k oesereokgk dupĀ hudkŠk Şlremurl, ùm sugt8 E`tkck Nal`lucul _kjlstrucul dk @nmkrŠ9 Teocnurl dk e`tkgnterleck9 VnclŠk prntkstetk9 OlcegŠurl dk e`tlvltetk eck OĀg`lcnr kt`. Ce e`kstkmnmkgtk vnm mel rkvkgl.

EŞeder, prlme pertk e Oucktlgucul...” (pug`tkck 5-:) erk mkglrke sĀrkack`tk rkceŠllck `nck`tlvucul rkde`Šlngec ù `ltltnrll, sĀ prkzlgtk sltueŠle

k`ngnml`Ā dlg ŠerĀ, çg spk`lec dlgtr-n rkjlugk e kl, Oesereole, sĀ lganrmkzkmug`ltnrll, sĀ-l ŠlgĀ ce ùrkgt ù tnetk s`blmoĀrlck, mndlal`Ārlck dk èrk erkgkvnlk k`ngnmle Şl lgdustrle oesereokegĀ dupĀ `kl 561 egl dk stĀpïglrkruskes`Ā.

‗Oesereole sĀre`Ā”

Pk Ştlk `Ā prnockme sĀrĀ`lkl çg Oesereole kstk uge vk`bk dk tnt, dk sk`nck.

LetĀ dk `k gl sk perk anertk cnjl` aeptuc `Ā eutnruc ùvïgtucul çgtrndu`tlv, ùtltcuc Oesereole sĀre`Ā”, çg`ker`Ā sĀ pĀtrugdĀ çg kskgŠĀ Şl sĀ dkzvĀculk

prl`lglck e`kstkl sĀrĀ`ll. Vugïgd ce çgdnlecĀ tknrle ...ère`tkruc ejrl`nc ec




?5

k`ngnmlkl oesereokgk dktkrmlgĀ sĀrĀ`le çg èrk sk soetk gu gumel pcujerucgnstru, der tnetk `ceskck `nmpngkgtk eck trupucul kl sn`lec” (V. 5), eutnruc

`nck`tlv, aĀrĀ e `ngtkste çgskmgĀtetke lgdustrlkl çg k`ngnmle rkjlugll

rkspk`tlvk, `ngstetĀ `Ā ejrlùcture oesereokegĀ e ehugs çgtr -n sterk dkdk`Ādkrk çg urme rkanrmkl ejrerk Şl e `rlzkl k`ngnml`k dk ce 5<06, ler@emkrkck dk @nmkrŠ gu eu Ştlut sĀ cuptk, uglal`çgdu-Şl anrŠkck. E`kstk

`ng`cuzll sk erjumkgtkezĀ ù kxkmpck rkckvegtk, prlgtrk èrk sugt

urmĀtnerkck8 Vkgtru `k @emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg @ebuc egl dk zlck cuptĀ pkgtrurknrjeglzerke pk oezk reŠlngeck e gevljeŠlkl pk Vrut Şl gu rkuŞkŞtk> Vkgtru `k

@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg Tljblge cuptĀ egl dk zlck pkgtru `ngstrulrke ugklŞnskck pk dlstegŠe @blŠègl-Tljblge (5? im) dk ce èrk dkplgdk n mel ougĀrkeclzerk e `kcnr 0-4 mll dk vejnegk aru`tk, `ït ck strïgjk eguec e`ke rkjlugk,

Şl gu rkuŞkŞtk> ŗl muctk ectk pkgtru `k>,” (vkzl V. 0) ce èrk, `ngalrmĀ`nckjluc dk rkde`Šlk, sk pnetk de ug slgjur rĀspugs8 Vkgtru `Ā @emkrkck dk@nmkrŠ dlg Oesereole g-eu Ştlut sĀ cuptk ù anrŠk ugltk...” (V. 0). Dk el`l Şl`ng`cuzle eutnrucul8 Pecverke k çg Akdkreclzerke @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ

oesereokgk, pkgtru e du`k n cuptĀ mel kak`tlvĀ çg epĀrerke drkpturlcnr seck”. Gu evkm glml` çmpntrlve mnolclzĀrll putkrlcnr pkgtru ug trel mel dk`kgt.

QleŠe oesereokglcnr dk ezl gk dkmngstrkezĀ e`kestĀ gk`ksltetk ù prlsnslgŠĀ.ŗl tntuŞl, eutnruc ertl`ncucul Oesereole sĀre`Ā”, ce algkck pejlgll e dnue,

`ngstetĀ `Ā @kgtruc çgsĀ g-e çgŠkcks e`kestĀ çmprkhurerk Şl gu e e`nrdetetkgŠle ùvkgltĀ prnvlg`lkl gnestrk” (V. ?-0). Dk `k nerk `kgtruc g-e çgŠkcks...Şl gu e e`nrdet etkgŠle ùvkgltĀ...> P-e `rket n sltueŠlk k`blvn`Ā, dlg èrk sk

pnetk lgtul `Ā eutnrll ertl`ncucul gu eu evut ùrehuc sĀ spugĀ tnt edkvĀruc seu, pnetk, gu ùgnŞtkeu çgdkehugs lstnrle Oesereolkl> LetĀ ug mnmkgt lstnrl`ùgnsùt dk tnetĀ cumke çg ktetk. Çg egll 5<;6-5<16, `ïgd mngumkgtuc cul

ŗtkaeg `kc Merk çg`Ā çŞl eace cnùc lmkdlet ce lkŞlrke dlg per`, trk`Ātnrll `klkŞkeu dlg tkrltnrluc rkspk`tlv `ltkeu pk spetkck cul ŗtkaeg n arezĀ mĀjucltnerkdksprk dnmgltnruc Mncdnvkl, çg èrk kreu Şl ùvlgtkck8 Еkххжцжевю

цжхозйзблнж нж олцлицлхяил пхлы елд”, dupĀ èrk urme skmgĀture Gl`ncelIeremzlg. ůlg mlgtk, areze e`keste ieremzlgkegĀ trkzke pk e`kck tlmpurldlsùŠll eprlgsk çg rïgdurlck tlgkrktucul. Kre kvldkgt aeptuc `Ā ke, areze, gukxprlmĀ glml` gnu, `Ā ke `ngstltule gu ect`kve dk`ït n tredu`krk e kxprkslklOesereole sk eacĀ ce rĀs`ru`ke tuturnr rkckcnr”, èrk, çg rkpktetk rïgdurl, sk

çgtïcgke çg s`rlkrlck `rnglèrlcnr gnŞtrl Jrljnrk [rk`bk, Mlrng Şl Gl`ncek@nstlg Ş.e. Der èrk sĀ alk tĀcmĀ`lrke e`kstul scnjeg> Pkgsuc `kc mel sljur kre

Şl mel rĀmïgk `Ā stĀpïgll” ce dlakrltk ktepk el e`kstul Šlgut oesereokeg gu`rkdkeu Şl gl`l gu putkeu `rkdk çg zlue dk mïlgk e e`kstkl stĀpïglrl. Gu kreusljurl `Ā mïlgk- pnlmïlgk e`kst tkrltnrlu gu ve trk`k çg stĀpïglrke tur`lcnr,




??

tĀterlcnr, ugjurlcnr, ruŞlcnr, u`relgkglcnr , rnmïglcnr kt`. Nr , treluc oĀŞtlgeŞlcnrçg estakc dk çmprkhurĀrl gu putke evke gl`l n pkrspk`tlvĀ, `Ā`l , tnŠl eŞe-gumlŠllstĀpïgl, evkeu s`npuc sĀ-Şl spnrkes`Ā evkrke prnprlk, dk ugdk Şl zlèce

prnvkrolecĀ8 Qkgkeu çg nplg`l Şl pckèu çg `lzmk dk ècltetk” ! Ler prnockmedkzvnctĀrll, Šlgutucul oesereokeg gu lgtkrkse pk glmkgl. Gu sk aĀ`keu ecnèŠlldk èpltec pkgtru èrkve `ngstru`Šll dk pkrspk`tlvĀ. VnpuceŠle oĀŞtlgeŞĀ kre

strïmtnretĀ, dïgdu-cl-sk merl prlvlckjll vkgktl`lcnr, dksknrl mïgeŠl Şl e`kŞtleçg Oesereole ù anrŠe.

Dlg `kck rkcetetk putkm `ng`cuzlnge `Ā rkspngseolcll ertl`ncucul- prkaeŠĀOesereole sĀre`Ā” eu drkptetk `ïgd ealrmĀ `Ā prlmuc ae`tnr ec sĀrĀ`lkl

prnvlg`lkl gnestrk kstk dksljur plkrdkrke çg 5<5: e dkouŞkkcnr vk`bl eck prndu`Šlkl gnestrk”, ler `kc dk-ec dnlcke kstk a e`tnruc jknjreal` èrk e

`ngtrloult çg merk pertk ce lzncerke k`ngnml`Ā e Oesereolkl9 vnrolm egumk dksltueŠle dk pkrlakrlk jknjreal`Ā Şl k`ngnml`Ā e prnvlg`lkl” (V. ?) Şlgl`ldkùm ère`tkruc kmlgemkgtk” ejrl`nc ec prnvlg`lkl” (V. 0). Çg èzuc ae`tnrlcnr èrk `ngtrlouleu ce sĀrĀ`lrke dk mel dkpertk e Oesereolkl sk `krk sĀedĀujĀm `Ā etug`l `ïgd eutnruc ealrme `Ā @kgtruc çgsĀ gu e çgŠkcks e`kestĀçmprkhurerk Şl gu e e`nrdet etkgŠle ùvkgltĀ prnvlg`lkl gnestrk” (V. ?-0)

dïgsuc e s`Āpet dlg vkdkrk `Ā etkgŠle ùvkgltĀ” g-e anst e`nrdetĀ gu dlg

èuze aeptucul `Ā `kgtruc g-e çgŠkcks çmprkhurĀrlck”, `l pkgtru `Ā ùgnŞtke

anertk olgk sltueŠle çg èrk sk eace, gksljuregŠe, dksprk èrk vnrokem egtkrlnr, pnslolce tk`krk e Oesereolkl ce ecŠl stĀpïgl”, èrk, Şl kl, gu evkeu sĀ e`nrdk

etkgŠle ùvkgltĀ Šlgutucul rkspk`tlv, dlg e`keŞl èuzĀ ‐ gu ùgnŞtkeu tkrmkgucdk stĀpïglrk! LetĀ, sprk kxkmpcu, ùm e eprk`let @. Ptkrk, `kc mel oug

ùgns`Ātnr ec sltueŠlkl Oesereolkl Şl e pnpnrucul oesereokeg lmkdlet dupĀ[glrke ù Vetrle-memĀ dlg 5<52. Çg dlsùŠllck seck pncltl`k EperkgŠkck ŞlrkecltĀŠlck @ezucul Ptkrk” eutnruc gntkezĀ8 Gu sk pnetk lmejlge, çg edkvĀr,ug aeclmkgt mel cemkgteolc dk`ït rkjlmuc dk mïgĀ anrtk”, lgeujuret çgOesereole dupĀ [glrk. Juvkrgerke rnmïgkes`Ā s-e dnvkdlt mel neroĀ Şl mel

lgèpeolcĀ dk`ït `bler stĀpïglrke ŠerlstĀ” (Ptkrk, @. Plgjur çmpntrlve tuturnr. - @b., 5<<:. - V. 526). Dk`l, Şl sltueŠle dk estĀzl e Oesereolkl kstk muct

vnroltnerk çg e`kst skgs. Ke vlgk, è ce `nmegdĀ, sĀ mĀrturlskes`Ā `Ā çgtrkejese lstnrlk dkplgdk gu etït dk vnlgŠe pnpnrucul oĀŞtlgeŞ, `ït dk `ke e vk`lglcnrdlg hur. QesĀzl`Ā Oesereole Şl ezl sk eacĀ ce rĀs`ru`ke tuturnr rkckcnr !

Gk-em nprlt mel emĀgugŠlt ce ertl`ncuc dk çg`kput ec rkvlstkl studletk gudlg èuze vnlgŠkl ùlve, `l pkgtru `Ā prnockmkck skmgecetk pkrmegkgt eper çgaeŠe `ltltnrucul rkvlstkl. Vkgtru `ngalrmerk gnmlgeclzĀm tltcurlck urmĀtnerkcnrertl`nck dlg e`kceŞl gumĀr < ec rkvlstkl dlg 5<018 VrkŠurlck dk prndu`Šlk Şl

prkŠurlck dk `ngsumeŠlk” (V. ;-2), VleŠe aru`tkcnr çg Oesereole” (V. <-5?),




?0

VleŠe `krkeckcnr çg Oesereole” (V. 5?-54), E`tlvltetke @emkrkl dk @nmkrŠdlg Tljblge” seu MĀsurlck pkgtru n mel ougĀ vecnrlalèrk e aru`tkcnr dlgr kjlugke Tljblgkl” (V. 5;-5<) kt`., èrk, per`Ā spk`lec, sugt pcesetk lmkdlet

dupĀ prkaeŠe rkde`Šlkl, è sĀ erjumkgtkzk spuskck `Ā Oesereole vlgdk mellkatlg è tnetk `kckcectk prnvlg`ll eck ŠĀrll Şl ùmpĀrĀ mel sùmp è kck” (V. 0).

Der, è sĀ gu çgèpĀ èrkve çgdnlkcl seu oĀgulkcl, pervkglm ù n plcdĀ`ng`rktĀ dlg ertl`ncuc VrkŠurlck dk prndu`Šlk Şl prkŠurlck dk `ngsumeŠlk” (V.;-2). Çg tlmp `k @emkrkck dk @nmkrŠ oesereokgk çŞl mnolclzeu putkrlck,cupteu pkgtru e`nrderke Oesereolkl tuturnr drkpturlcnr dk èrk sk ouùrĀ Şl`kckcectk prnvlg`ll, pkgtru eslmlcerke k`ngnml`Ā e Oesereolkl ù rkstuc ŠĀrll,

pkgtru `ngtnplrke ermngl`Ā e lgtkrkskcnr kl ù lgtkrkskck çgtrkjll k`ngnmllgeŠlngeck” (V. 0), nrjegkck nal`leck eck stetucul, prkslmŠlgd eprnplkrke egucul

5<46, gu eu det Oesereolkl ug terla dk @.A._. rkdus, ehutïgd-n estakc ce n mel

jreogl`Ā eslmlcerk ù rkstuc ŠĀrll, `l eu aevnrlzet `bkctulkclck lgtkrmkdlerk,

èrk dksknrl çgtrk` ù ;6% prkŠuc lglŠlec ec mĀrall. Çg jkgkrec merae lkŞltĀ dkce prndu`Ātnr Şl tregspnrtetĀ ce vïgzĀtnr supnrte urmĀtnerkck `bkctukcl8 @lareeae`krll ‐ 1%9 Emoeceh ‐ prn`kgt verleolc9 P`rlsnerke dk tr ĀsurĀ9 Tlmorkalsèck Şl dk evleŠlk9 Texe dk `ngsumeŠlk9 Arebt9 Texe `nmugecĀ9 Tregspnrt çgnreŞ9 Ş.e. spkzk. Vcete e`kstnr texk Şl ec`Ātuleu prkŠuc dk `nst ec merakl”. Vcus

ce e`kstke, gkjustnruc seu eŞe-gumltuc lgtkrmkdler, çŞl steolcke `ïŞtljuc sĀu - n

gnuĀ skrlk dk `bkctukcl alsèck, `k ck pcĀtkŞtk gkjustnruc suo anrmeurmĀtnerkcnr lmpnzltk8 Lmpnzlt pk vkglt9 Lmpnzltuc dk drumurl9 Lmpnzlt

pkgtru @emkre dk @nmkrŠ9 Lmpnzlt dk hudkŠ9 Lmpnzlt `nmugec9 Lmpnzltucalrmkl9 Texk pkgtr u @ese dk Esljurerk Ş.e., èrk, dk `kck mel muctk nrl, sk

kjeckezĀ ù `nstuc mĀrall ce prndu`Ātnr. Dlg `kck rkcetetk kstk vĀdlt aeptuc `Ā `ke mel merk `bkctulecĀ èrk epesĀ

esupre mĀrall çgdknskol dk jrku kstk arebtuc, ectakc zls, dlvkrskck tlpurl dk texk

pcĀtltk pkgtru ug tregspnrt dk mĀraurl. Dner `ltlgd e`kstk rïgdurl `ltltnrucrkvlstkl kxemlgetk çŞl ve de skeme dk `k kdltnrll pceskezĀ çg pejlglck

pkrlndl`kl etïtke ertl`nck, dnùmkgtk Şl studll dksprk ècltetke seu `bler Şlclpse drumurlcnr, dksprk pleŠe, (Şl mel dks) prkŠurlck aru`tkcnr, `krkeckcnr,vlgurlcnr, kt`., dk `k sk e`nrdĀ etïte etkgŠlk puocl`ltĀŠll, egugŠurlcnr,lganrmeŠlkl dksprk prndu`krke dlvkrskcnr prndusk ejrl`nck, dksprk rkeclzerke

e`kstnre, dksprk rncuc aeorl`lcnr, uzlgkcnr, mejezlgkcnr kt`. çg vleŠe dk alkèrkzl e `ktĀŠkglcnr.

Çg urmĀtnruc gumĀr, `kc dlg n`tnmorlk 5<01, eutnrll (gkùgnsùŠl) el

ertl`ncucul Çmpntrlve dkvecnrlzĀrll” egeclzkezĀ prl`lglck dkvecnrlzĀrllvecutkcnr kurnpkgk, dkmngstrïgd ù erjumkgtk rkckvegtk `Ā bntĀrïrlckjuvkrgucul eprnaugdkezĀ sĀrĀ`le çg Šlgutuc oesereokeg. ŗl `kckcectk metkrleck,




?4

`k vlg lmkdlet dupĀ ertl`ncuc skmgecet, ùm er al Ppkùce lcl`ltĀ”,Lgtrndu`krke prkŠurlcnr mexlmeck”, VrkŠuc vlgucul ce aeorl`lck dk splrt” Ş. e.

dlg gumĀruc rkspk`tlv, `ït Şl dlg `kckcectk gumkrk dlg çgtrkeje pkrlnedĀ dk

kxlstkgŠĀ e rkvlstkl, `ngstltulk glŞtk dnùmkgtk, èrk lcustrkezĀ etït jrlhejuvkrgucul, `ït Şl cupte @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ oesereokgk, pkgtru e dlmlgue

sĀrĀ`le egugŠetĀ, nr , sltueŠle rĀmïgk gks`blmoetĀ. [g cn` epertk çg stru`ture rkvlstkl rkvlgk èpltnckcnr pkrmegkgtk8 ŗtlrl dlg

OuùrkŞtl”, ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole” Şl LganrmeŠlugl k`ngnml`k” uctlmuc ùsuodlvlzluglck Lgtkrgk” Şl Kxtkrgk”. MkrltĀ sĀ alk `ngskmgetk Şl ugkckdlvlzlugl spnredl`k, èrk, çg angd, sugt e`kck rkpkrk, `k trkoulk sĀ jeregtkzkrepnrturlck dk e`tlvltetk dlgtrk `kgtru Şl pkrlakrlk, dlgtrk lgstltuŠllckmegejkrleck Şl kxkùtnrl. Vkgtru `ngalrmerk vnl çgŞlre mel muctk tltcurl dk

dnùmkgtk rkakrltnerk ce dlvlzluglck rkspk`tlvk, kxtresk dlg rkvlste `ngsuctetĀ.Estakc, ce dlvlzlugke ŗtlrl dlg OuùrkŞtl” jĀslm eŞe tltcurl8 _knrjeglzerke`rkdltucul”, ÇgallgŠerke @ngslclucul supkrlnr k`ngnml`”, @ngtrevkgŠllck ce

`lare dk eae`krl”, Kxtlgdkrke petkgtkl alxk” Şl _k`cemeŠllck çmpntrlvekxkùtĀrlcnr alsèck” ù suotltcuc Lgstru`Šluglck mlglstkrucul dk algegŠk” (V. 54-5<). Çg èdruc dlvlzlugll ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole” jĀslm estakc dk ertl`nck8

Vnrtuc Oujez Şl gkvnlck cul” ù suodlvlzluglck8 @epe`ltetke dk çg`Ārèrk e pnrtucul Oujez”, @ecke Clmegucul Şl gevljeŠle pk Glstru”, Nrerluc

trkgurlcnr” Şl Evegtehuc Vnrtucul Oujez pkgtru prndu`Ātnrl”9 PltueŠlek`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠucul Lsmelc”9 Pterke k`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠucul @ebuc”, ù melmuctk suodlvlzlugl, Şl Lgstecerke gnucul @ngslclu ce @emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg@ebuc”. Qnrolgd dksprk @ebuc, er al pĀèt sĀ trk`km ù vkdkrke çg`Ā dnuĀdnùmkgtk8 OnjĀŠllck hudkŠucul @ebuc” Şl XĀ`Āmlgtk dk pktrnc çg hudkŠuc@ebuc” (V. 5<-??).

@ngsuctïgd ù etkgŠlk e`kstk dnùmkgtk, çŠl del skeme `Ā `kck dlg èpltncucŗtlrl dlg OuùrkŞtl” leu etltudlgk aeŠĀ dk sltueŠle dlg tkrltnrlu, ler `kck dlgèpltncuc ŗtlrl dlg Oesereole” rkdeu sterke k`ngnml`Ā dk ce aeŠe cnùcul, dlg

èrk dksprlgdkm kxprlmerke gk`ksltĀŠll çg vkdkrke ugnr mĀsurl pkgtruçmougĀtĀŠlrke sltueŠlkl. El`l sk ùvlgk sĀ rkpktĀm `Ā e`kstk `nmpertlmkgtksugt pkrmegkgtk pk tnt perùrsuc kxlstkgŠkl pkrlndl`kl, ler `nmperïgdu-ck

`ngŠlgutuc, pnŠl eace sterke dk cu`rurl dlg tkrltnrlu, oe `bler Şl mel muct, pnŠlnoskrve ùl eperŠlgk su``ksuc seu lgsu``ksuc.

Vrlgtrk `nmpertlmkgtkck spnredl`k gnmlgeclzĀm dner dnuĀ8 DlspnzlŠluglalsèck” Şl VrkŠurl Şl vecnrl” (5<01. - Gnlkmor. - V. ??-06), emokck dk merk

vecnerk pkgtru prndu`Ātnrl, çg spk`lec pkgtru `kl ejrl`ncl, `Ā`l lganrmeŠle`ngŠlgutĀ çl nrlkgtkezĀ çg vleŠe dk zl ù zl, `nmugl`ïgdu-ck ckjlsceŠle ckjetĀ dk

prnockmkck prndu`krll Şl rkeclzĀrll mĀraurlcnr. Pprk kxkmpcu, dlg prlmuc




?;

`nmpertlmkgt `ltltnrll vnr eace emĀgugtk dksprk Tlmorerke rkjlstrkcnr Şl eae`turlcnr”9 MĀsurlck çmpntrlve areudkcnr alsèck”9 Hudkèrke epkcurlcnralsèck”9 Pùtlrlck dk texe tlmorucul”9 Vcete lmpnzltucul prnpnrŠlngec” kt`.

(V. ??-?2).Çg `kke `k prlvkŞtk urmĀtnerke dlvlzlugk - VrkŠurl Şl vecnrl” ‐ e`keste kstk

`nmpusĀ dlg urmĀtnerkck suodlvlzlugl8 Ourse dk vecnrl”9 VleŠe vlgucul” -

dnuĀ `nmpertlmkgtk mel jkgkreck, dupĀ èrk urmkezĀ VrkŠurlck ce dlakrltkertl`nck vïgdutk pk pleŠe clokrĀ e nreŞucul @blŞlgĀu çg lgtkrveck dk ce 5 ce ?;gnlkmmorlk 5<01,” ù `ïtkve dlvlzlugl8 Ertl`nck dk `ncngleck çg dktelc9 Ert.dk oĀ`Āglk çg dktelc”9 @Ārgurl, ugturĀ çg dktelc”9 Vrndusk pktrnclkrk” Ş.e., çgalkèrk allgd kgumkretk ertl`nckck rkspk`tlvk ù lgdlèrke prkŠurlcnr ugul ij8zebĀr tns = ?2-?< ckl ij9 ceptk dk ve`Ā = ;-1 ckl cltru9 pktrnc = 4,16 ckl cltru9

Ş.e.m.d. (V. 05-0?). Dlvlzlugke sk çg`bklk ù dnuĀ teokck stetlstl`k8 PltueŠletregze`Šllcnr dk `krkeck çg hudkŠuc @ebuc pk cuge n`tnmorlk 5<01” (dupĀcnècltĀŠl) Şl PltueŠle tïrjurlcnr dk eglmeck dlg hudkŠuc @ebuc” (dupĀcnècltĀŠl).

Emlgtlm `ltltnrlcnr `Ā lganrmeŠllck e`kstke dlg dlvlzluglck mkgŠlngetk eper

spnredl`, tntuŞl kck `ngstltulk n lganrmeŠlk dk vecnerk çg tntecltetke dk

lganrmeŠlk k`ngnml`Ā. _kakrltnr ce `nmpertlmkgtuc LganrmeŠlugl k`ngnml`k”, putkm `ngstete `Ā

metkrlecuc prkzkgtet el`l gu prktlgdk ce èrkve glvkcurl ŞtllgŠlal`k seukxbeustlvltetk, çg s`blmo ke (lganrmeŠle) Šlgk ce ùrkgt `ltltnruc lgtkrkset dk

sterke dk cu`rurl çg dnmkgluc k`ngnmlkl geŠlngeck Şl e rkceŠllcnr k`ngnml`k oesereokgk çg r epnrt ù strĀlgĀtetke. LetĀ dner `ïtkve tltcurl8 Vkgtru `k Šere guerk pkŞtk>”, Vnduc pkstk DugĀrk”, Pùmpktke vlkŠll çg `rkŞtkrk”, ÇgèsĀrlckstetucul çg `rkŞtkrk”, VĀsĀrlck rnmïgkŞtl pk pleŠe Veckstlgkl”, Kxpnrtucjrïucul dlg ŠerĀ”, Kxpnrtuc dk eglmeck ec _nmïglkl çg skptkmorlk”,MlŞèrke prkŠurlcnr çg AregŠe”, kt`. - kxtresk dlg gumĀruc dlg n`tnmorlk

5<01. - V. 0?-0:, mkgltk sĀ nrlkgtkzk pkrsnegkck lgtkrksetk, sĀ pugĀ e``kgtuc

pk merae èrk sk `krk lmpnrtetĀ, sĀ dkmngstrkzk prlg detk Şl plcdk gk`ksltĀŠlckkxpnrtucul.

‗Vertke nal`lecĀ” e rkvlstkl, 5<01-5<46

DupĀ `nmpertlmkgtuc dksprk èrk em vnrolt supre (LganrmeŠluglk`ngnml`k”), pk tnt perùrsuc kdltĀrll rkvlstkl urmkezĀ `kc mel meslv (èm

humetk dlg vncumuc rkvlstkl) Şl mel vecnrns, dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk lganrmetlv,

`nmpertlmkgt - Vertke nal`lecĀ”. E`keste `ngstltulk pertke stetlstl`Ā e rkvlstkl

Şl rkack`tĀ, çg angd, e`tlvltetke lgstltuŠllcnr k`ngnml`k Şl hurldl`k steteck8Nal`luc _kjlstrucul dk @nmkrŠ, @emkre dk @nmkrŠ Şl Lgdustrlk, Trlougecuc,




?1

Oegè (Oesereolkl, hudkŠucul, nreŞucul), Ş.e. Alèrk dlg e`kstk lgstltuŠll,çgdkpclglgdu-Şl aug`Šllck seck dk `ngtrnc Şl megejkmkgt, eùmuckezĀ ugvncum lmpugĀtnr dk dnùmkgtk Şl e`tk prlvltnerk ce çgtrkeje vleŠĀ k`ngnml`Ā

e Šlgutucul rkspk`tlv8 E`tk gnterleck çgrkjlstretk ce Trlougec9 Olcktk ce nrdlg prntkstetk9 ÇgmetrlùcĀrl dk alrmk9 _kjlstrk oegèrk kt`., dnùmkgtk èrk,

cuetk çmprkugĀ, `ngstltulk n çgrkjlstrerk e mlŞ`Ārll vlkŠll Şl e glvkcucul dk trel

e pnpuceŠlkl. Vkgtru e `ngŞtlkgtlze èrk kstk rncuc Şl s`npuc e`kstnr dnùmkgtk çg`kr`Ām

sĀ kxkmpclal`Ām prlg egeclze `ïtnrve e`tk, s`bkmk, teocnurl. PĀ dks`bldkmeroltrer `nck`Šle rkvlstkl pk eguc 5<0:. P-e dks`bls `bler ce mlhcn`, ce gumĀruc1 (Şesk). Vrnoeolc `kc mel dks `ngsuctet. Vertke nal`lecĀ” çg`kpk ce pejlge 01

Şl sk çg`bklk ce ;4, dupĀ èrk urmkezĀ ug ocn` dk Şesk anl (55 p.) dk

puocl`ltetk. Vrlmuc teokc, lgtltucet Olcktk ce nrdlg prntkstetk çg nreŞuc@blŞlgĀu Şl hudkŠuc CĀpuŞge çg epr lclk 5<0:, (prkùm Şl çg nreŞuc Şl hudkŠucNrbkl)” ù suodlvlzlugke @kùrl Şl èmoll prntkstetk çg eprlclk 5<0: çg hud.CĀpuŞge Şl Nrbkl” (V. 01-0:). @k rkprkzlgtĀ e`kstk dlvlzlugl> Kck sugt

ec`Ātultk dlg trkl `ncnglŠk8 5. Gumk Şl prngumk (prkgumk), ?. Oegè(`rkdltnruc) Şl 0. Pume. Dk`l, kstk vnroe dk gumkck Şl prkgumkck `ktĀŠkglcnr ,çg gumĀr dk :?, dlg hud. CĀpuŞge Şl ?1 dlg hud. Nrbkl, èrk cuerĀ `rkdlt dk ce

oĀg`lck rkspk`tlvk çg sumĀ dk ce 5066 pïgĀ ce ?6666 ckl Şl, gkallgd e`bltetk ce

tlmp, sugt prntkstetk.Ec dnlcke èpltnc kstk lgtltucet E`tkck Nal`lucul _kjlstrucul dk @nmkrŠ.NreŞuc @blŞlgĀu Şl hud.CĀpuŞge”, ler çg `ngtlguerk, çg dlvlzlugk epertk,urmkezĀ NreŞuc Şl hudkŠuc Nrbkl”, èrk, dk rkjucĀ, sugt `kck mel merl, melgumkrnesk dlvlzlugl, Şl `kck mel onjetk çg lganrmeŠlk. Emokck sugt ec`Ātultkdlg mel muctk suodlvlzlugl8 ÇgmetrlùcĀrl dk alrmk lgdlvldueck”, EdgntĀrl Şlredlkrl ce alrmk lgdlvldueck”, dk rkjucĀ, çg mehnrltetke èzurlcnr sugt Şl ectksuodlvlzlugl. Dk noskrvet, ce alkèrk dlg dlvlzluglck Şl suodlvlzluglckgnmlgeclzetk ecĀturl dk gumĀruc, dete Şl eguc çgrkjlstrĀrll sugt skmgecetk

gumkck akrmlkrlcnr, `nmkr`legŠlcnr Şl cnècltĀŠlcnr, prkùm Şl prnalcuc dke`tlvltetk ec e`kstnre. Pprk kxkmpcu8 ce çgmetrlùcĀrl sk lgdl`Ā urmĀtnerkelganrmeŠlk8 4;<1 dlg ? eprlclk 5<0:, @clmnv Lnsla pkgtru rksteuregt suo

kmockme MĀrĀŞkŞtl” ù skdluc ce @ĀcĀreŞl tj. Ptr. _kjlge Merle Gr. < (V.

0:)9 Ce edgntĀrl Şl redlkrl, ectakc zls, ce èrkve s`blmoĀrl Şl mndlal`Ārl8@nmkr`legtuc Oerdeb Ql`tnr, evïgd alrme çgmetrlùcetĀ suo Gr. 501; / 5<05

pkgtru `nmkrŠuc dk oĀ`Āglk e edgntet Şl `nmkrŠuc dk oĀuturl splrtnesk èe``ksnrll ce oĀ`Āglk, mutïgd skdluc dlg str. K. _Āducksù gr. :; çg str. DrejnŞQndĀ gr. 0< (V. 02). Estakc, çg cuge eprlclk 5<0:, çg nr. @blŞlgĀu Şl hud.CĀpuŞge eu evut cn` 54 çgmetrlùcĀrl, 54 edgntĀrl Şl redlkrl, 2 mkgŠlugl Şl 50




?:

rkjlstrk oegèrk. Ler çg nreŞuc Şl hudkŠuc Nrbkl ‐ 5; çgmetrlùcĀrl dk alrmklgdlvldueck Şl : edgntĀrl Şl redlkrl.

[rmĀtnruc èpltnc, Teocnuc e`tkcnr gnterleck çgrkjlstretk ce Trlougecuc

hudkŠucul CĀpuŞge, çg ùrsuc cugkl eprlclk 5<0:”, gk lganrmkezĀ dksprkvïgzĀrlck Şl ùmpĀrĀrlck, erkgdkck, prlvlckjllck, s`blmoĀrlck, e`tkck dk jeh, kt`.

dlg pkrlnede rkspk`tlvĀ. Etrejkm etkgŠle çgdknskol ce dlvlzlugke QïgzĀrl ŞlùmpĀrĀrl” (40-44), dk ugdk vnm dkplste lganrmeŠlk vecnrnesĀ dksprk

cnècltĀŠlck ugdk evkeu cn` e`kstk prn`kdurl Şl dksprk pertl`lpegŠll ce eae`krlckckjetk dk merl evkrl, dk ce `nstuc dk `ïtkve mll pïgĀ ce zk`l Şl sutk dk mll.

EŞe, sprk kxkmpcu, dlg `kck `lrè 566 (<1) dk eae`krl, lglŠletk pk perùrsuc

cugll eprlclk 5<0:, `ke mel merk sumĀ kre kjecĀ ù 266 mll Şl eperŠlgke

aemlclkl Jbl`l`n Lnsla Şl Bele dlg @blŞlgĀu. @ke mel merk erkgdĀ dlg `kck 0?

çgrkjlstretk kre kjecĀ ù 4? mll Şl eperŠlgke aemlclkl Qnrntgl`nv dlgcnècltetke ůlpece. Dkstuc dk dks sk pre`tlè pk e`kck tlmpurl Şl jehuc, çgmĀrlmk dk ce ?; mll pïgĀ ce trkl mlclnegk ckl.

@kckcectk èpltnck dlg rkvlste (gumĀruc) `ngsuctetĀ rkack`tĀ sltueŠlek`ngnml`Ā dlg hudkŠkck OĀcŠl, Pnrnè Şl Tljblge, allgd ereghetk çg nrdlgkecaeoktl`Ā. Edu`km plcdkck rkspk`tlvk dlg `kck trkl hudkŠk. EŞeder8

@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg OĀcŠl”, çg dlvlzluglck slmlcerk ù `kck skmgecetkegtkrlnr, prkzlgtĀ lganrmeŠle estakc8 5) @emollck prntkstetk çg hudkŠuc OĀcŠl çg

ùrsuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:” çgrkjlstrkezĀ 40 dk e`tk dk pcetĀ oĀg`lcnr dkçmprumut ù dlvkrsk sumk8 dk ce ;66 pïgĀ ce ;6 666 ckl9 ?) E`tkck gnterlecktregs`rlsk ce Trlougecuc OĀcŠl çg ùrsuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:” ‐ dlvlzlugk `k

rkack`tĀ prn`kdure dk vïgzerk-ùmpĀrerk e dlvkrskcnr evkrl ù `nstuc dk ce 56mll pïgĀ ce ;66 mll. Dlgtrk `kl 1? dk vïgzĀtnrl çgrkjlstreŠl, vecnerke mlglmĀçg sumĀ dk 56 mll epĀrŠlgk stĀpïglcnr Eredu Egtng, Ceoe Mlbelc, XegnzeQeslck Şl Ou`Āteru dlg cnècltĀŠlck `nrkspugzĀtnerk8 OĀcĀŞkŞtl, Kclzevkte,Pcnonzle-OĀcŠl Şl EcuglŞ, ler `ke mexlmĀ dk 466 mll Şl ;66 mll rkvlgk cul _nlt

Elzls Şl OkcnŠkr`nvs`bl T., emoll dlg OĀcŠl (V. 4:-42)9 0) Nal`luc _kjlstrucul

@nmkrŠucul OĀcŠl” ù suodlvlzluglck8 Alrmkck lgdlvldueck çgmetrlùcetk cee`kst Nal`lu, dk ce dete dk 5; eprlclk pïgĀ ce 5; mel e.`.”, MkgŠluglck cealr mk lgdlvldueck...” Şl _edlkrl dk alrmk sn`leck...”, çg èrk `ltltnrll vnrdkplste 54 alrmk lgdlvldueck, 0 mkgŠlugl ce alrmk lgdlvldueck Şl n slgjurĀredlkrĀ dk alrmk sn`leck.

@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg Pnrnè” ù dnuĀ suodlvlzlugl8 5) VnclŠkck prntkstetk çg nreŞuc Şl hudkŠuc Pnrnè çg ùrsuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:”, èrkçgrkjlstrkezĀ 51 dkoltnrl, alkèrk ù detnrllck seck, `kck mel ml`l dk n mlk cklŞl `kck mel merl dk 56 mll, prlme eperŠlgïgd cul Mer` IrlŞ, Şl `kecectĀ culEorem Jbkcmeg9 ?) E`tkck _kjlstrucul Nal`lucul dk @nmkrŠ”, èrk




?2

çgrkjlstrkezĀ 1; dk çgmetrlùcĀrl dk alrmk Şl gnuĀ alrmk redletk Şl mndlalètk,alxïgd çg emokck èzurl gumkck Şl prkgumkck akrmlkrucul, cnècltetke ŞlgumĀruc dk çgrkjlstrerk. LetĀ ùm eretĀ prlmuc çgrkjlstret8 ŗnr Legù,

Tïrgnve, Gr. 056<.@emkre dk @nmkrŠ dlg Tljblge”, ce ruorlè Kak`tkck prntkstetk çg nr. Şl

hudkŠuc Tljblge çg ùrsuc cugll eprlclk 5<0:” sugt alxetk 12 dk gumk ùdetnrllck çg sumĀ dk ce Şesk sutk pïgĀ ce 11242 ckl, prlme eperŠlgïgd culOnhlgnv T. Şl P., ler e dnue ‐ cul @usursus P. Şl L. Lege`. [rmĀtnruc èpltnc -

Nal`luc _kjlstrucul @nmkrŠucul”, eskmkgl `kcul dlg hudkŠuc OĀcŠl, Şl dlg`kckectk hudkŠk, prkzlgtĀ clste alrmkcnr lgdlvldueck çgmetrlùcetk prkùm Şl`ïtkve mkgŠlugl Şl redlkrl dk alrmk lgdlvldueck Şl sn`leck, skmgecïgd dete,cuge Şl eguc çgrkjlstrĀrll, gumkck Şl prkgumkck akrmlkrlcnr Şl `nmkr legŠlcnr,

prnalcuc Şl cnècltetke çg èrk e`tlvkezĀ. _kvlste `ngsuctetĀ (Gr.1 dlg luglk 5<0:) sk çg`bklk ù ug ocn` dk

puocl`ltetk, èrk erk mkglrke sĀ edu`Ā ce ùgnŞtlgŠe puoclùcul çgtrkejemlŞèrk ùcturecĀ, sn`lecĀ Şl pncltl`Ā dlg Šlgut, sĀ nrlkgtkzk `ktĀŠkgll dksprk`kke `k Şl ugdk sk prndu`k, dksprk lgstltuŠllck dk prndu`krk Şl rkeclzerk emĀraurlcnr, kt`. DkŞl lganrmeŠle rkspk`tlvĀ, s-er pĀrke, gu prkzlgtĀ lgtkrks,

`rkdkm tntuŞl `Ā çg pceg lstnrl` er putke sus`lte ùrlnzltetke spk`leclŞtlcnr.Egumk ù e`kst s`np lgvltĀm `ltltnrll sĀ `ngsuctk dner n ml`Ā pnrŠlugk8

Mnere eutnmetĀ Plmng Zk`bsckr”, Aeorlè dk sĀpug Şl sndk [GLNG”,[zlgkck DK_METE8 Mejezlg dk plkcĀrlk”, OCEGLMVKR J. Devldnv kt L.Tretmeg8 OcĀgurl Kg-Jrns”, @krkŠl prktutlgdkgl `keluc rkgumltkl aeorl`lIlebte”, _edln-Pecng _. MlcŞtklg”, Mnere Bkrùcks”, Bntkc CNGD_E”,Mejezlguc dk `ncngleck ‐ Kg-Jtns ‐ @ncnglec Lmpnrt”, Ş.e.m. d. Alkèrk dlg

e`kstk egugŠurl çŞl erk edrkse rkspk`tlvĀ. Estakc eretĀ uctlmuc `nmpertlmkgt ec rkvlstkl (5<01-5<46), ”Vertke

nal`lecĀ”, çg èrk sugt `ng`kgtretk n ègtltetk kgnrmĀ dk dnùmkgtk, çg spk`lecstetlstl`k, prlg èrk sk Şl ère`tkrlzkezĀ dnmkgluc det, k`ngnmle, Şl prlg èrk

sk çgtrkjkŞtk `ng`kpŠle stru`turecĀ e rkvlstkl. Gk-em nprlt mel dkteclet ce espk`tuc det è sĀ dks`bldkm peregtkzkck

tkmetl`k Şl `nmpnzlŠlngeck eck metkrleckcnr edugetk. El`l pnt epĀrke èrkvegkdumkrlrl8 dk `k egeclzkck rkspk`tlvk s-eu kak`tuet pk oeze metkrlecucul

kxtres dner dlg `ïtkve gumkrk eck rkvlstkl dlg egll 5<01-5<0:, Şl gu s-eu

ancnslt dnùmkgtkck dlg çgtrkeje `nck`Šlk> _Āspugsuc kstk slmpcu8 pkgtru `Āstru`ture `nmpertlmkgtucul cuet çg dlsùŠlk (Vertke nal`lecĀ”) k anertk strl` t

rkspk`tetĀ Şl dlakrĀ el`l dner gumkck dk akrmlkrl, `nmkr`legŠl, dk cnècltĀŠl,dkgumlrlck dk ertl`nck ùctlvetk seu vïgdutk, dk ègtltetke Şl `nstuc

prndusucul. Nr, s`npuc gnstru kstk egumk dk e-c nrlkgte pk `ltltnr çg stru`ture




?<

rkvlstkl, vecnerke Şl rnstuc lganrmeŠlkl `ng`kgtretk çg ùprlgsuc kl, Şl, tntndetĀ,dk e-c ehute sĀ-Şl eckejĀ `Ālck rkckvegtk çg prn`ksuc dk dkplsterk e lganrmeŠlklsncl`ltetk.

Çg`bklkrk

@kck rkcetetk egtkrlnr, `rkdkm, vlg sĀ mĀrturlskes`Ā gu dner dksprkvncumuc lmpugĀtnr Şl vkrldl`ltetke lganrmeŠlkl edusĀ dk rkvlste Oesereolek`ngnml`Ā”. Metkrlecuc skck`tet dlg vleŠe k`ngnml`Ā e Šlgutucul oesereokeg,alk `bler dlgtr-n pkrlnedĀ dkstuc dk mndkstĀ (5<5<-5<?0, 5<01-5<46), kstk dk

n verleolcltetk kx`kpŠlngecĀ Şl dk n kxe`tltetk `ngvlgjĀtnerk, ècltĀŠl anertkgk`kserk pkgtru e al pusk çg `lrùltuc ŞtllgŠlal`. E`kstk ècltĀŠl sk meglakstĀ ce`ngsucterke VĀrŠll nal`leck” e rkvlstkl. Çg cumlge `kcnr spusk er al olgk è

spk`leclŞtll sĀ e`nrdk etkgŠle ùvkgltĀ metkrlecucul stetlstl` dupĀ hudkŠk ŞlnreŞkck hudkŠkgk8 @blŞlgĀu, CĀpuŞge, OĀcŠl, Nrbkl, Pnrnè, Tljblge kt`.

Egumk çg e`kstk `nmpertlmkgtk kstk `ng`kgtretĀ lganrmeŠle `ke melrkckvegtĀ rkakrltnerk etït ce sterke k`ngnml`Ā e rkjlugll, glvkcuc dk trel ec

pnpuceŠlkl, e lstnrlkl Šlgutucul oesereokeg çg jkgkr ec, `ït Şl ce espk`tkck`ng`rktk eck vlkŠll sn`leck dlg cnècltĀŠlck (`nmugkck, setkck) hudkŠkcnrrkspk`tlvk. El`l, dnrltnrll dk e `kr`kte lstnrle ugul seu ectul set, vleŠe ugkl seuectkl pkrsngecltĀŠl, kt`. vnr dkplste dlvkrsk dnùmkgtk rkakrltnerk ce glvkcuc dk

trel, ce dnmkgllck dk e`tlvltetk (ejrl`ncĀ, lgdustrlecĀ, kt`.) e pnpuceŠlkl, cerepnrturlck edmlglstretlvk dlgtrk `kgtru Şl pkrlakrlk. Çgdknskol dk onjet kstkdnmkgluc dk lganrmeŠlk stetlstl`Ā8 ùctlverke `kcnr mel rĀspïgdltk ùcturl

ejrl`nck, prkcu`rerke Şl rkeclzerke e`kstnre, sterke prkŠurlcnr mĀraurlcnr prndusk çg ŠerĀ, kt`. [g cn` epertk kstk rkzkrvet dkpnzltĀrll lganrmeŠlklrkakrltnerk ce mlŞèrke pnpuceŠlkl Şl çg spk`lec e evkrll `ktĀŠkglcnr. E`kstk Şlectk espk`tk, dk rkjucĀ, sk rkack`tĀ çg perejreak epertk8 QïgzĀrl ŞlùmpĀrĀrl”, sprk kxkmpcu, ugdk sugt lgdlètk gumkck Şl prkgumkckvïgzĀtnrlcnr, cnècltetke Şl `nstuc nolk`tucul vïgdut seu çg perejreakck Alrmk

lgdlvldueck...”, Alrmk sn`leck...” dupĀ hudkŠk, ugdk sncl`ltegŠll vnr eacegumkck Şl prkgumck akrmlkrlcnr Şl `nmkr`legŠlcnr, cnècltetke Şl gumĀruc dkçgrkjlstrerk e nolk`tucul rkspk`tlv.

KskgŠlec kstk è sncl`ltegŠll sĀ Ştlk, `Ā çg Teocnurlck...” rkspk`tlvk sugtçgrkjlstretk tnetk alrmkck Şl tnŠl akrmlkrll dlg tnetk cnècltĀŠlck oesereokgk(dupĀ hudkŠk) dlg pkrlnedkck detk (dupĀ cugl Şl egl). EŞe `Ā `kr`ktĀtnrll, (der ŞlmnŞtkgltnrll) eu pnslolcltetk sĀ-Şl dnùmkgtkzk evkrlck (`ït Şl detnrllck)mnŞtkgltk Şl sĀ `kr`ktkzk alkèrk èz çg pertk. _kjrkteolc kstk çgsĀ aeptuc, `Āe`kstk detk stetlstl`k sugt puoclètk çg rkvlste `ngsuctetĀ dner dlg skptkmorlk5<01 Şl pïgĀ çg luglk, lg`cuslv, 5<46.




06

Trkoulk sĀ sk ŠlgĀ `ngt Şl dk aeptuc `Ā çg pejlglck rkvlstkl, ecĀturl dklganrmeŠle skmgecetĀ egtkrlnr, dnrltnrll vnr jĀsl dnùmkgtk (ertl`nck, studll,

`nmugl`Ārl, dĀrl dk skemĀ, oe `bler Şl ckjl, dk`rktk, kt`.), `ngse`retk egeclzkl

dlakrltnr tkmk Şl prnockmk, espk`tk Şl dnmkgll dlg vleŠe sn`lecĀ Şl pncltl`Ā erkjlugll çg egsemocu, `ït Şl e hudkŠucul, `nmugkl rkspk`tlvk. Vkgtru e

`ngalrme `kck spusk, prkùm Şl ù s`npuc dk e vkgl çg ehutnruc sncl`ltegŠlcnr dke sk lmpclè çg prn`ksuc dk studlkrk e k`ngnmlkl oesereokgk dlg pkrlnede detĀrkprndu`km mel hns ug Şlr dk tltcurl dk metkrleck dk e`kst akc dlg emokck kdlŠlleck rkvlstkl8 Vrnockme lgdustrlkl vlltnerk e Oesereolkl” dk K. Jlurjke (5<5<. - Gr. ?. - V. 1-54)9 Esupre `rkŞtkrll vltkcnr çg Oesereole suo anstednmlgeŠlugk rusĀ” dk Vevkc Jrnssu (5<5<. - Gr. ;-1. - V.555-5?5)9

@bkstlugke kxpnrtucul Şl tregspnrturlcnr çg Oesereole” dk K. Jlurjke (5<5<. -

Gr. :-2. - V.?:-0<)9 Lgdustrle ucklucul dlg hudkŠuc OĀcŠl” (5<01. - Dk`. - V. 2-

55)9 E`tlvltetke k`ngnml`Ā çg @blŞlgĀuc mncdnvkgks` (5401-525?)” dk E.P.Zklgokrj (5<01. - Dk`. - V. ?;-?2)9 Drumurlck çg Oesereole8 dlg cu`rĀrlckAkdkreŠlkl @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ dlg Oesereole” (5<0:. -G. :. - ;-<)9

Tregspnrtuc çg Oesereole çg dlsùŠle [glugkl @emkrkcnr dk @nmkrŠ” (5<0:. - Gr. :. - V.50-?<)9 PltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠucul @ebuc pk eguc 5<01” (5<0:. -Gr. :. - V. 04-46)9 E`tlvltetke @emkrkl dk @nmkrŠ dlg @ktetke-EcoĀ” (5<0:. - Gr. 2-55. - V. ??-;4)9 Pterke k`ngnml`Ā e hudkŠkcnr CĀpuŞge Şl Nrbkl çg

eguc 5<01” (5<0:. - Gr. 5?. - V. <-42)9 Vrnockme `nmuglèŠllcnr çg hudkŠuc@ebuc” (5<02. - Gr. 5. - V. ?6-?0)8 Vrnockmkck vltlùcturll oeser eokgk8

Alctrerke vlgurlcnr. Aecslalèrke vlgurlcnr. Merèrke veskcnr...” (5<02. - Gr. ;.

- V. 5?-51)9 Derke dk skemĀ esupre e`tlvltĀŠll @emkrkl dk @nmkrŠ ŞlLgdustrlk dlg @blŞlgĀu çg ùrsuc egucul 5<0:” (5<02. - Gr. :. - V. 1;-<5) Şl çgùrsuc eglcnr 5<02-5<0< (5<0<. - Gr. :. - V. :1-<0)9 @ere`tkruc lgdustrlkl Şl`nmkrŠucul dlg ůlgutuc Glstru” (5<0<. - Gr. ?. - V. 56-5<)9 Drumurlck

oesereokgk” (5<0<. - Gr. ;. - V. 0-50)9 PltueŠle k`ngnml`Ā e PuduculOesereolkl” (5<0<. - Gr. 1. - V. 0-5?)9 [g muzku k`ngnml` ce @ktetke-EcoĀ”

(5<0<. ‐ Gr. 1. - V. 52-?4)9 Dk`rktuc-ckjk pkgrtu çgarïgerke Şl dkprlmerkespkùckl lcl`ltk” (5<0<.- Gr. 5?. - V. :-?6) kt`.

Clste k prke çgtlgsĀ Şl tntuŞl ke gu rkack`tĀ tnetk espk`tkck dlg e`tlvltetkek`ngnml`Ā e Šlgutucul Şl, ù etït mel muct, gu sk rkakrĀ ce tnetk hudkŠkck,`nmugkck, setkck ŠĀrll. Der Şl s`npuc urmĀrlt e anst mel mndkst8 dk e-c

ùgneŞtk pk `ltltnruc-`kr`ktĀtnr ù pnslolcltĀŠlck lganrmeŠlngeck eck cu`rĀrll `kn erk çg aeŠĀ Şl, cĀslgdu-sk mnclpslt dk kck, sĀ trke`Ā ce `ngsucterke

`nmpertlmkgtucul oloclnjreal`, dk ugdk sk ve eckjk ù çgtrkjuc vncumlganrmeŠlngec ec rkvlstkl Oesereole k`ngnml`Ā”.




05

VNCLTL@LCK E@@KP[C[L DKP@BLP ÇG ůď_LCK ÇGT_EGXLůLK

dr., `nga. uglv. GKCC\ ů[_@EG

@etkdre Oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl EslstkgŠĀ LganrmeŠlngecĀ, [PM

Ptudluc prkzlgtĀ egeclze prn`ksucul dk rkeclzerk Şl prnmnverk e E``ksucul Dks`blsce cltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā rkckvegtĀ çg uctlmuc dk`kglu. Vkgtru e esljure E``ksuc Dks`bls

çg mĀsurĀ kjecĀ sugt susŠlgutk dnuĀ stretkjll `nmpckmkgterk8 eutnerblverke (@ecke

Qkrdk) Şl rkvlstkck pk oeze e``ksucul dks`bls (@ecke dk Eur).

Tbk study prkskgts egecysls na tbk prn`kss na dkvkcnplgj egd prnmntlgj NpkgE``kss tn rkckvegt s`lkgtlal` cltkreturk lg tbk cest dkèdk. Tn kgsurk kqueccy Npkg

E``kss erk suppnrtkd twn `nmpckmkgtery stretkjlks8 skca-er`blvlgj (Jrkkg _ned) egd

npkg e``kss hnurgecs (Jncdkg _ned).

Vkgtru e aevnrlze dkzvncterke ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr, sevegŠll eu gkvnlk dk e``ks cecltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā rkckvegtĀ. E`kestĀ cltkreturĀ, dlg `k çg `k mel muct, èpĀtĀug ère`tkr lgtkrdls`lpclger, sk sùmpkŞtk ce glvkc geŠlngec Şl jcnoec, lerdljlteclzerke, prkùm Şl tkbgncnjllck mndkrgk, lmpug rkstrl`Šll dk cl`kgŠĀ.

E`kst prn`ks, dk eskmkgke, kstk çg pclgĀ kvncuŠlk. PevegŠll, `bler Şl dlg `kck mel onjetk uglvkrsltĀŠl dlg cumk, çgtïmplgĀdlalùctĀŠl çg e``ksuc ce cltkreture dk spk`lecltetk. @k mĀsurl pnt al çgtrkprlgsk>MlŞèrke prlvlgd E``ksuc Dks`bls (Npkg E``kss ‐ NE) er putke nakrl ug

rĀspugs ce e`kestĀ çgtrkoerk. MucŠl dlgtrk susŠlgĀtnrll e`kstkl lglŠletlvk sugt

lgtkrkseŠl dk tregsanrmerke slstkmucul dk `nmuglèrk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, estakc çg`ïte`kste sĀ pnetĀ aug`Šlnge çg mnd kal`lkgt çgtr -ug mkdlu çg pclgĀ es`kgslugktkbgncnjl`Ā.

E``ksuc Dks`bls (ED) kstk ug akgnmkg rkcetlv rk`kgt, epclèt çg

`nmuglèrke eèdkml`Ā Şl ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. GnŠlugke e cuet geŞtkrk dk ce`ngvlgjkrlck alcnznal`k `Ā `kr`ktĀrlck eèdkml`k Şl `kck algegŠetk dlg oegll

puocl`l er trkoul sĀ alk e``kslolck repld Şl jretult, çg spk`lec n detĀ ùrĀspïgdlrke TL@ Şl e Lgtkrgktucul. Çg egll 5<<6 `rlze dlg oloclntk`l dlg mntlvk

dk algegŠerk lgsual`lkgtĀ e etres etkgŠle esupre ugul mndkc gnu dk puoclèrk,èrk er nakrl n ectkrgetlvĀ pkgtru eongerke ce rkvlstkck sùmpk. E`kestĀlglŠletlvĀ e mntlvet Şl spngsnrll èrk algegŠeu `kr`ktĀrlck sĀ alk lgtkrkseŠl dk

e``kslolcltetke lganrmeŠlkl dksprk `kr`ktĀrlck pk èrk kl ck algegŠkezĀ.

Çg uctlmll egl NE e anst e``kptet è ug nolk`tlv lmpnrtegt çg rkeclzerkee``ksucul dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dk `Ātrk lgstltuŠllck, nrjeglsmkck dk




0?

algegŠerk Şl dk `kr`kterk, oloclntk`l Şl dk ugll kdltnrl. @u rkjrkt, nemkgll dkŞtllgŠĀ gu sugt etït dk ackxlolcl çg rkeclzerke Şl susŠlgkrke NE. Etug`l çgsĀ `ïgdsevegŠll çgŠkckj nolk`tlvkck E``ksucul Dks`bls, kl çgŞlŞl okgkal`lezĀ dk kc `kc

mel muct Y5]. @u tnetk e`kstke, sevegŠll e`ŠlngkezĀ ckgt ù prlvlrk ce rkeclzerkee``ksucul dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Kstk lgduolteolc aeptuc `Ā lglŠletlveNpkg E``kss kstk, çg merk mĀsurĀ, çg mïlglck `nmugltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k.Mntlvkck e``kptĀrll NE dk `Ātrk sevegŠl eu anst kxemlgetk çg `kr`kterke cul

E.Pweg Şl P. Ornwg Y?]. Eutnrll studlucul eu spk`lalèt mel muctk mntlvklmpnrtegtk dk e prnmnve rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr prlg lgtkrmkdluc mndkckcnrNE. _kzuctetkck studlucul eu `ngstetet `Ā çg tnpuc prlnrltĀŠlcnr pkgtru e``ksucdks`bls ce rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr kstk pnslolcltetke dk e repnrte `nmugltĀŠlldksprk rkzuctetkck ŞtllgŠlal`k. Estakc `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā er putke evke e``ks

ce puoclèŠllck ectnr `kr`ktĀtnrl. Vrlg e`keste sevegŠll dnrks` sĀ noŠlgĀ uglmpe`t ec puoclèŠllcnr Şl `kr`ktĀrlcnr kak`tuetk.

MlŞèrke pkgtru E``ksuc Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā kstk e`tlv prnmnvetĀ çg uctlmll egl, allgd susŠlgutĀ dk tnt mel mucŠl pertl`lpegŠl. E`keste

kstk çg prkzkgt dkzoĀtutĀ dk `Ātrk juvkrgk, nrjeglsmk dk algegŠerk, kdltnrl Şldk `Ātrk uglvkrsltĀŠl dlg çgtrkeje cumk. KxlstĀ okgkal`ll k`ngnml`k, sn`leck ŞlkduèŠlngeck `ngsldkreolck dk e ae`k e``kslolck rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr, dk e ck

pugk ce dlspnzlŠlk aĀrĀ oerlkrk algeg`lerk, hurldl`k Şl tkbgl`k Y0]. @u tnetk `Ā

kstk gk`kser dk e rkeclze mel muctk e`Šlugl, der kstk kvldkgt `Ā e``ksuc dks`blse s`blmoet pkgtru tntdkeuge dnmkgluc `nmugl`Ārll ŞtllgŠlal`k. Kxlste n verlktetk merk dk dkalglŠll e E``ksucul Dks`bls, ler `ng`kptuc

dksprk NE kstk çg`Ā çg kvncuŠlk. @u tnetk e`kstke, mel muctk dnùmkgtk-

`bklk, rkakrltnerk ce e`kst suolk`t, çg mnd ùmucetlv gk nakrĀ n dkalglŠlk dkstucdk ougĀ Şl e`tuecĀ e e`kstul tkrmkg. [ge dlg dkalglŠll eperŠlgk cul Vktkr PuokrY4]8 E``ksuc Dks`bls (NE) kstk e``ksuc dljltec, ngclgk, jretult ce cltkreturĀ,aĀrĀ mehnrltetke rkstrl`Šllcnr prlvlgd drkpturlck dk eutnr Şl dk e`nrderk ecl`kgŠkcnr.

E``ksuc Dks`bls prnpugk mndecltĀŠl ectkrgetlvk dk puoclèrk e rkzuctetkcnrŞtllgŠlal`k. Vrnmnverke ED s-e tregsanrmet çgtr -n mlŞèrk èrk evke ce oezĀ nalcnznalk, èdr u ckjec Şl rkeclzerk tkbgl`Ā.

N `ngtrlouŠlk lmpnrtegtĀ çg prnmnverke Şl rkeclzerke E``ksucul Dks`bls eanst çgaĀptultĀ dk Angduc Pnrns. Çg dk`kmorlk ?665 Lgstltutuc pkgtru nPn`lktetk Dks`blsĀ (NPL ‐ Npkg Pn`lkty Lgstltutk) e nrjeglzet ce Oudepkste n

çgtïcglrk e susŠlgĀtnrlcnr esljurĀrll e``ksucul dks`bls ce cltkreture Şl rkvlstkckŞtllgŠlal`k. Ce çgtïcglrk s-e dlsùtet çg `k mĀsurĀ lglŠletlvkck kxlstkgtk dk e``ksdks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā sk pnt `nmpckte Şl çg `k mĀsurĀ pnt al ancnsltkrksurskck NPL pkgtru e susŠlgk lglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls”. @e rkzuctet ec




00

e`kstkl çgtïcglrl ce 54 akoruerlk ?66? e anst eprnoetĀ Dk`cereŠlkl dk ce

Oudepkste ù prlvlrk ce LglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls ( Oudepkst Npkg E``kss

Lgltletlvk, ONEL ) Y;].

LglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls dk`cerĀ prlg`lpllck dk oezĀ pkgtru gnlnpnrtugltĀŠl dk e``ks ec nemkglcnr dk ŞtllgŠĀ ce kdlŠll kck`trngl`k, esljurïgdrk`kgzerke, `ngskrverke, erblverke puoclèŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, rkspk`terkedrkpturlcnr dk eutnr, Şl çg e`kceŞl tlmp ug e``ks cerj Şl jretult ce puoclèŠllckeutnrlcnr. E``ksuc clokr aug`ŠlngkezĀ pk prlg`lpluc `Ā tnetk `bkctulkclck sugte`npkrk dk `Ātrk eutnr seu lgstltuŠle se, ler e``ksuc clokr kstk nakrlt tuturnrdnrltnrlcnr, sprk dknskolrk dk mndkckck kxlstkgtk, `ïgd `bkctulkclck sugt

supnrtetk dk `Ātrk nrjeglzeŠle èrk nakrĀ e``ks ce lganrmeŠlk prlg eongerke ce pkrlndl`k.

N ectĀ dk`cereŠlk, ce akc dk skmglalètlvĀ, kstk Dk`cereŠle dk ce Oktbksde

prlvlgd pncltlè kdltnrlecĀ Y1], èrk e anst skmgetĀ çg eprlclk ?660. Çg e`kestĀ Dk`cereŠlk, s-e prnpus drkpt s`np stlmucerke dlsùŠllcnr çg èdruc

`nmugltĀŠll `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr dlg dnmkgluc olnmkdl`lgll prlvlgd rkeclzerkee``ksucul dks`bls ce cltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā prlmerĀ. P`npuc e`kstkl Dk`cereŠll

prkvkdk prnpugkrke ugnr peŞl `ng`rkŠl dk kdlterk npkretlvĀ Şl dk prnmnverk e puoclèŠllcnr pkgtru e``ksuc dks`bls. Çg e`kst skgs Dk`cereŠle sk edrkskezĀtuturnr nrjeglzeŠllcnr èrk rkeclzkezĀ Şl sprlhlgĀ `kr`ktĀrlck ŞtllgŠlal`k,

sevegŠlcnr èrk jkgkrkezĀ rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr, kdltnrlcnr èrk ae`lcltkezĀrk`kgzerke Şl dlauzerke rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr, sevegŠlcnr, oloclntkèrlcnr Şlectnr pkrsnegk dk èrk dkplgdk e``ksuc ce e`kstk ùgnŞtlgŠk.

Çg e`nrd ù splrltuc Dk`cereŠlkl LglŠletlvkl E``ksucul Dks`bls dk ce

Oudepkste Şl e Dk`cereŠlkl dk ce Oktbksde Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okrclg prl vlgd

E``ksuc Dks`bls ce @ugnŞtlgŠk çg dnmkgluc ŗtllgŠkl Şl ŗtllgŠkcnr [meglterk

Y:], skmgetĀ çg n`tnmorlk ?660, prnmnvkezĀ Lgtkrgktuc è ug lgstrumkgtaug`Šlngec pkgtru n oezĀ e ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k jcnoeck Şl e jïgd lrll

umegk, èrk spk`lal`Ā mĀsurl pkgtru lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk, ejkgŠllck

angdetnerk, oloclntk`lck, erblvkck Şl muzkkck. Çg Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okrclg sk mkgŠlngkezĀ `Ā dlskmlgerke ùgnŞtlgŠkck kstk

rkeclzetĀ dner pk humĀtetk de`Ā lganrmeŠle gu kstk pk cerj rĀspïgdltĀ Şl gu kstkdlspnglolcĀ sn`lktĀŠll. Gnl pnslolcltĀŠl eck dlskmlgĀrll ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr trkoulk sĀalk susŠlgutk gu dner prlg anrmkck `cesl`k, der, dk eskmkgke, çg mnd spnrlt

prlg peredljme E``ksucul Dks`bls, nakrlt dk Lgtkrgkt.

Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okrclg dkalgkŞtk E``ksuc Dks`bls è n sursĀ kxbeustlvĀ dkùgnŞtlgŠk umegk Şl e mnŞtkglrll ùctureck èrk e anst eprnoetĀ dk `nmugltetkeŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Vkgtru e rkeclze vlzlugke prlvlgd rkprkzkgterke jcnoecĀ Şle``kslolcĀ e ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr Lgtkrgktuc trkoulk sĀ alk vleolc, lgtkre`tlv Şl




04

tregsperkgt. @ngŠlgutuc Şl lgstrumkgtkck snatwerk trkoulk sĀ alk pk cerje``kslolck Şl `nmpetlolck. Pprk dknskolrk dk dk`cereŠllck egtkrlnerk, Dk`cereŠledk ce Okrclg e anst skmgetĀ ce glvkc lgstltuŠlngec Şl gu dk pkrsnegk alzl`k.

E`kst aept e pkrmls mlŞ`Ārll ED sĀ noŠlgĀ n vecldltetk lgstltuŠlngecĀ. @ednvedĀ e e`kstul aept eu anst nrjeglzetk `ïtkve `ngakrlgŠk lgtkrgeŠlngeck8 ceJkgkve (KcvkŠle), Pnutbemptng (Merke Orlteglk), Jncm (Jkrmegle), Vedue

(Ltecle), Dósskcdnra (Jkrmegle), Verls (AregŠe). Lmpe`tuc e`kstnr meglakstĀrl sk rkslmtk prlg `rkŞtkrke ce glvkc lgtkrgeŠlngec

ec gumĀrucul dk erblvk Şl prlg lgtkrksuc spnrlt ec `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr aeŠĀ dkeutnerblverke cu`rĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl epnrtuc rkpnzltnrllcnr ù e``ks dks`bls.Dk eskmkgke, kstk rkmerèt aeptuc `Ā s-eu çgtrkprlgs egumlŠl peŞl Şl ce glvkcuclgstltuŠllcnr Şl nrjeglzeŠllcnr prlvlgd eprnoerke pncltl`lcnr lgstltuŠlngeck dk

E``ks Dks`bls.

DupĀ eprnoerke lglŠletlvkl ONEL çg ?66?, ke e anst susŠlgut çg mel muctkŠĀrl etït ce glvkc dk stet, `ït Şl prlg dk`lzllck rkckvegtk eck `nmugltĀŠlcnrŞtllgŠlal`k. Vrlgtrk `kck mel lmpnrtegtk pncltl`l puocl`k rkakrltnerk ce NE pnt almkgŠlngetk dk`lzllck8 NrjeglzeŠlkl pkgtru @nnpkrerk Şl Dkzvncterk K`ngnml`Ā(N@DK) Y2, <], @nmlslkl Kurnpkgk Y56-50].

Ldkke E``ksucul Dks`bls e anst susŠlgutĀ dk mel muctk esn`leŠlllgtkrgeŠlngeck dk `kr`ktĀtnrl, kdltnrl, oloclntkèrl, ùm er al PCE (Ppk`lec

Clorerlks Essn`letlng ‐ Esn`leŠle Oloclntk`lcnr Ppk`leclzetk), LACE, @LCLV(@bertkrkd Lgstltutk na Clorery egd Lganrmetlng Vrnaksslngecs ‐ Lgstltutuc

pkgtru oloclntkèrl Şl spk`leclŞtl çg lganrmerk), PVE_@ (P`bncercy Vuoclsblgj

egd Eèdkml` _ksnur`ks @necltlng ‐ @neclŠle Kdlturlcnr ŗtllgŠlal`k Şl e_ksurskcnr Eèdkml`k), CLOK_ ( Cljuk dks Oloclntbâquks Kurnpìkggks dk

_k`bkr`bk ‐ Clje Oloclntk`lcnr ŗtllgŠlal`k dlg Kurnpe), kLAC ( Kck`trngl`

Lganrmetlng anr Clorerlks ‐ LganrmeŠle Kck`trngl`Ā pkgtru Oloclntk`l), K[E( Kurnpkeg [glvkrslty Essn`letlng ‐ Esn`leŠle [glvkrsltĀŠlcnr Kurnpkgk), Şlectkck. Vrnjremuc spk`lec ec kLAC prnmnvkezĀ dkzvncterke ugkl rkŠkck jcnoeck

dk rkvlstk Şl erblvk ù e``ks dks`bls Y54]. [g ect pntkgŠlec ec mlŞ`Ārll prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls kstk èpe`ltetke se dk e

nakrl nemkglcnr dlg çgtrkeje cumk, çg spk`lec çg ŠĀrlck çg ùrs dk dkzvncterk, uge``ks kjec ce ùgnŞtlgŠk Şl lganrmeŠll prlg erblvkck dk eutnerblverk Şl rkvlstkckkck`trngl`k ù e``ks dks`bls. Dlskmlgerke dk ùgnŞtlgŠk prlg rkvlstkckkck`trngl`k eèdkml`k kstk pk cerj e``kptetĀ. @u tnetk e`kstke, e``ksuc cee`kstk rkvlstk kck`trngl`k gu kstk jretult. Cl`kgŠk, texkck dk eongemkgt seusltk-url texetk sugt gk`kserk pkgtru e evke e``ks ce puoclèŠll. @nsturlck tntmel merl dk suos`rlkrk pkgtru e`kstk rkvlstk e dkvkglt n prknùperk tnt mel

lmpnrtegtĀ pkgtru oloclntk`l Şl lgstltuŠll dk lganrmerk. Dlg e`kst mntlv,




0;

oloclntk`lck Şl lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk dlg ŠĀrlck çg ùrs dk dkzvncterk èrk euug oujkt clmltet sugt anrŠetk sĀ eguckzk eongemkgtkck pkgtru rkvlstkckŞtllgŠlal`k. Oloclntk`lck uglvkrslterk Şl lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk dlg _kpuoclè

Mncdnve sugt çg sltueŠll slmlcerk `ïgd sk rkdu`k gumĀruc rkvlstkcnr eongetkdlg mntlvuc `rkŞtkrll prkŠurlcnr ce eongemkgtk. Çg e`kceŞl tlmp sk ml`ŞnrkezĀ oujktuc oloclntk`ll pkgtru eongerk Y5;]. Dksljur, çg e`kst mnd sk clmltkezĀseu sk rkstrl`ŠlngkezĀ e``ksuc lgstltuŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl kduèŠlngeck celganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

@ngvlgjkrke ark`vkgtĀ kstk `Ā evegtehkck rkeck eck e``ksucul dks`bls cerkvlstkck dk `kr`kterk Şl cltkreturĀ ŞtllgŠlal`Ā vnr e``kckre `kr`kterk, mndkrglzekduèŠle, vnr `ngtrloul ce çmpĀrtĀŞlrke ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr çgtrk ŠĀrlck mel dkzvnctetkŞl `kck mel sĀre`k, ŠĀrlck mel puŠlg dkzvnctetk.

Çg uctlmll egl çg ŠĀrlck çg ùrs dk dkzvncterk Şl çg tregzlŠlk s-eu çgtrkprlgsmel muctk e`Šlugl çg s`npuc cĀrjlrll e``ksucul ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā pkgtru

`kr`ktĀtnrll dlg e`kstk ŠĀrl. Estakc, eu anst eprnoetk dk`cereŠll geŠlngeck prlvlgdE``ksuc Dks`bls, `ït Şl eu anst ckjlakretk pncltl`lck geŠlngeck dk e``ks dks`blsce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

Çg ?66; çg èdruc @ngjrksucul mngdlec pk prnockmkck lganrmeŠlklmkdlèck Şl ec oloclntk`lcnr (Znrcd @ngjrkss na Bkectb Lganrmetlng egd

Clorerlks) e anst eprnoetĀ Dk`cereŠle dk ce Pecvednr prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls

(Pecvednr Dk`ceretlng ng Npkg E``kss) Y51]. Dk`cereŠle dk ce Orlsoegk prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls (Orlsoegk Dk`ceretlng ng Npkg E``kss) Y5:],

eprnoetĀ çg skptkmorlk ?662 ce `ngakrlgŠe E``ksuc Dks`bls Şl @kr`kterke(Npkg E``kss egd _ksker`b @ngakrkg`k) prnmnvkezĀ `ïtkve pncltl`l pre`tl`kdk susŠlgkrk çg Eustrecle e Dk`cereŠllcnr dk ce Oudepkste, Oktbksde Şl Okrclg.

Vrnaksnruc Ertbur Peck dk ce [glvkrsltetke Tesmegle (Eustrecle) susŠlgk `ĀDk`cereŠle dk ce Orlsoegk kstk çg sterk sĀ pugĀ çg epclèrk çgtr -ug eg pncltlè

E``ksucul Dks`bls pk tkrltnrluc Eustreclkl Şl, çg e`kceŞl tlmp, pnetk skrvl drkptmndkc pkgtru ectk ŠĀrl prlvlgd prnmnverke e``ksucul dks`bls Y52].

Vncltl`lck ugnr stetk @PL prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls ce ùgnŞtlgŠk ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl petrlmngluc ùcturec eu anst `nganrmetk prlg Dk`cereŠle dk ce Okcjnrnd(Okcjnrnd Dk`ceretlng ng npkg e``kss tn s`lkgtlal` ignwckdjk egd ùcturec

bkrltejk) Y5<] èrk e anst skmgetĀ ce 06 leguerlk ?662 dk 56 rk`tnrl eluglvkrsltĀŠlcnr dlg Okcerus, AkdkreŠle _usĀ Şl [`relge. Nolk`tlvk Dk`cereŠlkl`ngsteu çg prnmnverke dkzvnctĀrll trkptetk e e``ksucul puocl` ng-clgk ce

ùgnŞtlgŠk ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl e petrlmnglucul ùcturec, eùmucetk Şl çg mnd `ngstegtjkgkretk dk uglvkrsltĀŠlck dlg @nmugltetke Ptetkcnr Lgdkpkgdkgtk, steolclrke çgmnd `ngsk`vkgt e mĀsurlcnr dk susŠlgkrk e e``ksucul clokr. Çg s`npuc pugkrllçg epclèrk e e``ksucul jcnoec Şl dks`bls ce ùgnŞtlgŠk, vlltnruc Zko trkoulk sĀ




01

alk dureolc, lgtkre`tlv Şl tregsperkgt, prkùm Şl `ngŠlgutuc Şl lgstrumkgtkcksnatwerk trkoulk sĀ alk `nmpetlolck Şl dlspnglolck çg mnd clokr.

Çg luglk ?66< e evut cn` ug kvkglmkgt dkstuc dk lmpnrtegt pkgtru [`relge,

e anst eprnoetĀ Dk`cereŠle dk ce Ncvle e [glvkrsltĀŠlcnr, skmgetĀ dk ?1rk`tnrlcnr el uglvkrsltĀŠlcnr dlg [`relge (\ecte, @rlmkke, [`relge, 5? luglk,?66<). Çg Dk`cereŠle sug steolcltk urmĀtnerkck pnzlŠll Y?6]8

clokrtetke eèdkml`Ā lg`cudk e``ksuc clokr ce lganrmeŠlk, lg`cuslve``ksuc clokr ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā prlg dkzvncterke çguglvkrsltĀŠl dk erblvk dks`blsk Şl rkvlstk kck`trngl`k ù e``ksdks`bls, prkùm Şl pnslolcltetke dk e `nmuglè clokr ù `nckjll,çg nrl`k pertk e cumll9

e``ksuc clokr ce lganrmeŠlk kstk n pertk lmpnrtegtĀ e `kr`ktĀrll çg

cumke jcnoeclzetĀ dk estĀzl, n `bklk pkgtru dkzvncterke çg`ngtlguerk e ŞtllgŠkl, kduèŠlkl Şl sn`lktĀŠll, Şl lgtkjrerke [`relgklçg `nmugltetke eèdkml`Ā mngdlecĀ.

Vkgtru e pre`tlè e``ksuc clokr çg èdruc [glvkrsltĀŠlcnr Şl lgstltuŠllcnr dk`kr`kterk er trkoul sĀ alk8

dkzvnctetk pncltl`lck Şl stretkjllck lgstltuŠlngeck prlvlgd e``ksucdks`bls (clokr Şl gkclmltet ce tkxtuc lgtkjrec pkkr -rkvlkw ec

rkvlzultkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr), esljuret e``ksuc ce `Āuterke Şl

utlclzerke npkrkcnr mkgŠlngetk mel sus dk `Ātrk nrl`k utlclzetnrl ecLgtkrgktucul pkgtru e `rkŞtk lmpe`tuc ŞtllgŠlal`, sn`lec Şl k`ngnmlèc `kr`ktĀrll9

cegsetk Şl dkzvnctetk erblvkck lgstltuŠlngeck dks`blsk Şl rkvlstkckkck`trngl`k ù e``ks dks`bls9

çgùrehetĀ utlclzerke dks`blsĀ dk e`kstk lganrmeŠll pkgtru`kr`kterk Şl kduèŠlk.

N skrlk dk etkclkrk dk cu`ru geŠlngeck Şl rkjlngeck, spngsnrlzetk dk NpkgPn`lkty Lgstltutk (NPL) Şl nrjeglzetk dk AugdeŠle LganrmeŠle Kck`trngl`Ā

pkgtru Oloclntk`l (kLAC.gkt), eu `ngtrloult ce `rkerke jrupurlcnr dk cu`ru

pkgtru E``ksuc Dks`bls, prkùm Şl rkde`terke rk`nmegdĀrlcnr geŠlngeck prlvlgd NE. @u sprlhlguc kLAC.gkt, LACE, KOCLDE ( Kurnpkeg Ourkeu na

Clorery, Lganrmetlng egd Dnùmkgtetlng Essn`letlngs), @ngsnrŠluc kLAC

Dlrk`t Mncdnve, çg _kpuoclè Mncdnve eu anst nrjeglzetk mel muctk e`Šluglçg s`npuc prnmnvĀrll ldklcnr E``ksucul Dks`bls8 Pkmlgeruc lgtkrgeŠlngec ‗E``ks dks`bls (Npkg E``kss)8 kxpcnrerke `nmugl`Ārll ŞtllgŠlal`k” (?0-?4

luglk, ?662)9 `ngakrlgŠe lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ –@npyrljbt8 Kgeoclgj E``kss nr

@rketlgj _nedocnìs anr Clorerlks>” (50-54 gnlkmorlk, ?662)9 skmlgeruclgtkrgeŠlngec ‗Drkptuc dk eutnr Şl clokrtetke e``ksucul ce lganrmeŠlk çg




0:

oloclntk`l” (0-4 dk`kmorlk, ?66<). @u prlckhuc mer`Ārll PĀptĀmïgll E``ksucul

Dks`bls (5<-?0 n`tnmorlk, ?66<), Aeùctetke dk Hurgeclsm Şl ŗtllgŠk eck@nmugl`Ārll e [PM, Esn`leŠle Oloclntkèrlcnr dlg _kpuoclè Mncdnve,

@ngsnrŠluc kLAC Dlrk`t Mncdnve eu nrjeglzetĀ mese rntugdĀ ‗E``ksuc Dks`bls çg _kpuoclè Mncdnve” (54 n`tnmorlk ?66<), çg èdruc `Ārkle s-e

prnpus pkgtru dlsùŠlk prnlk`tuc D k`cereŠlkl Esn`leŠlkl Oloclntkèrlcnr dlg

_kpuoclè Mncdnve prlvlgd E``ksuc Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠlk Y?5]. E`kst

dnùmkgt e anst eprnoet ce 51 n`tnmorlk ?66< ce @ngakrlgŠe EguecĀ eEsn`leŠlkl Oloclntkèrlcnr dlg _kpuoclè Mncdnve. Çg splrltuc Dk`cereŠlkl dk ceOudepkste prlvlgd LglŠletlve E``ksucul Dks`bls, Dk`cereŠlkl dk ce Okrclg

prlvlgd E``ksuc Dks`bls ce @ugnŞtlgŠk çg dnmkgluc ŗtllgŠkl Şl ŗtllgŠkcnr[meglterk, skmgeterll Dk`cereŠlkl rkùgns` lmpnrtegŠe stretkjl`Ā e E``ksucul

Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠlk Şl eu skmget e`kst dnùmkgt çg s`npuc prnmnvĀrllE``ksucul Dks`bls pkgtru dlskmlgerke ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k jcnoeck Şl e`rketlvltĀŠll umegk Şl pkgtru dktkrmlgerke mĀsurlcnr èrk trkoulk çgtrkprlgskdk `Ātrk lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk, uglvkrsltĀŠlck Şl oloclntk`lck dlg _kpuoclèMncdnve.

Etkclkruc dk cu`ru Kck`trngl` Vuoclsblgj egd Npkg E``kss”(Oegjecnrk, ?1 gnlkmorlk, ?661) `ngvnèt dk `Ātrk Lgstltutuc Lgdleg dkŗtllgŠk, Eèdkmle dk ŗtllgŠk dlg Lgdle Şl AugdeŠle dk @kr`kterk MP

Pwemlgetbeg e rkmerèt clpse tregsperkgŠkl e`tlvltĀŠll dk `kr`kterk e ŠĀrlcnr çgùrs dk dkzvncterk çg èdruc mkdlucul lgtkrgeŠlngec pkgtru ŞtllgŠĀ Şl e prnpus n Vncltl`Ā GeŠlngecĀ Mndkc e E``ksucul Dks`bls ( Getlngec Npkg E``kss Vncl`y

anr Dkvkcnplgj @nugtrlks) Y??] pkgtru ŠĀrlck çg ùrs dk dkzvncterk. Kstk dk rkmerèt `Ā prnaksnruc lgdleg çg ŞtllgŠĀ lganrmeŠll, Puooleb

Eruge`becem èrk kstk uguc dlgtrk `kl mel e`tlvl susŠlgĀtnrl el e``ksuculdks`bls, pckdkezĀ pkgtru mlŞèrke prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls çg ŠĀrlck çg tregzlŠlkŞl çg ùrs dk dkzvncterk. DkŞl kc `rkdk `Ā kxlstĀ n prnockmĀ `nmugĀ pkgtru`kr`ktĀtnrl dlg e`kstk ŠĀrl, çg spk`lec pkgtru Lgdle, Orezlcle Şl Earlè, clpse dk

rksursk, kc ealrmĀ `Ā, `kc mel lmpnrtegt kckmkgt èrk merjlgeclzkezĀ`kr`ktĀtnrll kstk e``ksuc ce lganrmeŠll Y?0].

DupĀ eprnoerke dk`cereŠllcnr lgtkrgeŠlngeck, `ït Şl e `kcnr geŠlngeck, s-e

meglakstet n `rkŞtkrk e e`Šluglcnr ckjlscetlvk çg mel muctk ŠĀrl çg tregzlŠlk pkgtru ckjlakrerke E``ksucul Dks`bls ce lganrmeŠle ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

Ce ?0 mel ?66: Vercemkgtuc Orezlclkl e kxemlget Ckjke rkakrltnerk ce

dlauzerke rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, prlmuc ertl`nc ec `Ārkle stlpuckezĀ`Ā tnetk uglvkrsltĀŠlck Şl lgstltuŠllck dk `kr`kterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā trkoulk sĀnrjeglzkzk erblvk lgstltuŠlngeck dk ED, çg èrk vnr al dkpnzltetk rkzuctetkck`kr`ktĀrlcnr.




02

@nmlsle GeŠlngecĀ pkgtru @ugnŞtlgŠk ( Getlngec Ignwckdjk @nmmlsslng)

dlg Lgdle e `krut è tnetk ertl`nckck ŞtllgŠlal`k, kdltetk dk sevegŠll lgdlkgl Şlrkeclzetk dlg oegll puocl`l, sĀ alk erblvetk çgtr -ug anrmet NE stegderdlzet Şl

pcesetk çg e``ks dks`bls pk wko sltk-url pkrsngeck. Ler dupĀ `ngstltulrke pnrtecucul eèdkml` geŠlngec dk e``ks dks`bls e`kstk puoclèŠll ŞtllgŠlal`ktrkoulk sĀ alk pcesetk supclmkgter çg e`kestĀ erblvĀ.

Mlglstkruc ŗtllgŠkl Şl Tkbgncnjllcnr dlg @blge e ednptet pncltlè E``ksuculDks`bls pkgtru rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, ler uglvkrsltĀŠlck dlg BngjIngj eu cegset pncltl`Ā e``ksucul dks`bls pkgtru `kr`ktĀrlck algegŠetk dlg oegll

puocl`l.

Dlg leguerlk ?66: CkjlsceŠle [`relgkl stlpuckezĀ rkspk`terke e``ksuculdks`bls ce rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k algegŠetk dlg oujktuc dk stet Y?4].

N Ckjk slmlcerĀ prlvlgd ŗtllgŠe Şl @kr`kterke e anst eprnoetĀ çg ?66< Şl dkVercemkgtuc Cltueglkl. Ertl`ncuc 4; ec e`kstkl Ckjl prkvkdk `Ā çg s`npucjeregtĀrll ècltĀŠll, tregsperkgŠkl `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl pkgtru e stlmuce

prnjrksuc ŞtllgŠlal` tnetk rkzuctetkck e`tlvltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k dksaĀŞuretk dlg oegll puocl`l trkoulk aĀùtk puocl`k prlg lgtkr mkdluc Lgtkrgktucul seu ectk mlhcne`k

Y?;].

Çg prkzkgt gumĀruc pncltl`lcnr dk E``ks Dks`bls èrk eperŠlg dlvkrskcnrjrupurl Şl `kgtrk dk `kr`kterk, uglvkrsltĀŠl, esn`leŠll, ejkgŠll algegŠetnerk,

kdlturl kstk çg `rkŞtkrk. AlgegŠetnrl `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg `k çg `k ce e`tlvçg`kp sĀ megdetkzk e``ksuc dks`bls ce `kr`ktĀrlck pk èrk ck algegŠkezĀ.Vncltl`lck lgstltuŠlngeck sk kceonrkezĀ çg `nganrmltetk ù rk`nmegderkeDk`cereŠlkl dk ce Okrclg Şl sk çgrkjlstrkezĀ çg _kjlstruc Vncltl`lcnr Erblvkcnrù E``ks Dks`bls ( _NE_MEV , _kjlstry na Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnry Metkrlec

Er`blvlgj Vncl`lks). Vncltlè lgstltuŠlngecĀ dk e``ks dks`bls prlvlgdeutnrblverke (megdetuc lgstltuŠlngec) sk çgrkjlstrkezĀ dupĀ `rkerkerkpnzltnrlucul Şl çgrkjlstrerke erblvkl lgstltuŠlngeck çg _kjlstrucul Erblvkcnr ù

E``ks Dks`bls ( _NE_, _kjlstry na Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnrlks). Vntrlvlt

detkcnr _NE_MEV ce ; leguerlk ?656 eu anst çgrkjlstretk 5:2 dk megdetk pkgtru e``ksucul clokr (:< megdetk lgstltuŠlngeck, 52 megdetk dkpertemkgteck,4? megdetk eck AlgegŠetnrlcnr Şl 0< dk megdetk pkgtru tkzk). Zkcc`nmk Trustdlg Merke Orlteglk e anst prlmuc algegŠetnr èrk e çgrkjlstret megdetuc pkgtruE``ksuc Dks`bls (5 n`tnmorlk ?661), e`keste `ngdlŠlnge è tnetk `npllcktuturnr ertl`nckcnr eck `kr`ktĀrlcnr nrljlgeck puoclètk çgtr -n rkvlstĀ pkkr -rkvlkw trkoulk sĀ sk dkpugĀ çg VuoMkd @kgtrec Y?1].

Aeùctetke dk Ertk Şl ŗtllgŠk, Aeùctetke dk ŗtllgŠk eck KduèŠlkl e[glvkrsltĀŠll dlg Berverd, ŗ`nece dk Drkpt dlg Berverd Şl ŗ`neceJuvkrgemkgtecĀ Hnbg.A.Ikggkdy dlg Berverd eu rk`nmegdet ug èdru hurldl`




0<

pkgtru pncltlè uglvkrslterĀ dk e``ks dks`bls8 çg `nganrmltetk ù egjehemkgtucdk dlskmlgerk e rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnr seck, alkèrk mkmoru ec aeùctĀŠll kstknocljet sĀ dkpugĀ n `nplk e ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k çgtr -ug

rkpnzltnrlu lgstltuŠlngec Şl sĀ e`nrdk çg mnd eutnmet [glvkrsltĀŠll n cl`kgŠĀuglvkrslterĀ pkgtru e ae`k e`kstk ertl`nck dks`bls e``kslolck pk Lgtkrgkt. Çgtkrmkgl hurldl`l, pkrmlslugke e`nrdetĀ dk `Ātrk alkèrk mkmoru ec aeùctĀŠllkstk n cl`kgŠĀ dk glvkc mngdlec, gkkx`cuslvĀ, lrkvnèolcĀ èrk kxkr`ltĀ tnetkdrkpturlck çg `nganrmltetk ù drkpturlck dk eutnr rkakrltnerk ce alkèrk dlgtrkertl`nckck ŞtllgŠlal`k eck uglvkrslterlcnr, ke pkrmltk dlstrloulrke çg e``ksdks`bls ù `ngdlŠle è ertl`nckck gu sugt vïgdutk çg s`npurl dk prnalt Y?:].

Vncltl`l lgstltuŠlngeck slmlcerk eu anst eprnoetk Şl dk ectk uglvkrsltĀŠl8[glvkrsltetke dlg Jcesjnw, [glvkrsltetke Pteganrd, [glvkrsltetke dlg Jkgkve,

[glvkrsltetke dlg Cugd, [glvkrsltetke dlg Bemourj, Lgstltutuc Tkbgncnjl` dlg

Duoclg kt`.

Vncltl`lck lgstltuŠlngeck dk E``ks Dks`bls sk çgrkjlstrkezĀ çg _NE_MEVçg anrmĀ dk megdetk lgstltuŠlngeck èrk eutnrlzkezĀ e``ksuc dks`bls cerkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, rkeclzetk dlg angdurl puocl`k. Trkoulkrkmerèt `Ā pncltl`lck lgstltuŠlngeck dk E``ks Dks`bls sk oezkezĀ pk mndkcuc

pncltl`ll dk eutnerblverk, kceonretĀ dk prnaksnruc Ptkveg Berged dk ce[glvkrsltetke Pnutbemptng Y?2].

Çg uctlmll egl lgstltuŠllck dk`lzlngeck eck ŠĀrlcnr eacetk çg pkrlnede dktregzlŠlk, dk eskmkgke, sk lmpcl`Ā e`tlv çg `ngstltulrke mndkckcnr E``ksuculDks`bls Şl kceonrerke pncltl`lcnr dk E``ks Dks`bls. Estakc, çg oeze _epnrtuculù prlvlrk ce Ptretkjle DkzvnctĀrll E`tlvltĀŠll Kdltnrleck çg dnmkgluc @kr`ktĀrllçg Earlè dk Pud (?661), Eèdkmle dk ŗtllgŠk dlg Earlè dk Pud e eprnoet

ouslgkss-mndkcuc e``ksucul dks`bls pkgtru rkvlstkck eèdkml`k.

[glvkrsltetke Tkbgl`Ā (Mlddck Kest Tk`bglèc [glvkrslty, Tur`le) nocljĀ`kr`ktĀtnrll uglvkrslterl sĀ dkpugĀ etït `npllck tuturnr ertl`nckcnr kdltetk Şl e`kcnr èrk sk eacĀ ce rk`kgzerk, `ït Şl tkzkck dk mestkr Şl dk dn`tnr çg

rkpnzltnrluc uglvkrslter. Çg e`kceŞl tlmp, uglvkrsltetke çŞl esumĀrkspngseolcltetke dk e prnmnve Şl dk e susŠlgk eutnrll çg puoclèrke ertl`nckcnre`kstnre çg rkvlstkck ù e``ks dks`bls.

Vrlmuc megdet lgstltuŠlngec dk e``ks dks`bl çg ŠĀrlck mkmork eck kLAC (41ŠĀrl) e anst lgtrndus dk `Ātrk Lgstltutuc dk K`ngnmlk Şl Metkmetl`Ā eEèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg _usle. N lglŠletlvĀ slmlcerĀ e anst lmpckmkgtetĀ dk@kgtruc ŗtllgŠlal` @nnrdngetnr dlg Qncnjde e Lgstltutuc dk K`ngnmlk ŞlMetkmetl`Ā e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg _usle Şl Lgstltutuc de Metkmetl`ĀEpclètĀ Ikcdysb” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg _usle. Çg [`relge prlmuc




46

megdet lgstltuŠlngec dk e``ks dks`bls e anst ednptet dk `Ātrk [glvkrsltetke dkPtet Tkbgl`Ā Lveg Vuc„uh”.

Vncltl`lck kmlsk dk dlakrltkck lgstltuș ll dk `kr`kterk è pertk e prn`ksucul dk

e`nrderk e algegș Ārll sugt nakrltk sprk `ngsucterk dk rkjlstruc spk`leclzetmkgŠlgut dk [glvkrsltetke Gnttlgjbem dlg Merke Or lteglk ‐ PBK_VE

H[CLKT Y?<]. E`kstk pncltl`l sugt stru`turlzetk çg trkl jrupk8 5. Erblverke ù e``ks dks`bls (Npkg E``kss Er`blvlgj) ‐ `krk

e``ksuc clokr Şl jretult ce ertl`ncuc puoclèt ec eutnrucul seuvkrslugke rk`kgzetĀ e ertl`ncucul (pnst-prlgt), ù tnetk `Ākmoerjnuc tkmpnrer ec kdlturlcnr mlglmeclzkezĀ npkretlvltetkee``ksucul ce e`kstk ertl`nck.

?. Vuoclèrke ù e``ks dks`bls (Npkg E``kss Vuoclsblgj) ‐ çg

s`npuc npkretlvlzĀrll prn`ksucul dk dlskmlgerk e rkzuctetkcnr`kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k sncl`ltĀ puoclèrke çg rkvlstkck ù e``ksdks`bls seu çg rkvlstkck blorldk.

0. Vncltlè dk erblverk e detkcnr (Dete Er`blvlgj Vncl`y) ‐ sncl`ltĀerblverke detkcnr prlmerk çgtr -n egumltĀ pkrlnedĀ dk tlmp.

Ce çg`kputuc egucul ?656 1< dk ejkgŠll algegŠetnerk dlg P[E, AregŠe,Jkrmegle, Ltecle, Lrcegde, Okcjle, @egede, Eustrecle, Ppegle, Pukdle, Eustrle,

[gjerle, KcvkŠle Şl Gnrvkjle Şl-eu çgrkjlstret pncltl`lck çg PBK_VE H[CLKT.

Çg _NE_ME_ sugt çgrkjlstretk 4? dk pncltl`l eprnoetk Şl : pncltl`l pceglalètk.

Çg èdruc `kr`ktĀrll HLP@/Iky Vkrspk`tlvks Purvky, rkeclzetk çg MerkeOrlteglk çg ?66;, 5?<1 dk `kr`ktĀtnrl dlg dlakrltk ŠĀrl Şl dnmkgll eck ŞtllgŠkl eurĀspugs ce çgtrkoerke de`Ā er çgdkpclgl nocljeŠlk egjehetnrlcnr Şl algegŠetnrlcnr

prlvlgd eutnerblverke puoclèŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k. @kr`kterke e `ngstetet `Ā 5;%dlg eutnrll puoclèŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k eutnerblvkezĀ puoclèŠllck seck, <;% dlg`kr`ktĀtnrl eu `ngalrmet `Ā kl er eutnerblve puoclèŠllck seck çg èzuc de`Ā er alnocljeŠl dk algegŠetnrl seu egjehetnrl (25% vnr eutneblve okgkvnc, 50% ù

rktl`kgŠk, ler ;% gu er al çgdkpclgl e`kestĀ `krkrk) Y06]. E`kstk detk eu anst`ngalrmetk dk tkstkck nolk`tlvk eck nrjeglzeŠllcnr èrk eu eprnoet pncltl`lck dkeutnerblverk, çg èrk tkmpnuc dk eutnerblverk tlgdk ce 566% Y05].

Çg èdruc prnlk`tucul _NMKN ( _ljbts MKtedete anr Npkg er`blvlgj )

mkgș lgut dk `Ātrk PBK_VE ce [glvkrsltetke dlg Gnttlgjbem eu anst prnpusktrkl pncltl`l prlvlgd eutnerblverke ertl`nckcnr çg rkpnzltnrll8 e) pncltlè pecld-

vkrdk ( peck-jrkkg pncl`y) ‐ pkrmltk eutnerblverke prk-prlgturlcnr (vkrslugke

ertl`ncucul pïgĀ ce rk`kgzerk)9 o) pncltlè vkrdk ( jrkkg pncl`y) ‐ pkrmltk

eutnerblverke pnstprlgturlcnr (vkrslugke ertl`ncucul dupĀ puoclèrk)9 `) pncltlè surĀ ( jrey pncl`y) ‐ eutnerblverke kstk susŠlgutĀ, der anrmecĀ.




45

Ce çg`kputuc egucul ?662 e`kstk pncltl`l, çg èdruc e`kculeŞl prnlk`t, eu anstkxtlgsk prlg lg`cudkrke pncltl`lcnr kdlturlcnr pk prnockmkck drkptucul dk eutnr.

Estakc, s-e rkeclzet n `ceslalèrk e kdltnrlcnr cuïgd çg `ngsldkrerk `ngdlŠllck çg

èrk e`kŞtle pkrmlt eutnerblverke8

@ucnrlck

_NMKN Vncltlè dk eutnerblverk Kdltnrl %

Qkrdk Qkrdk - sk pnetk eutnerblve ertl ncuc Şçgelgtk dk puoclèrk Şl dupĀ puoclèrk / VDA

5<? ?2,;

ecoestru

Ecoestru - sk pnetk erblve gumel vkrslugke

algecĀ e ertl`ncucul, dupĀ eprnoerke dktlpĀrlrk / VDA

516 ?4

jecokg Jecokg - sk pnetk erblve gumel çgelgtk d

tlpĀrlrk 12 56

eco Eco - gu kstk pkrmlsĀ eutnerblverke ?;0 0:,;

Çg clste _NMKN sugt 1:0 dk kdltnrl (; leguerlk ?656), dlgtrk èrk 1?%

anrmec e``kptĀ egumltk anrmk dk eutnerblverk Y0?].

Vkgtru e esljure E``ksuc Dks`bls ce cltkreture ŞtllgŠlal`Ā çg mĀsurĀ kjecĀsugt susŠlgutk dnuĀ stretkjll `nmpckmkgterk8 eutnerblverke (skca-er`blvlgj)

Şl rkvlstkck pk oezĀ dk e``ks dks`bls (npkg e``kss hnurgecs).Vrlme stretkjlk, gumltĀ @ecke Qkrdk (Jrkkg _ned ), kstk eutnerblverke. Ke

http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php?colour=blue


http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php?colour=yellow


http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php?colour=white








4?

prkvkdk pceserke puoclèŠllcnr kck`trngl`k (etït e cu`rĀrlcnr kdltetk, `ït Şl egngpuoclèŠllcnr) çg erblvkck kck`trngl`k dks`blsk, susŠlgutk dk lgstltuŠllck dk`kr`kterk, çgvĀŠĀmïgt Şl ùcturĀ. E`kstk erblvk sugt gumltk erblvk eck

puoclèŠllcnr kck`trngl`k seu dkpnzlterll (rkpnzltnrll) lgstltuŠlngeck. LglŠletlveErblvkcnr Dks`blsk (NEL ‐ Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk) Y00] dkzvnctĀ Şl prnmnvkezĀ stegderdkck èrk sugt exetk pk ae`lclterke dlskmlgĀrll lganrmeŠlkl.[ge dlg `kck mel ùgnsùtk Şl vncumlgnesk erblvk (pkstk ;26.640 ertl`nck)

kstk erblve dk prkprlgturl çg dnmkgluc alzl`ll, metkmetl`ll, tkbgl`ll Şl ectnrdnmkgll çgrudltk Y04]. E`kstk erblvk nakrĀ `nmugltĀŠll ug e``ks gkclmltet Şljretult etït ce metkrleckck gngpuoclètk (prkprlgturl), `ït Şl ce metkrle ckck

rk`kgzetk Şl pnstprlgturl, çg e`kceŞl rïgd pnt al `ngsuctetk dlskrteŠllck, dĀrlck dkskemĀ Şl ectĀ cltkreturĀ jrl. Erblvkck pnt eperŠlgk nrjeglzeŠllcnr

(uglvkrsltĀŠlcnr, lgstltuŠllcnr dk `kr`kterk, ceonretnerk) seu pnt al nrjeglzetkdupĀ prlg`lpluc tkmetl` (k`ngnmlk, metkmetl`Ā, oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl ŞtllgŠelganrmĀrll kt`.). Eutnrll eu drkptuc sĀ eutnerblvkzk cu`rĀrlck secĀ aĀrĀ gl`l nrkstrl`Šlk, kxlstĀ dner egumltk `ngdlŠll prlvlgd eutnerblverke pnstprlgturlcnr.<;% dlg rkvlstk pkrmlt eutnrlcnr sĀ eutnerblvkzk ertl`nckck dupĀ 1 seu 5? cugldupĀ puoclèrke ertl`ncucul çg rkvlstĀ. @krlgŠe prlg`lpecĀ pkgtru estakc dkerblvk kstk susŠlgkrke prntn`ncucul LglŠletlvkl Erblvkcnr Dks`blsk NEL VMB(Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk Vrntn`nc anr Mktedete Bervkstlgj), detnr ltĀ `Ārule

kstk pnslolcĀ utlclzerke ugkl lgtkrakŠk ugl`k pkgtru rkjĀslrke Şl rkpertlzerkerksurskcnr pcesetk çg e``ks dks`bls Y0;]. Estakc, erblvkck ù e``ks dks`bls sugt`nmpetlolck ù ectk rksursk `kke `k pkrmltk rkjĀslrke lganrmeŠlkl lg`cuslv Şl çgèzurlck `ïgd `kr`ktĀtnrll gu ùgns` dksprk kxlstkgŠe ugnr estakc dk rksursk,cnèclzerke Şl `ngŠlgutuc cnr. Çg prkzkgt kxlstĀ snaturl jretultk pkgtru `rkerke ŞlmkgŠlgkrke NEL, èrk sugt pk cerj utlclzetk çg pceg mngdlec (Dpe`k, K-prlgt,

Akdnre kt`.).

LglŠletlve Erblvkcnr Dks`blsk kstk pk cerj susŠlgutĀ çg dlvkrsk ŠĀrl.@nganrm detkcnr _kjlstrucul Erblvkcnr ù E``ks Dks`bls ( _NE_, _kjlstry na

Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnrlks) ce çg`kputuc egucul ?656 çg cumk eu anstçgrkjlstretk eprnxlmetlv 5;16 dk erblvk ù e``ks dks`bls dlg 2: dk ŠĀrl Y01],ler çg Dlrk`tnrluc Erblvkcnr ù E``ks Dks`bls (DNE_, Dlrk`tnry na Npkg

E``kss _kpnsltnrlks) sugt çgrkjlstretk 5;10 dk erblvk, dlgtrk èrk 25% sugtlgstltuŠlngeck, 50% - tkmetl`k, 4% - ejrkjetnrl Şl ?% - juvkrgemkgteck Y0:].

E`kstk `nck`Šll kck`trngl`k ae`lcltkezĀ prkcu`rerke `ngtkgtucul dljltec pkgtru`rkerke metkrleckcnr dlde`tl`k ngclgk, `ĀrŠlcnr kck`trngl`k kt`. Cldkrl çgnrjeglzerke Erblvkcnr ù E``ks Dks`bls sugt P[E ù 01; dk erblvk, Merke

Orlteglk ‐ 51<, Jkrmegle ‐ 50<, Hepngle ‐ ::. Çg e`kstk ŠĀrl pre`tl` tnetkuglvkrsltĀŠlck eu Erblvk ù E``ks Dks`bls.




40

@nganrm detkcnr _NE_ Şl DNE_ çg AkdkreŠle _usĀ sugt çgrkjlstretk ?<dk rkpnzltnrll, Earlè dk Pud ‐ 5:, [`relge ‐ 56, _nmïgle ‐ 0, Oucjerle,

Iyrjyzstet, Kstngle, Cltuegle ‐ `ïtk ?, çg _kpuoclè Mncdnve ‐ 5 (Tkzkck

dkpusk ce @ngslcluc GeŠlngec pkgtru E`rkdlterk Şl Etksterk) Y02].

E dnuĀ stretkjlk, rkvlstkck kck`trngl`k ŞtllgŠlal`k ù e``ks dks`bls (npkg

e``kss puoclsblgj ) ‐ @ecke dk Eur (Jncdkg _ned ) dkzvnctĀ mndkckectkrgetlvk dk puoclèrk e cu`rĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k, e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k,metkrleckcnr `ngakrlgŠkcnr. _kvlstk kck`trngl`k, dk eskmkgke, kak`tukezĀ

kxpkrtlze tkxtkcnr, der puocl`Ā çg e``ks dks`bls dner metkrleckck eprnoetk.@bkctulkclck pkgtru rkvlstkck kck`trngl`k sugt `ngstltultk dlg `nstuc rk`kgzĀrll,

prkjĀtlrke megus`rlsucul pkgtru pceserke pk skrvkr. Vkgtru algegŠerke e`kstnrmndkck sugt etresk lgvkstlŠllck nrjeglzeŠllcnr, lgstltuŠllcnr dk `kr`kterk Şl euglvkrsltĀŠlcnr. Çg ugkck èzurl (`k sk çgtïmpcĀ mel rer), rkde`Šllck rkvlstkcnrsteolcks` pkgtru eutnrl seu spngsnrl (algegŠetnrl) n texĀ pkgtru prkcu`rerke

puoclèŠllcnr eprnoetk pkgtru pceserke çg anrmetuc kck`trngl`. Qecnerke texklkstk verleolcĀ Şl mnolcĀ. Kvldkgt, `ïgd rkde`Šle prlmkŞtk suosldll, puoclèrkeertl`ncucul çg rkvlstĀ kstk jretultĀ. Çg èdruc Vrlmkl `ngakrlgŠk pk prnockmkck`nmugl`Ārll ŞtllgŠlal`k ( Gnrdl` @ngakrkg`k ng P`bncercy @nmmuglètlng),

èrk s-e dksaĀŞuret ce Cugd ‐ @npkgbeje çg n`tnmorlk ?66?, e anst egugŠet `Āve al `rket _kjlstruc _kvlstkcnr ù E``ks Dks`bls (DNEH), mkgŠlgut dk `Ātrk[glvkrsltetke dlg Cugd (Pukdle). LglŠletlve e anst susŠlgutĀ dk Lgstltutucul

pkgtru Pn`lktetke Dks`blsĀ (Npkg Pn`lkty Lgstltutk) Y0<] Şl ec Oloclntk`llVuocl`k ŗtllgŠlal`k ( VcnP ‐ Vuocl` Clorery na P`lkg`k) Y46]. Ce dete dk ;

leguerlk ?656 çg DNEH eu anst çgrkjlstretk 4;0< dk rkvlstk, dlgtrk èrk 5:16rkack`tĀ lganrmeŠle aucc tkxt Y45]. Vrlg lgtkrmkdluc DNEH kstk pnslolc e``ksuc

ce rkvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg tnetk dnmkgll Şl remurlck ŞtllgŠkl (<1 sugt çgdnmkgluc oloclntk`ngnmlkl Şl ŞtllgŠkl lganrmĀrll, 1< dlg `nmuglèrk Şl mes-




44

mkdle). Çg DNEH sugt çgrkjlstretk rkvlstk dlg 56; ŠĀrl Şl puoclètk çg ;6 dkclmol. @kc mel merk gumĀr dk rkvlstk eperŠlgk P[E ‐ <21. Orezlcle ‐ 461,

Merke Orlteglk ‐ 0:1 Şl dner n rkvlstĀ dlg Mncdnve ‐ @nmputkr P`lkg`k

Hnurgec na Mncdnve , e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk dlg Mncdnve, èrk e anstçgrkjlstretĀ çg ?66< Y4?]. Egeclze pncltl`lcnr lgstltuŠlngeck dk E``ks Dks`bls gk sujkrkezĀ `Ā kstk

gk`kser dk e kceonre n pncltl`Ā lgstltuŠlngecĀ ED pkgtru oloclntk`lckeèdkml`k Şl ŞtllgŠlal`k, det allgd aeptuc `Ā oloclntk`lck sugt n vkrljĀlmpnrtegtĀ çg prn`ksuc dk `nmuglèrk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Vutkm prkzkgte urmĀtnrucslstkm ec pncltl`lcnr lgstltuŠlngeck.

Çg s`npuc kceonrĀrll ugkl pncltl`l dk su``ks prlvlgd e``ksuc dks`bls PVE_@rk`nmegdĀ urmĀtnerkck Y40]8

5. Ldkgtlalèrke susŠlgĀtnrlcnr lgtkrgl el lglŠletlvkcnr E``ksuculDks`bls.

?. Ptudlkrke èdruc gnrmetlv ec lgstltuŠlkl pkgtru e lglŠle `nrk`t

prn`kdure dk s`blmoerk e pncltl`ll prlvlgd e``ksuc ce lganrmeŠleŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

0. @ngcu`rerke ù edmlglstreŠle AeùctĀŠlcnr, prkùm Şl ù`ngslclkr pkgtru e steolcl `krlgŠkck ckjeck èrk trkoulk çgdkpclgltkdk `Ātrk pncltl`Ā.

4.

@ngcu`rerke ù ug `nmltkt kxlstkgt dk ce aeùctetk seu `rkeŠl ug`nmltkt ed-bn` pkgtru e studle pncltlè dk `nmuglèrk ŞtllgŠlal`Ādlg lgstltuŠlk.

;. @nmuglèrke pceguc dk e`Šlugl prnaksnrlcnr Şl `nceonretnrlcnraeùctĀŠll, `ït Şl pĀrŠlcnr lgtkrksetk Şl rkeclzerke eg`bktĀrll pkgtrue noŠlgk akkdoeì -uc Şl pkgtru e `ngstete de`Ā `nck`tlvucaeùctĀŠll sprlhlgĀ e`kestĀ lglŠletlvĀ.

1. Ldkgtlalèrke kvkglmkgtkcnr pkgtru prnmnverke, lgstrulrke Şlspnrlrke jreducul dk `ngŞtlkgtlzerk e pncltl`lcnr dk e``ks

dks`bls, ùm er al skmlgerk, pegnurl dk dlsùŠll, prkzkgtĀrl, Şlwnrisbnp-url.

:. Kceonrerke ugul skt dk rk`nmegdĀrl dk pncltl`Ā, lg`cuslv prlvlgdepclèrke cl`kgŠkl [glvkrslterk, `krlgŠkcnr aeŠĀ dk rkpnzltnrll.

2. Ldkgtlalèrke rksurskcnr `rltl`k Şl sprlhlguc èrk vnr al gk`kserk pkgtru pugkrke çg e pclèrk e pncltl`ll, lg`cuslv rkspngseolcltetke

pkgtru mkgŠlgkrke ugkl erblvk lgstltuŠlngeck. <. Vceglalèrke pkgtru su``ks8 cu`ru çg èdruc oloclntk`ll lgstltuŠlkl

è sĀ sk esljurk `Ā erblve kstk mkgŠlgutĀ ce glvkc oug Şl `Ā kstk

http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=further&passMe=http://www.math.md/publications/csjm/








4;

pkrmlsĀ dks`Ārèrke ertl`nckcnr dkpusk, `Ā erblve erk sual`lkgtĀèpe`ltetk, seu `Ā kstk pceglalètĀ `rkerke ugkl erblvk gnl.

56. Ldkgtlalèrke aeùctĀŠll èrk dkhe e pnstet puoclèŠllck

prnaksnrlcnr pk Lgtkrgkt.


5. Pweg, E. Tbk ùcturk na Npkg E``kss8 rksker`bkrs„ vlkws egd rkspngsks //Npkg E``kss8 Iky Ptretkjl`, Tk`bglèc egd K`ngnml` Espk`ts / Kd. G.,

He`nos. ‐ Nxanrd8 @begdns Vuoclsblgj, ?661. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.kprlgts.nrj/`nmmuglty/ocnj/lgdkx.pbp>/ er`blvks/<0-Npkg-

E``kss-Iky-Ptretkjl`-Tk`bglèc-egd-K`ngnml`-Espk`ts.btmc. - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

?. Pweg, E. Npkg e``kss skca-er`blvlgj8 Eg eutbnr study / E.Pweg, P. Ornwg.

‐ @nrgwecc, ?66;. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.hls`.e`.ui/upcnedkd^dnùmkgts/Npkg%?6

E``kss%?6Pkca%?6Er`blvlgj-eg%?6eutbnr%?6study.pda . - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

0. K`ngnml` Lmpclètlngs na Ectkrgetlvk P`bncercy Vuoclsblgj Mndkcs8

Kxpcnrlgj tbk `nsts egd okgkalts8 E rkpnrt tn tbk Hnlgt Lganrmetlng Pystkms

@nmmlttkk / Hnbg Bnujbtng, Oru`k _esmusskg egd Vktkr Pbkkbeg, Ql`tnrle

[glvkrslty egd @bercks Nppkgbklm, Eggk Mnrrls, @celrk @rkeskr, Bkckg

Jrkkgwnnd, Meri Pummkrs, Edrleg Jnurcey9 Cnujbonrnujb [glvkrslty. ‐ ?66<. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.hls`.e`.ui/mkdle/dnùmkgts/

puoclètlngs/rptk`ngnml`nepuoclsblgj.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

4. Puokr, Vktkr. Npkg E``kss Nvkrvlkw. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.kercbem.kdu/~pktkrs/ans/nvkrvlkw.btm. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

;. Oudepkst Npkg E``kss Lgltletlvk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.snrns.nrj/npkge``kss. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

1. Oktbksde Ptetkmkgt ng Npkg E``kss Vuoclsblgj. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.kercbem.kdu/~pktkrs/ans/oktbksde.btm. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

:. Okrclg Dk`ceretlng ng Npkg E``kss tn Ignwckdjk lg tbk P`lkg`ks egd

Bumegltlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.zlm.mpj.dk/npkge``kss-

okrclg/okrclgdk`ceretlng.btmc. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

2. P`lkg`k, Tk`bgncnjy egd Lggnvetlng anr tbk ?5st @kgtury. Mkktlgj na tbk

NK@D @nmmlttkk anr P`lkgtlal` egd Tk`bgncnjlèc Vncl`y et Mlglstkrlec

Ckvkc, ?<-06 Heguery ?6648 Algec @nmmuglquk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.nk`d.nrj/dnùmkgt/6,?046,kg^?14<^0442:^?;<<2:<<^5^5^5^

5,66.btmc. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

<. NK@D _k`nmmkgdetlng na tbk @nug`lc anr kgbeg`kd e``kss egd mnrk

kaak`tlvk usk na puocl` sk`tnr lganrmetlng. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.nk`d.nrj/detenk`d/6/?:/462?16?4.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

http://www.eprints.org/community/blog/index.php?/archives/93-Open-Access-Key-Strategic,-Technical-and-Economic-Aspects.html


http://www.eprints.org/community/blog/index.php?/%20archives/93-Open-Access-Key-Strategic-Technical-and-Economic-Aspects.html



http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/Open%20%20Access%20Self%20Archiving-an%20author%20study.pdf



http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/%20publications/rpteconomicoapublishing.pdf



http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm


http://www.soros.org/openaccess


http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm


http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html



http://www.oecd.org/document/0,2340,en_2649_34487_25998799_1_1_1_1,00.html



http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/27/40826024.pdf




















4:

?0. @egede, Deyge. Npkg E``kss egd Dkvkcnplgj @nugtrlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//lgansbkrpes.`nm/nhs/lgdkx.pbp/npkgegdclorerlks/ertl`ck/vlkw/;6/24 . -

E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

?4. Юцзтлниз, Я. Ж. Npkg E``kss tn Ignwckdjk8 Vblcnsnpby, Vncl`y egd

Vre`tl`k. [irelgleg Vrnhk`ts // –Clorerlks egd Lganrmetlng _ksnur`ks lg tbkMndkrg Znrcd na P`lkg`k, @ucturk, Kduètlng, egd Ouslgkss” Plxtkkgtb

Lgtkrgetlngec @ngakrkg`k –@rlmke ?66<” Pudei, Ecusbte, Akndnsle,

Initkokc, Gnvy Pvkt, Plmakrnpnc Eutngnmnus _kpuocl` na @rlmke, [irelgk

Hugk 1-54, ?66<. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.jpgto.ru/wlg/lgtkr-

kvkgts/`rlmke?66</dlsi/505.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

?;. E gkw Cltbuegleg cew ng s`lkg`k rkqulrks ngclgk e``kss anr puocl`cy-augdkd

rksker`b. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//pclp.klac.gkt/klac-ne/ne-gkws/?66<^6:^60ê-

gkw-cltbuegleg-cew-ng. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

?1. Iu`bme, Lryge. Npkg E``kss Vncl`lks lg Dkvkcnplgj egd Tregsltlng@nugtrlks8 :; Tbk LACE Jkgkrec @ngakrkg`k egd @nug`lc –Clorerlks `rketkauturks8 Oulcdlgj ng ùcturec bkrltejk” ?0-?: Eujust ?66<, Mlceg, Ltecy. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.lace.nrj/alcks/bq/pepkrs/lace:;/54?-iu`bme-kg.pda . -

E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

?:. Tbk Berverd Npkg-E``kss Vncl`lks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//ns`.buc.berverd.kdu/NpkgE``kss/nvkrvlkw.pbp. - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

?2. Гзхизпивн, П.Г. Внхявярсвзнжйунщл озйвявив зяицщязаз дзхярож и цлкрйуяжяжг нжрънщы вххйлдзпжнвм // НЯВ. Хлц. 5. ‐ ?662. ‐ ℑ 5?. ‐ Х. :-

5?.

?<. PBK_VE H[CLKT. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.sbkrpe.e`.ui/huclkt/. - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

06. Pweg, E. Npkg e``kss skca-er`blvlgj8 Eg eutbnr study. HLP@ Tk`bglèc

_kpnrt / Pweg, E. egd Ornwg, P9 Iky Vkrspk`tlvks, Lg`. ‐ ?66;. ‐ Dlspnglolc. bttp8//kprlgts.k`s.sntng.e`.ui/56<<</. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

05. Ыжцнжд, Хявплн. Гжихвгвкжсвю нжрънзаз эффлияж ълцлквнхявярсвзнжйунщл в нжсвзнжйунщл зеюкжялйухяпж хжгзжцывпвцзпжнвюдйю зяицщязаз дзхярож // Внялцнля в хзпцлглннзл зеьлхяпз” (LMP ‐

?661)8 LR Пхлцзххвмхижю зешлдвнлннжю изнфлцлнсвю. ‐ Dlspnglolc8bttp8//lgansn`.ru/?661/tbks/berged.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

0?. PBK_VE _nMKN. Vuoclsbkr `npyrljbt pncl`lks & skca-er`blvlgj. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.sbkrpe.e`.ui/rnmkn/stetlstl`s.pbp. - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

00. Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.npkger`blvks.nrj/. -

E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

04. erxlv.nrj. @nrgkcc [glvkrslty Clorery. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.erxlv.nrj/ . -

E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

http://infosherpas.com/ojs/index.php/openandlibraries/article/view/50/84


http://www.gpntb.ru/win/inter-events/crimea2009/disk/131.pdf



http://plip.eifl.net/eifl-oa/oa-news/2009_07_03_a-new-lithuanian-law-on



http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla75/142-kuchma-en.pdf


http://osc.hul.harvard.edu/OpenAccess/overview.php


http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/juliet/



http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10999/



http://infosoc.ru/2006/thes/harnad.pdf


http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/statistics.php


http://www.openarchives.org/


http://www.arxiv.org/



















42

0;. Tbk Npkg Er`blvks Lgltletlvk Vrntn`nc anr Mktedete Bervkstlgj. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.npkger`blvks.nrj/NEL/npkger`blvksprntn`nc.btmc. -

E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

01. _kjlstry na Npkg E``kss _kpnzltnrlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//rner.kprlgts.nrj/.

- E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

0:. Tbk Dlrk`tnry na Npkg E``kss _kpnsltnrlks. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.npkgdner.nrj/. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

02. bttp8//www.npkgdner.nrj/algd.pbp>`LD=545&tltck=Mncdnve. - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

0<. Oudepkst Npkg E``kss Lgltletlvk. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.snrns.nrj/npkge``kss. - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

46. Vuocl` Clorery na P`lkg`k. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.pcns.nrj. - E``kset8

6;.65.?656.

45. Dlrk`tnry na Npkg E``kss Hnurgecs. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.dneh.nrj/. -E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

4?. DNEH oy `nugtry. ‐ Dlspnglolc8 bttp8//www.dneh.nrj/dneh>aug`=oy@nugtry.

- E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

40. Npkg dnnrs egd npkg mlgds8 Zbet ae`ucty eutbnrs `eg dn tn kgsurk npkg

e``kss tn tbklr wnri tbrnujb tbklr lgstltutlng / PVE_@. ‐ ?662. ‐ Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.erc.nrj/sper`/om~dn`/npkgdnnrs^v5.pda . - E``kset8 6;.65.?656.

http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html


http://roar.eprints.org/



http://www.opendoar.org/


http://www.opendoar.org/find.php?cID=141&title=Moldova




http://www.plos.org/


http://www.doaj.org/


http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=byCountry



http://www.arl.org/sparc/bm~doc/opendoors_v1.pdf














4<

N P[_Pď QECN_NEPď DK LGAN_ME_K ŗLDN@[MKGTE_K ‐ OLNOLOCLNJ_EALE

KCKGE @N_NTKG@N


N dlrk`Šlk e e`tlvltĀŠll Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” kstk nrlkgtetĀ sprk kceonrerke olnoloclnjreallcnr eck `Ārnr prntejnglŞtl sugt pkrsngecltĀŠl dlg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkl,ùcturll kt`. Ertl`ncuc prkzlgtĀ egeclzĀ su``lgte e oloclnjreallcnr pkrsngeck rkeclzetk çg

oloclntkè eèdkmlkl çg uctlmuc dk`kglu, evïgd Şl s`npuc prnmnvĀrll e`kstul jkg dk puoclèŠll.

Ngk na tbk dlrk`tlngs na tbk clorery„s e`tlvltlks ls tbk kceonretlng na tbk oln-

oloclnjrepblks na tbk pkrsngecltlks dlg dlaakrkgt oreg`bks na s`lkg`k, ùcturk, kt`. Tbk

ertl`ck prkskgts tbk egecysls na pkrsngec oloclnjrepblks, wbl`b bes okkg kceonretkd et

tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery Egdrkl Cupeg” cetkcy. Tbk elm na tbls wnri ls tbk

edveg`kmkgt na su`b puoclètlngs.

[guc dlgtrk kckmkgtkck e`tlvltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k çg oloclntk`l, dk estakc anertk

lmpnrtegt, çc `ngstltulk kceonrerke oloclnjreallcnr tkmetl`k Şl e olnoloclnjreallcnr.

KxlstĀ mel muctk dkalglŠll pkgtru e`kst jkg dk puoclèŠll8 cu`rerk èrk ùprlgdk olnjreale ugul eutnr, çmprkugĀ ù tltcurlck

s`rlkrlcnr cul Şl eck `kcnr prlvltnerk ce vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke se9

oloclnjrealk spk`lecĀ ‐ rkpkrtnrlu `rngncnjl`9 ecaeoktl` seu pk metkrll

ec s`rlkrlcnr rkakrltnerk ce ug egumlt dnmkglu, ce n egumltĀ prnockmĀseu ce ug egumlt eutnr9

oloclnjrealk pkrsngecĀ ‐ oloclnjrealk spk`lecĀ èrk `ngskmgkezĀ tnetks`rlkrlck ugul eutnr, prkùm Şl cu`rĀrlck èrk tretkezĀ dksprk npkre Şl

e`tlvltetke se9

pkrsngecle ‐ cu`rerk çg`blgetĀ vlkŠll Şl e`tlvltĀŠll ugkl pkrsngecltĀŠl. Olnoloclnjreale sk rkeclzkezĀ, dk nol`kl, suo anrmĀ dk dl`Šlngerk

oloclnjreal`k seu lgdl`l oloclnjreal`l. Olnoloclnjreallck pnt al ùrkgtk (dk kx.8

Zbn”s wbn”, Znrd Olnjrepblèc Lganrmetlng Pystkm” (kdlture PE[_ dlgJkrmegle) Şl rktrnspk`tlvk (dk kx.8 skrle Nemkgl el ŞtllgŠkl”, kdltetĀ dk[glvkrsltetke dk Ptet dlg Mncdnve, `nck`Šle Гжялцвжйщ иевзевейвзацжфвв рълнщы”, kdltetĀ dk Eèdkmle dk ŗtllgŠk e _uslkl,

«Евейвзацжфвю рълнщы¹ dlg Iezebsteg).




;6

LmpnrtegŠe kceonrĀrll olnoloclnjreallcnreck `Ārnr prntejnglŞtl sugt sevegŠl, nemkgldk ùctur Ā Şl ectk pkrsngecltĀŠl dk

lmpnrtegŠĀ geŠlngeck Şl lgtkrgeŠlngeckrkzldĀ Şl çg ùmucerke e dnuĀ aug`Šlllmpnrtegtk8 mkmnrlecĀ, e`kstk cu`rĀrlrkprkzlgtçgd n `rngl`Ā e vlkŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k,ùctureck, pncltl`k, k`ngnml`k kt`.9

lganrmetlvĀ, prlg rkack`terke dlakrltnr Ş`nclŞtllgŠlal`k, ktepk cltkrerk, lstnrl`k kt`.

Olnoloclnjreale sk rkeclzkezĀ, dk nol`kl,suo anrmĀ dk dl`Šlngerk oloclnjreal`k seu

lgdl`l oloclnjreal`l. Olnoloclnjreallck pnt alùrkgtk (dk kx.8 Zbn”s wbn”, Znrd Olnjrepblèc Lganrmetlng Pystkm”

(kdlture PE[_ dlg Jkrmegle) Şl rktrnspk`tlvk (dk kx.8 skrle Nemkgl elŞtllgŠkl”, kdltetĀ dk [glvkrsltetke dk Ptet dlg Mncdnve, `nck`Šle Гжялцвжйщи евзевейвзацжфвв рълнщы”, kdltetĀ dk Eèdkmle dk ŗtllgŠk e _uslkl,«Евейвзацжфвю рълнщы¹ dlg Iezebsteg).

LmpnrtegŠe kceonrĀrll olnoloclnjreallcnr eck `Ārnr prntejnglŞtl sugt sevegŠl,nemkgl dk ùcturĀ Şl ectk pkrsngecltĀŠl dk lmpnrtegŠĀ geŠlngeck ŞllgtkrgeŠlngeck rkzldĀ Şl çg ùmucerke e dnuĀ aug`Šll lmpnrtegtk8 mkmnrlecĀ,e`kstk cu`rĀrl rkprkzlgtçgd n `rngl`Ā e vlkŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k, ùctureck, pncltl`k,k`ngnml`k kt`.9 lganrmetlvĀ, prlg rkack`terke dlakrltnr Ş`ncl ŞtllgŠlal`k, ktepkcltkrerk, lstnrl`k kt`.

Olnoloclnjreallck nemkglcnr dk ŞtllgŠĀ prkzlgtĀ etït lganrmeŠle dksprk e`tlvltetkeŞtllgŠlal`Ā e ugkl pkrsngecltĀŠl, `çt Şl detkck

olnjreal`k, estakc `ngtrloulgd ce kvldkgŠlkrkeŞl pnpucerlzerke rkeclzĀrlcnr çg sakre `kr`kterk-

dkzvncterk, allgd uguc dlgtrk mlhcne`kck dkealrmerk çg `nmugtetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. MkgŠlngĀm `Ā çgtrk `kck pkstk 566 dk cu`rĀrl,ce e `Ār nr kceonrerk e `ngtrloult oloclntkè

gnestr Ā, prlnrltetke n dkŠlg oloclnjreallcktkmetl`k. @kck pkrsnegeck nùpĀ ug cn`mndkst, dner çg uctlmuc dk`kglu

olnoloclnjreallck prkveckezĀ çg clste puoclèș llcnr Oŗ@ E. Cupeg”, estakc `ngalrmçgd lgtkrksuc spnrlt pkgtru

pkrsngecltĀŠlck ŠĀrll gnestrk.




;?

_kakrlgŠkck ce vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke prnakslngecĀ sk `nck`tkezĀ studllgd puoclèŠllck çg prksĀ, çg ùckjkrl, dl`Šlngerk

olnjreal`k, kg`l`cnpkdll Ş.e.VrkzkgŠe lgdkxurlcnr euxlclerk dk gumk,

dk tltcurl, dk metkrll a e`lcltkezĀ rkjĀslrkelganrmeŠlkl, ler antnjreallck çgtrkjks`lmejlgke dksprk pkrsnege èrk e skrvlt drkpt

suolk`t pkgtru olnoloclnjreallck.

Olnoloclnjreallck kceonretk ce Oŗ@ sugtŞl glŞtk nmejll edusk dk oloclntkèrlsevegŠlcnr çg jkgkr ec sl, lg mnd spk`lec,

`kcnr èrk eu `ngtrloult pkrsngec cedkzvncterke oloclntk`ll Şl `ngtlguĀ sĀ sprlhlgk lgstltuŠle gnestrĀ, e`kstskgtlmkgt dk rkspk`t Şl rkùgnŞtlgŠĀ allgd kxprlmet gu rerknrl çg @uvïgtuclgtrndu`tlv dlg pertke ec`Ātultnrlcnr”. TredlŠlngec olnoloclnjrea llck sugt

kceonretk ù prlckhuc detkcnr huolclerk eck prntejnglŞtlcnr. N prlnrltetk e pncltl`ll lganrmeŠlngeck e oloclntk`ll kstk clvrerke

`ngŠlgutucul kck`trngl` `Ātrk utlclzetnr, estakc n pertk dlg olnoloclnjreall sugt

e``kslolck pk sltk-uc Oŗ@ (dk kx.8 Eèdkml`leguc Jbknrjbk Duè”,Eèdkml`leguc Onrls Metlkg`n”, Eèdkml`leguc Onrls Jelge”,Eèdkml`leguc Pvketnscev Mnsèckg`n”, Eèdkml`leguc QskvncndMnsèckg`n”), allgd e`tueclzetk eguec ù lganrmeŠlk ùrkgtĀ.

Ce stru`turerke metkrlecucul çg olnoloclnjreallck s`rlltnrlcnr-eèdkml`lkgl

Lng DruŠĀ, Dumltru Met`nvs`bl,@ngstegtlg Vnpnvl`l s-e rkspk`tet e`kceŞl

prlg`lplu `rngncnjl`, npkre allgd dlvlzetĀlg mel muctk `nmpertlmkgtk (sprk kx.8

VrnzĀ9 Vnkzlk9 Dremeturjlk9 Ksklstl`Ā9

@rltl`Ā cltkrerĀ9 Vuocl`lstl`Ā, _k`kgzll,Lgtkrvlurl Ş.e.m.d.). Pupclmkgter ceLgdkxuc dk gumk Şl `kc dk tltcurl, e anstkceonret Lgdkxuc clmolcnr lg èrk eu anst

tredusk npkrkck s`rlltnrlcnr.

Çg olnoloclnjreale Eèdkml`leguc LngDruŠĀ8 prnzetnruc, dremeturjuc, ksklstuc”çg aug`Šlk dk gumĀruc puoclèŠllcnr ŞllmpnrtegŠe e`kstnre, eu anst kvldkgŠletk çg




;0

`nmpertlmkgtk epertk @epndnpkre druŠlegĀ8 Vnvere ougĀtĀŠll gnestrk”9Vnkzll dk Lng DruŠĀ”. Olnoloclnjreale Eèdkml`leguc Dumltru Met`nvs`bl” lg`cudk Şl

`nmpertlmkgtkck lgtltucetk Clste ù angnjremkck `çgtk`kcnr pk vkrsurl dkDumltru Met`nvs`bl”. @epltnckckck _kakrlgŠk” lg emokck cu`rĀrl `ngŠlg clste vkrsurlcnr dkdlètk

e`kstnr dnuĀ pkrsngecltĀŠl. Ec`Ātultnrll olnoloclnjreallcnr èutĀ gnl

mndecltĀŠl dk prkzkgterk eck pkrsngecltĀŠll.Vkgtru e lcustre supclmkgter e`tlvltetke

dn`tnrucul beolcltet Qcedlmlr Eglilg, e

`Ārul èrlkrĀ ŞtllgŠlal`Ā e anst prk`kdetĀ dk

mugè dk hurgeclst, çg olnoloclnjrealk e anstlg`cus ug `nmpertlmkgt ù skck`Šll dlgvkrsurl, pnvkstlrl Şl guvkck skmgetk dk

eutnr.

Olnoloclnjreallck Eèdkml`leguc Gl`ncek @nrcĀtkegu”, Eèdkml`leguc@ngstegtlg Vnpnvl`l8 sevegt, s`rlltnr,

puocl`lst” `ngŠlg arejmkgtk dlg npkrkck sevegŠlcnr, çg pcus pug ce dlspnzlŠle

`ltltnrucul, pk cçgjĀ Lgdkxuc dk gumk Şl dk tltcurl, ug Lgdkx dk metkrll.

ůlgute eèdkml`Ā e olnoloclnjreallcnr, kceonretk çg èdruc Oŗ@ E.Cupeg” e EŗM, tkgdlgŠe sprk kxbeustlvltetk, stru`ture cnjl`Ā e metkrlecucul

prkzkgtet eu anst çg rkpktetk rçgdurl eprk`letk çg èdruc @ngùrsucul GeŠlngec@kck mel rkuŞltk cu`rĀrl eck egucul çgdnmkgluc oloclntk`ngnmlkl Şl ŞtllgŠkllganrmĀrll” prlg `ceserke e`kstnre pk cnùrlck

prkmlegtk, ler çg eguc ?662 s-eu çgvrkdgl`lt

dk Vrkmluc Merk.

Çg e`tlvltetke se oloclntkè gu s-e nprlt cee`kstk rkeclzĀrl. Ce ktepe algecĀ sk eacĀcu`rerke @ngstegtlg Ptkrk s`rlltnruc,

puocl`lstuc, pncltl`leguc, alcnsnauc, Nmuc”(ec`Āt. Lng ŗpe`). Pugt çg ùrsuc kceonrĀrll Şlectk olnoloclnjreall. [rĀm su``ksk

gknonslŠlcnr oloclnjreal, der Şl `nckjlcnr dlgectk sk`Šll eck oloclntk`ll, çmpĀtlmlŠl dk oloclnjrealk”, çg e`kestĀ mug`ĀmljĀcnesĀ, rkspngseolcĀ, der Şl `rketlvĀ, eperlŠle ectnr cu`rĀrl arumnesk.




;4

Evçgd çg vkdkrk lmpnrtegŠe kdltĀrll olnoloclnjreallcnr, çg oloclntk`Ā kstkkceonret prnlk`tuc @ng`kpŠlkl ù prlvlrk ce kceonrerke olnoloclnjreallcnr çgèdruc Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl”. @rkdkm, `Ā er al olgkvkgltĀ

lgstltulrke lg èdruc `nck`Šlkl Eèdkmlè” e ugkl suoskrll OlnoloclnjrealesevegŠlcnr” dupĀ kxkmpcuc eèdkmllcnr dlg ectk ŠĀrl.

Clste olnoloclnjreallcnr,

kceonretk ù `ngùrsuc Oŗ@‗E. Cupeg” e EŗM çgtrk egll ?666-?66<8

Eèdkml`leguc Jbknrjbk Duè 8 olnoloclnjrealk / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl,Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl, Hegge Glincekve, QeckgtlgeJurlkve Ykt ec.]. ‐ @b., ?66:. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md

Eèdkml`leguc Onrls Jelge 8 sk`vkgŠk olnoloclnjr eal`k / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl9 rkd. rksp. 8 Kckge

@nrntkg`n9 rkd. 8 Dumltru Onlù, Pvktcege Orngs`bl. ‐ @b., ?66:. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md

Eèdkml`leguc Pvketnscev Mnsèckg`n 8 olnoloclnjrealk / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Hegge Glincekve, Ncje ůurègu9rkd. oloclnjr. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl. ‐ @b., ?662. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md

Eèdkml`leguc Qskvncnd Mnsèckg`n 8 olnoloclnjrealk / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e

Mncdnvkl, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Hegge Glincekve, Ncje ůurègu9rkd. oloclnjr. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl. ‐ @b., ?662. ‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md

Eèdkml`leguc Onrls Metlkg`n 8 olnoloclnjrealk / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl,Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl, Tetlege Dnloegl. ‐ @b., ?66;.

‐ bttp8//www.emclo.esm.md

ŗpe`, Lng. Eèdkml`leguc @ngstegtlg Vnpnvl`l8 sevegt, s`rlltnr, puocl`lst 8

`kr`ktĀrl olnoloclnjreal`k Şl lganrmetlvk / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, Lgst. dk Ptudll

Lgtkrktgl`k, Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ. ‐ @b., ?66?.

PtrĀdegle dk e-c ugl pk Nm ù [glvkrsuc. Eèdkml`leguc Onrls Metlkg`n5<?<-?664 8 olnoloclnjrealk / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl9 kd. ec`Āt. Şl çgjrlh. dkDumltru Oetçr9 ec`Āt. 8 Cldle XesevlŠ`bl, Tetlege Dnloegl9 rkd. rksp. 8 Kckge

@nrntkg`n. ‐ @b., ?66;.

Eèdkml`leguc Gl`ncek @nrcĀtkegu, 5<5;-?66; 8 olnoloclnjrealk / ec`Āt. 8 Lng

ŗpe`, Ege Jreoezkl / Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, Lgst. dk Clgjvlstl`Ā, Oloc. ŗt.@kgtrecĀ. ‐ @b., ?661.

Eèdkml`leguc Lng DruŠĀ8 prnzetnruc, dremeturjuc, ksklstuc 8 olnoloclnjrealk

/ ec`Āt. 8 Clcle Onderkv9 Qeckgtlge Jurlkv9 Hegge Glincekve, _else Qeslce`bk, Cldle

XesevlŠ`bl9 `nnrd., rkd. Şt. 8 Mlbelc Dncjeg9 rkd. Şt. Şl oloclnjr. 8 @ceudle Pcutu-

http://www.amlib.asm.md/






















;;

Jreme9 rksp. dk kdlŠlk 8 Merlege ŗcepe` (EŗM), Kckge @nrntkg`n (Oŗ@)9 Eèd. dk

ŗtllgŠk. e Mncdnvkl9 Oloc. ŗt. @kgtrecĀ –E. Cupeg”. ‐ @b., ?662.

Eèdkml`leguc Vevkc Qced ‐ sevegt lcustru Şl prnmntnr tkge`k ec ŞtllgŠkl 8

Yolnoloclnjrealk] / ec`Āt. 8 _else Qeslce`bk, Kckge Vnhnje9 rkd. Şt. 8 Eùclge Erçù9 rkd.Şt. Şl oloclnjr. 8 @ceudle Pcutu-Jreme9 Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, Lgst. dk @blmlk. ‐ @b., ?66<.

Пйждвгвц Жнвивн 8 евзевейвзацжфвю / Жижд. Нжри Гзйдзпщ, Вн-я Лпцзо.Внялацжсвв в Озйвя. Нжри, Слняц. Нжръ. Е-иж «Ж. Йрожн¹9 хзхя. 8 ЯжгжцжГжцвжн, Гжцвю Озолхирй, Пжйлнявнж Яижълниз9 евейвзац. цлд. 8 ЙвдвюКжхжпвсив. ‐ И., ?66<.

Eèdkml`leguc Dumltru Met`nvs`bl8 ce :6 dk egl dk ce geŞtkrk 8

Yolnoloclnjrealk] / Clcle Onderkv, Kujkgle @rkuc9 Eèd. dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl9 Oloc.

ŗt. @kgtrecĀ E. Cupeg”. ‐ @b., ?66<.




;1

LGTK_GETLNGEC G[@CKE_ LGAN_METLNG P\PTKM

DETEOEPK

(MNCDNQE)

HEGGE GLINCEKQE


Plstkmuc LgtkrgeŠlngec dk Lganrmerk çg dnmkgluc Gu`cker (LGLP) kstk oeze dk detk`ke mel lmpnrtegtĀ çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkl Şl tkbgncnjllcnr gu`ckerk. Dlg 0 eprlclk ?66<

LGLP e dkvkglt e``kslolc pkgtru utlclzetnrl prlg Lgtkrgkt. E`kestĀ oezĀ dk detk lg`cudkmel muct dk 0 mlclnegk dk dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k eck `ĀrŠlcnr, eck ertl`nckcnr dlg

rkvlstk, eck metkrleckcnr `ngakrlgŠkcnr, tkzkcnr, eck repnertkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl tkbgl`k, eckckjlcnr, stegderdkcnr Şl `lrè ??6, 666 dk ugltĀŠl dk cltkreturĀ gk`ngvkgŠlngecĀ çg 10 dkclmol.

@kgtruc LGLP çg Mncdnve sk eacĀ çg lg`lgte Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck –E.Cupeg” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. _kpuoclè Mncdnve kstk mkmoru ec

Plstkmucul LganrmeŠlngec dk Lganrmerk çg dnmkgluc Gu`cker dlg eguc 5<<:.Mkdletnruc çg rkceŠllck ù LGLP rkeclzkezĀ lmpckmkgterke dks`rlkrlcnr oloclnjreal`k,

pntrlvlt tkmetl`ll LGLP. Çg ?66< eu anst lgtrndusk 520 dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k dlg

dnmkgluc alzl`ll stĀrlcnr `ngdkgsetk, alzl`ll etnml`k, gegntkbgncnjllcnr. Lgtkrae`k-uc sltk-ucul LGLP kstk olgk stru`turet Şl pkrmltk kak`tuerke repldĀ e

prn`ksucul dk `Āuterk dupĀ mel muctk `rltkrll8 eutnr, tltcu, sursĀ, ùvlgtk-`bklk, cnùc

Şl eguc kdlŠlkl kt`. Çg pcus utlclzetnrlcnr cl sk nakrĀ ug Tkzeur Muctlclgjv ereo-`blgkz-

kgjckz-areg`kz-jkrmeg-rus-speglnc pkgtru tredu`krke tkrmkglcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l. LGLP kstke``kslolc Şl pk @D-_NM.

Tbk Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm (LGLP) ls tbk ckedlgj rkakrkg`k

deteoesk anr gu`cker s`lkg`k egd tk`bgncnjy. LGLP ls arkkcy evelceock ng tbk Lgtkrgkt

slg`k 0 Eprlc, ?66< egd lg`cudks nvkr 0 mlcclng oloclnjrepbl` rk`nrds egd nvkr

??6,666 gng-`ngvkgtlngec cltkreturk (G@C) rkpnrts lg aucc tkxt lg 10 cegjuejks.

Mncdnve okèmk LGLP mkmokr lg 5<<:. Mncdnve LGLP @kgtrk ls sltuetkd lgEgdrkl Cupeg @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery na tbk Eèdkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve.

LGLP Clelsng Naal`kr na Mncdnve egecyzks tbk rkckvegt s`lkgtlal` puoclètlngs kdltkd

lg Mncdnve anr dete lgput. 520 oloclnjrepbl` rk`nrds ng `ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s,

gu`cker pbysl`s, gegntk`bgncnjy, kt`. wkrk lgput lg ?66<.

Tbk LGLP deteoesk ls e jnnd stru`turkd egd eg kesy-tn-usk systkm. Lgtkre`tlvk

Muctlclgjuec Tbkseurus (Ereol`, @blgksk, Kgjclsb, Arkg`b, Jkrmeg, _ussleg,

Ppeglsb) ls vkry uskauc anr s`lkgtlal` tkrms tregscetlng. LGLP DO ls ecsn evelceock ng

@D-_NM.

Lg ?656 tbk Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm (LGLP) wlcc ok




;2

[glvkrslty. Lg ?66< Mncdnve LGLP @kgtkr rksumkd dete lgput eatkr e cngj

orkei arnm ?664.

Okcnw ynu èg skk dete lgput na Mncdnve LGLP @kgtkr e``nrdlgj tbk

ykers8 5<<2 ‐ 51 rk`nrds9 5<<< ‐ 56 rk`nrds9 ?666 ‐ 5: rk`nrds9 ?665 ‐ :rk`nrds9 ?660 ‐ ?? rk`nrds9 ?664 ‐ 5< rk`nrds9 ?664-?662 ‐ 6 rk`nrds9 ?66<

‐ 520 rk`nrds.

La lg tbk pkrlnd arnm 5<<2 tlcc ?664 oeslèccy gng-`ngvkgtlngec cltkreturk

(`ngakrkg`k prn`kkdlgjs, onnickts, petkgts, prkprlgts kt`.) bed okkg lgput,

tbkg lg ?66< eonut <; ertl`cks wkrk lgput arnm tbk Mncdevleg Hnurgec na tbk

Vbyslèc P`lkg`ks `cesslalkd metkrlecs s`lkg`k9 `ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s9

supkr`ngdu`tlvlty egd supkraculdlty9 etnml` egd mnckùcer pbysl`s9

lgstrumkgtetlng rkcetkd tn gu`cker s`lkg`k egd tk`bgncnjy, wbl`b rkakrs tn`ngvkgtlngec cltkreturk. Lt ls gk`kssery tn kmpbeslzk, tbet tbk vncumk na

puoclètlngs lg etnml`, mnckùcer egd `ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s ls eonut 56

pkr `kgt lg tbk LGLP Deteoesk. E jrket gumokr na lgvkstljetlngs ng

`ngdkgskd mettkr pbysl`s erk èrrlkd nut lg Mncdnve oy tbk Lgstltutk na

Eppclkd Vbysl`s na tbk Eèdkmy na P`lkg`k na Mncdnve, tbk Lgstltutk na

Kck`trngl` Kgjlgkkrlgj egd Lgdustrlec Tk`bgncnjlks na tbk Eèdkmy na

P`lkg`k na Mncdnve, tbk Lgstltutk na @bkmlstry na tbk Eèdkmy na P`lkg`k na

Mncdnve, tbk Mncdnve Tk`bglèc [glvkrslty, egd tbk Mncdnve Ptetk

[glvkrslty. Tbk `ngakrkg`k ng metkrlecs s`lkg`k egd `ngdkgskd mettkr

pbysl`s ls bkcd kvkry ? ykers. Mncdnve dnks gnt usk etnml` tk`bgncnjlks anr

kgkrjy out tbksk tk`bgncnjlks erk uskd lg mkdl`lgk egd s`lkg`k. Tbet ls wby e

spk`lec ettkgtlng ls jlvkg tn tbk puoclètlngs ng pbysl`s, `bkmlstry, olncnjy

egd mkdl`lgk wbkg tbk cltkreturk ls kxemlgkd. Tbk emnugt na puoclètlngs ng

Clak P`lkg`ks meiks up 5: pkr `kgt lg tbk LGLP Deteoesk. Tbk rksker`b lg tbk

alkcd na Clak P`lkg`ks lg Mncdnve ls bkcd lg Gl`ncek Tkstkmltegu Ptetk

Mkdlèc egd Vberme`kutlèc [glvkrslty, tbk Lgstltutk na Jkgktl`s egd Vcegt

Vbyslncnjy, tbk Lgstltutk na Vbyslncnjy egd Pegn`rketncnjy, tbk Lgstltutk naVcegt Vrntk`tlng egd K`ncnjl` Ejrlùcturk, tbk Getlngec P`lkgtlal` egd

Vre`tlèc @kgtkr na Vrkvkgtlvk Mkdl`lgk egd ntbkrs. Tbk Mncdnve LGLP

@kgtrk egecyzks tbk rkckvegt s`lkgtlal` puoclètlngs na tbksk lgstltutks.

Ckt„s teik e cnni ng tbk e``kss lgtkrae`k tn LGLP deteoesk arnm tbkLgtkrgkt. Ckt„s dkalgk tbk lganrmetlng sker`b `rltkrle. Anr tbls purpnsk npkgtbk sltk8

bttp8//lglsdo.leke.nrj/ nr bttp8//lglsdo?.leke.nrj/

http://inisdb.iaea.org/


http://inisdb2.iaea.org/







;<

Tbk LGLP deteoesk ls e jnnd stru`turkd egd eg kesy-tn-usk systkm. Tbkrk

erk twn weys na sker`b8 Plmpck Pker`b egd Edveg`kd Pker`b. Edveg`kd

sker`b `ng`rktlzks egd clmlts tbk sker`b rkqukst duk tn puccdnwg mkgu na

alkcd gemks. \nu èg skck`t e gk`kssery alkcd anr sker`b8 eutbnr, pce`k na puoclètlng kt`. (Alj. 5).

Alj. 5

Tbk gumokr na sker`b alkcds èg ok lg`rkeskd oy `clìlgj ng Y+]. Tbk sljg

Y ‐ ] rkdu`ks tbk alkcd. Anr lgsteg`k, uskrs erk lgtkrkstkd lg puoclètlngs ng

lndlgk 5?? utlclzetlng lg mkdlèc tnmnjrepby. Lg tbls èsk tbk dks`rlptnr

alkcds erk `bnskg ‐ YDKL (lgdkxkr essljgkd)] egd uskrs wrltk `nrrkspngdlgj

dks`rlptnrs YLNDLGK 5??] egd YTNMNJ_EVB\] lg tbkm (Alj. ?).

Tbk sker`b rksuct ls dkpl`tkd lg tbk pl`turk8 tbk emnugt na anugd wnris ls

?: ltkms, sker`b wnrds erk merikd lg ykccnw lg YDKL (lgdkxkr essljgkd)]. Tbk

sker`b rksuct sbnws tbk anccnwlgj alkcd gemks8 Tltck, Eostre`t, Eutbnr

(pkrsngec nr `nrpnretk), Puohk`t @etkjnry Gemk, Puohk`t @etkjnry @ndk,Pnur`k (puoclètlng lganrmetlng, `ngakrkg`k lganrmetlng, petkgt/rkpnrt

gumokr, evelceolclty, hnurgec tltck kt`.), Vce`k na Vuoclètlng, Dks`rlptnrs

(Lgdkxkr Essljgkd - DKL egd @nmputkr Essljgkd - DK@), Cegjuejk,

_kakrkg`k Gumokr, Qncumk Lssuk, \ker na Vuoclètlng.




16

Tbk LGLP Lgtkre`tlvk Muctlclgjuec Tbkseurus (Ereol`, @blgksk, Kgjclsb,

Arkg`b, Jkrmeg, _ussleg, Ppeglsb) bkcps tn skt e rljbt tkrm lg tbk dks`rlptnr

alkcd (Alj. 0). Lt èg ok uskauc anr tbk pbysl`lsts, kgjlgkkrs, olncnjlsts,

`bkmlsts, mkdl`s egd tregscetnrs na s`lkgtlal`-tk`bglèc cltkreturk ng geturecs`lkg`ks bttps8//gip.leke.nrj/LGLPMCTbkseurus/ Y4].

Alj. ?

La tbk uskrs ae`k dlaalùctlks lg sker`b tbky èg `clì YBKCV]. \nu ègalgd mnrk lganrmetlng ng bnw tn usk tbk LGLP Deteoesk ngclgk lg –LccustretlvkUulì Juldk tn tbk LGLP Deteoesk Ngclgk” oy Vktr Edåmki Y;].

Ecsn Mncdnve LGLP @kgtkr naakrs e``kss tn tbk LGLP Deteoesk ng @D-

_NMs.

https://nkp.iaea.org/INISMLThesaurus/







15

Alj. 0

_KAK_KG@KP8

5. bttp8//www.leke.nrj/lglsgim/lgls/eonutlgls/

?. LGLP8 Juldk tn Oloclnjrepbl` Dks`rlptlng8 _kvlslng 2, Emkgdmkgt 0 /

Lgtkrgetlngec Etnml` Kgkrjy Ejkg`y. ‐ Qlkgge, ?66<. ‐ (LGLP _kakrkg`k

Pkrlks Gn. 5). ‐ ?61 p.

0. Ksteoclsbmkgt na Lgtkrgetlngec Gu`cker Lganrmetlng Pystkm - oreg`b na tbk

_kpuocl` na Mncdnve / E. Ouzdujeg, K. Mltsu, E. Egdrlksb, Edrlege

Ouzdujeg // Mncdevleg Hnurgec na tbk Vbysl`ec P`lkg`ks. ‐ ?66?. ‐ Qnc. 5,

Gr ?. ‐ V. :;-::. ‐ bttp8//sam.esm.md/mncdpbys/?66?/vnc5/g?/pda:;.pda

4. bttp8//www.leke.nrj/lglsgim/gkws/?662/gkws^4.btm

;. bttp8//lglsdo.leke.nrj/dn`s/LGLP^deteoesk^qul`i^juldk.pda

http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/inis/aboutinis/


http://sfm.asm.md/moldphys/2002/vol1/n2/pdf75.pdf



http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/news/2008/news_4.htm


http://inisdb.iaea.org/docs/INIS_database_quick_guide.pdf









1?

[TLCLXE_KE DETKCN_ OLOCLNMKT_L@K ÇG EPLJ[_E_KELGAN_MEůLNGECď E @K_@KTď_LCN_ ŗTLLGůLAL@K ÇG

DNMKGL[C K@NCNJLKL ŗL EC MKDL[C[L EMOLEGT

CLDLE XEPEQLů@BL Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

Detkck oloclnmktrl`k pkrmlt dktkrmlgerke `krùcul gu`cker” ec rkvlstkcnr pkgtrualkèrk dnmkglu ec ŞtllgŠkl. Çg e`kst studlu, çg prn`ksuc kvecuĀrll lmpnrtegŠkl ŞtllgŠlal`ke rkvlstkcnr dlg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt eu anst egeclzeŠl trkllgdlètnrl oloclnmktrl`l8 Lmpe`t Ae`tnr (LA), P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi (PH_) Şl Pnur`k

Gnrmeclzkd Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (PGLV). _kzuctetkck sugt prkzkgtetk çg teokck, çg`nganrmltetk ù ètkjnrle Şl regjuc rkvlstkl.

Tbk oloclnmktrl` dete ls uskd anr dktkrmlglgj tbk gu`ckus” na s`lkgtlal` hnurgecsanr ke`b alkcd na s`lkg`k. Lg tbls study tbk oloclnmktrl` esskssmkgt na tbk

kgvlrngmkgtec s`lkg`k egd k`ncnjy hnurgecs wes èrrlkd nut uskd tbrkk lgdlètnrs,

su`b es Lmpe`t Ae`tnr (LA), P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi (PH_) egd Pnur`k Gnrmeclzkd

Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (PGLV). Tbk rksucts notelgkd erk prkskgtkd lg teocks e``nrdlgj tn

tbk hnurgec regis.

Pterke mkdlucul emolegt etrejk esupre se n etkgŠlk dknskoltĀ dlg pertkesn`lktĀŠll mngdleck Şl dktkrmlgĀ lgtkgslalèrke `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çgdnmkgluc e`kste. Mehnrltetke sevegŠlcnr lgstltuŠllcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg prnalcuc

ŞtllgŠk getureck eck Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk sugt egtrkgeŠl çg lmpckmkgterke prnjremucul geŠlngec Esljurerke skùrltĀŠll k`ncnjl`k e _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve pkgtru egll ?66:-?65;” Y5, p. ?61-?56].

Dlgtrk tnetk slstkmkck k`nslstkmkck prkzlgtĀ `kck mel merk dlalùctĀŠl dkstudlkrk dlg mel muctk mntlvk8 kxtlgdkrke ckjĀturlcnr dlgtrk ŞtllgŠkck, èrk

npkrkezĀ ù lganrmeŠle k`ncnjl`Ā, lgtkrakrkgŠe espk`tkcnr tkmetl`k ckjetk dkstudlkrke prnockmkcnr dk pncuerk, dk prntk`Šlk e mkdlucul emolegt Şl , çge`kceŞl tlmp, dlauzerke ù vltkze `ngsldkreolcĀ e detkcnr dlg dlakrltk sursk.

Ertl`nckck dlg rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k eu anst, sugt Şl vnr al n sursĀ anertklmpnrtegtĀ dk lganrmeŠlk e`tuecĀ pkgtru `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā . PaïrŞltucsk`ncucul RR e anst merèt dk ug akgnmkg gnu, dlstlgetlv ‐ eperlŠle çg

oloclntk`l e rkvlstkckcnr çg anrmet kck`trngl`. [g evegteh dknskolt ec

vkrsluglcnr kck`trngl`k eck rkvlstkcnr, çg `nmpereŠlk ù `kck tlpĀrltk, kstk

eperlŠle cnr mel muct npkretlvĀ. [g aept rkmerèolc çg èzuc rkvlstkcnr

kck`trngl`k kstk `rkŞtkrke pkrmegkgtĀ e utlclzĀrll bypkrclgi-urlcnr. E`kst aeptmĀrkŞtk kskgŠlec e``ksuc ce ertl`nc, nakrĀ pnslolcltetke dk e ck`ture Şl




10

metkrleckck egtkrlnerk rkakrltnerk ce suolk`t, tntndetĀ, pnt al urmĀrltk tkmetl`l,ŞtllgŠk `bler , dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk lgtkrdls`lpclger Y?, p. ??-?4].

Cltkreture dk spk`lecltetk çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr k`ncnjl`k kstk dknskolt dk

`ng`rksùtĀ8 pre`tl` alkèrk puoclèŠlk kstk ckjetĀ dk ectk `ïtkve puoclètkegtkrlnr. Vcus ce e`keste, skrvkŞtk drkpt oezĀ pkgtru `kr`ktĀrl gnl. Estakc,

prnlk`tuc @rnss_ka pkrmltk `ltltnrucul sĀ trke`Ā dk ce rkakrlgŠe dk ce saïrŞltucertl`ncucul ce aucc-tkxtuc dk pk ect sltk. @rnss_ka kstk EjkgŠle dk ÇgrkjlstrerkNal`lecĀ e Ldkgtlal`Ārll Dljlteck e Nolk`tucul (DNL-Dljltec Nohk`t Ldkgtlalkr).

Ke e anst cegsetĀ ce çg`kputuc egucul ?666, drkpt rkzuctet ec `nnpkr Ārll çgtrkkdltnrl, çg kanrtuc dk e pkrmltk rkakrlrke ce puoclèŠle ngclgk dlgtr-n egumk

rkvlstĀ eèdkml`Ā. E`kst slstkm ugkŞtk, çg anrmĀ dk rkakrlgŠk, mlclnegk dk

kckmkgtk dlg ètkjnrll slmlcerk dlg pug`tuc dk vkdkrk ec `ngŠlgutucul, lg`cuslv

rkvlstk, `ĀrŠl, dnùmkgtk, slturl `k `ngŠlg detk. E`kste kstk ug slstkmuglvkrsec, utlclzet ce puoclèrk, çg pre`tlè eèdkml`Ā kurnpkegĀ. Mel muctĀlganrmeŠlk pnetk al `ngsuctetĀ ce bttp8//www.`rnssrka.nrj.

Jcnoeclzerke prnockmkcnr k`ncnjl`k sncl`ltĀ dk ce `kr`ktĀtnrl studlkrke Şlutlclzerke kxpkrlkgŠkl lgtkrgeŠlngeck. Verùrjkrke acuxucul mngdlec ec

rkvlstkcnr çg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt kstk pnslolcĀe`tuecmkgtk Şl ce Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” çg oezkck dk detk eck rkvlstkcnr

ŞtllgŠlal`k çg anrmet kck`trngl` (aucc-tkxt)8 Ngclgk E``kss tn _ksker`b lg tbk

Kgvlrngmkgt, [gltkd Getlng Kgvlrngmkgt Vrnjremmk egd \eck [glvkrslty

(NE_K) ‐ bttp8//www.nerks`lkg`ks.nrj9 E``kss tn Jcnoec Ngclgk _ksker`b lg

Ejrlùcturk Annd & Ejrlùcturk Nrjeglzetlng (EJN_E) ‐ bttp8//www.ejlgtkrgktwnri.nrj9 PprlgjkrClgi ‐ bttp8//www.sprlgjkrclgi.`nm9 KOP@N Vuoclsblgj ‐ bttp8//www.kos`nbnst.`nm kt`.

Kvecuerke lganrmeŠlkl ŞtllgŠlal`k kstk prkrnjetlve sevegŠlcnr. EsljurerkelganrmeŠlngec- oloclnjreal`Ā e `kr`ktĀrlcnr çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr k`ncnjl`ktrkoulk sĀ alk rkeclzetk prlg `Āuterke, skck`terke dnùmkgtkcnr Şl lganrmerke

npkretlvĀ, edl`Ā8 nrjeglzerke e``ksucul clokr ce rksurskck lganrmeŠlngeckmngdleck, kceonrerke lganrmeŠlkl dk tlp dlakrlt, çg`kpïgd dk ce rkzuctetkck`ĀutĀrll lganrmeŠlkl oloclnjreal`k, ae`tnjreal`k Şl rkakretlvk pïgĀ ce kceonrerke

oloclnjreallcnr ŞtllgŠlal`n-euxlclerk, e oezkcnr dk detk tkmetl`k. Ptru`ture

nrjeglzeŠlngecĀ trkoulk sĀ lg`cudĀ tnetk surskck dnùmkgter-lganrmetlvk8 detk

dksprk surskck tredlŠlngeck, vkrsluglck kck`trngl`k eck puoclèŠllcnr tredlŠlngeck, puoclèŠll kck`trngl`k kt`.

Dlg eguc ?66; ce Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” kstk kceonret oucktlguc tkmetl`

ùrkgt, evïgd ug ère`tkr ŞtllgŠlal`n-euxlcler, K`ncnjle, strksuc, edepterke” çganrmet kck`trngl` pk pejlge wko e oloclntk`ll Y0]. Çg oloclnjreale rkspk`tlvĀ

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14

skck`terke dnùmkgtkcnr sk rkeclzkezĀ cuïgd çg `ngsldkreŠlk estakc dk ae`tnrl8

lgnveŠle, e`tuecltetke, lmpnrtegŠe ŞtllgŠlal`Ā. Kckmkgtkck jkgkreck pk oezĀ

`Ārnre kceonrĀm oloclnjreale tkmetl`Ā sugt urmĀtnerkck8

e) çg oucktlguc tkmetl` trkoulk sĀ alk njclgdltĀ sterke e`tuecĀ e `kr`ktĀrlcnrŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc k`ncnjlkl Şl ec mkdlucul emolegt9 o) sk lg`cud cu`rĀrlck tknrktl`k, mktndncnjl`k Şl dk slgtkzĀ Şl sk kx`cud

metkrleck ù prnalc çgjust dk spk`lecltetk9 `) kceonrerke oloclnjrealkl kstk nrlkgtĀ mexlm sprk setlsae`krke

gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmetlvk eck sevegŠlcnr EŗM. Gu putkm evke drkpt s`np rkack`terke kxbeustlvĀ e cltkreturll. Çg prn`ksuc

skck`tĀrll sugt kvldkgŠletk prlnrltĀŠlck tkmetl`k8 `nmpertlmkgtkck oucktlgucullg`cud dnùmkgtk dksprk olnsakr Ā, ckjke k`ncnjl`Ā, `ngskrverke

olndlvkrsltĀŠll, `rkerke rkŠkckl k`ncnjl`k, `ngŞtllgŠe k`ncnjl`Ā è anrmĀ e`ngŞtllgŠkl sn`leck9 prnockmk tknrktl`k Şl metkmetl`k dk aug`Šlngerk e

pnpuceŠllcnr, puoclèŠll rkakrltnerk ce prnockmkck pncuĀrll ù suostegŠk tnxl`keck sncurlcnr, eck epkcnr getureck Şl rkzldueck, etmnsakrkl9 `kr`kterke

prn`kskcnr alzl`n-`blml`k çg prntk`Šle mkdlucul çg`nghurĀtnr9 aug`Šlngerke Şledepterke slstkmkcnr alzlncnjl`k çg `ngdlŠllck dk strks9 `nnpkrerke

lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ çg rkzncverke prnockmkcnr k`ncnjl`k. Vkgtru noŠlgkrke`nmpckxĀ e cltkreturll dk pkstk bnterk ec`Ātultnrll rkeclzkezĀ `Āuterkerkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k kck`trngl`k (aucc-tkxt) çg oezkck dk detk Şl lgdl`Ā edrksekck`trngl`Ā çg dks`rlkrke oloclnjreal`Ā.

Vk sltk-uc www.emclo.esm.md eu anst pcesetk 2 aes`lùck eck oucktlgucul.

Çg tntec eu anst dks`rlsk 4:1< dk puoclèŠll (mngnjreall, ertl`nck dlg ùckjkrl

Şl rkvlstk, metkrleckck `ngjrkskcnr Şl `ngakrlgŠkcnr, eutnrkakretk eck tkzkcnr dkdn`tnr). 0:;5 dk ertl`nck (:< %) eu anst dks`rlsk dlg rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k.

Ertl`nckck dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` `ngstltulk ?665 tltcurl (4? %)(Aljure 5).







1;

6

?66

466

166

266

5 ? 0 4 ; 1 : 2

ert.kck`trng. ert.lg tntec puoc.lg tntec

Aljure 5. _kpertlzerke ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` dupĀ aes`.

ouc. tkmetl` K`ncnjle” (Aes`. 5-2)

_kpertlzerke ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` dupĀ`nmpertlmkgtkck oucktlgucul8 Vrnockmk jkgkreck eck k`ncnjlkl ‐ 051 tlt.9

Vncuerke Şl prntk`Šle mkdlucul emolegt ‐ ;;1 tlt.9 K`ncnjle

ml`rnnrjeglsmkcnr ‐ ??1 tlt.9 K`ncnjle pcegtkcnr ‐ 046 tlt.9 K`ncnjle

eglmeckcnr ‐ 00: tlt.9 Ptrksuc Şl edepterke nmucul Şl e eglmeckcnr ‐ 540 tlt.9

K`ncnjle nmucul ‐ 20 tlt. (Aljure ?).

Jkgkreck

51%

Vncuerke

?2%

Ml`rnnrj.

55%

Vcegtk

5:%

Eglmeck

5:%

Ptrks

:%

Nmuc

4%

Aljure ?. _kpertlzerke ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çg anrmet kck`trngl` dupĀ tkmk

@rltkrluc prlg`lpec dk skck`terk ècltetlvĀ e puoclèŠllcnr kstk kvecuerke

surskcnr lganrmeŠlngeck. Çg 5<1< sevegtuc kgjckz Eceg Vrlt`berd e lgtrndus

pkgtru prlme detĀ tkrmkguc oloclnmktrlk” (dlg jrke`Ā oloclng” ‐ èrtk Şlmktrle” ‐ mĀsurerk). Oloclnmktrle kstk mktndncnjle dk `kr`kterk èrk nakrĀ

pnslolcltetke dk e studle mel ècltetlv cltkreture eèdkml`Ā prlg lgtkrmkdluc

rkakrlgŠkcnr seu egeclzkl `ltĀrlcnr Şl ùvlgtkcnr `bklk Y4, p. 5?-50].




11

[guc dlgtrk `kl mel rĀspçgdlŠl lgdlètnrl ‐ ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t” ‐ e anst

lgtrndus çg 5<;; pkgtru e kvecue lm pe`tuc ugkl rkvlstk `ng`rktk esupre

cltkreturll dk spk`lecltetk Şl e anrmĀrll nplglkl jkgkreck. Mel tïrzlu, e`kst

tkrmkg e anst epclèt pkgtru e ldkgtlalè rkvlstkck lgacukgtk. Ae`tnruc dk lmpe`tec ugkl rkvlstk kstk ècùcet çg akcuc urmĀtnr8 gumĀruc dk `ltĀrl çgtr -ug egumlt

eg ec ertl`nckcnr puoclètk çgtr -n rkvlstĀ pk perùrsuc e dnl egl egtkrlnrl,çmpĀrŠlt ce gumĀruc tntec ec ertl`nckcnr puoclètk çg rkvlstĀ çg tlmpuc eglcnr

rkspk`tlvl Y;].

@rket dk Kujkgk Jeralkcd çg eguc 5<16, Lgstltutuc dk lganrmerk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā(LPL, Lgstltutk anr P`lkgtlal` Lganrmetlng) mngltnrlzkezĀ Şl kvecukezĀ

puoclèŠllck ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg `lrè <666 dk rkvlstk aeŠĀ dk eprnepk 566.666 puoclètk. Dlg eguc 5<1< clste vecnrlcnr ae`tnrucul dk lmpe`t ec rkvlstkcnr

`ntetk dk LPL kstk puoclètĀ Şl e`tueclzetĀ eguec çg Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts(H@_) ‐ bttp8//s`lkg`k.tbnmsngrkutkrs.`nm/`ltetlnglmpe`t`kgtkr/.

Acuxuc prlg`lpec ec cltkreturll ŞtllgŠlal`k çc `ngstltulk rkvlstkck mngltnrlzetk.

Qecnerke ugkl e`tlvltĀŠl dk `kr`kterk algeclzetk kstk çg dlrk`tĀ dkpkgdkgŠĀ dk

vecnerke rkvlstkl dk spk`lecltetk çg èrk eu anst puoclètk rkzuctetkck noŠlgutkY1]. Dlg eguc ?662 çg dks`rlkrke oloclnjreal`Ā e ertl`nckcnr dlg rkvlstk çga nrmet kck`trngl` gnl lgdl`Ām Şl ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t ec rkvlstkl (Aes`. 1-2).

Dk ce saïrŞltuc egucul ?66: ù ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t `ngùrkezĀ P@Lmejn

Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi (PH_), `rket dk `kr`ktĀtnrll dk ce @ngskhn Pupkrlnrdk Lgvkstlje`lngks @lkgtíalès (@PL@), [glvkrsltetke dlg Jregede,

Kxtrkmedure, @ercns LLL (Medrld) Şl dk Ecècå dk Bkgerks ‐ bttp8//www.s`lmejnhr.`nm. E`kst pnrtec lg`cudk 5:666 dk rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`klgdlètnerk, dkzvnctet dlg lganrmeŠllck ùprlgsk çg oeze dk detk P`npus®(Kcskvlkr OQ). P`npus kstk n oezĀ dk detk dk rkzumetk Şl `ltetk pkgtruertl`nck dlg rkvlstk eèdkml`k ‐ bttp8//www.lgan.s`npus.`nm/. Lgdlètnrll

rkvlstkcnr sk ècùckezĀ, utlclzïgd ug ecjnr ltm slmlcer ù Jnnjck Vejk_egiℯ.Vejk_egi kstk ug ae`tnr ancnslt ce ècùcerke regjucul ugkl pejlgl Zko, èrk

dkplgdk dk gumeruc Şl dk Vejk_egiuc pejlglcnr èrk eu tegjkgŠk ùrkspk`tlve pejlgĀ Zko. GnŠlugke Vejk_egi prnvlgk dk ce gumkck

lganrmetl`leguc emkrlèg Cerry Vejk, èrk e dkzvnctet ecjnrltmuc ce

[glvkrsltetke Pteganrd Y:]. P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi (PH_) sk oezkezĀ pktregsakruc dk prkstljlu dk ce n rkvlstĀ ce ecte, esljuret dk rkakrlgŠkck pk èrk n

rkvlstĀ ck ae`k dk ce uge ce ecte Şl ce ke çgsĀŞl. Lgdlètnrll PH_ sk oezkezĀ pk

`ltĀrlck dlg uctlmll trkl egl. Oeze dk detk P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi

pkrmltk utlclzetnrlcnr sĀ jkgkrkzk jretult `lterke stetlstl`lcnr puoclètk Şl sĀkxprlmk cu`rĀrlck dk `kr`kterk.

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1:

Ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t Şl lgdlètnrll P@Lmejn trkoulk studleŠl `ngsldkrïgdregjuc rkvlstkl çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr dk èrk eperŠlgk rkvlste.

?0 leguerlk ?656 P`npus e cegset lgdlètnruc gnu pkgtru kvecuerke

rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k ‐ Pnur`k Gnrmeclzkd Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (PGLV), `rket dk prnaksnruc Bkgi A. Mnkd (@kgtrk anr P`lkg`k egd Tk`bgncnjy Ptudlks,

Ckldkg [glvkrslty). Lgdlètnruc PGLV kstk dkalglt è repnrtuc dlgtrk _ew

Lmpe`t pkr Vepkr (_LV) ‐ gumĀruc mkdlu dk `ltĀrl ce cu`rerl puoclètk çgtr -nrkvlste pk perùrsuc `kcnr trkl egl egtkrlnrl, gntet è lmpe`tuc orut” ec rkvlstkl

Şl _kcetlvk Deteoesk @ltetlng Vntkgtlec (_D@V) ‐ pntkgŠlecuc dk `lterk ecrkvlstkl çg dnmkgluc sĀu. Ke erk drkpt s`np sĀ pkrmltk `nmpererke dlrk`tĀ esurskcnr çg dlakrltk dnmkgll ‐ bttp8//www.hnurgeclgdlètnrs.`nm/.

Çg prn`ksuc kceonrĀrll oucktlgucul K`ncnjle, strksuc, edepterke” eu anst

`ngsuctetk 551 rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k çg anrmet kck`trngl`. Clste rkvlstkcnr e anstec`ĀtultĀ çg `nganrmltetk ù gumĀruc ertl`nckcnr lg`cusk çg oucktlguc tkmetl`

(Aes`. 5-2).

Vkgtru alkèrk rkvlstĀ sugt lgdlètk8 ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t ec rkvlstkl (?6629regjuc rkvlstkl dlgtrk 5?4 dk rkvlstk dlg ètkjnrle K`ncnjlk”, 510 dk rkvlstkdlg ètkjnrle ŗtllgŠkck mkdlucul emolegt” kt`. (LPL Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts®_egilgj, Tbnmsng _kutkrs)9 lgdlètnruc P@Lmejn (?662)9 regjuc dlgtrk ?56

rkvlstk dlg ètkjnrle K`ncnjlk”, ?;5 dk rkvlstk dlg ètkjnrle ŗtllgŠkckmkdlucul emolegt” kt`. (P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi)9 lgdlètnruc

PGLV (?662) (Teokcuc 5). Eu anst utlclzetk rkzuctetkck dlg oezk dk detk8 PH_

(P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi) ‐ bttp8//www.s`lmejnhr.`nm/hnurgecregi.pbp Y2]9 PGLV (@ZTP Hnurgec

Lgdlètnrs) ‐ bttp8//www.hnurgeclgdlètnrs.`nm/Pker`bHnurgec.espx Y<].

Dknerk`k e``ksuc ce Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts® _egilgj sk kak`tukezĀ

`ngtre pcetĀ, e anst utlclzetĀ lganrmeŠle dksprk ae`tnrll dk lmpe`t Şl regjurl dlg

rkvlstkck studletk.

Çg pnalde aeptucul `Ā rkvlstkck dk oezĀ ù `kc mel merk ae`tnr dk lmpe`t

H@_ (Hnurgec @ltetlng _kpnrts®, Tbnmsng _kutkrs) sugt slmlcerk ù PH_(P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi), kxlstĀ dlakrkgŠk, èrk pnt al kxpclètk

prlg aeptuc `Ā rkvlstkck pnpucerk eu ug ae`tnr dk lmpe`t (H@_) mel merk, der

eu ae`tnrl mel ml`l dk prkstljlu ŞtllgŠlal`, çg tlmp `k rkvlstkck dk prkstljlu pnt

al mel puŠlg `ltetk, der eu ug lgdlètnr mel merk çg PH_ Y56].

Detkck oloclnmktrl`k pkrmlt dktkrmlgerke `krùcul gu`cker” ec rkvlstkcnr , pkgtru alkèrk dnmkglu ec ŞtllgŠkl. @ngsldkrïgd emoll ae`tnrl, e anst ec`ĀtultĀn clstĀ dlg 0: dk rkvlstk dlg ètkjnrle K`ncnjlk” Şl ?2 dk rkvlstk dlg ètkjnrle

ŗtllgŠkck mkdlucul emolegt”8 ?; rkvlstk (Kcskvlkr), 52 rkvlstk (Zlcky-

Oceìwkcc), 5; rkvlstk (Pprlgjkr) kt`. Dlg e`kstk rkvlstk sugt skck`tetk 50:2

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12

dk ertl`nck (1<%) dlg ?665 ertl`nck kck`trngl`k dks`rlsk pkgtru `kck 2

aes`lùck eck oucktlgucul (Teokcuc ?).

Egeclzïgd clste rkvlstkcnr , putkm `ngstete `Ā e`kstk rkvlstk lgtrĀ çg tnpuc

`kcnr mel `ltltk 566 dk rkvlstk lgtkrgeŠlngeck dlg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnrk`ncnjl`k, `ngsldkretk drkpt `kc mel lmpnrtegt ùrkgt ec cltkreturll Ştllgtlal`k

mngdleck, rkeclzet dupĀ n skrlk dk `rltkrll strl`tk. [tlclzerke ae`tnrucul dk

lmpe`t (LPL), e lgdlètnrlcnr P@Lmejn Hnurgec _egi, PGLV drkpt mĀsurĀ dkècltetk kstk anertk rĀspïgdltĀ, kxpclèŠle allgd aeptuc `Ā gnl evkm `kck mel

ougk rkvlstk dk spk`lecltetk çg nrl`k dnmkglu. _etkck dk `lterk eck cu`rĀrlcnrlgdlvldueck sugt pnzltlv `nrkcetk ù regjuc r kvlstkl çg èrk sugt puoclètk.

@kr`ktĀrlck oloclnmktrl`k ù utlclzerke oezkcnr dk detk ng-clgk, è anrmk

gnl dk prkcu`rerk egecltl`Ā e puoclèŠllcnr, pkrmlt spnrlrke skmglètlvĀ e

ècltĀŠll çg esljurerke lganrmeŠlngec-oloclnjreal`Ā dnmkgllcnr ŞtllgŠkl.


5. D[@E, Jbknrjbk. @ngtrlouŠll ce sn`lktetke oezetĀ pk ùgneŞtkrk(Ignwckdjk Pn`lkty). @b., ?66:, p. ?61-?56.

?. ЛПХЯВАНЛЛПЖ, А.Ж.9 КЛГХИЗП, Ж.В. Нзпщл ялндлнсвв п цжкпвяввгвцзпзаз цщниж нжрънщы орейвижсвм ‐ цзйу в глхяз евейвзяли. Lg8

Нжрънщл в ялынвълхивл евейвзялив. ?664, gr ;, p. 5;-?1.

0. K`ncnjle, strksuc, edepterke8 ouc. tkmetl`. Ec`Āt. Cldle XEPEQLů@BL. @b.,?66;-?66<. Aes`. 5 ‐ 2. Dlspnglolc8 www.emclo.lgan

4. JCÄGXKC, Z. Oloclnmktrl`s es e rksker`b alkcd 8 e `nursk ng tbknry egd

eppclètlng na oloclnmktrl` lgdlètnrs Yngclgk]. @nursk Begdnuts, ?660. 55;

p. Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<]. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.gnrscls.gkt/?664/Olo^MnduckÎ[C.

;. JE_ALKCD, Kujkgk. Tbk Blstnry egd Mkeglgj na tbk Hnurgec Lmpe`t

Ae`tnr. Lg8 Hnurgec na tbk Emkrlèg Mkdlèc Essn`letlng Yngclgk]. ?661, vnc.

?<;, gr 5 Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<], p. <6-<0. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.jeralkcd.clorery.upkgg.kdu/pepkrs/hemehla?661.pda 1. PLTE_[, @.9 PXKDCE@PKI, P. K. _kckvegŠe ae`tnrucul dk lmpe`t ec

hurgeckcnr çg kvecuerke `kr`ktĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k oln-mkdlèck. Lg8 Ptktns`np

Yngclgk]. ?661, gr 42 Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<]. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.stktns`np.rn/erblve/?661/42/

:. Vejk_egi Yngclgk]. Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<]. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//kg.wlilpkdle.nrj/wlil/Vejk_egi

2. P@LMEJN (?662). PH_ ‐ P@Lmejn Hnurgec & @nugtry _egi Yngclgk].

_ktrlkvkd Akoruery 56, ?656 Y`ltet 56.6?.?656]. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.s`lmejnhr.`nm/hnurgecregi.pbp

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http://www.garfield.library.upenn/






1<

<. @ZTP Hnurgec Lgdlètnrs Yngclgk]. Y`ltet ?5.6?.?656]. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.hnurgeclgdlètnrs.`nm/Pker`bHnurgec.espx

56. AECEJEP, M.K.9 IN[_EGNP, Q.D.9 E_KG@LOLE-HN_JK, _.9

IE_EJKN_JNVN[CNP, D.K. @nmperlsng na P@Lmejn hnurgec regi

lgdlètnr wltb hnurgec lmpe`t ae`tnr. Lg8 Tbk Naal`lec Hnurgec na Tbk

Akdkretlng na Emkrlèg Pn`lktlks anr Kxpkrlmkgtec Olncnjy Yngclgk]. ?662,

vnc. ??, gr 2 Y`ltet ?;.56.?66<], p. ?1?0-?1?2. Dlspnglolc8

bttp8//www.aeskoh.nrj/`jl/`ngtkgt/aucc/??/2/?1?0

Teokcuc 5. _kvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k ereghetk dupĀ gumĀruc ertl`nckcnr

lg`cusk çg oucktlguc tkmetl`

Dkgumlrke rkvlstkl

Grert.

çgouc.K`nc.

Lmpe`tAe`tnr

?662

LPL Hnurgec@ltetlng

_kpnrts®_egilgj

/5?4 (K`ncnjy)

/510

(Kgv. P`l)/5;; (Vcegt P`l.)

PH_ P@Lmejn

?662

P@LmejnHnurgec _egi

?56 (K`ncnjy)?;5

(Kgv. P`l.)5;1

(K`ncnjy, Kvnc.Okbev. & Pyst.)?<6(Vcegt P`l)

PGLV

?662

5.K`ncnjy Ckttkrs (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc):< <.0<?

4/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,<61

?/?56

(K`ncnjy)4,;5

?.P`lkg`k na Tbk Tntec

gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr);2 ?.;:<

00/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,5?1

00/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)5,;<

0.K`ncnjlèc Mndkcclgj

(Kcskvlkr);2 ?.5:1

42/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6<:

42/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,;;

.Nk`ncnjle (Pprlgjkr) 4< 0.66205/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?54

?0/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,5:

;.Kgvlrngmkgtec Vnccutlng

(Kcskvlkr)41 0.50;

??/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,54;

?4/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)?,6<

1.Jcnoec K`ncnjy &

lnjknjrepby (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

0; ;.064:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,0<2

5?/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,;4

.Hnurgec na Eppclkd`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

0; 4.;1651/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?6?

?;/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,<:

2.Vcegt & Pnlc (Pprlgjkr) 0; 5.<<2:/05(Ejrl`.,

Pnlc P`l.)6,56;

0/;:(Pnlc P`l.)

5,42

<.Trkgds lg K`ncnjy &vncutlng (Kcskvlkr)

06 55.<64 ?/5?4(K`ncnjy)

5,420

?/5;1

(K`ncnjy,Kvnc. Okbev.)

1,?;

56.Kgvlrngmkgtec

l`rnolncnjy (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

?< 4.:6:51/<5

(Ml`rnolnc.)6,4;6

0/?;5

(Kgv. P`l)5,<4

55.K`njrepby (Zlcky-ceìwkcc)

?< 4.6<<?6/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?55

?4/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,02

5?.Eppclkd Pnlc K`ncnjy(Kcskvlkr)

?< ?.?4: - 6,55;44/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,<0

50.Olndlvkrslty &

@ngskrvetlng (Pprlgjkr)

?< 5.4:0

14/5?4(K`ncnjy)

:</510(Kgvlrng. P`l)

6,6:1

;</?56(K`ncnjy)

:6/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)

5,62

54.Kgvlrngmkgtec Bkectb ?: 1.5?6 ?/510 6,4?? 4/?;5 ?,5:



http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/22/8/2623







:6

krspk`tlvks (Kgvlrng. P`l) (Kgvlrng. P`l)

5;.AKMP Ml`rnolncnjy

`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)?: 0.00;

?;/<5

(Ml`rnolnc.)6,?02

?6/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,26

51.Hnurgec na Vbyslncnjy

(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc) ?;4.14<

:/:4

(Vbyslncnjy)6,:;0

55/5?<

(Vbyslncnjy)5,:5

5:.Jcnoec @begjk Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

?4 ;,2:1

0/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)

;/5?4(K`ncnjy)

6,41?

?/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)

:/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,<4

52.@ngskrvetlng Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

?4 4.:6;

;/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)

50/5?4

(K`ncnjy)

6,?11

55/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)

52/?56

(K`ncnjy)

?,12

5<.Hnurgec na Eglmec

`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)?4 4.??6

5</5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,05;

54/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,::

?6.Jcnoec Kgvlrngmkgtec

@begjk (Kcskvlkr)?4 0.<;;

</510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,52<

5:/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)0,5?

?5.Aug`tlngec K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

?4 0.1<<?5/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?41

5</?56(K`ncnjy)

?,61

??.Kgvlrngmkgtgtkrgetlngec (Kcskvlkr)

?4 0.;515;/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,515

??/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)

?,?<

?0.Dlvkrslty&

lstrloutlngs (Zlcky-ceìwkcc)

?4 0.441?:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5<4

?1/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,<6

?4.Etmnspbkrl`

gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)?4 ?.2<6

?:/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,542

?0/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)5,10

?;.Ml`rnolec K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

?4 ?.22;0;/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,52<

?2/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,42

?1.@bkmnspbkrk (Kcskvlkr) ?0 0.6;4 ?0/510(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,544 ?;/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l) 5,26

?:.Pnlc Olncnjy &ln`bkmlstry (Kcskvlkr)

?0 ?.<?1 - 6,5450;/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,50

?2.Kgvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`k& Vnccutlng _ksker`b(Pprlgjkr)

?0 ?.4<?0;/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,6<1

;1/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,<5

?<.Zetkr, Elr, & Pnlcnccutlng (Pprlgjkr)

?05.0<2

5;/16(Zetkr _ks.)

6,610<?/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)5,6?

06.Kgvlrngmkgtec

egejkmkgt (Pprlgjkr)

?05.56<

564/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,6;;

562/?;5

Kgvlrng. P`l)5,55

05.Kgvlrngmkgtec

ngltnrlgj & Esskssmkgt(Pprlgjkr)

?0 5.60;/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,610<4/?;5

( Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,1:

0?.Trkgds lg Vcegt P`lkg`k(Kcskvlkr)

??<.?56

/5;;(Vcegt P`l.)

5,:?4?5/?64

(Jkgktl`s)0,:2

00.@urrkgt Nplglng lg

cegt Olncnjy (Kcskvlkr)5< 2.122

/5;;

(Vcegt P`l.)5,24:

0/?<6

(Vcegt P`l.)0,61

04.Hnurgec na K`ncnjy

(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)5< 4.?1?

5:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?21

51/?56

(K`ncnjy)0,60

0;.Olncnjl ec @ngskrvetlng(Kcskvlkr)

5< 0.;11?4/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5:0

00/5;1

(K`ncnjy,Kvnc., Okbev.)

?,0;

01.@clmetl` @begjk

(Pprlgjkr) 5< 0.?6?

?6/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,?6<

5;/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l) ?,610:.Egguec _kvlkws na 52 56.515 0/5?4 5,02< 5/?56




:5

`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &Pystkmetl`

(K`ncnjy) (K`ncnjy) 1,01

02. K`nsystkms (Pprlgjkr) 52 0.0:1?</5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,520

?</?56

(K`ncnjy)5,2:

0<. Oesl` & Eppclkd

`ncnjy (Kcskvlkr) 52 ?.;24

4?/5?4

(K`ncnjy) 6,5?2

0:/?56

(K`ncnjy) 5,;<

6.Kgvlrngmkgtecksker`b Ckttkrs (Lgstltutk

na Vbysl`s)5: 5.:5<

:6/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,5?;

;/45(_kgkw.Kgkrjy, &Kgvlrng.)

6,24

5.Kgvlrngmkgtec Lmpe`tsskssmkgt _kvlkw

(Kcskvlkr)5: 5.?6;

/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)

6,616

54/45(_kgkw.Kgkrjy, &Kgvlrng.)

5,:2

?.Arngtlkrs lg K`ncnjy &bk Kgvlrngmkgt (K`nc.

Pn`. na Emkrlè)

5; ;.61;

</5?4(K`ncnjy)

4/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)

6,46?55/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,54

0.Hnurgec nalnjknjrepby(Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

5; 4.;11 5;/5?4(K`ncnjy)

6,?5; ??/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,5;

4.K`ncnjlèc K`ngnml`s(Kcskvlkr)

5; 5.<5?;0/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,62?

1?/5;1


5,;<

;.Egguec _kvlkw na Vcegt

lncnjy54 ??.5<?

5/5;;

(Vcegt P`l.)0,24;

5/?<6

(Vcegt P`l.)2,?2

1.@rltlèc _kvlkws lg

gvlrngmkgtec P`lkg`k &

k`bgncnjy(Teycnr&Areg`ls)

54 :.46<5/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,?41

5?/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)0,4<

:.@rltlèc _kvlkws nacegt P`l. (Teycnr&Areg`ls) 54 1.?61 :/5;;(Vcegt P`l.) 6,105 2/?<6(Vcegt P`l.) 0,52

2.Egguec _kvlkws nagvlrngmkgtec &

ksnur`ks

54 4.11:1/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,;<6

5/45(_kgkw.Kgkrjy, &

Kgvlrng.) 0,16

<.Ejrlùcturk, K`nsystkms& Kgvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)

54 ?.22401/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?4

45/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,52

;6. K`ncnjlèc Lgdlètnrs

(Kcskvlkr)54 5.<24

/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,612

:?/5;1(K`ncnjy,

Kvnc., Okbev.)5,4?

;5. Kgvlrngmkgtec

ksker`b (Kcskvlkr)

50 0.602?4/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)

6,52;?6/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)

5,42

;?.Kgvlrngmkgtecndkcclgj & Pnatwerk

(Kcskvlkr)

50 ?.1;<05/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,6::

1:/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l)?,62

;0.K`ntnxl`ncnjy &

gvlrngmkgtec Peakty

(Kcskvlkr)

50 ?.;<60?/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,556

4;/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)

5,1;

;4.Zetkr _ksker`b(Kcskvlkr)

5?0.;2:

50/510(Kgvlrng. P`l)

6,5:24/4: (Kertb-Pura. Vrn`.)

?,;4

;;.Mnckùcer K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

55 ;.0?;1/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6.0<6

50/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,:1

;1. Hnurgec na

gvlrngmkgtecegejkmkgt (Kcskvlkr)

55 5.:<411/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l) 6,6:526/?;5

(Kgvlrng. P`l) 5,05




:?

;:. K`ncnjlèc @nmpckxlty(Kcskvlkr)

55 5.4;;1:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?0

4?/?56(K`ncnjy)

6,22

;2.Kgvlrngmkgtec

@bkmlstry Ckttkrs(Pprlgjkr)

55 5.01122/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6.6:4

4?/<6

(Kgvlrng.@bkm.)

6,;4

;<.Vcegt, @kcc &gvlrngmkgt (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

56 4.11156/5;;

(Vcegt P`l.)6,4:;

5?/?<6

(Vcegt P`l.)?,;5

16.Eglmec @ngskrvetlng(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

< ?.;2:45/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,555

4;/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,;:

15. E`te Nk`ncnjlè(Kcskvlkr)

< 5.4;111/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6::

12/5;1(K`ncnjy,

Kvnc., Okbev.)5,56

1?.AKMP Ml`rnolncnjy

kvlkws(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)2 :.<10

2/<5

(Ml`rnolnc.)5,0:4

1/564

(Ml`rnolnc.)4,55

10.Vkrspk tlvks lg Vcegt

`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &Pystkmetl`s (Kcskvlkr)

2 0.126??/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?62

?:/5;1


?,2;

14.Equetl` Tnxl`ncnjy

(Kcskvlkr)2 0,;5: - 6,510

55/542

(Equetl` P`l) 5,;:

1;.K`ntnxl`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

2 ?.0;;02/510

(Kgvlrng. P`l)6,564

42/?;5(Kgvlrng. P`l)

5,5;

11.Cegdsèpk K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

: ?.4;040/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?;

46/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,2<

1:.Hnurgec na @bkmlèc

`ncnjy (Pprlgjkr): ?.0?:

41/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5;2

0?/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,04

12.Kurnpkeg Hnurgec nPnlc P`lkg`k (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

: ?.?46 4/05(Ejrlùct., Pnlc

P`l.)

6,6<;;/;:

(Pnlc P`l)5,:<

1<._kstnretlng K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

: 5.2<?;;/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,625

;;/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,00

6.Vcegt K`ncnjy

(Pprlgjkr): 5.:06

/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,624

;4/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,0;

5.Vkdnolncnjle (Kcskvlkr) : 5.4;512/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6:2

;2/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,?2

?.Equetl` K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

: 5.56;21/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6;<

:0/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,5<

Teokcuc ?. _kvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgllck ŞtllgŠkcnr k`ncnjl`k Şl eckmkdlucul emolegt ereghetk çg `nganrmltetk ù ae`tnruc dk lmpe`t

K`ncnjyèc P`lkg`ks Hnurgec

Dkgumlrke rkvlstkl

Grert.çg

ouc.K`nc.

Lmpe`t

Ae`tnr

?662

LPL Hnurgec@ltetlng

_kpnrts®_egilgj

/5?4 (K`ncnjy)

PH_P@Lmejn

?662

P@LmejnHnurgec _egi

/?56 (K`ncnjy)/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng, Okbev.& Pystkm.)

PGLV

?662

5.Trkgds lg K`ncnjy &vncutlng (Kcskvlkr)

06 55.<64?/5?4

(K`ncnjy)5,420

?/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)

1,?;

?.Egguec _kvlkws na`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &

52 56.515 0/5?4(K`ncnjy)

5,02< 5/?56(K`ncnjy) 1,01




:0

Pystkmetl`

0.K`ncnjy Ckttkrs

(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc):< <.0<?

4/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,<61

?/?56

(K`ncnjy)4,;5

.Jcnoec @begjk Olncnjy

(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)?4 ;,2:1

;/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,41?

:/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,<4

;.Mnckùcer K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

55 ;.0?;1/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6.0<6

50/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,:1

1.Jcnoec K`ncnjy &

lnjknjrepby (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

0; ;.064:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,0<2

5?/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,;4

.Arngtlkrs lg K`ncnjy &bk Kgvlrngmkgt (K`nc.

Pn`. na Emkrlè)

5; ;.61; </5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,46?

55/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,54

2.@ngskrvetlng Olncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

?4 4.:6;50/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?11

52/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,12

<.Hnurg. na Olnjknjrepby(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

5; 4.;115;/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?5;

??/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,5;

56.Hnurgec na Eppclkd`ncnjy(Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

0; 4.;1651/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?6?

?;/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,<:

55.Hnurgec na K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

5< 4.?1?5:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?21

51/?56(K`ncnjy)

0,60

5?.Hnurgec na Eglmec`ncnjy(Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

?4 4.??65</5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,05;

54/?56(K`ncnjy)

?,::

50.K`njrepby (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)?< 4.6<<

?6/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?55

?4/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,02

54.Aug`tlngec K`ncnjy

(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

?4 0.1<<?5/5?4

(K`ncnjy)

6,?415</?56

(K`ncnjy)

?,61

5;.Vkrspk tlvks lg Vcegt`ncnjy, Kvncutlng &

Pystkmet. (Kcskvlkr)2 0.126

??/5?4(K`ncnjy)

6,?62

?:/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)

?,2;

51.Olncnjlèc

@ngskrvetlng (Kcskvlkr)5< 0.;11

?4/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5:0

00/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)

?,0;

5:.Dlvkrslty &lstrloutlngs (Zlcky-

ceìwkcc)

?4 0.441?:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5<4

?1/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,<6

52. K`nsystkms

(Pprlgjkr)52 0.0:1

?</5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,520

?</?56

(K`ncnjy)5,2:

5<.AKMP Ml`rnolncnjy`ncnjy (Zlcky-ceìwkcc)

?: 0.00;?;/<5

(Ml`rnolnc.)6,?02

?6/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,26

?6.Nk`ncnjle (Pprlgjkr) 4< 0.66205/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,?54

?0/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,5:

?5. Pnlc Olncnjy &ln`bkmlstry (Kcskvlkr)

?0 ?.<?1 - 6,5450;/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,50

??.Ml`rnolec K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

?4 ?.22;0;/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,52<

?2/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,42

?0.Ejrlùcturk,`nsystkms &

gvlrngmkgt (Kcskvlkr)

54 ?.22401/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?4

45/?56

(K`ncnjy)?,52

?4.Eglmec @ngskrvetlng(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

< ?.;2: 45/5?4(K`ncnjy)

6,555 4;/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,;:




:4

?;. Oesl` & Eppclkd`ncnjy (Kcskvlkr)

52 ?.;244?/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?2

0:/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,;<

?1.Cegdsèpk K`ncnjy

(Pprlgjkr): ?.4;0

40/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?;

46/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,2<

?:.Hnurgec na @bkmlèc

`ncnjy (Pprlgjkr) : ?.0?:

41/5?4

(K`ncnjy) 6,5;2

0?/?56

(K`ncnjy) 5,04

?2.Eppclkd Pnlc K`ncnjy(Kcskvlkr)

?< ?.?4: - 6,55;44/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,<0

?<.K`ncnjlèc Mndkcclgj

(Kcskvlkr);2 ?.5:1

42/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6<:

42/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,;;

06.K`ncnjlèc K`ngnml`s(Kcskvlkr)

5; 5.<5?;0/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,62?

1?/5;1(K`ncnjy,

Kvncutlng)5,;<

05._kstnretlng K`ncnjy(Zlcky-Oceìwkcc)

: 5.2<?;;/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,625

;;/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,00

0?.Vcegt K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

: 5.:06;2/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,624

;4/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,0;

00.Olndlvkrslty &@ngskrvetlng (Pprlgjkr)

?< 5.4:014/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6:1

;</?56(K`ncnjy)

5,62

04. E`te Nk`ncnjlè(Kcskvlkr)

< 5.4;111/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6::

12/5;1(K`ncnjy,Kvncutlng)

5,56

0;. K`ncnjlèc@nmpckxlty (Kcskvlkr)

55 5.4;;1:/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,5?0

4?/?56(K`ncnjy)

6,22

01.Vkdnolncnjle

(Kcskvlkr): 5.4;5

12/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6:2

;2/?56

(K`ncnjy)5,?2

0:.Equetl` K`ncnjy(Pprlgjkr)

2 5.56;21/5?4

(K`ncnjy)6,6;<

:0/?56(K`ncnjy)

5,5<

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:1

MNDK_GLXE_KE PK_QL@LLCN_ DK LGAN_ME_K E

@LTLTN_LCN_ ‐ [G LMVK_ETLQ EC TLMV[C[L

ME_LE VNVKP@[C, QECKGTLGE T@E@KG@N, TEME_E ME_LEG


Tkbgncnjle lganrmeŠlkl lmpugk `krlgŠk gnl Şl s`blmoĀrl çg oloclntkè. Çg ertl`nc skkvldkgŠlezĀ mnmkgtkck gnl lmpnrtegtk perùrsk dk Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” çgmndkrglzerke e`tlvltĀŠll seck, çg spk`lec e sk`tnrucul ètecnjerke Şl `ceslalèrke

cltkreturll prlg kxtlgdkrke pnslolcltĀŠlcnr eck rkjĀslrke lganrmeŠlkl çg ètecnjuckck`trngl`.

Tbk lganrmetlng tk`bgncnjy suppnsks tbk gkw dkmegds egd `begjks lg tbk

clorery. Tbk ertl`ck rkack`ts tbk gkw lmpnrtegt mnmkgts na tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal`

Clorery Egdrkl Cupeg” lg tbk prn`kss na mndkrglzetlng na lt„s e`tlvltlks, kspk`leccylg ètecnjlgj egd `cesslalètlng na tbk puoclètlngs. Lt mkegs tbk kgcerjkmkgt na tbk

pnslolcltlks na algdlgj tbk lganrmetlng lg tbk kck`trngl` ètecnjuk.

Çg kpnè tkbgncnjllcnr lganrmeŠlngeck, `ïgd tntuc sk dksaĀsnerĀ çgtr -ug rltm

kxtrenrdlger dk repld Şl ndete ù s`blmoĀrlck `k eu lgtkrvkglt çg sn`lktetk, s-eu

s`blmoet anertk muctk cu`rurl Şl çg Oloclntkè ŗtllgtlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e Eŗ e_kpuocl`ll Mncdnve, èrk çg`ker`Ā sĀ rĀspugdĀ `krlgŠkcnr e`tueck, `Ā`l ndetĀù kvncuŠle e``kckretĀ e ŞtllgŠkl, gkvnlck dk lganrmetlzerk eck utlclzetnrlcnr`rks` Şl sk dkzvnctĀ çg permegkgŠĀ.

Çg egll „<6, `ïgd çg rkpuocl`Ā e epĀrut prnockme lgtrndu`krll gnlcnrtkbgncnjll lganrmeŠlngeck, Oloclntkè ŗtllgtlal`Ā e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgtks-e

dk`ls sĀ ae`Ā Şl ke prlmll peŞl çg eutnmetlzerke prn`kskcnr dk cu`ru. E`kceŞl egkstk merèt dk lgstecerke ugkl rkŠkck lgtkrgk, angdetĀ dk n k`blpĀ dk

prnjremlŞtl dk ce @kgtruc dk @ecùc ec Eŗ, èrk eu çg`kput egeclze e`tlvltĀŠll

oloclntk`ll çg vkdkrke eutnmetlzĀrll kl. [guc dlg `kck mel sncl`ltetk sk`tnerk cee`kst èpltnc e anst Pkrvl`luc @etecnjerke Şl @ceslalèrke Cltkreturll, èrk e Şlçg`kput lgtrndu`krke lganrmeŠlkl prlvlgd gnlck lgtrĀrl çg oloclntk`Ā. Vereckc, ce

@kgtruc dk @ecùc ec Eŗ, e anst `rket ug jrup dk ètecnjetnrl dlg oloclntk`Ā,dlrlhet dk Kckge OnŠeg, èrk eu çg`kput lgtrndu`krke cltkreturll rktrnspk`tlvk8e`keste sk aĀ`ke pk oeze alŞkcnr. Çg prkzkgt tnetĀ lganrmeŠle sk eacĀ çg prn`ksdk rkde`terk `nganrm gnucul prnjrem dk eutnmetlzerk U-Pkrlks. Ce mnmkgt

putkm ealrme ù `krtltudlgk `Ā Oŗ@ e anst prlgtrk prlmkck oloclntk`l dlgrkpuocl`Ā èrk e aĀùt prlmll peŞl sprk eutnmetlzerke prn`kskcnr dlg

oloclntk`Ā.




::

TkgdlgŠe pkrmegkgtĀ e `nck`tlvucul Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e Eŗsprk pkrak`Šlngerk e mntlvet dnrlgŠe dk e lmpckmkgte ug prnjrem mel evegsetdk eutnmetlzerk. JreŠlk Vrnlk`tucul dk Eutnmetlzerk, cegset çg e`kc tlmp dk

AugdeŠle PN_NP, e anst prnùret snatuc lgtkjret dk oloclntk`Ā U-Pkrlks, èrk eanst kceonret çg Merke Orlteglk. Estakc, e çg`kput n ktepĀ mel evegsetĀ çgrkeclzerke lganrmetlzĀrll oloclntk`ll. DupĀ n pkrlnedĀ `nmpclètĀ dkŞ`ncerlzerk, s-e çg`kput prkcu`rerke `nmputkrlzetĀ Şl anrmerke oezkl dk detk e

oloclntk`ll. Ce prlme ktepĀ e lmpckmkgtĀrll slstkmucul U-Pkrlks e anst

pceglalètĀ, pereckc ù gnlck lgtrĀrl, Şl rkeclzerke `ngvkrslkl oezkl dk detk, dkhelgtrndusĀ ce @kgtruc dk @ecùc Şl èrk sk eacĀ pk oegdk mejgktl`k. E`kestĀ

oezĀ dk detk e anst trlmlsĀ ce LMK _nmïgle (alrme dlstrloultnr dk slstkm

lganrmetl` U-Pkrlks). _kzncverke ser`lgll e `krut mel muct tlmp

dlstrloultnrlcnr slstkmucul, der, çg algec, e anst çg`kputĀ `ngvkrsle oezkl dkdetk, prn`ks, èrk mel gk`ksltĀ tlmp (Şl gu ug eg). Kstk vnroe dksprk ug cu`ruanertk mljĀcns Şl èrk sk kxkùtĀ çg `ngtlguerk ce Pk`tnruc @etecnjerk, çg

pereckc ù prkcu`rerke puoclèŠllcnr gnl. EstĀzl oeze dk detk e puoclèŠllcnr lgtretk çg oloclntk`Ā Şl dupĀ

rktrn`ngvkrsle dnùmkgtkcnr kxlstkgtk lgtrndusk `ngŠlgk ?20652 dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k Şl kstk pusĀ ce dlspnzlŠle utlclzetnrlcnr prlg Mnducuc [email protected] U-Pkrlks, pk èrk çc utlclzĀm çg prkzkgt, ae`k lganrmeŠle mele``kslolcĀ Şl mel uŞnr dk jkstlnget. Tkbgncnjle prnjremucul U-Pkrlks pkrmltk

noŠlgkrke ugul rĀspugs repld Şl çmougĀtĀŠkŞtk ècltetke cul, pkrmlŠçgdrkjĀslrke nrl`Ārul dnùmkgt dupĀ8 eutnr, tltcu, gumĀr ugltetk, `ntĀ, vkdktĀ dksuolk`t, ùvegt-`bklk kt`. @etecnjuc kck`trngl` ec oloclntk`ll prkzlgtĀ oeze dkdetk, `nmpusĀ dlg dks`rlkrl oloclnjreal`k stegderdlzetk, èrk pkrmlt `Āuterke

dupĀ kckmkgtk skperetk seu jrupurl dk kckmkgtk. Çgtrndu`ïgd tnetĀ lganrmeŠleçg oeze dk detk, `nceonretnrll skrvl`llcnr rkspk`tlvk sk `ngdu` dk tnetkstegderdkck, rkjuclck Şl gnrmkck çg vljnerk8 Ptegderduc lgtkrgeŠlngec dkdks`rlkrk oloclnjreal`Ā LPOD Şl `kc geŠlngec.

Kstk anertk lmpnrtegt è utlclzetnruc sĀ-Şl jĀskes`Ā lganrmeŠle dnrltĀ ùdetk `ït mel prk`lsk Şl `ït mel repld. Dlg e`kstk `ngsldkrkgtk ètecnjuc,lgdlakrkgt dk anrme cul dk rkde`terk, e anst Şl kstk ug lgstrumkgt dk oezĀ. Kc

prkzlgtĀ ug lgdl`k rkakrltnr ce `ngŠlgutuc `nck`Šllcnr Şl lcustrkezĀ metkrlecuclganrmetlv, eacet çg oloclntk`Ā. ÇgsĀ pïgĀ ce lgtrndu`krke çgtrkjucul angd dkdnùmkgtk çg oeze dk detk (dnùmkgtkck rktrn) okgkak`lerll sugt gkvnlŠl sĀ`ngsuctk Şl ètecnejkck tredlŠlngeck. Dk-e cugjuc eglcnr, ètecnejkck

tredlŠlngeck pk alŞk eu `ngstltult uglè sursĀ dk rkack`terk Şl rkjĀslrk elganrmeŠllcnr, e`kstule rkvkglgdu-l ug cn` lmpnrtegt çg dkskrvlrke

utlclzetnrucul. @etecnejkck tredlŠlngeck pk alŞk lg`cud8 ètecnjuc jkgkrec Şl




:2

ètecnejkck puocl`k, èrk sugt dlvlzetk çg ètecnejk ecaeoktl`k Şl ètecnejk

slstkmetl`k Şl èrk sugt prkzkgtk çg tnetk alcleckck oloclntk`ll. @etecnjucecaeoktl` rkack`tĀ puoclèŠllck çg nrdlgke ecaeoktl`Ā e eutnrlcnr seu tltcurlcnr.

@etecnjuc slstkmetl` ec lgtrĀrlcnr çg oloclntk`Ā dupĀ eguc 5<<0 kstk stru`turetdupĀ s`bkme dk @ceslalèrk Xk`lmecĀ [glvkrsecĀ (@X[). VïgĀ çg eguc 5<<0ètecnjuc slstkmetl` kstk stru`turet dupĀ s`bkme dk @ceslalèrk Oloclntkèr -Oloclnjreal`Ā (OOI). Çg prkzkgt e`kst ètecnj sk eacĀ çg prn`ksuc dk rkde`terkçg `nganrmltetk ù sbkme @X[.

@nmperïgd çg prkzkgt pnslolcltĀŠlck dk rkjĀslrk e lganrmeŠllcnr çgètecnejkck tredlŠlngeck ù `kck dlg ètecnjuc kck`trngl`, èrk sk dkzvnctĀ repld

prlg ètecnjerke lgtrĀrlcnr rk`kgtk Şl rktrn`ngvkrslk, putkm ealrme ù

`krtltudlgk `Ā egumk ètecnjuc kck`trngl` nakrĀ n jemĀ mel cerjĀ dk

pnslolcltĀŠl dk rkjĀslrk e lganrmeŠlkl, n ècltetk mel ougĀ Şl çgtr -ug tlmp muctmel sùrt. De`Ā ètecnejkck tredlŠlngeck nakrĀ lganrmeŠll dksprk dnùmkgt çgspk`lec etug`l `ïgd okgkal`leruc ùgneŞtk ù prk`lzlk eutnruc, `neutnruc, tltcuc,etug`l ètecnjuc kck`trngl` çl nakrĀ pnslolcltĀŠl mel vestk dk e jĀsl lganrmeŠlegk`kserĀ.

@Āuterke çg oeze dk detk pnetk al kak`tuetĀ dupĀ mel muctk `rltkrll8 - eutnr (eutnr-pkrsnegĀ alzl`Ā, eutnr `nck`tlv)9 - tltcu9

- gumk lgtkrgeŠlngec pkgtru èrtk (LPOG) seu skrleck (LPPG)9 - vkdktĀ dk suolk`t9 - ùvlgtk-`bklk9

- gnmkg`cetnruc spk`lecltĀŠlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k (pkgtru eutnrkakretk, tkzk dkdn`tnret)9

- lgdkxuc @X[9

- lgdkxuc J_GTL (Азххрджцхяплннщм Црецвижязц Нжрънз-

Ялынвълхизм Внфзцгжсвв)9 - `nte cnècĀ (`nte `larl`Ā)9

- cnèclzerke dnùmkgtucul.Estakc, çg sltueŠle `rketĀ, ètecnjuc tredlŠlngec e çg`kput sĀ plerdĀ dlg tkrkg

çg aeŠe ètecnjucul kck`trngl`. @u tnetk e`kstke putkm ealrme `Ā OloclntkèŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e Eŗ gu ve rkgugŠe lmkdlet ce ètecnjuc tredlŠlngec. Kgkvnlk çg`Ā dk muct tlmp pkgtru è okgkal`lerll oloclntk`ll sĀ sk nolŞgules`Ā emïgul gnlck tkbgncnjll lganrmeŠlngeck.

Nrjeglzerke lganrmeŠlkl Şl e``ksuc ce ètecnejkck oloclntk`ll (tredlŠlngec Şlkck`trngl`) kstk esljuret Şl `ngtrncet zlcgl` dk Pkrvl`luc @etecnjerk Şl@ceslalèrk. @etecnjuc trkoulk sĀ alk pkrak`t, allgd`Ā kc kstk `ngsldkret lglme

ŞtllgŠlal`Ā e oloclntk`ll.




:<

DksaĀŞuregdu-Şl e`tlvltetke pntrlvlt stretkjlkl çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkl, ùcturll,lganrmeŠlkl, Oŗ@ e EŗM kstk çgtr -n `ngtlguĀ mndkrglzerk e e`tlvltĀŠll seck.

Oŗ@ dkpugk kanrturl susŠlgutk çg dkzvncterke skrvl`llcnr lganrmeŠlngeck

pkgtru utlclzetnrll oloclntk`ll çg `nrkspugdkrk ù gk`ksltĀŠlck cnr dk lganrmerk,çg esljurerke Şl çmougĀtĀŠlrke e``ksucul ce rksursk lganrmeŠlngeck `ït melverletk Şl ce `rkerke çg `ngtlguerk e `ngdlŠllcnr gk`kserk pkgtru utlclzerke cnrkal`lkgtĀ. Ezl lganrmerke `ltltnrlcnr kstk esljuretĀ dk ètecnjuc kck`trngl` Şl

pkrmltk è alkèrk egjehet ec EŗM, Şl gu gumel, sĀ noŠlgĀ lganrmeŠllckgk`kserk pntrlvlt lgtkrksucul Şl çg tlmp repld.

ÇgsĀ pkgtru e çgdkpclgl `ït mel olgk mlslugke dk dlskmlgerk e lganrmeŠlkl, pkgtru e nakrl skrvl`ll Şl prndusk dk ècltetk utlclzetnrlcnr, pkgtru e-l etrejk Şle-l mkgŠlgk, Oŗ@ trkoulk sĀ çgtrkprlgdĀ dlvkrsk e`Šlugl prlg èrk sĀ ldkgtlal`k

gkvnlck Şl eŞtkptĀrlck utlclzetnrlcnr etït dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk ec `ngŠlgutucul, `ïtŞl ec mnducul dk aurglzerk e e`kstnre. Dlg e`kstk `ngsldkrkgtk gk -em putke

prnpugk çg vlltnr studlkrke utlclzetnrlcnr prlgtr-ug sngdeh ec nplglkl. Detkck

stetlstl`k egeclzetk, noŠlgutk çg urme sngdehucul, er aurglze lganrmeŠllrkckvegtk prlvlgd utlclzetnrll dk lganrmeŠlk kck`trngl`Ā. E`kceŞl sngdeh gk-er

pkrmltk sĀ dktkrmlgĀm dlalùcteŠlck Şl noste`nckck çgtïmplgetk dk `Ātrkutlclzetnrl çg e``kserke dlakrltnr jkgurl dk dnùmkgtk. Nplgllck rkspngdkgŠlcnr

prlvlgd setlsae`krke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr cnr dk lganrmerk er sujkre ldkke studlkrllmel vestk e dlakrltnr ètkjnrll dk utlclzetnrl çg `ngtkxtuc rksurskcnrlganrmeŠlngeck kck`trngl`k dk dlakrlt prnalc. Çg `ng`cuzlk, putkm ealrme ùsljuregŠĀ `Ā rkzuctetkck noŠlgutk çg urme ugkl eskmkgke `kr`ktĀrl er skrvl ce

prnlk`terke ugnr skrvl`ll Şl prndusk dnùmkgterk lganrmeŠlngeck dk ècltetk,e`kstke allgd, çg angd, ug lmpkretlv ec tlmpucul.




26

@[CT[_E LGAN_MEůLNGECď ÇG @NGTKRT[CMNDK_GLXď_LL DN@[MKGTď_LL ŗTLLGůLAL@K

CLCLE ONDE_KQ


Cu`rerke rkprkzlgtĀ n egeclzĀ prnockmkl dk anrmerk e ùcturll lganrmeŠlngeck çg oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā. Mndkrglzerke skrvl`llcnr dk eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e`kr`ktĀtnrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l prksupugk `rkerke Şl prnmnverke ugnr gnl lgstrumkgtk dke``ks ce lganrmeŠlk.

Tbls pepkr prkskgts e study ng tbk lganrmetlng ùcturk anrmlgj wltblg tbk s`npk

na tbk eèdkml` clorery. Tbk lmprnvlgj lganrmetlngec esslsteg`k ng s`lkgtlal`

rksker`b mkegs `rketlng egd prnmntlng na gkw mktbnds egd tnncs tbet wlcc kesk

lganrmetlng e``kss.

Dkzvncterke sn`lktĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck `ngstltulk uguc dlg nolk`tlvkckstretkjl`k eck Mncdnvkl pkgtru urmĀtnrll egl, prkùm Şl uge dlg ktepkck dktregzlŠlk pkgtru lgtkjrerke ŠĀrll çg [glugke KurnpkegĀ. @nganrm prlg`lpllcnrkurnpkgk, `ngdlŠllck prlg`lpeck dk kdlalèrk e sn`lktĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck sugt

dkzvnceterke ùcturll lganrmeŠlngeck Şl lgstrulrke tuturnr `ktĀŠkglcnr pkgtruancnslrke evegtehkcnr sn`lktĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck çg vleŠe Şl e`tlvltetke cnr.

KvncuŠle gnŠlugll dk lganrmetlzerk prksupugk eutnmetlzerke mehnrltĀŠll prn`kskcnr prlg epclèrke ècùcetnerkcnr sprk gnŠlugke dk sn`lktetklganrmeŠlngecĀ jcnoecĀ, s`blmoerke e``kgtkcnr dk ce mlhcne`kck tkbgl`k Şl

prn`ksk tkbgncnjl`k, ce prn`ksk dk kduèŠlk, lgstrulrk, anrmerk e ugnr gnlmndecltĀŠl dk e`tlvltetk, e ugkl ùcturl lganrmeŠlngeck.

N èck sljurĀ dk e esljure gnl rkeclzĀrl çg vleŠe ugkl sn`lktĀŠl kstk`nck`terke Şl dlskmlgerke lganrmeŠlkl Şl ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr prlg lmpclèrke çg e`kst

prn`ks e tuturnr mkmorlcnr sn`lktĀŠll. Çg sn`lktetke lganrmeŠlkl e`kstkère`tkrlstl`l sugt dkalgltnrll pkgtru e`tlvltetke stru`turlcnr dk lganrmerk Şldnùmkgterk. LgstltuŠle ù `kck mel merl pnslolcltĀŠl dk e `lrùce lganrmeŠlekstk oloclntkè.

E`tlvltetke oloclntk`ll eèdkml`k kstk nrlkgtetĀ sprk `rkŞtkrke ègtltĀŠll ŞlècltĀŠll lganrmeŠlkl, çmougĀtĀŠlrke Şl dlvkrslalèrke skrvl`llcnr, kxtlgdkrke

oezkcnr dk detk prnprll, `rkerke ugnr gnl lgstrumkgtk dk e``ks ce lganrmeŠlk pkgtru `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

Lganrmerke Şl dnùmkgterke çg èdruc oloclntk`ll eèdkml`k sk rkeclzkezĀestĀzl çgtr -ug `ngtkxt dkalglt dk emkstkùc dlgtrk tredlŠlngec Şl mndkrg. P -eu




25

mndlalèt mndkckck dk prndu`Šlk Şl `nmuglèrk mkdlk Şl ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, s-eu

tregsanrmet mktndncnjllck dk lganrmerk, dnùmkgterk Şl dk mug`Ālgtkck`tuecĀ.

Mkdllck dljlteck nocljĀ oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā sĀ-Şl rkdkalgkes`Ā cnùc Şlrncuc çg mkdluc lganrmeŠlngec. @e stru`turĀ dk lganrmerk Şl dnùmkgterk,

oloclntkè kstk `bkmetĀ sĀ ldkgtlal`k Şl sĀ dkzvĀculk jeme prnockmkcnr dkanrmerk e ùcturll lganrmeŠlngeck e okgkal`lerlcnr Şl sĀ steolckes`Ā `Ālck

pre`tl`k dk rkeclzerk.

@ucture lganrmeŠlngecĀ rkack`tĀ, çg kskgŠĀ, ùcture jkgkrecĀ e mkmorlcnrsn`lktĀŠll. Mehnrerke vncumucul dk lganrmeŠll, dkzvncterke repldĀ e slstkmkcnrlganrmeŠlngeck Şl lmpckmkgterke tkbgncnjllcnr lganrmeŠlngeck mndkrgk lgtrĀçgsĀ çg `ngtredl`Šlk ù pnslolcltĀŠlck Şl èpe`ltĀŠlck okgkal`lerlcnr dk e ck

vecnrlalè. _kuŞlte ugkl `ĀutĀrl çg oezkck dk detk kck`trngl`k dkplgdk çg merkmĀsurĀ dk eolcltĀŠlck `kcul èrk gevljbkezĀ çg speŠluc lganrmeŠlngec.[tlclzetnruc trkoluk sĀ alk èpeolc sĀ alctrkzk lganrmeŠle utlcĀ dlg vncumuclmkgs dk lganrmeŠll tregsmlsk, der gu çgtntdkeuge dlspugk dk eolcltĀŠlckspk`lal`k gk`kserk çg prn`ksuc dk rkjĀslrk e lganrmeŠlkl. Vrlg urmerk, sugtgk`kserk e`Šlugl dk lgstrulrk Şl çgdrumerk, dk anrmerk `ngtlguĀ e

okgkal`lerlcnr çg e``kserke oezkcnr dk detk kck`trngl`k. Dlg e`kstk `ngsldkrkgtk, oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā Şl-e `ng`kgtret kanrturlck

sprk anrmerke ùcturll lganrmeŠlngeck e puoclùcul sĀu. Per`lge spk`leclŞtlcnrçg lganrmerk kstk sĀ nrlkgtkzk okgkal`lerll sprk surskck `k nakrĀ lganrmeŠll dk

ècltetk Şl dk çg`rkdkrk, sĀ `ngtrloulk ce anrmerke èpe`ltĀŠlcnr dk lgvkstljeŠlk.

Nolk`tlvuc prlnrlter ec e`tlvltĀŠll Oŗ@ E. Cupeg” e EŗM e anstçgtntdkeuge e`nrderke skrvl`llcnr dk eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ `kr`ktĀtnrlcnrŞtllgŠlal`l dlg èdruc lgstltuŠllcnr suonrdngetk eèdkmlkl. Vceguc dk e`tlvltetk ec

oloclntk`ll eèdkml`k dkrlvĀ dlg pceguc dk e`tlvltetk ec EŗM. E`keste lmpcl`Ārkspngseolcltetke oloclntk`ll ŞtllgŠlal`k pkgtru dlauzerke çg sn`lktetk erkeclzĀrlcnr gnl. TntndetĀ, kstk gk`kser ug acux dk lganrmeŠlk e`tuecĀ sprk

`kr`ktĀtnrll ŞtllgŠlal`l. Dnùmkgterke kstk n ktepĀ gk`kserĀ e `kr`ktĀrll Şl erk drkpt s`np

ùgneŞtkrke kxpkrlkgŠkl ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc supus lgvkstljeŠlkl. Oloclntk`lleèdkml`k çl rkvlgk ser`lge sĀ `nck`tkzk, sĀ prkcu`rkzk, sĀ e`tueclzkzk Şl sĀaurglzkzk `Ātrk `nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā lganrmeŠle dnùmkgtetĀ çg tnetkdnmkgllck ŞtllgŠkl ù skrvl`llck edlŠlngetk e`kstnre.

PusŠlgkrke e`tlvltĀŠll dk lganrmerk Şl dnùmkgterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā gk`kserĀtkmkcnr dk `kr`kterk kstk pnslolcĀ dner prlg utlclzerke mlhcne`kcnr mndkrgk dklganrmerk. E`keste pr ksupugk `rkŞtkrke pkranrmegŠkcnr oloclntk`ll eèdkml`k




2?

prlg prnmnverke prnduskcnr dk lganrmerk Şl dnùmkgterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā çg anrmetkck`trngl`8 ètecnejk, `ĀrŠl, rkvlstk Şl oezk dk detk.

@nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dlg Mncdnve okgkal`lezĀ dk e``ks ce urmĀtner kck

oezk dk detk8 Emkrlèg Metbkmetlèc Pn`lkty(bttp8//www.ems.nrj/metbs`lgkt)9 KOP@N (bttp8//kos`nbnst.`nm)9 EJN_E

(bttp8//www.ejlgtkrgktwnri.nrj)9 Blgerl (bttp8//wbn.lgt)9 NE_K

(bttp8//www.nerks`lkg`ks.nrj)9 Lgtkrgetlngec gu`cker lganrmetlng systkms

(bttp8//lglsdo.leke.nrj).

@ke mel rkuŞltĀ sursĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ eèdkml`Ā e zlckcnr gnestrk sugtrkvlstkck kck`trngl`k dkstlgetk `nmugltĀŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k. _kvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k ùtkxt lgtkjrec aurglzetk ng-clgk rkack`tĀ lganrmeŠle epĀrutĀ ce glvkc jcnoec çgdnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr kxe`tk Şl umeglstk, tkbgncnjlkl Şl mkdl`lgll. E``ksuc ce

vkrslugke kck`trngl`Ā e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k kstk jeregtet prlg eutkgtlalèrkerkŠkckl dk ècùcetnerk e EŗM dk ce urmĀtnerkck edrksk8 www.lgtkrs`lgkg`k.wlcky.`nm9 www.esbs.nrj9 www.ossengclgk.nrj9

www.s`lhnurgecs.nrj9 www.e`m.nrj9 www.eps.nrj9 www.elp.nrj9

www.eppclkdprnoeolclty.nrj9 www.pcegtmegejkmkgtgktwnri.nrj9

www.rs`.nrj/puoclsblgj.

Vejlglck wko eck oloclntk`lcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k dlg èdruc lgstltuŠllcnr dkçgvĀŠĀmïgt supkrlnr dlg Mncdnve, dk eskmkgke, esljurĀ ckjĀturl Şl mntnerkdk `Āuterk spk`leclzetk çg s`npuc lganrmĀrll Şl dnùmkgtĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k.

Vrnduskck ŞtllgŠlal`k mndkrgk ùm sugt oezkck dk detk, rkvlstkck Şl `ĀrŠlckkck`trngl`k, lmpug gnl kxljkgŠk Şl rkstrl`Šll dk utlclzetk. Mlslugke oloclntk`ll

eèdkml`k kstk sĀ lganrmĀm `kr`ktĀnrll ŞtllgŠlal`l dksprk pnslolcltetkee``ksĀrll puoclèŠllcnr skrleck dlspnglolck çg rkŠkck, se e`nrdĀm skrvl`ll dk`ngsucterk çg e``kserke oezkcnr dk detk nakrltk ng-clgk prlg lglŠlkrke sevegŠlcnrçg tkbgl`lck dk `Āuterk, `ït Şl `kr`ktĀrll dnùmkgterk pk tltcu, rkzumet, tkxtlgtkjrec.

Dkzvncterke ùcturll lganrmeŠlngeck prksupugk mndkrglzerke skrvl`llcnr dk

eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e`nrdetk `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l prlg esljurerkelganrmeŠlngecĀ `ït mel repldĀ ce tkmkck dk `kr`kterk. Çg e`tlvltetke stru`turlcnrlgandnùmkgterk e`kestĀ mlslugk rkvlgk spk`leclŞtlcnr çg lganrmerk.

Qnrolgd dksprk ùcture lganrmeŠlngecĀ çg `ngtkxtuc mndkrglzĀrlldnùmkgtĀrll ŞtllgŠlal`k, kstk èzuc, sĀ ae`km n peregtkzĀ Şl esupre ùcturll

lganrmeŠlngeck e spk`leclŞtlcnr dlg lgstltuŠllck lgandnùmkgterk. _kecltetke zlckl çgelgtkezĀ aeŠĀ dk spk`leclŞtll çg lganrmerk ug Şlr dk

`krlgŠk8 sĀ dlspugĀ dk eolcltĀŠl dk utlclzerk e k`blpemkgtucul tkbgl`, sĀ alk olgklganrmeŠl, sĀ alk aemlclerlzeŠl ù verlktĀŠlck dk prnjremk pkgtru e al èpeolcl sĀ

rkjĀskes`Ā Şl sĀ `nmugl`k lganrmeŠle, sĀ sk nrlkgtkzk çg oezkck dk detk stnètk

http://www.ams.org/mathscinet



http://ebscohost.com/






http://who.int/

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http://www.interscinence.wiley.com/


http://www.ashs.org/


http://www.bssaonline.org/


http://www.scijournals.org/


http://www.acm.org/

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http://www.aps.org/

http://www.aps.org/

http://www.aip.org/

http://www.aip.org/

http://www.appliedprobability.org/


http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/


http://www.rsc.org/publishing





http://www.aip.org/

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http://www.acm.org/







http://who.int/







20

çg slstkmuc prnprlu, sĀ ùgnes`Ā surskck dlg ectk slstkmk, sĀ pnskdk eolcltĀŠl dkçgdrumerk Şl lgstrulrk. Etrloutuc dk oezĀ ec spk`leclŞtlcnr çg lganrmerk kstk`nmpktkgŠe. Vrlg urmerk, spk`leclŞtll dlg stru`turlck lgandnùmkgetrk trkoulk

sĀ prnjrkskzk mkrku çg dnmkgluc ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr Şl `nmpktkgŠkcnr, trkoluk sĀetlgjĀ ug çgect glvkc dk ùcturĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ.

EGECLXE GK@KPLTďůLCN_ LGAN_MEůLNGECK ECK

PVK@LECLŗTLCN_ @BLMLŗTL ŗL KAL@LKGůE @K_LGůKLOLOCLNJ_EAL@K ÇG @ED_[C Oŗ@

CLCLEGE MKCGL@


Ertl`nc lg`cudk n egeclzĀ e gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck e spk`leclŞtlcnr `blmlŞtl,kak`tuetĀ çg urme eg`bktĀrll ugul egumlt kŞegtlng dk spk`leclŞtl dlg èdruc Lgstltutuculdk @blmlk e EŗM. Ptudlu gk s`netk çg vlckej surskck prlmerk dk lganrmeŠll Şl surskckskùgderk, s`npuc eùmucĀrll lganrmeŠlkl, ègeckck dk lganrmerk.

Tbk prkskgt pepkr dkecs wltb tbk lganrmetlng gkkds na s`lkgtlsts na tbk Lgstltutk na

@bkmlstry na tbk Eèdkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve. Anr tbls purpnsk e pepkr-oeskd

survky qukstlnggelrk wes kceonretkd. Tbk study sbnws tbk mnst lmpnrtegt prlmery

egd sk`ngdery snur`ks na lganrmetlng anr `bkmlsts, tbk s`npk na tbk e`ùmucetlng na

lganrmetlng egd weys tn e``kss lganrmetlng

Ptudlkrke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck kstk uge dlg dlrk`Šllck dk oezĀ eck`kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çg dnmkgluc e`tlvltĀŠll oloclnjreal`k Şl e ectnr jkgurl dke`tlvltetk lganrmetlvĀ. Vrlg `krlgŠk dk lganrmerk” çgŠkckjkm `kke `k pkr`kpk

`ngŞtlkgt Şl kxprlmĀ okgkal`leruc çg `k prlvkŞtk lganrmerke se.

Vkgtru nrjeglzerke reŠlngecĀ e dkskrvlrll oloclnjreal`k e `blmlŞtlcnr kstkgk`kser sĀ sk `kr`ktkzk pertlùcerltĀŠlck `krlgŠkcnr lganrmetlvk8

- `ngŠlgutuc Şl dnmkgluc gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck9 - tkmetlè gk`kserĀ spk`leclstucul9 - dktkrmlgerke ugul spk`leclst ‐ cldkr, èrk pnetk al `ngsuctegt pk n

tkmĀ Şl lgtkrmkdler çgtrk `ngsuctegt Şl `ltltnr9

- `nlg`ldkgŠe gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck e tkmkl, e jreducul dkùgnŞtlgŠĀ e spk`leclstucul Şl prnalcuc e`tlvltĀŠll cul.

KvldkgŠlkrke e`kstnr pertlùcerltĀŠl kstk n mug`Ā dlal`lcĀ Şl kck pnt alstudletk prlg egeclze ŞtllgŠlal`n-lganrmetlvĀ e e`tlvltĀŠll prnakslngeck e




24

okgkal`lerlcnr, prlg kvldkgŠe nplglkl utlclzetnrlcnr dk lganrmeŠlk dksprkgk`ksltĀŠlck lganrmeŠlngeck çg dlakrltk mnmkgtk.

Ce studlkrke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck sk ancnsks` dlakrltk mktndk dk

`kr`kterk8- noskrverke9

- eg`bkterke9

- lgtkrvlkverke9

- egeclze `krlgŠkcnr çgdkpclgltk9 - egeclze `krlgŠkcnr lganrmetlvk9 - studlkrke pcegurlcnr Şl prnjremkcnr9 - studlkrke cu`rĀrlcnr dk `kr`ktĀrl ŞtllgŠlal`k Ş. e.

Çg tlmpuc prn`ksucul ŞtllgŠlal` dk dktkrmlgerk e cltkreturll putkm

kvldkgŠle urmĀtnerkck ère`tkrlstl`l eck gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck 8 - tkmetlè gk`ksltĀŠll lganrmeŠlngeck9 - glvkcuc dk prkjĀtlrk e spk`leclstucul9- s`npuc edrksĀrll ce lganrmeŠlk9- glvkcuc prnakslngec.

Çg `ngtlguerk vnm egeclze rkzuctetkck eg`bktĀrll spk`leclŞtlcnr `blmlŞtl dlgèdruc Lgstltutucul dk @blmlk ec E.ŗ.M., kak`tuetk çg s`npuc studlkrllgk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck Şl e kal`lkgŠkl dk skrvlrll cnr oloclnjreal`k.

MkgŠlngĀm `Ā sngdehuc s-e clmltet ce surskck dk lganrmerk çg verlegtĀ prlgt. Egeclzkck kak`tuetk eu ùprlgs 05 dk okgkal`lerl el Lgstltutucul dk @blmlk.

Eu anst rkpertlzetk 05 dk eg`bktk, rkstltultk ‐ dner ?:. Mktnde dk `kr`kterk e

anst eg`bkte pk oezĀ dk `bkstlnger, ù çgtrkoĀrl çgsnŠltk dk kxpclèŠll vkroeck Şlverlegtk dk rĀspugs.

Kak`tuïgd egeclze eg`bktkcnr, s-e noskrvet lgtkrksuc vĀdlt ec spk`leclŞtlcnraeŠĀ dk `ĀrŠl. [ge dlg èuzkck lgtkrksucul pkgtru èrtk kstk aeptuc `Ā egumk çg`ĀrŠl Şl kdlŠll dk e`kst tlp, spk`leclstuc vkdk ug çg`kput nrjeglzetnrl` Şljkgkrec. @ertke, dk rkjucĀ, çŞl pĀstrkezĀ lmpnrtegŠe se mel muct tlmp, dk`ït

metkrleckck dlg kdlŠllck pkrlndl`k. Dk e`kke sk `krk è çg oloclntk`Ā sĀ l ske`nrdk mel muctĀ etkgŠlk e`tlvltĀŠlcnr, prn`kskcnr ù èrtke.

Dk n merk pnpucerltetk ce spk`leclŞtl sk ouùrĀ kdlŠllck pkrlndl`k. Oe `bler

Şl mel muct, rkvlstkck ŞtllgŠlal`k dupĀ spk`lecltĀŠl sugt ugknrl mel e``ksetk

dk`ït `ĀrŠlck, cu`ru vĀdlt dk `krlgŠkck okgkal`lerlcnr. Çg `ngdlŠllck e`tueck, `ïgdOŗ@ erk e``ks ce oezkck dk detk eck rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k çg anrmet kck`trngl`,`ltltnrll pnt e``kse rkvlstkck mel dks Şl mel repld.

[g rnc lmpnrtegt cl sk etrloulk Şl metkrleckcnr `ngakrlgŠkcnr. 4:,1% dlg

rkspngdkgŠl çŞl skck`tkezĀ lganrmeŠle dlg orkvktk. Vk uctlmuc pceg sk eacĀ

metkrleckck `k eperŠlg ectnr lgstltuŠll Şl eutnrkakretkck.




2;

Dlg eg`bktk em `ngstetet `Ā :1,?% dlg rkspngdkgŠl leu lganrmeŠlegk`kserĀ dlg mngnjreall, 566% dlg rkvlstk ŞtllgŠlal`k, lg`cuslv çg anrmetkck`trngl`, 56% dlg eutnrkakretk, 12,:% dlg metkrleckck `ngakrlgŠkcnr, 06%

dlg dĀrl dk skemĀ. Ptudlkrke utlclzĀrll dk `Ātrk spk`leclŞtl e kdlŠllcnr skùgderk, dk eskmkgke ,

`ngtrloulk ce prk`Āuterke gk`ksltĀŠlcnr lganrmeŠlngeck eck cnr, dkmngstrkezĀ çg`k mĀsurĀ okgkal`lerll sugt esljureŠl ù kdlŠll oloclnjreal`k , èrk kstk kak`tuc

ancnslrll cnr, ce `k glvkc k ùcture oloclnjreal`Ā Şl prkjĀtlrke okgkal`lerlcnr pkgtru lganrmeŠlk. Ancnslrke surskcnr skùgderk `krk ùgnŞtlgŠk epertk8ùgneŞtkrke stru`turll, e slstkmucul dk nrdngerk, sk `krk n mug`ĀsupclmkgterĀ dk steolclrk e cnùcul ugdk pnt al jĀsltk. Dk e`kke surskck

skùgderk sugt mel puŠlg ancnsltk.

Dlg e`kestĀ ètkjnrlk rkvlstkck rkakretlvk sugt `kc mel ark`vkgt ancnsltk.Okgkal`lerll sugt anertk olgk aemlclerlzeŠl ù kck . Evegtehuc e`kstnre kstk

rkack`terke mel pk cerj e cltkreturll dk spk`lecltetk dk`ït ètecnejkck dk oloclntk`Ā.

Dlg eg`bktĀ em noskrvet ùm ancnsks` spk`leclŞtll surskck skùgderk. Ceçgtrkoerke `k dlalùctĀŠl çgtïcgks` çg utlclzerke surskcnr skùgderk dk

lganrmerk, 2?,;% eu e``kgtuet clpse tlm pucul pkgtru `Āuterke cnr, 5?,0% clpsesurskcnr gk`kserk, ?% eu rĀspugs `Ā gu ùgns` tnetk surskck skùgderk dklganrmerk. Mktndkck skùgderk dk lganrmerk, `k prkzlgtĀ lgtkrks pkgtruspk`leclŞtll `blmlŞtl sugt8 ètecnejkck tredlŠlngeck eck oloclntk`ll Şl ètecnjuc

kck`trngl` 566%, pk cnùc dnl spk`leclŞtll eu mkgŠlnget rkvlstkck rkakretlvk ‐ :5,4%, clstkck dk cltkreturĀ ‐ 1:%.

P`npuc eùmucĀrll lganrmeŠlkl kstk n dlrk`Šlk dk studlkrk e gk`ksltĀŠlcnrlganrmeŠlngeck. @ugns`ïgd s`npuc eùmucĀrll lganrmeŠlkl putkm dktkrmlge

anrmkck dk prkzkgterk e dnùmkgtkcnr, e `ngŠlgutucul lganrmeŠlkl. Dlg detkckeg`bktkl em `ngstetet `Ā 2<,<% eùmuckezĀ lganrmeŠle ù s`npuc dk `kr`kterk

ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, 2:,5% ù s`npuc e`tlvltĀŠll dlde`tl`k, :<,:% ‐ e cĀrjlrll nrlzngtucul

ùcturec.Vrlvltnr ce ègeckck dk lganrmerk, `rltkrluc e`kste `ngtrloulk ce `nnrdngerke

e`tlvltĀŠll skrvl`llcnr lganrmetlvk Şl oloclnjreal`k eck oloclntk`ll, prkùm Şl ce`nmpckterke angducul oloclntk`ll. @egeckck dk lganrmerk sugt8

G/n @egeck dk lganrmerk Okgkal`lerl % Vrn`kgtk

5. Oloclntkè ?: 566

?. Lgtkrgktuc ?; <;,?

0. Nrjegk dk lganrmerk 0 5?,4

4. @nrkspngdkgŠe ù `nckjll ?5 :5,4;. @ngte`tk pkrsngeck < 40,0




21

Dlg detkck prkzkgtetk `ngstetĀm `Ā oloclntkè k pk prlmuc pceg çglganrmerke spk`leclŞtlcnr, pk cnùc dnl ‐ lgtkrgktuc, pk cnùc trkl ‐ `nrkspngdkgŠe ù `nckjll.

[g ect pug`t ec eg`bktkl prkvkdke ancnslrke cltkreturll çg ectk clmol Şl ,

rkspk`tlv, ùgneŞtkrke clmoll mndkrgk. Çg oloclntkè gnestrĀ angduc strĀlg dk

cltkreturĀ kstk onjet Şl ùgneŞtkrke clmoll strĀlgk kstk n gk`ksltetk. Dlg detkckeg`bktkl s-e `ngstetet `Ā eosncut tnŠl okgkal`lerll ùgns` clmoe rusĀ 566%,clmoe kgjckzĀ 2;,:%, clmoe areg`kzĀ ;:,5%. E`blzlŠlngerke mngnjreallcnr Şlmetkrleckcnr dlde`tl`k dupĀ spk`lecltetk, çg clmoe rnmïgĀ, kstk uge dlgtrk `kck

mel strlgjkgtk prnockmk e`tueck.

Eg`bkte gk-e dkzvĀcult Şl pĀrkrke spk`leclŞtlcnr dksprk çgvk`blrkelganrmeŠlkl. Okgkal`lerll eu e``kgtuet, `Ā e`blzlŠlngerke puoclèŠllccnr

pkrlndl`k e ŠĀrlcnr dk pkstk bnterk kstk n gk`ksltetk str lgjkgtĀ. Dkècehuc merkdk tlmp dlgtrk kceonrerke Şl puoclèrke metkrleckcnr ae`k lge`tuecĀ nlganrmeŠlk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

_kzncverke e`kstkl prnockmk çg `ngdlŠllck e`tueck pnetk al bntĀrïtĀ prlgutlclzerke mel kak`tlvĀ e oezkcnr dk detk e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k e``kslolck çgOloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ –Egdrkl Cupeg” ‐ Emkrlèg @bkmlèc

Pn`lkty, NE_K, EJN_E, KOP@N, BLGE_L, ectk rkvlstk eongetk çg anrmetkck`trngl` çg dnmkgluc `blmlkl.

Vrnmnverke lganrmeŠlkl dksprk `ĀrŠlck gnl, lgstrulrke spk`leclŞtlcnr çg

prn`ksuc `ĀutĀrll lganrmeŠlkl gk`kserk ù utlclzerke ètecnejkcnr tredlŠlngeck Şlkck`trngl`k, rkvlstkcnr ngclgk pnt rldlè glvkcuc dkskrvlrll lganrmeŠlngeck çg

oloclntk`Ā Şl setlsae`k gk`ksltĀŠlck okgkal`lerlcnr.




2:

ЖИЯРЖЙУНЩЛ ОЦЗЕЙЛГЩ ПЩОЗЙНЛНВЮ

ЯЛГЖЯВЪЛХИВЫ КЖОЦЗХЗП ЪВЯЖЯЛЙЛМ П

ЕВЕЙВЗЯЛИЛ ВНХЯВЯРЯЖ ЫВГВВ ЖИЖДЛГВВ НЖРИ ЦГ

П. А. АРЦУЛПЖ


Ertl`ncuc suoclglezĀ aeptuc `Ā angduc dk rkakrlgŠĀ Şl angduc jkgkrec ec oloclntk`ll Oŗ@ –E. Cupeg”, olgk çgzkstretk, jeregtkezĀ ug glvkc çgect dk mug`Ā oloclnjreal`Ā.

Kak`tuerke rkakrlgŠkcnr tkmetl`k pk èck nrecĀ, Şl rĀspugs ce sncl`ltĀrlck oloclnjreal`k

eck okgkal`lerlcnr ce ètecnejkck kstk dlrk`Šle prlg`lpecĀ e skrvl`llcnr oloclnjreal`k Şl dkrkakrlgŠĀ çg oloclntkè, pcesetĀ çg lg`lgte Lgstltutucul dk @blmlk ec Eèdkmlkl dk

ŗtllgŠk e _M.Ertl`ncuc prkzlgtĀ detkck prlvlgd dlspnglolcltetke megueckcnr dk `blmlk çg clmoe

rnmïgĀ (Teokckck 5, ?), egeclzkezĀ teokckck dk detk Şl nakrĀ lganrmeŠll dksprkdnmkgluc `kc mel esljuret ù cltkreturĀ dlde`tl`Ā çg clmoe rnmïgĀ `kc ec `blmlkl. Pugt

ère`tkrlzetk egumltk ètkjnrll dk `ltltnrl (studkgŠl, mestkregzl Şl dn`tnregzl el

lgstltuŠllcnr Eŗ e _M, prkùm Şl el ectnr lgstltuŠll dlg _M), èrk eu gkvnlk dk e`kstklganrmeŠll. Çg ertl`nc kstk rkack`tetĀ gk`nrkspugdkrke angducul metkrleckcnr dlde`tl`k

çg clmoe rnmïgĀ ù gk`ksltĀŠlck dk lganrmerk e e`kstkl ètkjnrll dk `ltltnrl Şl sugtnakrltk mel muctk sncuŠll pkgtru e`kestĀ prnockmĀ.

Tbk ertl`ck pnlgts nut tbet tbk wkcc kqulppkd rkakrkg`k egd jkgkrec augds na tbk

clorery, jueregtkk bljb ckvkc na oloclnjrepbl` wnri. Tbk melg dlrk`tlngs na

oloclnjrepbl` egd rkakrkg`k skrvl`k lg tbk clorery, cnètkd et tbk Lgstltutk na

@bkmlstry na tbk Eèdkmy na P`lkg`ks na Mncdnve erk nrec tbkmetl` rkakrkg`ks egd

oloclnjrepbl` rkspngsk tn rkquksts na tbk okgkal`lerlks et tbk ètecnjs.

Tbk ertl`ck prkskgts dete ng tbk evelceolclty na `bkmlstry tkxtonnis lg _nmegleg

(Teocks 5,?), egecyzks tbk teocks egd prnvldks lganrmetlng ng tbk mnst essurkd wltb

cltkreturk anr tke`blgj `bkmlstry lg tbk _nmegleg cegjuejk dlrk`tlng. Pnmk

ètkjnrlks na rkedkrs (studkgts, mestkr's egd VbD studkgts na tbk Lgstltutlngs na EPM

egd ntbkr lgstltutlngs lg Mncdnve), wbn gkkd tbls lganrmetlng erk `bere`tkrlzkd. Tbk

ertl`ck rkack`ts gng`nmpcleg`k na tbk augd trelglgj metkrlecs lg _nmegleg wltb tbk

lganrmetlng gkkds na tbls ètkjnry na rkedkrs egd skvkrec sncutlngs tn tbls prnockm

erk naakrkd

Пщхзивм рцзплну хоцжпзънз-евейвзацжфвълхизм цжезящ пз гнзазгкжпвхвя зя оцжпвйунзм в озйнзм ризгойлиязпжннзхяв хоцжпзънзаз, ж

яжибл зеьлаз фзндж евейвзялив. Зхнзпнщг эйлглнязг хоцжпзънз-евейвзацжфвълхизаз зехйрбвпжнвю п евейвзялил, цжхозйзблннзм п




22

Внхявярял Ывгвв Жиждлгвв Нжри ЦГ юпйюляхю пщозйнлнвл рхянщыялгжявълхивы хоцжпзи, ж яжибл евейвзацжфвълхижю озгзьу ъвяжялйюг рижяжйзазп. Джляхю езйутзл изйвълхяпз хоцжпзи з нжйвъвв ялы вйв внщы

вкджнвм п фзндл евейвзялив. Евейвзацжфвълхивл кжоцзхщялгжявълхизаз ыжцжиялцж (оз ывгвв) хзхяжпйючя 16% зя зеьлаз ъвхйжкжоцзхзп. <6% зя зеьлаз ъвхйж кжоцзхзп оцвыздюяхю нж вкджнвю нж

цргщнхизг юкщил. П цлкрйуяжял хоцжпзънз-евейвзацжфвълхизаз зехйрбвпжнвю

нлизязцщы ижялазцвм ъвяжялйлм (хярдлнязп, гжавхяцжнязп,дзиязцжнязп), ю зецжявйж пнвгжнвл нж нлхззяпляхяпвл фзнджйвялцжярцщ оз ывгвв нж цргщнхизг юкщил внфзцгжсвзннщг кжоцзхжгъвяжялйлм.

Нж олцпзг эяжол, п цжгижы рнвплцхвяляхизаз зецжкзпжнвю, и нжгзецжьжчяхю хярдлнящ, гжавхяцжнящ кж внфзцгжсвлм, дйю нжовхжнвюирцхзпщы вйв двойзгнщы цжезя. П джннзг хйръжл гщ п хзхязюнввзелхолъвяу вы внфзцгжсвлм оз ркизм нжрънзм ялгжявил. Дцразл длйз, изадж п евейвзялир зецжьжчяхю дзиязцжнящ, изязцщг нрбнжвнфзцгжсвю з фрнджглняжйунщы вххйлдзпжнвюы оз ывгвв, гнзавл вкнвы оцвыздюя хз хпзвг ховхизг рълензм йвялцжярцщ нж цргщнхизгюкщил.

Ъяз п яжизг хйръжл гщ гзблг оцлдйзбвяу>

Яжейвсж ℑ5

Цжкдлйщ Ръленвив Нжрънз-пхозгза. - Зеьжю ывгвю : нжкпжнвм 5; нжкпжнвм

+ Kg`l`cnpkdle

gng`nmpck`t.

Qnc. 5, ?, 0, ;, 1 (K)

- Жнжйвявълхижю ывгвю 5? нжкпжнвм 2 нжкпжнвм

- Нлзцажнвълхижю ывгвю 56 нжкпжнвм 4 нжкпжнвю

- Зцажнвълхижю ывгвю 51 нжкпжнвм 51 нжкпжнвм

- Фвквълхижю ывгвю(зеьжю) 4 нжкпжнвю 0 нжкпжнвю

- - изййзвднжю ывгвю ? нжкпжнвю -

- - ипжнязпжю ывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -

- - эйлияцзывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -

- - фзязывгвю - -

Жнжйвквцрю джннщл, оцвплдлннщл п яжейвсл ℑ5, гзбнз хдлйжяупщпзд, ъяз п слйзг нжтв ъвяжялйв зелхолълнщ внфзцгжсвлм з нжйвъвв

рълензм йвялцжярцщ оз пхлг цжкдлйжг ывгвв.




2<

Нз, нлзеыздвгз ръвящпжяу, ъяз ръленжю йвялцжярцж рхяжцлпжляижбдщл 06 йля, хззяпляхяплннз, в хцзив ыцжнлнвю эязм йвялцжярцщ,яжибл п цжгижы эязаз пцлглнв.

П цлкрйуяжял, лхйв ховхжяу пхл рхяжцлптвл ръленвив,пщцвхзпщпжляхю дцражю ижцявнж. Яжейвсж ℑ?

Цжкдлйщ Ръленвив Нжрънз-пхозгза. - Зеьжю ывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл 56 нжкпжнвм

+ Kg`l`cnpkdle gng`nmpck`t. Qnc. 5, ?, 0, ;, 1

- Жнжйвявълхижю ывгвю 0 нжкпжнвю 4 нжкпжнвю

- Нлзцажнвълхижю ывгвю - 0 нжкпжнвю

- ывгвю гляжййзп 0 нжкпжнвю -

- Зцажнвълхижю ывгвю ; нжкпжнвм 1 нжкпжнвм - Фвквълхижю ывгвю (зеьжю) 5 нжкпжнвл ? нжкпжнвю

- - изййзвднжю ывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -

- - ипжнязпжю ывгвю - -

- - эйлияцзывгвю 5 нжкпжнвл -

- - фзязывгвю - -

Жнжйвквцрю джннщл яжейвсщ ℑ ?, пщюпйюлг нжвезйлл зелхолълннщл цжкдлйщ8 «Зцажнвълхижю ывгвю¹ в «Жнжйвявълхижю ывгвю¹. П цжкдлйл

«Нлзцажнвълхижю ывгвю¹ оцвхряхяпрчя яцв фрнджглняжйунщы озхзевюоз ывгвв гляжййзп. Озйзблнвл п дцравы цжкдлйжы ывгвв оцзхязижяжхяцзфвълхизл.

Лблазднз п йжезцжязцвв «Эйлияцзывгвю¹, «Ипжнязпжю фвквиж¹,«Фзязывгвю¹ озхярожчя гжавхяцжнящ, дзиязцжнящ, оцвыздюя нжоцжиявир хярдлнящ.

Оз эявг ялгжг оцзпздюя вххйлдзпжнвю нл язйуиз рълнщл ВнхявяряжЫвгвв, нз в Внхявяряж Оцвийжднзм Фвквив, зядлйунщы йжезцжязцвмВнхявяряж Эизйзавв в Алзацжфвв.

Дйю озйнзящ внфзцгжсвв оцвпзбр ыжцжиялцвхявир ъвяжялйлм,изязцщл оцвыздюя п евейвзялир, х нждлбдзм озйръвяу нлзеыздвгрчвнфзцгжсвч. Эяз хярдлнящ, гжавхяцжнящ, дзиязцжнящ, хяжблцщЖиждлгвв Нжри Цлхорейвив Гзйдзпж9 Азхрджцхяплннзаз РнвплцхвяляжГзйдзпщ9 Ялынвълхизаз Рнвплцхвяляж Гзйдзпщ9 РЙВГж9Явцжхозйухизаз Рнвплцхвяляж (цжхозйзблннзаз п Ивтвніпл, п изязцзгоцжиявълхив зяхряхяпрля евейвзялиж)9 Хйжпюнхизаз Рнвплцхвяляж.Оцлдхяжпйлннщм ховхзи ръленщы кжплдлнвм нл зизнъжялйунщм, яжи ижи

рълнщл ЖН ЦГ оцлозджчя п цжкйвънщы рнвплцхвяляжы в изййлдбжы в,хззяпляхяплннз, зцвлнявцрчя хярдлнязп нж евейвзялир Жиждлгвв Нжри.




<6

Рплйвълнвл озязиж ъвяжялйлм, олцлъвхйлннщы ижялазцвм хпюкжн хозпщтлнвлг (п озхйлднвл аздщ) оцлхявбж нжрънзм длюялйунзхяв пЦлхорейвил Гзйдзпж, х зяицщптвгвхю нзпщгв пзкгзбнзхяюгв дйю

гзйздлбв, хяцлгюьлмхю цлжйвкзпжяу хлею п ердрьлг. Нз, пзкпцжьжюху и рижкжннзм пщтл оцзейлгл, ызър оздълцинряу, ъяз<6% ръжьвыхю нл пйждлчя црххивг юкщизг, ж яжибл внзхяцжннщгвюкщижгв п дзхяжязънзм глцл, ъязещ пзхозйукзпжяухю рълензмйвялцжярцзм, нжизойлннзм п фзндл евейвзялив.

Оцвплдлннщл джннщл озкпзйючя хдлйжяу хйлдрчьвл пщпздщ8 Дйю рхолтнзаз зхрьлхяпйлнвю эффлиявпнзаз зелхолълнвю

внфзцгжсвзннщы озяцлензхялм ъвяжялйлм нлзеыздвгздзизгойлиязпжяу пхл цжкдлйщ ывгвв йвялцжярцзм нж цргщнхизг юкщил,

вхозйукрю дйю эязаз ижи хцзънщл глцщ, яжи в нж олцхолиявпр. Вхыздю вк пщтлхижкжннзаз оцлдйжажч нлхизйуиз пжцвжнязп пщыздж

вк хйзбвптлмхю хвяржсвв8 5. Оцвзецлхяв хзпцлглннщл ръленвив в озхзевю п Цргщнвв

(хжгщм ещхяцщм в оцзхязм хозхзе) ?. Олцлплхяв ръленщл озхзевю х жнайвмхизаз, нлглсизаз,

фцжнсркхизаз, црххизаз юкщизп нж цргщнхивм юкщи, вхозйукрюдйю эязаз хвхялгр оцзлиязп, ацжнязп в я. д. Х эязм слйучзоцлдлйвяу ховхзи хжгщы жияржйунщы фрнджглняжйунщыръленвизп, цжхоцлдлйвяу оз йжезцжязцвюг в олцлплхяв.Ръленвив гзбнз нл вкджпжяу, дзхяжязънз зхяжпвяу нж @D.

0. Хжгщм хйзбнщм хозхзе8 хзкджяу хпзв ръленвив. Яживг зецжкзг, зхнзпнщл нжоцжпйлнвю цжкпвявю нжрънщы

вххйлдзпжнвм п зейжхяв ывгвв озйръжя нзпщм вгорйух в ердряоцздзйблнщ пщхзизоцзфлххвзнжйунщгв гзйздщгв рълнщгв,эффлиявпнз вхозйукрчьвгв внфзцгжсвзннщм озялнсвжй евейвзяливЖиждлгвв Нжри ЦГ.




<5

KQEC[E_KE KAL@LKGůKL MEGEJKMKGT[C[L_KP[_PKCN_ [MEGK CE OLOCLNTK@E M[GL@LVECď

”O.V. BEPDK[”

Vncltl`l dk pkrsngec (5)

dr., `nga. uglv. CLDLE I[CLINQPIL, TETLEGE ŗET_EQ@E

Oloclntkè Mugl`lpecĀ O.V. Besdku”

_ksurskck umegk hne`Ā ug rnc lmpnrtegt çg esljurerke ècltĀŠll skrvl`llcnr nakrltk

dk oloclntk`Ā. Kck rkprkzlgtĀ `bkle su``ksucul çg e`tlvltetke oloclntk`ll. Çg s`npuc

kvecuĀrll kal`lkgŠkl megejkmkgtucul rksurskcnr umegk ce Oloclntkè Mugl`lpecĀ O.V.Besdku” s-e lglŠlet ug studlu exet pk pkr`kpŠle egjeheŠlcnr. @e mktndĀ dk `kr`kterk s -e

utlclzet lgtkrvlkverke pkgtru e vkrlalè nplgllck Şl pkr`kpŠllck skjmkgtucul megejkrlec

Şl e skjmkgtucul kxkùtnrlu. _ kzuctetkck studlucul sugt dktecletk Şl egeclzetk.

Bumeg rksnur`k oklgjs pcey eg lmpnrtegt pert lg kgsurlgj tbk queclty na tbk

skrvl`ks tbet tbk clorery naakrs. Tbky rkprkskgt tbk iky tn tbk su``kss na e clorery. Lg

nrdkr tn kvecuetk tbk bumeg rksnur`k megejkmkgt kaal`lkg`y, e study wes èrrlkd nut

et tbk O.V. Besdku Mugl`lpec Clorery. Tbk rksker`b mktbnd wes tbk lgtkrvlkw, uskd

tn `bkì ontb tbk pkr`kptlng na tbk megejkrlec skjmkgt, egd tbet na tbk kxkùtlvkngk. Tbk rksucts na tbk study erk dktelckd egd egecyzkd.

Oloclntk`lck puocl`k sk `ngarugtĀ ù merl prnockmk k`ngnml`k, dksuprevlkŠulrk `bler, èrk lgacukgŠkezĀ gkjetlv megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnrumegk. Vk dk n pertk, è sĀ suprevlkŠules`Ā, oloclntk`lck trkoulk sĀ

pkranrmkzk, dk`l eu gkvnlk dk `kl mel ougl spk`leclŞtl. Der çg e`kceŞl tlmpe`tuc dk skck`Šlk gu dĀ regdemkgtuc dnrlt, dlg èuze, plkŠkl ml`l dk anrŠĀ dkmug`Ā (spk`leclŞtl oloclntkèrl) Şl pk dkesupre acu`tueŠllck dk pkrsngec çŞl cesĀ

emprkgte pk kanrtuc oloclntk`ll dk e rkŠlgk Şl utlclze rksurskck umegk._kzncverke e`kstnr prnockmk gu sk pnetk rkeclze dner prlg çmougĀtĀŠlrkeskck`Šlkl seu rkdks`rlkrke pnsturlcnr, `krutk, lerĀŞl, dk mkdluc sn`lec, k`ngnml`Şl pncltl`. @ngdlŠllck sn`leck, k`ngnml`k Şl (çg _M) `kck pncltl`k, ce rïgduc cnrlgacukgŠkezĀ Şl ectĀ dlmkgslugk e megejkmkgtucul rksurskcnr umegk -

kvecuerke egjeheŠlcnr (clpse mlhcne`kcnr pkgtru spnrurlck prkvĀzutk dk pncltl`lck dk kvecuerk e oloclntk`lcnr). Çg e`kst `ngtkxt megejkmkgtuc

rksurskcnr umegk, ug megejkmkgt kal`lkgt ec rksurskcnr umegk, dkvlgk

mlhcnùc lgdlspkgseolc ec oloclntk`lcnr pkgtru sncuŠlngerke prnockmkcnr

nrjeglzeŠlngeck Şl lgdlvldueck eck egjeheŠlcnr.




<?

Çg kanrtuc dk e suprevlkŠul oloclntk`lck puocl`k eu utlclzet tnt erskgecuc mlx-

ucul dk meriktlgj. Eu utlclzet lgstrumkgtk olgk ùgnsùtk, Şl ce akc, olgkkxpcnretk Şl egeclzetk dk oloclntk`l eŞe gumlŠll `kl 4V" (Vrndusuc, Vceserke

(DlstrlouŠle), Vrnmnverke, VrkŠuc). Oloclntk`lck sugt lgstltuŠll puocl`k èrknakrĀ skrvl`ll lganrmeŠlngeck, ùctureck, kduèŠlngeck, rk`rkeŠlngeck kt`.Pkrvl`llck, çgsĀ, lmpcl`Ā ug ec `lg`lcke V", kskgŠlec, putkrke `Ārule edkskedkpĀŞkŞtk lmpe`tuc nrl`Ārul ect ”V”. ŗl e`kst ec `lg`lcke ”V”, ldkgtlalèt dkZlcclem H. M`Kwkg, kstk rkprkzkgtet dk Vkrsnegk (EgjeheŠl)” Y0, p. :?]. Vkrsnegkck, edl`Ā egjeheŠll, `ngakrĀ vltecltetk oloclntk`ll, kl esljurĀ rkceŠle

oloclntk`ll ù utlclzetnrll, kl setlsae` `krlgŠkck cnr, kl esljurĀ rkeclzerkes`npurlcnr oloclntkèrk. Çgtr -n mĀsurĀ dkcn` gkjclheolcĀ, rkceŠllck Şl gng-

rkceŠllck ù oloclntkè rkzuctĀ dlg e`tlvltĀŠlck `ntldlkgk Şl dlg rke`Šllck

egjeheŠlcnr, èrk çgdkpclgks` rncuc dk rksurse dk anrŠĀ e oloclntk`ll Şl èrkrkspk`tĀ prnmlslugke aĀùtĀ dk oloclntk`Ā utlclzetnrlcnr sĀl. [tlclzetnruc gurkŠlgk prlg `k èck, mnd, ehugj skrvl`llck Şl rksurskck oloclntk`ll ce kl, seu prlg`k èck Şl mlhcn` kstk tregsmlsĀ, aurglzetĀ lganrmeŠle, kl rkŠlg pkrsnegkck èrkl-eu skrvlt etug`l `ïgd eu epkcet ce oloclntk`Ā etug`l `ïgd eu sncl`ltet ugdnùmkgt, n rkakrlgŠĀ, n `ngsucteŠlk, kt`. Oloclntk`lck sk eskemĀgĀ çgtrk kck -

eu e`kckeŞl s`npurl, aug`Šll, mlslugl. Ck dlakrkgŠlezĀ dlmkgslugke umegĀ ‐ egjeheŠll kl. Nemkgll hne`Ā `kc mel rkec Şl putkrgl` rnc çg esljurerke ècltĀŠll,

skrvl`llcnr, kl rkprkzlgtĀ `bkle sprk su``ksuc oloclntk`ll, kl dktkrmlgĀ pkranrmegŠe oloclntk`ll. Tknrktl`leguc Getecle Xevtur ealrme çg`Ā çg ?666 `Ā”... pkrsngecuc `ngstltulk nolk`tuc prlg`lpec ec kxkr`ltĀrll megejkmkgtucul. ...çg oloclntk`ngnmle _M s-e `ngŞtlkgtlzet aeptuc `Ā sncuŠlngerke prnockmkcnr

`nmpckxk, èrk steu çg aeŠe oloclntk`lcnr, dkplgdk bntĀrïtnr dk jreduc dkvecnrlalèrk e pntkgŠlecucul umeg Y2, p. 1:]. Çg e`kceŞl tlmp nemkgll sugt Şl`ke mel dlal`lcĀ rksursĀ pkgtru oloclntk`l çg `kke `k prlvkŞtk edmlglstrerkee`kstnre. Ec `lg`lcke ”V” rkprkzlgtĀ pkgtru megejkmkgtuc oloclntkèr `ke meldlal`lcĀ prnvnèrk.

Kal`lkgŠe epcl`Ārll M_[ dkplgdk çgtr -n mĀsurĀ anertk merk dkaugdemkgtuc mktndncnjl`-gnrmetlv, èrk gu sk rkakrĀ ce ckjlsceŠle çg dnmkglu`l ce jeme cerjĀ dk lgstrumkgtk Şl mkèglsmk megejkrleck dk esljurerk e

supnrtucul k`ngnml`n-algeg`ler, stru`turec- prn`ksuec Şl mntlveŠlngec gk`kser pertl`lpĀrll egjeheŠlcnr ce dkrucerke prn`kskcnr dk megejkmkgt (`ngtre`tuc`nck`tlv dk mug`Ā, `ngtre`tuc lgdlvlduec dk mug`Ā, rkjucemkgtk, prn`kdur l,rkjucl, lgstru`Šll, `ng`kptk, gnrmk, vlzlugk, mlslugk Şl vecnrl èrk esljurĀnpkreolcltetk slstkmucul dk M_[” Y?, p. 2;]. E`kleŞl pĀrkrk çmpĀrtĀŞkŞtk Şl E.

Vrndeg8 ”Vncltlè ... kstk kxprksle vecnrlcnr Şl ùcturll megejkrleck Şl gk eretĀ`k lgtkgŠlngkezĀ sĀ ae`Ā nrjeglzeŠle pkgtru e-Şl etlgjk nolk`tlvkck ... N




<0

pncltl`Ā dk rksursk umegk kstk ug jbld dk `nmpnrtemkgt pk tkrmkg cugj ecnrjeglzeŠlkl prlvlgd `kke `k ve ae`k, seu gu, ù egjeheŠll sĀl” Y:, p. 42].

Çg s`npuc kvecuĀrll kal`lkgŠkl Megejkmkgtucul _ksurskcnr [megk (çg

`ngtlguerk M_[) ce OM s-e lglŠlet ug studlu exet pk pkr`kpŠle egjeheŠlcnr. @emktndĀ dk `kr`kterk s-e utlclzet lgtkrvlkverke egjeheŠlcnr. Lgtkrvlkverke, allgdn eudlkrk sn`lecĀ, ug mlhcn` dk kstlmerk e lmpe`tucul e`tlvltĀŠlcnr M_[ emutlclzet-n pkgtru e vkrlalè nplgllck Şl pkr`kpŠllck skjmkgtucul megejkrlec(`ngdu`krke dk vïra Şl lgtkrmkdlerĀ) Şl e skjmkgtucul kxkùtnrlu (oloclntkèrl,egjeheŠl çg prlme clglk, rkceŠllck ù utlclzetnrll, èrk `kc mel olgk Ştlu Şl slmtzlcgl` prnockmkck lgstltuŠlkl) pkgtru e noŠlgk ug teocnu `ït mel empcu pnslolc eespk`tkcnr M_[ çg e`tlvltetke megejkrlecĀ e OM.

Ce kceonrerke `bkstlngerucul s-eu cuet çg vkdkrk etït espk`tkck dk glvkc

jcnoec, `ït Şl espk`tkck ckjetk dk e`tlvltĀŠlck M_[. MkgŠlngĀm dk ce çg`kput

`Ā kvecuerke jcnoecĀ e M_[ ce OM sk rkeclzkezĀ çg alkèrk eg9 sk rkeclzkezĀeguec Şl ugkck e`tlvltĀŠl eck M_[. Kvecuerke M_[ çgtr -ug `nmpckx ugl` ‐ jcnoec, e`tlvltĀŠl Şl kal`lkgŠe M_[ - gu s-e kak`tuet. Estakc, urmĀrlgdkvecuerke kal`lkgŠkl M_[, `bkstlngeruc e anst stru`turet çg petru`nmpertlmkgtk/mnduck8 5. Vncltl`l9 ?. Lmejlgke jkgkrecĀ e M_[ OM ”O.V.

Besdku9 0. Mntlverk, rk`nmpkgserk9 4. Kal`lkgŠe M_[ .Alkèrk `nmpertlmkgt erk ug gumĀr dlakrlt dk çgtrkoĀrl. GumĀruc dk

çgtrkoĀrl kstk `ngdlŠlnget dk nolk`tlvuc mnducucul. Vrlmuc mnduc Vncltl`l, kstkmel dkteclet Şl e anst stru`turet pk Şeptk dlmkgslugl8 `lgk ce OM sk nùpĀ dk

M_[>9 kxlstĀ ce OM pncltl`l dk pkrsngec>9 pncltl`lck pk èrk ck ùgns`9 le`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk kxlstĀ prn`kdurl `cerk ce OM9 e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk

prn`kdurlck sk rkspk`tĀ9l prn`kdurlck pkgtru èrk `ngsldkrĀ prn`kdurlck è allgd lg`nrk`tk9 e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk gu ùgns` sual`lkgt prn`kdurlckkxlstkgtk. Vrlg e`kst mnduc gk-em prnpus sĀ urmĀrlm de`Ā egjeheŠll ùgns`èdruc pncltl` Şl mktndncnjl` ec M_[ Şl de`Ā, çg vlzlugke cnr sk rkspk`tĀ.

Mnducuc LL ùprlgdk dnuĀ dlmkgslugl, der dkstuc dk ùprlgzĀtnerk8

kckmkgtkck èrk ère`tkrlzkezĀ gkjetlv M_[ OM9 kckmkgtkck èrkère`tkrlzkezĀ pnzltlv M_[ OM. Emokck eu e`kceŞl gumĀr dk espk`tk kxpusk

çg e`kleŞl su``kslugk, kceonretk dlgelgtk, edl`Ā çgtrkoĀrl çg`blsk, pkgtru e ckuŞure mugè `nmpcktĀrll, der Şl pkgtru e ae`lclte prkcu`rerke detkcnr. Vrlge`kst mnduc gk-em prnpus sĀ kvecuĀm etre`tlvltetke OM çg vkdkrke rk`rutĀrll,skck`tĀrll egjeheŠlcnr, ae`tnrll pnzltlvl dk rkŠlgkrk e rksurskcnr umegk ce OM,espk`tkck sceok seu anrtk eck kvecuĀrll pkranrmegŠkcnr, `nganrtuc pk pnst ecegjehetucul, espk`tk eck mkdlucul Şl ùcturll nrjeglzeŠlngeck. Mnducuc LLL, s-e

exet pk mntlveŠlk8 ae`tnrll mntlveŠlngecl kxlstkgŠl ce OM 9 ae`tnrll dkmntlvetnrl




<4

kxlstkgŠl ce OM urmĀrlgd prlg e`kst mnduc kal`lkgŠe e`tlvltĀŠll dk mntlverk Şlespk`tkck gkjetlvk eck e`kstul `ngtkxt.

Mnducuc LQ, e evut drkpt s`np eprk`lkrke kal`lkgŠkl M_[ dk `Ātrk

egjeheŠl8 Megejkmkgtuc _ksurskcnr [megk ce OM kstk uguc kal`lkgt> eu anstrujeŠl ldkgtlal`k akkdoeì-uc pnzltlv Şl akkdoeì gkjetlv Şl sĀ e`nrdk n gntĀ dkce 5 (`kc mel ml`) ce 56 (`kc mel merk) M_[ OM.

@e kckmkgt ec stru`turll `bkstlngerucul, eu anst ancnsltk çgtrkoĀrl8lgtrndu`tlvk, dk nplglk, dk ùgnŞtlgŠk, dk ldkgtlalèrk, dk `ngtrnc. Eu anstdlstrloultk Şl rkturgetk 566 dk `bkstlngerk. Vkgtru kŞecnguc dk `ngdu`krk (`kl`k kceonrkezĀ pncltl`lck, ck lmpckmkgtkezĀ, lgstrulks` egjeheŠll è sĀ ckùgnes`Ā Şl epcl`k `nrk`t) eu anst dlstrloultk 4; dk `bkstlngerk. KŞegtlnguc s-e

dktkrmlget çg akcuc urmĀtnr. Pugt 05 dk alcleck ù 05 dk dlrk`tnrl, 5 dlrk`tnr

jkgkrec, 0 dlrk`tnrl edhug`Šl, 1 dkpertemkgtk ù aug`Šll mktndl`k, 4 skrvl`ll. Vkgtru egjeheŠl, oloclntkèrl seu dlstrloult ;; dk `bkstlngerk (oloclntkèrl

dk ce _kceŠll ù puoclùc prkpngdkrkgt Şl `ïŠlve dlg dkpertemkgtk Şl skrvl`ll).Qrkm sĀ mkgŠlngem `Ā rkspngdkgŠll/egjeheŠll eu rke`Šlnget prnmpt, eu anstdks`blŞl pkgtru `nceonrerk, e anst uŞnr dk cu`ret ù kl. Çg`Ā ug espk` t pk èrk

c-em skslzet çg prn`ksuc dksaĀŞurĀrll lgtkrvlucul, glmkgl dlg kŞecnguc oloclntkèrlcnr gu e `krut lganrmeŠll edĀujĀtnerk, cĀmurlrk, spk`lalèrk seu ectkçgtrkoĀrl. E`keste gk ae`k sĀ `ng`bldkm `Ā egjeheŠll OM sugt aemlclerlzeŠl ù

`bkstlngerke, lgtkrvlkverke, `Ā vnr sĀ pertl`lpk, estakc `ngtrloulgd ceçmougĀtĀŠlrke prn`kskcnr, e`tlvltĀŠlcnr dk M_[.PpkrĀm `Ā rĀspugsurlck eu anst slg`krk, çg prkemouc esljurïgdu -l `Ā kstk

ug lgtkrvlu egnglm, ler rkzuctetkck vnr al aĀùtk puocl`k çgtr -n ŞkdlgŠĀ e pkrsngecucul OM, vnr al puoclètk çgtr -n rkvlstĀ dk spk`lecltetk.

Çg `ngtlguerk gk vnm rkakrl, çg e`kst ertl`nc, dner ce rkzuctetkck mnducucul L”Vncltl`l dk pkrsngec”.




<;

Teokc gr. 5. @lgk ce OM sk nùpĀ dk megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk>

%

dlrk tnrl

%

egjeheŠl Tntec dlrk tnrl,

egjeheŠl %

Dlrk tnruc jkgkrec 1?,? 16,6 15, 6

Dlrk tnrll edhug Šl ( erk egumk, prk lzeŠl)

Tetlege @nŞkrlCerlse @çŞceru

Tetlege Njbll

Cudmlce Vçgzeru

22,<

0:,6

00,0

?6

4,0

:1,4

0?,:

0?,:

?

:,0

21,6

0;,6

00,6

5:,6

1,6

dlrk tnrll dkpertemkgtkcnr ?2,6 :,0 5:,6Dlrk tnrll dk alcleck ;;,6 ;6,< ;0,6

Ectk 0,1 0,1 4,6

Gu eu rĀspugs ? 6 ?

_Āspugsurlck slgtktlzetk, çg merk, `nrkspugd rkecltĀŠll Şl putkm `ng`bldk `Āde, egjeheŠll OM Ştlu `nrk`t `lgk sk nùpĀ dk M_[. ”Vncltlè dk esljurerk ù

pkrsngec” stlpuckezĀ urmĀtnerkck8 ” _kspngseolcltetke esljurĀrll ù rksursk

umegk, ècltetke, dkzvncterk, mntlverke cnr eperŠlgk8 5. ŗkaucul Pkrvl`lucul Vkrsngec .

?. Megejkrlcnr lgtkrmkdlerl.

0. Dlrk`tnrlcnr dk oloclntk`Ā. 4. ŗkalcnr dk alcleck”.

Dlrk`tnrll edhug`Šl çg kjecĀ mĀsurĀ sk nùpĀ dk prnockmkck dk pkrsngec derçgtïktetk l sk e`nrdĀ, `nganrm rkzuctetkcnr (0;%) Tetlegkl @nŞkrl. ŗkauculDkpertemkgtucul _ksursk [megk, èrk kak`tukezĀ egjeherke prnprlu-zlsĀ l s-

eu e`nrdet dner 5:%. Tetlege @nŞkrl, è dlrk`tnr edhug`t, `nganrm alŞkl

pnstucul, kstk rkspngseolcĀ dk lgstrulrke pkrsngecucul (dner n dlrk`Šlk dke`tlvltetk e M_[), der kstk pkr`kputĀ è dlrk`tnruc edhug`t rkspngseolc dkM_[. EgjeheŠll n Ştlu è prkŞkdlgtk e @nmlslkl dk `ng`lclkrk, è sk`rkter e

@nmlslkl dk etksterk. Pugt pnzlŠll tkmpnrerk der ckjetk dk megejkmkgtucrksurskcnr umegk ler egjeheŠll l-eu nakrlt prlmnrdlecltetk.

Oloclntkè Mugl`lpecĀ erk kceonretĀ prnprle pncltl`Ā çg dnmkglucrksurskcnr umegk oezetĀ pk ckjlsceŠle çg vljnerk Şl pk èdru dk rkjckmkgterkec oloclntk`ll. Vncltl`lck dk pkrsngec OM sugt supclmkgtetk dk pcegurl dk

e`Šlugl, prnjremk npkreŠlngeck egueck pkgtru rkeclzerke nolk`tlvkcnr pktkrmkg cugj. Kceonretk, eprnoetk, e`kstk pncltl`l, rkjucl, prn`kdurl eu anst




<1

lmpckmkgtetk Şl çg`ktĀŠkgltk çg tredlŠle oloclntk`ll Şl tnetk e`tlvltĀŠlck dk pkrsngec eu anst edusk çg `ng`nrdegŠĀ ù kck. @ngdlŠle kskgŠlecĀ kstk èe`kstke sĀ alk rkspk`tetk dk megejkrl Şl dk egjeheŠl.

ŗtlu egjeheŠll dk kxlstkgŠe cnr> E`keste e anst lgtkgŠle çgtrkoĀrll e dnue dlg`bkstlnger8 KxlstĀ ce OM pncltl`l dk pkrsngec > _Āspugsurlck sugt pnzltlvk. Dlg

566 rkspngdkgŠl 2;% eu rĀspugs de. < egjeheŠl eu olaet rĀspugsuc gu Ştlu.

Vrnoeolc sugt gnl egjeheŠl8 1 dlgtrk oloclntkèrl Şl trkl dlg kŞecnguc dk`ngdu`krk. Dlgtrk oloclntkèrl putkeu sĀ gu Ştlk. Der dlgtrk dlrk`tnrl, Şkal,`rkdkm `Ā sugt gnl egjeheŠl. DlstrlouŠle prn`kgtuecĀ n lcustrkezĀ teokcuc gr. 5.

Teokc gr. ?. KxlstĀ ce Oloclntkè Mugl`lpecĀ pncltl l dk pkrsngec>

%Dlrk tnrl

%Oloclntk erl

Tntec dlrk tnrl,egjeheŠl %

DE

de Ā DE nmpckteŠl çgtrkoerke 0

<6,6 25,5 2;, 6

G[

De`Ā G[, trk`kŠl ce çgtrkoerke gr. :

6 6 6

Gu ŗTL[

Deè Gu ŗTL[, trk`kŠl ce çgtrkoerkegr. :

1% 50,6% <,6%

Gu eu rĀspugs 1,6

_kspngdkgŠll, dlrk`tnrll Şl egjeheŠll, eu anst rujeŠl sĀ gumkes`Ā pncltl`lck pk èrk ck ùgns`. Gnmlgeclzerke pncltl`lcnr e anst prksteolcltĀ. Çg clste pkgtru olaerk eu anst lg`cusk pncltl`l kxe`tk è megejkmkgtuc `ngacl`tkcnr , alse

pnstucul, `ngtre`t lgdlvlduec dk mugè, ONG[P kt`., der Şl gnmlgeclzĀrl dk`ngtrnc è8 pncltlè dk anrmerk prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucul, lgstrulrke

pkrsngecucul Şl dkzvncterk prnakslngece, pkgtru e vkdke de`Ā çgtr -edkvĀr ckùgns` seu ck lgtulks`. _kzuctetkck noŠlgutk s`nt çg kvldkgŠĀ pncltl`lck pk èrk

alkèrk dlg kl ck ùgns` `kc mel olgk ‐ `ngtre`tuc lgdlvlduec dk mug`Ā, alŞe pnstucul, `kc mel oug oloclntkèr, secerlzerk. _kstuc dlg `kck, nakrltk sĀ ck olakzk, eu anst lgtultk. Ce e`kestĀ `ng`cuzlk em ehugs egeclzïgd npŠluglck pkgtru pncltlè dk anrmerk prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucul, lgstrulrke

pkrsngecucul Şl dkzvncterk prnakslngecĀ èrk dk aept gu sugt pncltl`l

skperetk. Mel muct dk 4? prn`kgtk Ştlu kxe`t ùm sk gumkŞtk `nrk`t ‐ Vncltlè dk anrmerk prnakslngecĀ OM. _kstuc rkspngdkgŠl, sugtkm `ngvlgŞl`Ā eu evut çg vkdkrk egumk e`kst dnùmkgt der gu Ştleu kxe`t tltcuc.




<:

Teokc gr. 0. GumlŠl pncltl`lck pk èrk ck ùgneŞtkŠl.

dlrk`t. %

Tntec

dlrk t.,

egjeh.%

% egjeh.

pncltlè dk

rk`ruterk

?0 ;5,5 0< ?<,6 51 pncltlè dk

rk`ruterk

pncltlè dk

anrmerk

prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucl

0? :?,6 4? 52,6 56 pncltlè dk

anrmerk

prnakslngecĀ e pkrsngecucul

lgstrulrke

pkrsngecucul

0? :?,6 41 ?;,; 54 lgstrulrke

pkrsngecucul

rkjucemkgt

prlvlgd

nrjeglzerke

`ngùrsucul

pkgtru egjeherk

55 ?4,6 5: 56,< 1 rkjucemkgt

prlvlgd

nrjeglzerke

`ngùrsucul

pkgtru egjeherk

Kvecuerke

pkrsngecucul

?0 5;,6 ;6% 4<,6 ?: Kvecuerke

pkrsngecucul

megejkmkgtuc

`ngacl`tkcnr

< ?6,6 55 ? megejkmkgtuc

`ngacl`tkcnr

pncltlè dk

esljurerk ù

pkrsngec

55 ?4,6 ?< 0?,: 52 pncltlè dk

esljurerk ù

pkrsngec

skck`terke

pkrsngecucul

2 5:,; 5: 51,0 < skck`terke

pkrsngecucul

alse pnstucul 0< 21,: 2? :2,5 40 alse pnstucul

`kc mel oug

oloclntkèr

0< 21,: 22 2<,6 4< `kc mel oug

oloclntkèr

dkzvncterk

prnakslngece

? 4,0 0 5 dkzvncterk

prnakslngecesecerlzerk 0< 21,: 22 2<,6 4< secerlzerk

prnmnverke

pkrsngecucul

4 5; 55 prnmnverke

pkrsngecucul

`ngtre`t

lgdlvlduec dk

mugè

0< 21,: 22 2<,< 4< `ngtre`t

lgdlvlduec dk

mugè

ONG[P 5 5 6 ONG[P

Ectk, prk`lzeŠl 6 6 6 Ectk, prk`lzeŠl

Gu eu rĀspugs 1 1 6 Gu eu rĀspugs




<2

Ce akc Şl pncltlè dk rk`ruterk, dk esljurerk ù pkrsngec, skck`terke

pkrsngecucul èrk sugt pĀrŠl lgtkjregtk eck Vncltl`ll Esljurerke ù pkrsngec

ce OM. _k`ruterke Şl skck`terke pkrsngecucul OM.

Dner ug egjehet dlg kŞecnguc `ngdu`krll e mkgŠlnget `Ā Ştlk _kjucemkgtuc dk etrloulrk e ongusucul, lgstrumkgt dk kvecuerk e

pkranrmegŠkl jcnoeck, e pkranrmegŠkl dk k`blpĀ9 dk ce kxkùtnrl glmkgl g-e

mkgŠlnget `Ā çc ùgneŞtk. VuŠlgk ugltĀŠl prn`kgtueck e eùmucet pnzlŠle megejkmkgtuc ngacl`tucul.

E`kst rkzuctet pnetk al `nmkgtet duec8 (5) pnetk al `ngsldkret gkjetlv ‐ gu sk

prnmnvkezĀ, lgstrulkŞtk pkrsngecuc ù rkakrlrk ce megejkmkgtuc`ngacl`tucul, estakc egjeheŠll gu ùgns`9 ce-m rkjĀslt çgsĀ çg Vrnjremuc dk

dkzvncterk prnakslngecĀ pk eguc ?662 Şl (?) pnetk al `ngsldkret pnzltlv8

nemkgll gu ùgns` pkgtru `Ā gu kxlstĀ `ngacl`tk mehnrk Şl rkpkrùsluglesupre e`tlvltĀŠll jcnoeck eck OM. @ngacl`tkck sugt cnèck ‐ dkpertemkgtk

seu alcleck - Şl rerknrl lgacukgŠkezĀ `nmpnrtemkgtk jkgkreck. _epnertkckegueck M_[ çgrkjlstrkezĀ8 çg ?664 ‐ gl`l ug `ngacl`t9 çg ?66; ‐ gl`l ug

`ngacl`t9 çg ?661 ‐ 4 `ngacl`tk9 ?66: - ? `ngacl`tk, çg ?662 ‐ 4 `ngacl`tk.

Tnetk `ngacl`tkck eu anst rkmkdletk pnzltlv.

ŗl tntuŞl gk perk streglu prn`kgtuc pk èrk ce ùmucet pnzlŠle kvecuerke

pkrsngecucul, dupĀ pĀrkrke gnestrĀ kstk anertk ml` çg `nmpereŠlk ù kanrtuc

OM dk kvecuerk e e`tlvltĀŠll, e pkranrmegŠkcnr lgstltuŠlngeck. Ce OM kxlstĀmel muctk pncltl`l ù rkakrlrk ce kvecuerk8

5. Kvecuerke e`tlvltĀŠll Şl pkranrmegŠkcnr rksurskcnr umegk9?. _kjucemkgt dk nrjeglzerk Şl kvecuerk e `ngakrlgŠkl egueck

Oloclntkè Mugl`lpecĀ O.V. Besdku” - supnrt lganrmeŠlngec pkgtru`nmugltetke `blŞlgĀulegĀ8 skrvl`ll, prnjremk lgnvetlvk”9

0. _kjucemkgt dk etrloulrk e ONG[P-ucul (`ngŠlgk kckmkgtk dk pkranrmegŠĀ lgdlvlduecĀ)9

4. _kjucemkgt dk kvecuerk e oloclntk`ll `nganrm slstkmucul dk prlnrltĀŠl

egueck9

;. Tnpuc @kc mel oug oloclntkèr ec egucul”9 Etksterke, prn`ks dk kvecuerk e `nmpktkgŠkl Şl pkranrmegŠkl lgdlvldueck,

èrk sk pktrk`k eguec ce OM, gu e anst mkgŠlngetĀ dk glmkgl._ujeŞl sĀ olakzk e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk kxlstĀ prn`kdurl `cerk ce OM

egjeheŠll eu mkgŠlnget è `kck mel ùgnsùtk pncltl`l, prn`kdurl dk

megejkmkgt ec rksurskcnr umegk sugt `kck ù rkakrlrk ce8 secerlzerk

(Egtrkprlze dk orljedĀ), ce kvecuerk (_kjucemkgtuc Tnpucul ”@kc mel oug

oloclntkèr”), ce `ngtre`tuc lgdlvlduec dk mug`Ā Şl alŞe pnstucul ‐ `kck pkèrk alkèrk dlg egjeheŠl ck-eu vĀzut, slmŠlt pkgtru `Ā ck-eu `nmpcktet (sugt




<<

nocljetnrll). [rmkezĀ ù ug pug`teh anertk oug dkzvncterke prnakslngecĀ (ù

:0%) , epnl mel hns s-e `ceset kvecuerke (ù 11%).

Teokc gr. 4. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk kxlstĀ prn`kdurl `cerk ce OM

%

Dlrk`tnrl

%

EgjeheŠl Tntec dlrk tnrl,

egjeheŠl %

Egjeherk 566,6 <?,: <1, 6

Pecerlzerk 566,6 <?,: <1,6

rkceŠllck uutlclzetnrll

<;,; 2<,6 <?,6

lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk <;,; 26,6 2:,6

kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 566,6 15,< :<,6rkceŠllck u secerleŠll 21,1 01,1 ;<,6

Vrnmnverk 41,1 15,< ;;,6

suprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 14,4 46,6 ;5,6

_k`ruterk ;5,5 ?<,6 0<,6

pceglalèrke pkrsngecucul 41,1 ?;,; 0;,6

dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 46,6 54,; ?1,6

@ng`kdlkrk 46,6 ?<,6 ?4,6

prnockmk aemlcleck <,2: ?5,6 ??,6

ectkck (prk`lzeŠl èrk) 1,1 0,1 ;,6%

@kck mel muctk pug`tk eu eùmucet pnzlŠllck8 secerlzerk, egjeherk, rkceŠllckù puoclùc, lgstrulrk, kvecuerk. E`tlvltĀŠlck `kck mel lmpnrtegtk dlgtr -n

oloclntk`Ā, çg vlzlugke `kcnr èrk ck-eu det prlnrltetk. EgjeheŠll ùgns` muctk prn`kdurl M_[. Gk`ng`nrdegŠĀ sk lvkŞtk çg dlakrkgŠe rĀspugsurlcnr ce pnzlŠlekvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr èrk eùmucet :<%. Vk `ïgd ce çgtrkoerke de`Āùgns` Vncltlè dk kvecuerk e pkrsngecucul, eu rĀspugs `Ā ùgns` çg prnpnrŠlkdk 11 %.

Gk-em lgtkrkset èrk sugt E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk gu ùgns` sual`lkgt prn`kdurlck kxlstkgtk. Dlg `kl 566 dk rkspngdkgŠl gu eu rĀspugs :<. Pk

rkmer`Ā estakc `Ā tntuŞl nemkgll ùgns` prn`kdurlck rkakrltnerk ce M_[. Dner

: egjeheŠl dlg ètkjnrle megejkrl dk glvkc mkdlu gu ùgns` sual `lkgt

pncltl`lck dk pkrsngec. @nte prn`kgtuecĀ e rĀspugsurlcnr sugt gkskmglalètlvk,aept pkgtru èrk gu ck `nmkgtĀm.




566

Teokc gr. ;. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk gu ugns` sual`lkgt prn`kdurlck kxlstkgtk

%

Dlrk`tnrl

%

EgjeheŠl Tntec dlrk`tnrl,

egjeheŠl %

Gu eu rĀspugs 24,4 :4,; :<,6Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 5;,; ?;,4 ?5,6

_k`ruterk :,? 54,; 5?,6

Vceglalèrke pkrsngecucul 1,1 54,; 55,6

Egjeherk 4,0 54,; 56,6

Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk 2,< 56,< 56,6

Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 4,0 56,< 2,6

@ng`kdlkrk ?,? 56,< :,6

Vrnockmk aemlcleck 1,1 :,? :,6Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc ?,? 56,< :,6

Pecerlzerk 6 :,? 4,6

_kceŠllck ù secerleŠll ?,? 0,1 0,6

_kceŠllck ù utlclzetnrll, ù puoclùc

6 0,1 ?,6

Vrnmnverk 6 6 6

Ectkck (prk`lzeŠl èrk) 6 6 6

Gu etït dk jkgkrns eu olaet E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk prn`kdurlck sk rkspk`tĀce OM8 sk dnvkdkŞtk `Ā sk rkspk`tĀ, çg vlzlugke egjeheŠlcnr, pnzlŠle lgstrulrk(::%), secerlzerk (:?%), rkceŠllck ù puoclùc (:5%). _kzuctetk eprnepk

pnzltlvk eu eùmucet kvecuerke (1;%) Şl egjeherke (14%). Ler dnmkgllck

vucgkreolck sugt8 dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk (2%), rkceŠllck ù secerleŠll (??%).E`kstk rkzuctetk trkoulk lg`cusk sprk çmougĀtĀŠlrk urjkgtĀ.

Teokc gr. 1. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk prn`kdurlck sk rkspk`tĀ ce OM8

%

Dlrk`tnrl

%

EgjeheŠl Tntec

dlrk`tnrl,

egjeheŠl %

Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk <;,; 15,2 ::,6

Pecerlzerk <0,0 ;4,; :?,6

_kceŠllck ù utlclzetnrll, ù puoclùc 21,1 ;2,? :5,6

Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 21,1 4:,0 1;,6

Egjeherk <0,0 ;0,0 14,6Vrnmnverk ?4,6 ;4,; 45,6




565

_k`ruterk 42,2 ?;,4 04,6

@ng`kdlkrk ?4,6 ?;,4 ?;,6

Vrnockmk aemlcleck 5:,2 0;,4 ;?,?

Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 4,0 01,4 ??,6

_kceŠllck ù secerleŠll 2,< ;?,: 15,1

Vceglalèrke pkrsngecucul 5;,0 ?;,4 ?5,6

Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 4,0 ?5,< ?1,?

Ectkck (prk`lzeŠl èrk) 4,0 :,0 1,6

Gu eu rĀspugs 6 6 0

@kck mel muctk npŠlugl, ce akc è Şl ce çgtrkoĀrlck prk`kdkgtk, eu anstkxprlmetk pkgtru 8 egjeherk, secerlzerk, kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr, lgstrulrk Şl

pkrak`Šlngerk, rkceŠllck ù puoclùc, der çgtr -n mĀsurĀ mel ml`Ā. Teokcuc gr. :.rkckvĀ dlakrkgŠe dlgtrk rĀspugsurlck eùmucetk ce npŠlugke kxlstĀ Şl skrkspk`tĀ.

Teokc gr. :. KxlstĀ pncltl`l / sk rkspk`tĀ pncltl`l

KRLPTď % PK _KPVK@Tď DLAK_KGůE

Egjeherk <1% 14% ?4%

Pecerlzerk <1% :?% 0?%

Kvecuerke

pkranrmegŠkcnr :<% 1;, 6% 54%

Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk

2:% ::,6% 56%

_kceŠllck ù utlclzetnrll <?% :5,6% ?5%

DlakrkgŠe dlgtrk kxlstĀ Şl sk rkspk`tĀ kstk merk, dk ?4% ce secerlzerk9anertk merk, 0?% ce egjeherk9 ?5 % ce rkceŠllck ù puoclùc9 54% ce kvecuerk956% ce lgstrulrk. DlakrkgŠe e anst dk`cegŞetĀ dk rĀspugsurlck oloclntkèrlcnr,edl`Ā suoectkrglcnr. PĀ urmĀrlm `nrkceŠle dlgtrk rĀspugsurlck dlrk`tnrlcnr(putkrll) / egjeheŠlcnr (kxkùtnrlcnr) 8

Egjeherk - <0, 0% / ;0,0% - dlakrkgŠe 46%

Pecerlzerk ‐ <0,0% / ;4,;% - dlakrkgŠe 0<,?%

Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr ‐ 21,1% / 4:,0% - dlakrkgŠe 0<,0%

Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk ‐ <;,;% / 15,2% - dlakrkgŠe 00,:%

_kceŠllck ù utlclzetnrll - 21,1% / ;2,? ‐ dlakrkgŠe ?2,4%




56?

Vutkm trejk glŞtk `ng`cuzll. Dlrk`tnrll kceonrkezĀ pncltl`l èrk trkoulkrkspk`tetk. Egje heŠll sugt `kl èrk tkstkezĀ ècltetke prnduskcnr dlrk`tnrlcnr.Dner mel muct dk humĀtetk dk ce 15% ce ;2, ;4, ;0% ealrmĀ `Ā sk rkspk`tĀ.

Der pkgtru `Ā çg eŞe zlsuc tnp eu lkŞlt egjeherke, secerlzerke, kvecuerke e`kstkrkzuctetk eu Şl n `ngnteŠlk suolk`tlvĀ. EstĀzl glmkgl gu-l mucŠumlt dksecerlzerk Şl kvecuerk. Ce akc Şl sk`tnruc `kc mel dlal`lc dlg oloclntk`Ā -

rkceŠllck ù puoclùc - oloclntkèrll vnr çg `ngtlguerk utlclzetnruc dlg sk`ncuctrkùt8 umlc, tĀùt, rkspk`tuns. EstĀzl çgsĀ evkm ug ect prndus ec cumll

vlrtueck, muct mel clokrtlg, èrk eckjk, èrk spugk `k gu-l pce`k, èrk vrke

tretet arumns, skrvlt prnmpt, kt`. Gnterke s`ĀzutĀ e e`kstkl pnzlŠll ‐ rkceŠle ùutlclzetnrll ‐ kxprlmĀ dk aept dlalùctetke sk`tnrucul ugdk çŞl kxkr`ltĀ mugè

oloclntkèrll.

Verednxuc dlakrkgŠlkrll pug`tkcnr dk vkdkrk dlgtrk `ngdu`Ātnrl Şl kxkùtnrl pnetk al dk`l, kxpclèt `ïgd sk rkakrĀ ce secerlzerk, kvecuerk, egjeherk, ugdkdk`ldkgtuc kstk dlrk`tnruc ler kxkùtnruc gu tntdkeuge kstk `ngsuctet, gu l sk

`krk nplgle Şl pnetk al gkmucŠumlt. Der dlakrĀ, Şl anertk muct, pug`tkck dkvkdkrk ce ectk pnzlŠll ugdk kxkùtnrll eu eùmucet pugtk mel muctk dk`ïtdlrk`tnrll è8 prnmnverke, rkceŠllck aemlcleck, pceglalèrke pkrsngecucul,rkceŠllck ù secerleŠll, suprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc.

Teokc gr. 2. Dlrk`tnrl/egjeheŠl/dlakrkgŠe dlrk`tnrl egjeheŠl dlakrkgŠe

Vrnockmk aemlcleck 5:,2 0;,4 52,?

Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 4,0 01,4 0?,5

_kceŠllck ù secerleŠll 2,< ;?,5 40,?

Vceglalèrke pkrsngecucul 5;,0 ?;,4 56,5

Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 4,0 ?5,< 5:,1

Dlg teokcuc dk mel sus vkdkm `cer `Ā egjeheŠll deu pnzltlv e`kstnr espk`tk,

dk`l, putkm `ng`bldk `Ā egjeheŠll sugt muct mel mucŠumlŠl dk ùm sk rkspk`tĀ pncltl`lck rkakrltnerk ce rkceŠllck edmlglstreŠlkl ù kl, ce rkceŠllck ù egjeheŠll, ce prnockmkck aemlcleck, ce dnmkgllck dk dk`lzlk. Gk çgtrkoĀm dk `k dlrk`tnrll gusugt mucŠumlŠl dk espk`tkck dk èrk kl sugt rkspngseolcl8 ‐ suprevkjbkrk Şl`ngtrnc, pceglalèrke pkrsngecucul, dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk, rkceŠllck ù egjeheŠll >

@nmpcktĀm egeclze ù rĀs pugsurlck ce e`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk `ngsldkrĀ prn`kdurlck ancnsltk è allgd lg`nrk`tk. Detkck noŠlgutk eu s`ns ler çg prlm pceg secerlzerke. Vrk`lzĀm `Ā ce e`kestĀ çgtrkoerk gu eu rĀspugs :? dk




560

rkspngdkgŠl dlg `kl 566. Dner 55 pkrsnegk dlgtr -n sutĀ eu mkgŠlnget èlg`nrk`tk prn`kdurlck dk secerlzerk. Mel mucŠumlŠl çg e`kst èz eu anst

oloclntkèrll dlgtrk èrk gu eu rĀspugs 44 dk pkrsnegk, pk `ïgd ce dlrk`tnrl gu

eu rĀspugs gumel ?2 dk pkrsnegk. ÇgskemgĀ `Ā 5: egjeheŠl dlg lkrerblemegejkrlecĀ dk mlhcn` eu prktkgŠll ce rkspk`terke ugnr pncltl`l. DktecleturmĀrlŠl dlstrloulrke gkmucŠumlrlcnr aeŠĀ dk pncltl`l, texïgdu-ck è lg`nrk`tk,

çg teokcuc gr. 2. E`tlvltĀŠlck pkgtru èrk `ngsldkreŠl prn`kdurlck ancnsltk è allgd

lg`nrk`tk.

%

Dlrk`tnrl

%

EgjeheŠl Tntec

dlrk`tnrl,

egjeheŠl %

Gu eu rĀspugs 1?,? 26,6 :?,6

Pecerlzerk 5;,; :,0 55,6

_k`ruterk 5;,; 6 :,6

Egjeherk 55,6 0,1 :,6

Vceglalèrke pkrsngecucul 5;,; 6 :,6

Lgstrulrk Şl pkrak`Šlngerk ?,? :,0 ;,6

Kvecuerke pkranrmegŠkcnr 4,0 0,1 4,6

Puprevkjbkrk Şl `ngtrnc 4,0 0,1 4,6

Dnmkgll dk dk`lzlk 2,< 6 4,6

_kceŠllck ù secerleŠll 2,< 6 4,6

@ng`kdlkrk 4,0 6 ?,6

Ectkck (prk`lzeŠl èrk) 4,0 6 ?,6

Vrnockmk aemlcleck ?,? 6 5,6

_kceŠllck ù utlclzetnrll, ù puoclùc ?,? 6 5,6

Vrnmnverk 6 6 6

_Āspugsurlck noŠlgutk sugt, çg merk, pnzltlvk der lgsual`lkgtk pkgtru etrejk `ng`cuzll jkgkreck esupre kal`lkgŠkl M_[ ce OM O.V.Besdku”. Evkmgkvnlk Şl dk egeclze rkzuctetkcnr noŠlgutk ce `kckcectk mnduck eck sngdehuculrkeclzet, èrk vnr urme Şl èrk vnr al `nrkcetk ù pkranrmegŠe nrjeglzeŠlngecĀ eOM. M egejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk rkprkzlgtĀ ”`ncnege vkrtkorecĀ” eugkl nrjeglzeŠll mndkrg çg vlzlugke tknrktl`lkglcnr J. VĀglŞnerĀ Şl L.-N.

VĀglŞnerĀ. Kl sugt dk pĀrkrk `Ā, ”tnt `k `kke `k çgskemgĀ megejkmkgtuc




564

rksurskcnr umegk erk ckjĀturĀ dlrk`tĀ ù prndu`tlvltetke, ù pkranrmegŠe Şl ùsu``ksuc” Y1, p. <].

Pngdehkck dk nplglk çg rïgduc egjeheŠlcnr rkprkzlgtĀ ug mnd mel snalstlèt

dk e pĀtrugdk çg mlgtke cnr. Alkèrk nm erk tlperk rkùrkgtk dk jïgdlrk,slmŠlrk Şl `nmpnrtemkgt èrk pnt al epclètk çg mnd prndu`tlv seu gkjetlv.

Nemkgll sugt dlakrlŠl. [gll vnr sĀ eloĀ rkùgneŞtkrke Şkaucul, ecŠll slmt `Ā melvecnrnesĀ kstk rkùgneŞtkrke `nckjlcnr. [gll esplrĀ ce prkŠulrk puocl`Ā.

Alkèr k egjehet rksplrĀ ect nxljkg pslbncnjl`, `ngsldkrĀ spk`leclŞtll dk ce@nmpegle Jeccup, cldkr mngdlec çg kvecuerke Şl egeclze etltudlglcnr, enplgllcnr Şl e `nmpnrtemkgtkcnr Y5, p. ??;].


5. O[@ILGJBEM, Merùs, @NAAMEG, @urt. Megejkr `ngtre ùrkgtucul.

OuùrkŞtl8 ECCAE, ?66:, ?01 p. ?. I[CLINQPIL, Cldle. EonrdĀrl eck megejkmkgtucul ce OM ”O.V.Besdku”.

Çg8 @ertke, mnduc gnstru dk e dĀlgul. @b., ?661, p. 24-<6.

0. M`KZKG, Zlcclem H. AnrŠe oregducul. OuùrkŞtl8 ECCAE, ?662, 5:? p. 4. M[CK_-@EMKG, Ml`bekc9 @_N[@BK_, _l`berd9 CKLJB, Puseg.

Bumeg _ksnur`k Megejkmkgt. E èsk study epprne`b. Cngdng8 @bertkrkd

Lgstltutk na Vkrsnggkc egd Dkvkcnpmkgt, ?66<, ;51 p.

;. GN_DPT_NM, Ihkcc9 _LDDK_PT_ECK, Hnges. Augiy Ouslgkss Anrkvkr8ùm sĀ gk ouùrĀm dk èpltecl sm. OuùrkŞtl8 Vuoclè, ?66<. ?01 p.

1. VďGLŗNE_ď, J., VďGLŗNE_ď, L.N. Megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk.

LeŞl8 Vnclrnm, ?66:, 0;2 p. :. V_NDEG, Edrlege. Megejkmkgtuc rksurskcnr umegk. LeŞl8 Vrlg`kps Kd.,

?662, 5?6 p.

2. XEQT[_, Getecle. KvncuŠle ldkll dk megejkmkgt çg jïgdlrke tknrktl`Ā dk oloclntk`ngnmlk dlg _kpuoclè Mncdnve. Çg8 Vrnockmk e`tueck eck tknrlkl Şl pre`tl`ll oloclntk`ngnml`k. @Ātrk 4; dk egl dk çgvĀŠĀmïgt oloclntk`ngnml`çg _M . @b., ?66;, p. 10-2;.




56;

OLOCLNTK@E E@EDKML@ď ‐ TKGDLGůK ÇGDKXQNCTE_KE @NCK@ůLLCN_

KCKGE ONůEG-JELGE


Çg ertl`nc sugt egeclzetk prlg`lpllck, `ng`kpŠllck, ae`tnrll Şl ldkncnjle dkzvnctĀrll`nck`Šllcnr. Pugt egeclzetk surskck prlg`lpeck dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr oloclntk`ll,èrk sugt kxkmpceruc dkpnzltucul Ckjec ec _M, e`blzlŠllck, dngeŠllck, s`blmouc dk

puoclèŠll, kt`. P`blmouc dk puoclèŠll kstk uge dlg `kck mel lmpnrtegtk sursk dk`nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr.

Lg tbk ertl`ck tbkrk erk egecyzkd tbk prlg`lpcks, `ng`kpts, ae`tnrs egd `ncck`tlngs

dkvkcnpmkgt ldkncnjy. Lt egecyzks tbk melg snur`ks na tbk clorery `ncck`tlngs

e`qulsltlngs, su`b es ckjec dkpnslt `npy na tbk _kpuocl` na Mncdnve, pur`besks,

dngetlngs, kx`begjk na puoclètlngs, kt`. Kx`begjk na puoclètlngs ls ngk na tbk mnst

lmpnrtegt snur`ks anr `ncck`tlngs e`qulsltlng.

Oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā kstk n oloclntk`Ā ŞtllgŠlal`Ā ù prnalc kg`l`cnpkdl`.E`tlvltetke oloclntk`ll kstk exetĀ pk `nck`terke Şl nrjeglzerke eslstkgŠkl

lganrmeŠlngeck, evïgd s`npuc setlsae`krll `krlgŠkcnr dk lganrmerk,dnùmkgterk Şl ck`turĀ e `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`l etït prlg mktndk tredlŠlngeck,`ït Şl prlg utlclzerke tkbgncnjllcnr mndkrgk.

Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr rkprkzlgtĀ uge dlg `kck mel lmpnrtegtk e`tlvltĀŠl dk oloclntk`Ā Şl `ngstltulk çg e`kkeŞl mĀsurĀ ug dnmkglu dk oezĀ ec

oloclntk`ngnmlkl.

E`kst prn`ks lg`cudk, pk cïgjĀ `rkŞtkrke `nck`Šllcnr Şl espk`tuc megejkrlec, pk `kc dk egeclzĀ e gk`ksltĀŠll dk lganrmerk, rkstru`turerk Şl kvecuerk e`nck`Šllcnr. Kstk ug prn`ks dlgeml`, lgacukgŠet dk s`blmoĀrlck èrk sk prndu`ce glvkcuc mkdlucul Şl ec `nmugltĀŠll dkskrvltk.

Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr kstk çg e`kceŞl tlmp n merk rkspngseolcltetklgtkck`tuecĀ. Kvldkgt `Ā n `nck`Šlk gu pnetk al rnduc çgtïmpcĀrll seu ecnpŠluglcnr uglcetkreck.

Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr trkoulk sĀ sk rkeclzkzk çg mnd rltml` Şl slstkmetl`, pk oeze ugul pceg hudl`lns, erk sĀ ùprlgdĀ kckmkgtkck kskgŠleck8

- `ngŠlgutuc Şl stru`ture `nck`Šllcnr9 - rksurskck algeg`lerk èrk sk rkpertlzkezĀ çg aug`Šlk dk nolk`tlvkck

urmĀrltk (e`blzlŠll ùrkgtk, e`blzlŠll rktrnspk`tlvk, mkgŠlgkrke ugnr `nck`Šll,




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`ngskrverke `nck`Šllcnr, ug egumlt k`blcloru çgtrk dlvkrskck ètkjnrll dkdnùmkgtk )9

- mndecltĀŠlck dk prnùrerk e puoclèŠllcnr (ùmpĀrerk, dngeŠll, s`blmo

dk puoclèŠll kt`.). Dkzvncterke `nck`Šllcnr kstk n e`tlvltetk `nmpckxĀ, ce èrk `ngtrloulk çgtkrj pkr sngecuc Şl èrk ugkŞtk tnetk skrvl`llck oloclntk`ll. @nmpckterke `nck`Šllcnrsk kak`tukezĀ dk `Ātrk skrvl`lu @nmpckterke Şl KvldkgŠe @nck`Šllcnr” çg`nceonrerk ù skrvl`llck Oloclntk`ll dkŠlgĀtnerk dk angdurl.

Ce rkeclzerke e`blzlŠlkl dk dnùmkgtk sk urmĀrkŞtk pĀstrerke ugulk`blcloru ècltetlv Şl ègtltetlv èrk sĀ esljurk angducul ug prnalc kg`l`cnpkdl`Şl ug ère`tkr uglter.

E`blzlŠlngerke dnùmkgtkcnr sk oezkezĀ pk n skck`Šlk rljurnesĀ, skck`Šlk

lmpusĀ dk prnalcuc `nck`Šllcnr, dk èpe`ltetke dk dkpnzlterk Şl, gu çg uctlmĀlgstegŠĀ, dk pnslolcltĀŠlck oujkterk.

@ugneŞtkrke surskcnr dk lganrmerk kstk dknskolt dk lmpnrtegtĀ çge`tlvltetke dk dkzvncterk e `nck`Šllcnr.

N pncltl`Ā kal`lkgtĀ, `nkrkgtĀ e dkzvnctĀrll `nck`Šllcnr Şl lmpcl`ltĀ eskck`Šlkl erk çg vkdkrk urmĀtnrll ae`tnrl8 kxtkrgl, lgtkrgl Şl ae`tnruc umeg.

Kxtkrgl sugt e`kl ae`tnrl èrk, aĀrĀ e lgtkrvkgl dlrk`t çg dk`lzle dk skck`Šlk nlgacukgŠkezĀ, steolclgd èdruc cerj çg èrk çŞl dksaĀŞnerĀ oloclntkè e`tlvltetke.

Vkgtru e al mel kxpcl`lŠl, vnm kxkmpclalè prlg kxlstkgŠe ugkl lgarestru`turllganrmeŠlngeck spk`leck, gumltĀ slstkm sn`lec dk `nmuglèrk. Ktepe prkclmlgerĀ e e`blzlŠlkl sk rkakrĀ ce pnslolcltĀŠlck dk lganrmerk esupre`krlgŠkcnr Şl gk`ksltĀŠlcnr utlclzetnrlcnr.

Lgtkrgl sugt e`kl ae`tnrl èrk lgacukgŠkezĀ dlrk`t dk`lzle dk skck`Šlk Şl èrksugt dkpkgdkgtk dk algegŠerk, prnalcuc `nck`Šllcnr, speŠlu kt`.

Ae`tnruc umeg sk rkakrĀ ce èpe`ltĀŠlck prnakslngeck eck pkrsngecuc lmpclètçg kak`tuerke skck`Šlkl.

Vkgtru rkeclzerke ugkl skck`Šll kal`lkgtk kstk gkvnlk sĀ sk steolckes`Ā

egumltk prlg`lpll Şl `rltkrll dk skck`Šlk. E`kstke sugt8

- jkgkreck tlpuc dk oloclntk`Ā, tlpurlck dk dnùmkgtk `k ec`Ātulks``nck`Šle, oujktuc, clmltkck èpe`ltĀŠll dk dkzvncterk Şl speŠluc dk ck`turĀ,`krlgŠkck pcegucul dk `kr`kterk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, jreduc dk eutnmetlzerk e oloclntk`ll9

- spk`lal`k dktkrmlgetk dk ècltetke lganrmeŠlkl (mnduc dk treterk esuolk`tucul, rkckvegŠe dnùmkgtucul repnrtetĀ ce prnalcuc `nck`Šllcnr

oloclntk`ll, vecnerke lgtrlgsk`Ā e dnùmkgtkcnr). @ngstetĀm `Ā surskck prlg`lpeck dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr Oŗ@ E.

Cupeg” sugt urmĀtnerkck8 dkpnzltuc ckjec ec _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve, e`blzlŠllck,




56:

dngeŠllck, s`blmouc dk puoclèŠll, kt`. Jreduc dk `ngtrlouŠlk e surskcnr celgtrerke metkrleckcnr kstk dlakrlt. Vk perùrsuc egucul rk`kgt `ke mel merk

pngdkrk n dkŠlgk s`blmouc dk puoclèŠll, `Ārnre çl eperŠlgk çg mkdlu 00,2%

dlg tnetk lgtrĀrlck, kc allgd urmet dk dngeŠll ù ?1,5% , dk dkpnzlt ckjec ù?5,0% Şl dk e`blzlŠll ù dner 51,; %.

Dkzvncterke mndkrgĀ e oloclntk`lcnr Şl e oloclntk`ngnmlkl prkùm Şl`rkŞtkrke vkrtljlgnesĀ e vecucul lganrmeŠlngec eu lmpus s`blmouc dk

puoclèŠll, mel ecks `kc lgtkrgeŠlngec, è anrmĀ kxtrkm dk lmpnrtegtĀ çg`lrùceŠle vecnrlcnr ùctureck dk ce ŠerĀ ce ŠerĀ. Etït s`blmouc lgtkrg dk

puoclèŠll, `ït Şl `kc lgtkrgeŠlngec sk pre`tl`Ā ezl dk tnetk oloclntk`lck, è anrmĀkalè`k dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr Şl dk vecnrlalèrk e surpcusucul dkkxkmpcerk dkŠlgutk dk e`kstke.

P`blmouc dk puoclèŠll prkzlgtĀ `ïtkve lg`ngtksteolck evegtehk8

- kstk n anrmĀ e dlecnjucul ŞtllgŠlal` çgtrk pertkgkrl9 - sk rkeclzkezĀ, çg prlmuc rïgd, çg vecnrl dk `ngŠlgut, gu çg vecnrl pur

algeg`lerk9

- kstk mel k`ngnml` dk`ït e`blzlŠllck, dknerk`k gu egtrkgkezĀ sumkvecnrnesk9

Vrlg s`blmo sk pnt prnùre Şl puoclèŠllck gk`nmkr`leclzetk.Oŗ@ E. Cupeg” e EŗM `nceonrkezĀ ù `è ?;; pertkgkrl dlg ;6 dk ŠĀrl.

Vertkgkrll dk oezĀ sugt oloclntk`lck eèdkml`k, oloclntk`lck uglvkrslterk ŞllgstltuŠllck ŞtllgŠlal`k. Oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā mkgŠlgk n `nce onrerk aru`tunesĀù8 Oloclntk`lck Eèdkml`k dlg _nmïgle, _usle, [`relge, ůĀrlck Oectl`k,Oloclntk`lck [glvkrslterk dlg Ml`bljeg, Okrikcky, @blèjn, Iegses (P[E),

dlg Cngdre (Egjcle) Şl Ckldkg (Ncegde), Muzkuc GeŠlngec dk Lstnrlk GeturecĀdlg AregŠe, Oloclntkè GeŠlngecĀ dlg Verls, Oloclntkè GeŠlngecĀ dlgOuùrkŞtl, Pn`lktĀŠlck ŗtllgŠlal`k dlg @emorldjk (Egjcle) Şl @ecùtte (Lgdle),Lgstltutuc dk Metkmetl`Ā dlg Chuochege (Pcnvkgle) kt`.

Çg èdruc oloclntk`ll kxlstĀ Angduc dk _kzkrvĀ Şl P`blmo ec`Ātult dlg

puoclèŠllck ŞtllgŠlal`k, kdltetk dk `Ātrk sevegŠll lgstltuŠllcnr eèdkml`k Şl dlgectk puoclèŠll rkprkzkgtetlvk kdltetk çg _kpuoclè Mncdnve. DkstlgeŠle e`kstulangd kstk dk e esljure s`blmouc lgtkrgeŠlngec Şl rkpuoclèg dk puoclèŠll.

@nmpckterke `nck`Šllcnr dk èrtk Şl kdlŠll pkrlndl`k prlg e`blzlŠll s-e

kak`tuet dlg dlakrltk sursk çg clmltkck sumkcnr ecnètk ce e`kst èpltnc. Eu anstnrjeglzetk dnuĀ cl`lteŠll puocl`k pkgtru prksterke skrvl`llcnr dk eongerk ce

kdlŠll pkrlndl`k (prlgt Şl ngclgk) Şl cl`lteŠle pkgtru e`blzlŠlngerk dk èrtkŞtllgŠlal`Ā.

Vkgtru eguc ùrkgt e anst pnslolcĀ eongerke rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şlrkakretlvk ruskŞtl, e rkvlstkcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k rnmïgkŞtl Şl aregŠuzkŞtl, e rkvlstkcnr Şl




562

zlerkcnr rkpuoclègk prnùrïgd `è ?1; eongemkgtk. Eu anst çg`bkletk`ngtre`tk ù ejkgŠl k`ngnml`l pkgtru e`blzlŠlngerke `ĀrŠlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k kdltetkce kdlturlck dlg _nmïgle, _usle Şl Ncegde (`è :6: uglt.).

@nganrm BntĀrïrll Juvkrgucul _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve gr. 156 dlg 6?.6:.<: prlvlgd Dkpnzltuc ckjec dk puoclèŠll, Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ E.Cupeg” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl dlspugk dk ug kxkmpcer dk alkèrktltcu dk puoclèŠll pntrlvlt prnalcucul oloclntk`ll. Dkpnzltuc ckjec ec _kpuocl`llMncdnve lg`cudk urmĀtnerkck ètkjnrll dk dnùmkgtk - `ĀrŠl, rkvlstk, ornŞurl,@D-url kt`. Çg eguc ?66< è Dkpnzlt ckjec eu anst prlmltk ‐ ?1<4 uglt.

DngeŠllck `ngstltulk n sursĀ lmpnrtegtĀ dk `nmpckterk e `nck`Šllcnr ugkl oloclntk`l. DngeŠle `ngstĀ çg prlmlrke jretultĀ e metkrlecucul dnùmkgter dk cedlvkrsk pkrsnegk alzl`k seu hurldl`k (lgstltutk, sn`lktĀŠl, kdlturl, eutnrl kt`.). Vk

perùrsuc egucul ?66< eu anst rk`kpŠlngetk 0060 uglt.Angdurlck dk puoclèŠll eck Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck E. Cupeg” e

EŗM ùprlgd n merk verlktetk dk puoclèŠll dlg ŠerĀ Şl strĀlgĀtetk. Vkstk <1%dlg tnetk metkrleckck lgtretk çg `nck`Šllck Oloclntk`ll eèdkml`k ck rkprkzlgtĀ`ĀrŠlck Şl kdlŠllck pkrlndl`k.

VïgĀ ce 5 leguerlk ?656 angduc oloclntk`ll ùprlgdke8 5456;6: uglt. ‐ :5;026 `ĀrŠl + 104514 rkvlstk+56:26 ornŞur l + ;6520 kd.

spk`leck. Lg`cuslv8

Angduc e`tlv ‐ 50:2::5 uglt. ( 12<?:6 `ĀrŠl + 1?2;02 rkvlstk +56:26 ornŞurl + ;6520 kd. spk`leck) Angduc dk _kzkrvĀ Şl P`blmo ‐ 05:01 uglt. ( ?1556 `ĀrŠl + ;1?1 rkvlstk) Dnùmkgtkck lgtretk çg `nck`Šllck oloclntk`ll sugt dlg urmĀtnerkck dnmkgll

dk oezĀ8ŗtllgŠk sn`ln-umegk ‐ 4<6;04 uglt.

ŗtllgŠk getureck Şl kxe`tk ‐ 222?0: uglt.

Oloclntkè dkŠlgk `nck`Šll dk dnùmkgtk tredlŠlngeck, @D Şl oezk dk detkEJN_E, NE_K, BLGE_L, KOP@N, KCPKQLK_ , èr k esljurĀ ug slstkm

ugl` dk eslstkgŠĀ lganrmeŠlngecĀ e `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k augdemkgteck Şlepclètlvk.


5. Oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā 5<?2-?660 / EŗM9 Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ. @b.8

@lvltes, ?660. 5<2 p.

?. KvldkgŠe `nck`Šllcnr dk oloclntk`Ā8 Lgstru`Šlugk, gr. 5;? dlg 62.6;.?660. 0. Ckjke _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve ù prlvlrk ce oloclntk`l, gr. ?21-RLLL dlg 51 gnlkmo.

5<<4.




56<

DK CE OLOCLNTK@E @NGJ_KP[C[L DLG ZEPBLGJTNG ‐ CE OLOCLNTK@E ŗTLLGůLAL@ď @KGT_ECď ‗EGD_KL

C[VEG” E E@EDKMLKL DK ŗTLLGůK E MNCDNQKL

_NDL@E @NPTEŗ, C[@LE E_Gď[T


Ertl`ncuc sk rkakrĀ ce rkceŠllck dk s`blmo dlgtrk Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul dlgZesblgjtng Şl Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠkdlg _kpuoclè Mncdnve. Kstk kvldkgŠlet çg spk`lec Vrnjremuc P`blmo dk Duocktkcegset dk Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul çg ?66; Şl sugt egeclzetk evegtehkck e`kstul prnjremkck`trngl` aeŠĀ dk `kc tredlŠlngec.

Tbk ertl`ck rkakrs tn tbk kx`begjk rkcetlngs oktwkkg tbk Clorery na @ngjrkss arnm

Zesblgjtng egd tbk @kgtrec P`lkgtlal` Clorery –Egdrkl Cupeg” na tbk _kpuocl` naMncdnve. Lg e spk`lec wey lt ls kmpbeslzkd tbk Dupclètk Metkrlecs Kx`begjk

Vrnjrem, ceug`bkd oy tbk Clorery na @ngjrkss lg ?66; egd tbkrk erk egecyzkd tbk

edvegtejks na tbls kck`trngl` prnjrem nvkr tbk tredltlngec ngk.

Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk eMncdnvkl erk akrl`lte ŞegsĀ dk e sk eace prlgtrk `kl `lrè ?166 pertkgkrl elOloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul dlg P[E.

_kceŠllck dk s`blmo dlgtrk e`kstk dnuĀ oloclntk`l eu anst lglŠletk çg`Ā çg5<1;, pk perùrsuc e`kstnr eprnepk 4; dk egl oloclntkè eèdkml`Ā

okgkal`llgd dk gumkrnesk dnùmkgtk etçt dk gk`kserk prn`ksucul dk `kr`kterkdlg èdruc Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk. Vk dk ectĀ pertk, detnrltĀ `nceonrĀrll çgtrk

oloclntk`lck gnestrk, e anst Şl kstk pnslolcĀ prnmnverke rkzuctetkcnr `kr`ktĀrlcnrsevegŠlcnr Eèdkmlkl pkstk bnterkck ŠĀrll.

Çg ?66; Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul e cegset Vrnjremuc P`blmo dk Duocktk

(DMKV8 Dupclètk Metkrlecs Kx`begjk Vrnjrem) çg verlegtĀ kck`trngl`Ā,

nakrlgd pnslolcltetke dk skck`terk ng-clgk e puoclèŠllcnr. Estakc, evegtehuce`kstul prnjrem aeŠĀ dk `kc tredlŠlngec kstk çg prlmuc rçgd npkretlvltetke,

prlg`lpllck kskgŠleck dk aug`Šlngerk allgd urmĀtnerkck8

N çgtrkejĀ verlktetk dk mktndk dk cnèclzerk e puoclèŠllcnr `Āutetk9

Vnslolcltetke dk e arugzĀrl” tltcurlck dlg tnetk `kck 5? ètkjnrll dksuolk`tk prnpusk dk Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul9

E``ks ce çgtrkeje oezĀ dk detk e tltcurlcnr prnpusk9

De`Ā tltcuc `nmegdet kstk dlspnglolc, `nga lrmerke `nmkgzll sk ae`k

lmkdlet prlgtr-ug k-melc9

NdetĀ skck`tet, tltcuc dkvlgk gkdlspnglolc pkgtru ecŠl pertkgkrl9




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@nmkgzlck sçgt çgdkpclgltk lmkdlet `k eu anst pcesetk, lgdl`çgdu-sk

prlgtr-ug mkseh dete `ng`rktĀ dk kxpkdlkrk e `ĀrŠlcnr sncl`ltetk9

@nte pertkgkrucul kstk e`tueclzetĀ pkrlndl`, dlspnglolcĀ çg rkjlm ng-

clgk Şl steolcltĀ çg alkèrk eg çg aug`Šlk dk gumĀruc dk puoclèŠll prlmltk dk ce pertkgkr çg eguc prk`kdkgt. Estakc, dlg ?66; Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM e

okgkal`let lg èdruc e`kstul prnjrem dk 4?5 `ĀrŠl, pertk dlg èrk eu anstrk`kpŠlngetk çg cuge eujust ?66<. K dk rkmerèt è puoclèŠllck rkprkzlgtĀeperlŠll rk`kgtk ce kdlturl prkstljlnesk ùm er al Nxanrd [glvkrslty Vrkss,

@emorldjk [glvkrslty Vrkss, Pprlgjkr, Gnve P`lkg`k Vuoclsbkrs,

Teycnr&Areg`ls Jrnup, kt`.

Vrnjremuc P`blmo dk Duocktk kstk n ougĀ npnrtugltetk pkgtru

`nmugltetke ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dlg Mncdnve Şl pkgtru utlclzetnrll Oloclntk`ll pkgtru edks`npkrl gnl studll ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl e-Şl cĀrjl e``ksuc ce rkzuctetkck `kr`ktĀrlcnr`nckjlcnr dk pkstk bnterk.

VrkzkgtĀm çg `ngtlguerk `çtkve tltcurl çgsnŠltk dk sùrtk edgntĀrl. Lgtkrgetlngec Mljretlng Cew8 Dkvkcnplgj Veredljms egd Iky

@becckgjks / Kd. oy _. @bnckwlgsil. ‐ Tbk Bejuk8 TM@ Esskr Vrkss,

?66:. ‐ 4<? p.

Edgnterk8 @ertke egeclzkezĀ prnockmkck ckjetk dk mljreŠle lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ,

ùm er al trealùc dk allgŠk umegk, lmpe`tuc utlclzĀrll tkbgncnjllcnr olnmktrl`k(ce emprkgtkck dljlteck, sprk kxkmpcu) pkgtru ldkgtlalèrke Şl mel ougemngltnrlzerk e mljreŠlkl lgtkrgeŠlngeck Şl pkgtru lgtkgslalèrke `nnpkrĀrll ce

arngtlkre [glugll Kurnpkgk. Çg cu`rerk sçgtkxemlgetk dk eskmkgke drkpturlck jrupurlcnr

vucgkreolck dk mljregŠl, ùm er al mug`ltnrll Şlakmklck-vl`tlmk eck trealùcul, pkrsnegkck aĀrĀ`ktĀŠkglk. Kstk egeclzetĀ dk eskmkgke prnockme

rkspngseolcltĀŠll stetkcnr Şl prkvkdkrlck prntk`Šlkl

Şl eslstkgŠkl `ngsucerk e mljregŠlcnr vucgkreolcl.Vrlg prnockmkck eonrdetk, puoclèŠle ve`ngtrloul ce n çgŠkckjkrk mel empcĀ e ckjlllgtkrgeŠlngeck dksprk mljreŠlk. @ertke rkprkzlgtĀrnduc `ngcu`rĀrll ugnr nrjeglzeŠll lgtkrgeŠlngeck,e spk`leclŞtlcnr çg drkpt, e `kr`ktĀtnrlcnr Şl

kxpkrŠlcnr çg prnockmkck mljreŠlkl lgtkrgeŠlngeck Şl kstk dkstlgetĀ ugul jrupcerj dk `ltltnrl8 pncltl`lkgl, `kr`ktĀtnrl, dn`tnregzl, pre`tl`lkgl çg drkpt,rkprkzkgtegŠl el sn`lktĀŠll `lvlck Şl hurgeclŞtl.




555

Oln`bkmlstry egd Vbyslncnjy na Gkutrnpblc / Kd. oy Ptkvkg Z.

Kdwerds. ‐ @emorldjk8 @emorldjk [glvkrslty Vrkss, ?66;. ‐ ?<< p.

Edgnterk8 Gkutrnalce rkprkzlgtĀ prlme clglk dk

epĀrerk e nrjeglsmucul çmpntr lve lgvezlkl petnjkglcnr oe`tkrlecl Şl augjl`lzl. E`keste kstk n`kcucĀ `ltntnxl`Ā ù ug pntkgŠlec dk prntk`Šlkanertk çgect, pnskdçgd çg e`kst s`np ug çgtrkjerskgec dk prntklgk egtlml`rnolkgk.

@ertke dks`rlk rncuc gkutrnalckl çg èzuc lgak`ŠllcnrŞl lgacemeŠllcnr Şl ae`k n trk`krk çg rkvlstĀ e

oln`blmlkl Şl alzlncnjlkl e`kstkl `kcuck,kvldkgŠllgd mkèglsmkck prlg èrk e`keste

dkplstkezĀ Şl dlstrujk ml`rnnrjeglsmkck petnjkgk. VuoclèŠle pugk çg dlsùŠlkdks`npkrlrlck rk`kgtk prlvlgd rncuc `ltnilgkcnr çg rkjcerke aug`Šlkl gkutrnalckl. @ertke ve prkzkgte lgtkrks pkgtru `kr`ktĀtnrll dlg dnmkgluc oln`blmlkl, e

olncnjlkl mnckùcerk Şl alzlncnjlkl, der Şl pkgtru lmugncnjl Şl bkmetncnjl. Kgdurlgj Uukstlngs lg Jkrngtncnjy / Kd.

oy Dkore H. Pbkkts, Dege Oredcky, Hng

Bkgdrlìs. ‐ Gkw \nri8 Pprlgjkr Vuoclsblgj

@nmpegy, ?661. ‐ ?<1 p.

Edgnterk8 Eutnrll `ĀrŠll tretkezĀ prnockmkckjkrngtncnjlkl dlg pkrspk`tlve dlakrltnr dls`lpclgk

ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl kcu`ldkezĀ `Ālck dk eonrderk ee`kstkle. Vrlg egeclze mndecltĀŠlcnr çg èrk n

dls`lpclgĀ e lgacukgŠet ectk dls`lpclgk seu e okgkal`let çg urme e`kstkl lgacukgŠk, eutnrll eretĀùm e`tlvltetke, çg tegdkm, jkgkrkezĀ prnjrksuc.Çg cu`rerk sçgt egeclzetk prnockmkck dktkrmlgetk dk sn`lktetke çg tregzlŠlk,kceonretk stretkjll Şl dkalgltk pkrspk`tlvkck rkmerèolck pk èrk e`kestĀ ŞtllgŠĀ

ck erk. @ertke kstk edrksetĀ spk`leclŞtlcnr çg dnmkgluc jkrngtncnjlkl Şl `kcnrlgtkrkseŠl dk suolk`tuc rkspk`tlv. Tbk Dygeml` Oe`tkrlec Jkgnmk / Kd. oy

Vktkr Muccegy. ‐ @emorldjk8 @emorldjk

[glvkrslty Vrkss, ?66;. ‐ 4?0 p.

Edgnterk8 @ertke prkzlgtĀ n egeclzĀ prnaugdĀ emkèglsmkcnr Şl `ngsk`lgŠkcnr olncnjl`k e

rkereghemkgtkcnr jkgnmucul çg oe`tkrll. Kak`tuc olncnjl` ec e`kstnre kstk lmkgs, lgacukgŠçgd

vlruckgŠe oe`tkrlecĀ Şl rkzlstkgŠe ce egtlolntl`k.




55?

Eutnrll kxemlgkezĀ mkèglsmkck lmpclètk çg rkereghemkgtkck jkgnmucul Şl`ngsk`lgŠkck olncnjl`k dlrk`tk eck e`kstnr e`Šlugl. VuoclèŠle sk edrkskezĀstudkgŠlcnr dlg uctlmuc eg ec aeùctetll, mestkregzlcnr, dn`tnregzlcnr, `çt Şl

`kr`ktĀtnrlcnr dlg dnmkgluc olncnjlkl.Muctlpbesk Bnmnjkgnus @etecysls / Kd. oy O. @nrglcs Ykt ec.]. ‐

Zklgbklm8 Zlcky-Q@B Qkrcej, ?66;. ‐ 465 p.

Edgnterk8 VuoclèŠle dk aeŠĀ rkprkzlgtĀ nèrtk dk rkakrlgŠĀ pkgtru `kl èrk e`tlvkezĀçg dnmkgluc èteclzkcnr ù aezk muctlpck. Eutnrll puoclèŠlkl - sevegŠl dk rkgumk dlgdnmkgluc lgdustrlec Şl eèdkml` eu pnrgltdk ce ldkke dk oezĀ e ktepkl dk dkzvncterk

pçgĀ ce epclèrke `nmkr`lecĀ ù tkgdlgŠk dkrkeclzerk k`ngnml`Ā, prkzkgtçgd `ng`ls Şl`nmpktkgt tnetk aeŠktkck e`kstkl mktndncnjllaes`lgegtk.

_kmntk Pkgslgj na Cegdsèpks wltb

Ppk`trec Lmejks8 e Vbyslèc Mndkclgj

Epprne`b / Kd. oy Hnbg O. Edems, Eceg

_. Jlccksplk. ‐ Gkw \nri8 @emorldjk [glvkrslty Vrkss, ?661. ‐ 01? p.

Edgnterk8 Lmejlglck spk`treck, mel ecks `kck dk pk setkclŠl ùm er al Cegdset sçgt utlclzetk çgçgtrkeje cumk çg dlvrksk s`npurl çg`kpçgd dk cemngltnrlzerke s`blmoĀrlcnr dk mkdlu Şlkvecuerke rksurskcnr getureck pçgĀ ce`nnrdngerke npkreŠluglcnr mlclterk.

@ertke rkprkzlgtĀ ug çgdrumer prlvlgd prkcu`rerke Şl lgtkrprkterke lmejlglcnr spk`treck

ancnslgd mndkck alzl`k eŞe çg`çt sĀ sk ae`Ā

`ngkxlugke dlgtrk pertke tknrktl`Ā Şl `kelgjlgkrkes`Ā e dktk`tnrucul ce dlstegŠĀ ù cumkerkecĀ. Kstk ug meguec dk rkakrlgŠĀ pkgtrustudkgŠl Şl spk`leclŞtl dlg dnmkgllck çg èrk sçgt utlclzetk lmejlglck spk`treck,

prkùm k`ncnjle, jkncnjle, jknjreale, slcvlùcture, pceglalèrke uroegĀ,erbkncnjle, lgjlgkrle `lvlcĀ.




550

OLOCLNTK@E @NGJ_KP[C[L ‐ KDLAL@L[C

@[GNŗTLGůKCN_

C[DMLCE ME_Lŗ@KE@ Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul Ptetkcnr [gltk eck Emkrl`ll, çg nrljlgec, Tbk

Clorery na @ngjrkss na tbk [gltkd Ptetks na Emkrlè gumk ùgnsùt Şl çganrmk sùrtk, Tbk Clorery na @ngjrkss, seu dner Clorery na @ngjrkss, kstk

oloclntkè puocl`Ā `ke mel merk Şl `ke mellmpnrtegtĀ e [glugll9 allgd, dk aept Oloclntkè

GeŠlngecĀ e Ptetkcnr [gltk eck Emkrl`ll. Oloclntkè e

anst angdetĀ çg eguc 5266 Şl kstk `ke mel vk`bklgstltuŠlk akdkrecĀ ùcturecĀ e geŠlugll sl `ke mel merk

oloclntkè dlg cumk. EmpcesetĀ çg trkl `cĀdlrl dlgZesblgjtng, Clorery na @ngjrkss kstk tntndetĀ, Şl `ke mel merk oloclntk`Ā ecumll dupĀ gumĀruc dk reaturl, dupĀ gumĀruc dk `ĀrŠl Şl dupĀ gumĀruc dknolk`tk eacetk çg `nck`Šle se. E`keste `ngŠlgk pkstk 06 mlclnegk dk `ĀrŠl Şl ectkdnùmkgtk tlpĀrltk çg pkstk 4:6 dk clmol, mel muct dk 15 mlclnegk dk

megus`rlsk. Vk pnst dk ùrlnzltĀŠl, putkm mkgŠlnge `kck mel rerk `nck`Šll dk

`ĀrŠl dlg Emkrlè dk Gnrd,lg`cuslv anrme gkalglsetĀ eDk`cereŠlkl dk LgdkpkgdkgŠĀ,uge dlg `kck petru `npll,

kxlstkgtk çg tnetĀ cumke eOloclkl cul Jutkgokrj, pkstk 5

mlclng dk kdlŠll eck zlerkcnr dlgtnetĀ cumke dlg uctlmkck trklsk`nck, pkstk 1.666 dk okgzl

dkskgetk, alcmk, 4.2 mlclnegk dk bĀrŠl, ?.: mlclnegk dk çgrkjlstrĀrl, pkstk 50.:mlclnegk dk pnzk Şl lmejlgl, lg`cuslv dkskgk erbltk`tureck Şl plksk dk ertĀ,Oktts Ptredlverlus Şl @essevkttl Ptredlverlus. Dlrk`tnruc e`tuec ec oloclntk`ll

kstk Hemks B. Oucclgjtng, èrk erk tltcuc nal`lec dk Clorerleg na @ngjrkss Şl k`kc dk-ec trklsprkzk`kcke dlrk`tnr ec Oloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul ,dk ce angderke se.

Tltcuc dk Clorerleg na @ngjrkss, çg rnmïgĀ tredus drkpt, Oloclntkèruc

@ngjrksucul, dkskmgkezĀ dlrk`tnruc çgtrkjll lgstltuŠll- Clorery na @ngjrkss.

Vkrsnege èrk urmkezĀ e al Clorerleg na @ngjrks kstk gumltĀ dk prkŞkdlgtkck

Ptetkcnr [gltk ce rk`nmegderke Şl eprnoerke Pkgetucul ŠĀrll. [ctkrlnr e`kestedkvlgk oloclntkèr-Şka ec tuturnr sk`Šluglcnr Oloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul. [ge dlg

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblia_lui_Gutenberg&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzi_desenate


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%C4%83


http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betts_Stradivarius&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassavetti_Stradivarius&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_H._Bullington&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Congresului_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii#Librarians_of_Congress

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%9Fedinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii


http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatul_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii





http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Congresului_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii#Librarians_of_Congress

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_H._Bullington&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassavetti_Stradivarius&action=edit&redlink=1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betts_Stradivarius&action=edit&redlink=1




http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblia_lui_Gutenberg&action=edit&redlink=1




554

rkspngseolcltĀŠlck cul Clorerleg na @ngjrkss kstk dk e guml çg aug`Šlk ug Vnkt

Ceurketk, edl`Ā ug pnkt ceurket, `ngsuctegt çg pnkzlk.

Oloclntkè e anst sltuete çg `cĀdlrke @epltnclucul pïgĀ ce lgvezle orlteglè

dlg 5254, `k e `ngdus ce erdkrke ml`ll `nck`Šll dk `ĀrŠl. N cugĀ mel tïrzlu, prkŞkdlgtkck Tbnmes Hkaakrsng e nakrlt @ngjrksucul oloclntkè se pkrsngecĀ `k`ngŠlgke èrŠl e`blzlŠlngetk pk perùrsuc e ;6 dk egl, allgd `ngsldkretĀ `ke mel

–realgetĀ” oloclntk`Ā dlg P[E. Lg 525;, @ngjrksuc e e``kptet nakrte prkŞkdlgtkcul Hkaakrsng, `k e `ngstltult tkmkcle ugkl oloclntk`l geŠlngeck.@ng`kptuc cul Hkaakrsng prlvlgd uglvkrsecltetke sl lmpnrtegŠe tuturnrsuolk`tkcnr pkgtru n oloclntk`Ā e @ngjrksucul evke sĀ jbldkzk dkzvncterkeuctkrlnerĀ e lgstltuŠlkl.

Elgswnrtb _egd Ppnaanrd, e anst `kc èrk e cu`ret ce Oloclntkè

@ngjrksucul çg pkrlnede 5214 ‐ 52<4, e epclèt pk sèrĀ cerjĀ alcnsnale culHkaakrsng. Lg 52:6 kc e lgtrndus ckjke `npyrljbt-ucul ler lg 5<:0 e `ngvlgs

@ngjrksuc sĀ eprnok `ngstrulrke ugkl gnl `cĀdlrl. Lg 5221, dupĀ kvecuerke melmuctnr prnlk`tk, @ngjrksuc e eprnoet `ngstrulrke `cedlrll çg stlc lteclegrkges`kgtlst pk oeze dkskgkcnr erbltk`Šlcnr Hnbg Pmltbmkykr sl Veuc H Vktz.

Çg 5<24, @ngjrksuc e eprnoet angdurlck gk`kserk pkgtru rksteurerke `cĀdlrll`k purte çg`Ā dlg 5<26 gumkck prkŞkdlgtkcul Tbnmes Hkaakrsng. _ksteurerke evlzet `ngskrverke spckgdnrll sk`ncucul RLR, `ït Şl mndkrglzerke `cĀdlrll

pkgtru e rĀspugdk `krlgŠkcnr sk`nucul RRL. Oloclntkè e anst rkdks`blsĀ çg5<<:, ce eglvkrserke e 566 dk egl dk ce çgallgŠerk. Pkrvl`llck dk rkakrlgŠĀ prkstetk ce ;4;,624 pkrsnegk dlg pnpuceŠlk, sugt

kak`tuetk pkrsngec, prlg tkckang, Şl prlg `nrkspngdkgŠĀ s`rlsĀ seu kck`trngl`Ā. Dlg tntecuc dk 545,24:,256 kckmkgtk dlg `nck`Šll e oloclntk`ll, pnt al

kgumkretk8

?5?52462 èrtl ètecnjetk çg Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul e slstkmucul dk`ceslalèrk 55;<<161 `ĀrŠl ù ère`tkrk merl seu rldlètk, lgùgeouck (`ĀrŠltlpĀrltk çgelgtk dk 5;65), mngnjreall, skrleck, muzl`Ā, ckjĀturl dk zlerk,

ornŞurl, repnertk tkbgl`k, prkùm Şl ectk dnùmkgtk tlpĀrltk9 56<6?<:<1 kckmkgtk ae` pertk dlg `nck`Šll spk`leck. E`kstke lg`cud8

066;6?2 metkrleck eudln, ùm er al dlsùrl, èsktk, `ĀrŠl, Şl ectk anrmetkçgrkjlstretk9

1?::2552 megus`rlsk9

;0;:02; bĀrŠl9 51621;:? ml`rnalcmk9

;1:4<;1 plksk dlg teocĀ dk muzl`Ā9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate_Consultant_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress




http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezie








551

5;-cke çg kmlsakre vkstl`Ā. @nck`Šle lg`cudk, dk eskmkgke, prlme èrtk

tlpĀrltĀ, kxlstkgtĀ çg Emkrlè dk Gnrd, "Tbk Oey Vsecm Onni" (5146). Oloclntkè dlspugk dk eprnxlmetlv 566 dk `ĀrŠl pkgtru `npll kxtrkm dk

rerk, lg`cuslv "Gnue Tbk @blcdrkg's Vcey-Tblgj" (Vblcedkcpble, 5:10) sl "Tbk@blcdrkg's Olock" (Vblcedkcpble, 5:10). @ke mel ml`Ā èrtk çg Oloclntkè@ngjrksucul kstk "Ncd Ilgj @nck." E`kste kstk dk 5 / ?; "x 5 / ?;", seu

dksprk mĀrlmke pkrlnedkl dk ce saïrŞltuc e`kstkl prnpnzlŠll. @ke mel merkèrtk çg Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul kstk dk ;-dk-: rkzkrveŠl çg pl`lnerk èrk

prkzlgtĀ lmejlgl `ncnr dlg Obuteg. @u sprlhlg dk ce Ml`rnsnat, n k`blpĀ dkstudkgŠl dk ce Messe`busktts Lgstltutk na Tk`bgncnjy çgrkjlstretk dk vleŠĀ

vk`bl Şl ùcturll, çg e`kestĀ ŠerĀ dlg Esle dk Pud -Kst Şl e aĀùt 46.666 dkantnjreall dljlteck dlspnglolck pkgtru e Erblvkcnr GeŠlngeck Obuteg.

@kc mel lmpnrtegt dlgtrk kxpcneteŠllck dlvlzlkl dk megus`rls sugtdnùmkgtkck dk ?0 prkskdlgtl, verllgd dk ce Jknrjk Zesblgjtng ce @ecvlg

@nncldjk.

Olocle Jutkgokrj, kstk uge dlg `nmnrlck Oloclntk`ll @ngjrksucul, e anst

e`blzlŠlngetĀ çg 5<06. Kstk uge dlgtrk `kck trkl kxkmpcerk pkrak`tĀ pk pkrjemkgt dlg cumk.

Mel muct dk 5 mlclng dlg lmejlgl sugt e``kslolck pk prlgturl Şl Antnjreallckètecnjucul ng-clgk.

Oloclntkè dkŠlgk `ke mel ùprlgzĀtnerk `nck`Šlk dk muzl`Ā emkrlègĀ çgcumk, mel muct dk ?? mlclnegk dk prndusk, lg`cuslv ;.1 mlclnegk dk plksk dk

muzl`Ā anelk. @nck`Šle ùprlgdk n edugerk merk dk megus`rlsk nrlj lgeck dk

`nmpnzltnrl dk tketru emkrlèg muzlèck Şl `ke mel merk `nck`Šlk dk nrl`k akc

dlgtrk lgstrumkgt muzlèc (aceut) dlg cumk. Oloclntkè spngsnrlzkezĀ n cugjĀduretĀ dk dlauzerk skrlk dk `ng`krtk dk muzlè dk èmkre.

@u pkstk 5,; mlclnegk dk prndusk, Erblve pnpucerĀ dk @ucturĀ çg AnciclakEmkrlèg @kgtkr (EA@) kstk `kc mel merk dkpnzlt dk dnùmkgteŠlk ùcturecktredlŠlngeck çg Ptetkck [gltk Şl uguc dlgtrk `kck mel merl dlg cumk. E`kste

`ngŠlgk `ke mel merk `nck`Šlk dk muzl`Ā lgdlegĀ dlg Emkrlè dk ùvïgt Şl evnrolt, lg`cuslv `ke mel vk`bk çgrkjlstrerk ktgnjreal`Ā çg dnmkglu.

Çg`kpïgd ù 5<05, Oloclntkè e nakrlt `ĀrŠl ce nrol çg orelcck Şl pkçgrkjlstrĀrl sngnrk. Oloclntkè GeŠlngecĀ Pkrvl`luc pkgtru gkvĀzĀtnrl Şl

pkrsnegkck ù begdlèp alzl` kstk çg prn`ks dk dksaĀŞurerk e lgvkgterucul dk

çgrkjlstrĀrl pk èsktk eudln, ù rk`kgt dkzvnctetk dljltec Qnrolgd `ĀrŠl Şlk`blpemkgtk dljlteck dk rkderk.




55:

Angduc oloclntk`ll eu jkgkrecĀ `k `ngŠlgk `ke mel merk `nck`Šlk dk @_LPP

dlg P[E-@rnss (gumĀruc dk tkckang Şl edrkse) Şl prlmerkcnr nreŞkcnr dlg

cumk. Oloclntkè dnoïgdkŞtk, pkstk 2.666 dk vncumk dk ug eg Şl `ĀrŠl `kdkŠlgk mel muct dk 5?4,666 dk tkckanegk Şl dk dlrk`tnerk, ml`rnalcmetk ecknreŞucul dk ce 1;6 nreŞk dlg P[E Şl nreŞk. E`keste `nck`Šlk vestĀ ù prlgdk

`ĀrŠl strĀlgk lstnrl`k. (eprnepk 5.;66 pk eg prlmltk dk ce mel muct dk 566 dkŠĀrl).

@kc mel vk`bl zler nrljlgec, çg `nck`terk kstk Mkrùrlus Vøoclès@nmpertlmkgterk sume dk Anrreljg Lgtkccljkg`k, ?< dk`kmorlk 51;<.

ŗtllgŠlal` Şl tkbgl` dk lganrmer k Oloclntkè @ngjrksucul erk uge dlgtrk `kck

mel merl `nck`Šll Şl dk `kck mel dlvkrsk lganrmeŠll ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl tkbgl`k dlgcumk. E`kstk metkrleck `ngstltulk eprnxlmetlv ug sakrt dk èrtk èrk se tntecĀŞl dk `nck`terk e rkvlstkl.

Çg 52<:, Oloclntkè Şl-e dks`bls pnr Šlck puoclùcul allgd kcnjletĀ è ugmngumkgt geŠlngec jregdlns –`ke mel merk, mel `nstlsltnerk Şl mel sljure

oloclntk`Ā dlg cumk”.




552

OLOCLNTK@E QL_T[ECď K[_NVKEGď

dr. TETLEGE C[@BLEGOŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ kstk n oloclntk`Ā kurnpkegĀ vlrtuecĀ, uglalètĀ çgtr -nslgjurĀ rkŠke, èrk nakrĀ e``ks `kgtreclzet ce rksurskck e 42 dk oloclntk`lgeŠlngeck dlg Kurnpe. @e Şl çgtr -n oloclntk`Ā tredlŠlngecĀ, el`l pnt al jĀsltk tntakcuc dk metkrleck8 dnùmkgtk nrljlgeck, `ĀrŠl, bĀrŠl, antnjreall, muzl`Ā kt`.[tlcltetke dljlteclzĀrll dnùmkgtkcnr Şl e anrmĀrll ugkl rkŠkck ugl`k kstkdkmngstretĀ prlg aeptuc `Ā el e``ks lmkdlet Şl `nganrteolc ce dnùmkgtkck

oloclntk`ll geŠlngeck e ugkl ŠĀrl kurnpkgk, pk dk ectĀ pertk çc pnŠl `Āute çg oloclntk`lck ugkl ectk ŠĀrl, çg èzuc çg èrk clpskŞtk çg oloclntkè `ngsuctetĀ.

LganrmeŠle gk`kserĀ pnetk al noŠlgutĀ çg çŠlve peŞl (ktepk).

L. Mel çgtçl sk lgtrĀ pk sltuc bttp8//www.tbkkurnpkegclorery.nrj/

Pk s`rlk ùvçgtuc `Āutet. Pk ae`k `cli pk outnguc (E).

Vejlge "_kzuctet" ve nakrl urmetnerkck8

Clste `nck`Šllcnr sncl`ltetk (O)9




55<

@nck`Šllck lg`cusk. El`l lgtrĀ `ĀrŠlck ngclgk, lmejlgl, mepk,muzl`Ā (@).

Ougnguc (D) ngclgk pkrmltk e``ksuc ngclgk ce metkrleckck dljlteclzetk.

De`Ā dupĀ e``kserke outngucul ngclgk dnùmkgtuc gu sk dks`bldk, e`kste g-eanst çg`Ā dljlteclzet. @bler Şl çg e`kst èz, tltcuc `Āutet pkrmltk e``ksuc ce "alŞedk oloclntk`Ā" e dnùmkgtucul.

LQ. E``kserke outngucul "alŞe dk oloclntk`Ā" pkrmltk vlzueclzerke detkcnrdksprk dnùmkgt.

Etug`l `çgd metkrlecuc `Āutet gu kstk dlspnglolc çg anrmet kck`trngl`, kstkealŞetĀ lganrmeŠle ugdk pnetk al jesltĀ. Lg drkepte outngucul "AlŞe dk

oloclntk`Ā" kstk ealŞetĀ dlspnglolcltetke dnùmkgtucul rkspk`tlvk çg oloclntk`lck dlg çgtrkeje KurnpĀ.(J).

Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ kstk ug prnlk`t gng`nmkr`lec èrk nakrĀ, e``ks ce`nck`Šllck e 42 dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck dlg Kurnpe çg 0; dk clmol.

_ksurskck oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck pertkgkrk ce e`kst prnlk`t sçgt dknpntrlvĀgumkrl`k (`ĀrŠl, ealŞk, çgrkjlstrĀrl sngnrk, vldkn kt`.) Şl oloclnjreal`k.

Etug`l `çgd gk rkakrlm ce okgkal`lerll ugkl eskmkgke oloclntk`l, putkmealrme `Ā e`keste kstk dkstlgetĀ pkgtru nrl`k `ktĀŠkeg dlg çgtrkeje cumk,èrk sk nùpĀ dk `kr`kterke dnùmkgtkcnr seu e rkakrlgŠkcnr oloclnjreal`krkakrltnr ce e`kstk dnùmkgtk.

Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ nakrĀ n vestĀ `nck`Šlk vlrtuecĀ dk dnùmkgtk çg tnetkdnmkgllck. Ce akc, nakrĀ nrl`Ārkl pkrsngek lgtkrksetk n èck dk e``ks slmpcu cerksurskck ùctureck kurnpkgk.

Qlzlugke Şl mlslugke Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk

Ldkke pk èrk sk exkezĀ (vlzlugke) Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ kstk dk enakrl tuturnr e``ks ugl` ce onjĀŠle Şl dlvkrsltetke ùcturll Şl ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr(ŞtllgŠkl) kurnpkgk.

Mlslugke Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk kstk urmĀtnerke8 Oloclntkè pkrmltkdks`bldkrke sprk uglvkrs e ùgnŞtlgŠkl, e lganrmeŠlkl Şl e ùcturlcnr

oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl. @lgk pertl`lpĀ ce dkzvncterke Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk>

@kck 42 dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck kurnpkgk pertkgkrk eck Oloclntk`llKurnpkgk sçgt mkmork eck @ngakrlgŠkl kurnpkgk eck dlrk`tnrlcnr dk

oloclntk`l geŠlngeck èrk kstk n augdeŠlk evçgd nolk`tlvuc dk e prnmnve ŞlçgtĀrl rncuc oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl. Mkmorll @ngakrlgŠkl kurnpkgkeck dlrk`tnrlcnr dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck sçgt dlrk`tnrll oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eckPtetkcnr mkmork eck @ngslclucul Kurnpkl.

E`kstke sçgt8 Ecoegle, Ermkgle, Eustrle, Ezkroelheg, Okcjle, Onsgle-

BkrŠkjnvlge, Oucjerle, @rneŠle, @ypru, _kpuoclè @kbĀ, Degkmerè, Ppegle,

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5?6

Kstngle, Algcegde, AregŠe, Jknrjle, Jkrmegle, Jrk`le, [gjerle, Lscegde,

Lrcegde, Ltecle ‐ AcnrkgŠe, Ltecle - _nme, Cktngle, Clk`btkgstklg, Cltuegle,

Cuxkmonurj, Me`kdngle, Mecte, Mncdnve, Mugtkgkjr u, ůĀrlck dk hns,

Gnrvkjle, Vncngle, Vnrtujecle, _nmïgle, _usle - Mns`nve, _ussle -Vktkrsonurj, Pelgt-Merlg, Pkrole, Pcnve`le, Pcnvkgle, Pukdle, KcvkŠle, Tur`le,

[`relge, Merke Orlteglk Şl Qetlèg.

Lstnrlùc Şl pkrspk`tlvkck Oloclntk`ll kurnpkgk

Pkrvl`luc Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ, cegset çg mertlk ?66; e epĀrut dlgtr -ug

prnlk`t suovkgŠlnget dk @nmlsle kurnpkegĀ. Çg`kpçgd ù cegserke se, euepĀrut gnl prnlk`tk `nalgegŠetk dk @nmlsle kurnpkegĀ, puŠlg `ltk puŠlg èrksusŠlg Şl çgtĀrks` (sprlhlgĀ) Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ, prnlk`tk prkùm8 TKC-

MK-MN_ - ?66;-?66:, KDCprnhk`t - ?661-?662, TKCpcus - ?66:-?66< Şl

A[MEJEOE - ?662-?66<.

Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ e anst eckesĀ dk @nmlsle kurnpkegĀ drkpt oezĀnrjeglzeŠlngecĀ e Oloclntk`ll gumkrl`k kurnpkgk ‐ Kurnpkege. E`kestĀlglŠletlvĀ e @nmlslkl kurnpkgk prlvkŞtk gu gumel oloclntk`lck, `l çg kjecĀmĀsurĀ muzkkck, erblvkck Şl ectk lgstltuŠll petrlmngleck.

Ol rnuc Oloc lntk ll kurnpkgk

Jkstlugke `ntldlegĀ (edmlglstreŠlk, prnmnverk, dkzvncterk, mkgŠlgkrk,`ng`kpŠlk, cu`rĀrl kdltnrleck, ehutnr tkbgl` kt`.) kstk esljuretĀ dk 8 Olrnuc

Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ nakrĀ ug e``ks ugl` ce ètecnejkck Şl `nck`Šllckgumkrl`k eck oloclntk`lcnr geŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl.

VutkŠl dk eskmkgke8

PĀ `ĀuteŠl slmucteg çg `nck`Šllck e pkstk 0: dk oloclntk`l geŠlngeck ŞlsĀ noŠlgkŠl rĀspugsurl dlg çgtrkeje KurnpĀ ‐ eckjçgd clmoe dk `ngsucterk e

sltk-cul wko ec Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.

PĀ vkrlalèŠl de`Ā dnùmkgtuc èrk vĀ lgtkrkskezĀ kstk ealŞet çg rkŠke.PĀ cnèclzeŠl dnùmkgtuc èrk vĀ lgtkrkskezĀ, çg èzuc çg èrk e`kste

g-e anst çg`Ā gumkrlzet Şl DumgkevnestrĀ vĀ `ngk`teŠl dlrk`t ce dla krltkckskrvl`ll dk –rkprndu`krk” nakrltk dk oloclntk`lck geŠlngeck.

PĀ e``kseŠl rkŠkckck nakrltk çg rkzuctetkck `ĀutĀrlcnr DumgkevnestrĀ pkgtru e dks`npkrl ectkck nakrltk ng-clgk8 clorĀrll kg cljgk pkgtru e ùmpĀrecu`rerke skck`tetĀ, mntnerk dk `Āuterk pkgtru e eprnaugde n `Āuterk detĀ kt`.

Kxpcnrerke `nck`Šllcnr gumkrl`k Şl eck ètecnejkcnr dlg oloclntk`lckgeŠlngeck eck Kurnpkl kstk anertk slmpcĀ. @clèŠl pk outnguc "@nck`Šll" Şldks`npkrlŠl dlvkrsltetke rksurskcnr oloclntk`lcnr.

ŗtlŠl `Ā putkŠl ce akc noŠlgk lganrmeŠll dksprk alkèrk oloclntk`Ā geŠlngecĀ >

VutkŠl sĀ vĀ çgs`rlkŠl pkgtru e okgkal`le dk skrvl`ll pkrsngeclzetk 8 e pĀstre

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5??

Pkrvl`ll pkgtru prnakslnglŞtl Vceset çg `kgtruc pklsehucul dnùmkgter ec oloclntk`lcnr Kurnpkl, rkŠkeue

Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk dnrkŞtk sĀ çmpertĀ ù ecŠl kxpkrŠl, dkzvncterke tkbgl`Ā ŞlkvncuŠle gnrmkcnr wko pk èrk ck utlclzkezĀ.

Vkgtru n sùrtĀ lgtrndu`krk çg nrjeglzerke (slstkmuc, stru`ture) Oloclntk`ll

Kurnpkgk, putkŠl ealŞe prkzkgterke çg anrmet Vnwkr -Vnlgt kak`tuet dk uguc

dlgtrk spk`leclŞtl "Krl` veg dkr Mkuckg".

Meguecuc –Oloclntkè kurnpkegĀ” kstk ug jbld pre`tl` èrk ehutĀ oloclntk`lck geŠlngeck sĀ çgŠkckejĀ dks`rlkrke `nck`Šllcnr cnr çg pnrtecucOloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk. Çg pcus, kc pkrmltk oloclntk`lcnr pertkgkrk sĀ sk esljurkdk aeptuc `Ā dks`rlkrke `nck`Šllcnr cnr kstk `nganrmĀ gnrmkcnr utlclzetk dk

pnrtecuc Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk. Vk cçgjĀ aeptuc `Ā e`kst jbld kstk çg prlmuc rlgddkstlget vlltnrlcnr pertkgkrl el Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk, putkŠl e``kse egumltk

pĀrŠl eck e`kstul meguec Şl sĀ dks`npkrlŠl _ìpkrtnrluc gnstru dkMìtednggìks ! (_kzuctetk dk s`blmo)

DnrlŠl sĀ lgsteceŠl Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ pk sltk-uc DumgkevnestrĀ >

LgsteceŠl mlgl ilt dk `Āuterk ec Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk Şl okgkal`leŠl dk ugskrvl`lu ugl`. Kstk slmpcu Şl jretult. E`kst ilt nakrĀ e``ks ce tnetk prnjremkckdk aug`Šlngerk eck Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.

DetnrltĀ ilt dk `Āuterk Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ, utlclzetnrll dumgkevnestrĀer putke vkrlalè, çg nrl`k mnmkgt, de`Ā ug dnùmkgt egumk e anst gumkrlzet.[tlclyetnrll vnr al nrlkgteŠl sprk rksursk lmonjeŠltk, gu dner `ĀrŠl, `l Şl

antnjreall, bĀrŠl, lmejlgl, pertlturl muzlèck, stempk, alcmk kt`. @ecltetke Şl

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5?0

aleolcltetke e`kstnr rksursk vnr al jeregtetk dk oloclntk`lck getlngeck eck

Kurnpkl èrk ck skck`tkezĀ Şl esljurĀ aug`Šlngecltetke.

Pkrvl`l l nmpckmkgterk

Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ nakrĀ n clstĀ dk ckjĀturl pkgtru `ngk`terk cerksurskck dk pk wko èrk pnt al utlck utlclzetnrlcnr sĀl.

Anrumuc dk prksĀ ec Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk vĀ Šlgk ce ùrkgt ù gnutĀŠlck

oloclntk`lcnr gumkrl`k kurnpkgk Şl vĀ prkzlgtĀ `nmugl`Ārlck dk prksĀ ŞllganrmeŠll prlvlgd oloclntk`lck geŠlngeck dlg Kurnpe.




5?4

Oloclntkè kurnpkegĀ kvncukezĀ `ngstegt Şl lgtkjrkezĀ dlg `k çg `k melmuctk `nck`Šll. VutkŠl sĀ vĀ eongeŠl ce P`rlsnerk dk lganrmerk e Oloclntk`ll

Kurnpkgk pkgtru e al lganrmet rkjucet ù kvncuŠllck seck. Çgs`rlkrke kstk

jretultĀ.

De`Ā evkŠl `nmkgterll seu rkmer`l pk skeme Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk, trlmltkŠlmksehkck ce LganFTbkKurnpkegClorery.nrj seu utlclzeŠl anrmuceruc"Çgs`rlkrk".

Oloclntkè KurnpkegĀ urmkezĀ n pncltl`Ā Şl rkjucl slmlcerk `kcnr dkalgltkdk Kurnpe (pnrtecuc [glugll Kurnpkgk).

Vk `çt kstk pnslolc, s`npuc kstk dk e aurglze puoclùcul lganrmeŠle pk èrk

n èutĀ çg prnprle se clmoĀ. E`kst cu`ru gu kstk tntuŞl pnslolc çgtntdkeuge,

detk allgd clmltĀrlck rksurskcnr.

Vrlg`lpllck urmetk sçgt dk`l epclètk esupre Kurnpkl, Şl vnr al çg kjecĀmĀsurĀ e pclètk esupre Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk8

e) Tnetk pejlglck ce glvkcuc çgtçl (*) vnr al tredusk çg tnetk clmolck eckŠĀrlcnr kurnpkgk pertkgkrk.

o) Vrlnrltetk ve al detĀ repldltĀŠll puocl`Ārll, çg spk`lec dlspnglolcltĀŠllugkl tredu`krl.

`) Mkcegjk (emkstkùc) mel muctnr clmol (**) ve al eutnrlzetĀ çgtr -nmeglkrĀ clmltetĀ.

(*) 8 speŠllck dk gevljerk, dk `Āuterk, dk e`npkrlrk Şl dk ealŞeh e

lganrmeŠlkl (**) 8 mel muct dk n clmoĀ pk n slgjurĀ pejlgĀ

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5?;

Çg tkrmkgl pre`tl`l e`keste skmglal`Ā `Ā 8 5. Lgstrumkgtkck dk jkstlugk eck tredu`krll vnr al dkzvnctetk Şl

mkgŠlgutk dk Nal`luc Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk.

?.

_keclzerke tredu`krlcnr ve Šlgk dk rkspngseolcltetke alk`Ārkl oloclntk`l pertkgkrk.

0. Pkrvl`llck Oloclntk`ll Kurnpkgk vnr evlze alk`erk oloclntk`Ā `çgdve kxlste vrkn sncl`lterk, çgsĀ gu ve esljure rĀspugsuc ce e`kestĀ`krlgŠĀ (sncl`lterk).

4. Cks lganrmetlngs urjkgtks nu repldkmkgt pìrlmìks skrngt kgegjcels uglqukmkgt, kx. 8 cks mkssejks d„krrkur ed bn`.

;. Cks ìtudks `ng`krgegt ck sltk skrngt rìeclsìks uglqukmkgt degs ckscegjuks nü ce tredu`tlng kst rìeclseock.

1. Ck "_k`bkr`bk Kgjlgk Vrnmntlng" (Vrnmntlng sur mntkurs dk

rk`bkr`bk) kxlstkre kg prkmlkr clku kg egjcels.

Ck "_k`bkr`bk Kgjlgk Vrnmntlng" (Vrnmntlng sur mntkurs dk

rk`bkr`bk) kxlstkre kg prkmlkr clku kg egjcels.

:. Ce ruorlquk Oloclntbâquks rkstkre uglqukmkgt kg egjcels,

aregêels kt ecckmegd.2. Ce ruorlquk Trìsnrs cks kxpnsltlngs slmlcelrks skrngt kg egjcels.

<. Ce ruorlquk Megejkmkgt kt ck Megukc skrngt melgtkgus

uglqukmkgt kg egjcels, `nmmk cegjuk dk trevelc dk TbkKurnpkeg Clorery.

56. @kpkgdegt, sl ugk oloclntbâquk kg pertl`uclkr snubeltk tredulrk ktmelgtkglr c„ugk nu c„eutrk dks sk`tlngs `l-dkssus evk` sks prnprks

rkssnur`ks, "Tbk Kurnpkeg Clorery" (ce Oloclntbâquk kurnpìkggk) skre bkurkusk dk cks eaal`bkr.

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5?1

‗OLOCLNTK@E ?.6” - N GN[ď TKBGNCNJLKLGAN_MEůLNGECď VKGT_[ OLOCLNTK@L

@_LPTLEG VCďLKŗ[-DQN_GL@


EstĀzl Lgtkrgktuc `ngtrloulk ce dkmn`retlzerke lganrmeŠlkl Şl e

`nmugl`Ārll, prlg e``ksuc ce n ègtltetk merk dk lganrmeŠlk edugetĀ çgtr -noloclntk`Ā” uglvkrsecĀ, e``kslolcĀ nrl`ïgd, nrlugdk Şl nrlùl, kclmlgïgd

oerlkrkck dk `nmuglèrk lmpusk dk jreglŠk alzl`k, k`ngnml`k seu sn`leck.Epclèrerke gnlcnr tkbgncnjll lganrmeŠlngeck çg oloclntk`l s`blmoĀ e``ksuc celganrmeŠlk Şl du`k ce dkzvncterke dk lgstrumkgtk pkranrmegtk dk stnèrk,`Āuterk Şl dlauzerk e lganrmeŠlkl, ler oloclntk`ll çl rkvlgk rncuc sĀ sk edeptkzkçg `kc mel repld mnd ce gnlck tkbgncnjll.

Oloclntkè ?.6” kstk ug `ng`kpt gnu, ug skrvl`lu dk oloclntk`Ā dlakrlt dk`kc tredlŠlngec, èrk setlsae`k pckger eŞtkptĀrlck utlclzetnr ucul e`tuec dk

oloclntk`Ā, èpeolcĀ sĀ esljurk utlclzetnruc ù tnetĀ lganrmeŠle dk èrk erkgkvnlk8 e``ks gkclmltet, jretult, aĀrĀ oerlkrk, ce nrl`k tlp dk lganrmeŠlk, çgnrl`k `ncŠ ec cumll.

@ng`kptuc Oloclntkè ?.6” e dkrlvet dk ce Zko ?.6”, allgd oezet pk

erbltk`ture pertl`lpĀrll” Şl ancnslrke lgtkcljkgŠkl `nck`tlvk”. @ng`kptuclg`cudk8 skrvl`ll ngclgk prkùm slstkmkck NVE@, slstkmk dk rkakrlgŠk

vlrtueck, ocnjurl, wlils, ug tnrkgt çg `rkŞtkrk dk lganrmeŠll dk ce utlclzetnrçgepnl sprk oloclntk`Ā. PusŠlgĀtnrll `ng`kptucul prkzl`, `Ā mndkcuc Oloclntkè




5?:

?.6” ve çgcnùl skrvl`llck tredlŠlngeck, uglcetkreck èrk ère`tkrlzkezĀ oloclntk`lck dk sk`nck. Çg ertl`ncuc Pkrvl`ll pkgtru urmĀtnerke jkgkreŠlk dkoloclntk`l puoclèt çg Clorery Hnurgec (?661) Ml`bekc K. @esky (`ngsldkret

pĀrlgtkck `ng`kptucul Oloclntkè ?.6”) Şl Ceure @. Pevestlgui mkgŠlngkezĀaeptuc `Ā Oloclntkè ?.6” pnetk rkvlteclze mnduc çg èrk gnl lgtkre`ŠlngĀm ùutlclzetnrll Y5, ?]. Gumel s`blmoïgd pkr`kpŠle gnestrĀ, prlvlgd rncuc

oloclntkèrucul Şl e oloclntk`ll, putkm s`blmoe mndkcuc oloclntk`ll è lgstltut

sn`lec Şl kdlalèt pk ug augdemkgt gnu, èrk sĀ `nrkspugdĀ gk`ksltĀŠlcnre`tueck. Ce ktepe dk tregzlŠlk, ser`lge prlg`lpecĀ kstk dk e rupk stkrkntlpurlck,anrmetk çg tlmp, e rkpnzlŠlnge oloclntkè çg `kgtruc `nmugltĀŠll.

Dkhe muctk oloclntk`l eu kxtlgs skrvl`llck cnr prlg lmpckmkgterke gnlcnr

tkbgncnjll `k Šlg dk e``ksuc ce oezk dk detk e`tueck, `ĀrŠl eudln, muzl`Ā,

metkrleck vldkn, skrvl`ll Lgstegt Mkssejlgj dk rkakrlgŠĀ, prlg èrk `ltltnruc ck

pnetk e``kse nrl`ïgd dner ù ug slgjur `clì. Dk kxkmpcu, Oloclntkè Vuocl`Ā(J@VC) dlg Cewrkg`kvlcck, JE e cegset skrvl`ll eudlnonni, muzl`Ā, vldknèrk pnt al e``ksetk clokr dk pk lgtkrgkt Y0]. Oloclntkè Vuocl`Ā dlg BugtlgjtngPtetlng, G\, e `rket ug prnjrem dk çmprumut lVnd Pbuaack. [gkck oloclntk`lŞl-eu kxtlgs skrvl`llck alzl`k prlg `rkerke ugnr zngk pkgtru edncks`kgŠl Şle`tlvltĀŠl `nmuglterk. Vrlg kxtlgdkrke e`kstnr skrvl`ll ce glvkc alzl` Şl vlrtuec

oloclntkè ve nùpe ug cn` lmpnrtegt Şl dk vïra çg `rkerke ugkl sn`lktĀŠl

lgtkrksetk dk eprnaugderke ùgnŞtlgŠkcnr çg dlakrltk dnmkgll Şl, dk eskmkgke,ve `ngtrloul ce dkzvncterke e`kstnr skr vl`ll prlg prnprle `ngtrlouŠlk. Çg prkzkgt muctk oloclntk`l dkhe ancnsks` skrvl`ll gnl, çgsĀ pceglalèrke Şl

e`tueclzerke skrvl`llcnr kxlstkgtk çg oloclntk`Ā gk`ksltĀ n vlzlugk dk

pkrspk`tlvĀ pkgtru e dktkrmlge èrk espk`t e ugul skrvl`lu seu çgsuŞl skrvl`luc

gk`ksltĀ n çmougĀtĀŠlrk, pnetk e`keste al rkeclzet çg èdruc gnlcnr tkbgncnjlllganrmeŠlngeck. Vr lgtr-n `nceonrerk çgtrk pkrsngec Şl utlclzetnrl, e`kstke`tueclzĀrl er putke sĀ sk dkzvnctk ce ug glvkc `nmuglter Şl `nkrkgt çgdkpkgdkgŠĀ dk ldklck prnpusk dk `Ātrk utlclzetnrl. Vrlg lmpckmkgterke Şl

e`tueclzerke e`kstnr skrvl`ll ve `rkŞtk skmglalètlv gumĀruc dk utlclzetnrl dk ce`kc alzl` ce `kc vlrtuec, èrk ve al n ktepĀ gnuĀ çg prnmnverke oloclntk`ll çgrïgdurlck meskcnr. Qe `rkŞtk Şl e``ksuc clokr Şl kal`lkgt ce tnetk lganrmeŠllck dk

èrk erk gkvnlk ug utlclzetnr. Ancnslgd kckmkgtk dlg Zko ?.6, e`kstk skrvl`ll

vnr `ĀpĀte n lmejlgk etre`tlvĀ pkgtru tlgkrl èrk vnr al lgtkrkseŠl dk studlkrke

gnlcnr skrvl`ll, lmpckmkgterke cnr ce glvkc pre`tl` pkgtru e slmpclalè

gk`ksltĀŠlck prnprll, pkgtru e spnrl prndu`tlvltetke Şl rncuc oloclntk`ll çg rïgduc`nmugltĀŠll. [g kxkmpcu er al `rkerke skrvl`llcnr pkrsngeclzeolck Şl `nck`tlvkngclgk, prlg èrk utlclzetnruc ve putke `nmkgte seu `nmpcktk, dk kxkmpcu,

tltcurl, eutnrl seu jkgurl prkakreolck çg ètecnjuc kck`trngl` ec oloclntk`ll,




5?2

`rkerke ugkl `nmugltĀŠl ngclgk dlgtrk utlclzetnr- oloclntk`Ā, utlclzetnr -utlclzetnr

prlg èrk vnr evke e``ks ce dlakrltk tkmk dk dlsùŠlk, prnpugkrl, sujkstll kt`.Dk eskmkgke, lmpckmkgterke e`kstnr skrvl`ll gk`ksltĀ Şl prntkherke detkcnr

pkrsngeck eck `clkgŠlcnr, prlg pĀstrerke egnglmetucul çg tlmpuc e``ksĀrll seck.Tnetk e`kstke rĀmïg ce dls`rkŠle alk`Ārkl oloclntk`l, dk e kxtlgdk erkecuc sĀu dkskrvl`ll Şl dk e spnrl prndu`tlvltetke e`kstul vlltnr slstkm prlg `nceonrerk Şl

pertkgkrlet `nmuglter çg prnmnverke e`kstul slstkm ce glvkc jcnoec kal`lkgt Şldlgeml`.


5. Ml`bekc K. @esky, Ceure @. Pevestlgui. Clorery ?.6. Pkrvl`k anr tbk gkxt-

jkgkretlng clorery. - Clorery Hnurgec, </5/?661.?. Clorery ?.6. Zlilpkdle, bttp8//kg.wlilpkdle.nrj/wlil/Clorery^?.6.

0. bttp8//ètecnj.klgktwnri.gkt/sker`b/t>eudlnonni&sker`bs`npk=5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_2.0



http://catalog.einetwork.net/search/t?audiobook&searchscope=1






EGLQK_Pď_L

5?<

@CKVPLD_E EGLCN_8

dlecnj ù LNG ŗVE@ Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

ÇgŠkckp`lugke sk rĀtĀ`kŞtk prlgtrk rçgdurl. Dner `ltlgd pnŠl çgŠkckjk justucck`turll Şl pnŠl sĀ eosnrol skgsuc ugkl vlkŠl çmpclgltk Şl cngjkvlvk,pclgk dk`ng Šlgut. Dk aermkùc ŞtllgŠkl e anst peslnget Şl oloclnjreauc Oloclntk`llŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck” E. Cupeg” Lng ŗpe`. Estakc e Ştlut sĀ çgarugtk tnetk

jrkutĀŠlck Şl sĀ noŠlgĀ dk ce vleŠĀ tnt `k Şl-e dnrlt, ler ç g e`kstk dk`kgll,

`ĀrŠlck l-eu dkvkglt suretkck `kck mel ougk.

Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 Dnmguck ŗpe`, eŠlehugs ce n vçrstĀ vkgkreolcĀ, eŠl trkùt

prlg dlakrltk s`blmoĀrl redlèck.@um eŠlvĀzut dvs `Ā e kvncuet cumke dlg pug`tdk vkdkrk lgtkck`tuec>

Lng ŗpe`8 MucŠumks` pkgtru çgtrkoerkee`keste alcnsnal`Ā, der Şl puŠlgsnalstlètĀ. EvkŠl drkptetk `çgd spugkŠl

`Ā em trkùt prlg dlakrltk s`blmoĀrlredlèck. M-em gĀsùt çgtr -ug eg ù

nrjeglzerke `ncbnzucul, –56 egl elMncdnvkl” 5<06. Çg tlmpuc veègŠkcnrdk verĀ em cu`ret çg e`kst `nck`tlv,`ngtrloulgd ce –`ngstru`Šle`nmuglsmucul”. Vrlmkck ùgnŞtlgŠk dk èrtk Şl ecaeoktuccetlg, ck-em prlgs çg egll 5<01-5<0: dk

ce areŠll Şl surnrlck mel merl. Ce Ş`nece prlmerĀ dlg cnècltetk em çgvĀŠet trklegl, dupĀ èrk e urmet Merkck _Āzonl pkgtru EpĀrerke Vetrlkl edl`Ā ec LL_Āzonl Mngdlec, dupĀ èrk Ş`nece mkdlk 5<;6, uglvkrsltetke dk Ptet dlg@blŞlgĀu 5<;;. Ler de`Ā sĀ vnrolm dksprk ùm e kvncuet cumke dlg pug`t dk vkdkrk

lgtkck`tuec, putkm spugk `Ā e prnjrkset muct, eu evut cn` s`blmoĀrl çg sprk olgk.Cumke e s`Āpet dk rĀzonelk mngdleck, e scĀolt dl`teture `nmuglstĀ ùkx`kpŠle Vetrlkl Gnestrk, muctk ŠĀrl kurnpkgk çŞl eckj `Ālck dk dkzvncterk ù

mel muctĀ dkmn`reŠlk.Tnetk e`kstke sugt glstk jkgkrecltĀŠl. De`Ā k sĀ pugkme``kgtuc pk lgtkck`t, trkoulk sĀ rkùgneŞtkm `Ā e`kestĀ –pĀturĀ sn`lecĀ”, e`kst



EGLQK_Pď_L

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tkrmkg çg tnetk pkrlnedkck prlg èrk ml-e anst det sĀ trk`, sk eaceu suo `ngtrnc.

Eu evut cn` rkprkslugl 5<0:-5<02 çg Tregsglstrle, dkpnrtĀrl çg Oesereole5<4:.

Ectk mktndk dk strçmtnrerk e pnpuceŠlkl, ù tnetk e`kstke, glvkcuc lgtkck`tuculŞl ec lgtkck`tuecltĀŠll çg pkrlnedkck rkspk`tlvk, dupĀ ùm `rkd, e anst çg`rkŞtkrk. Çg `ng`cuzlk vrkeu sĀ ealrm `Ā lgtkck`tuecll eu anst Şl rĀmçg dkprk`leŠl. Lerde`Ā sĀ gk clmltĀm ce spk`lecltetke dk oloclntkèr - oloclnjrea ce gnl, çg_kpuoclè Mncdnve çg uctlmll ?6-06 dk egl, e dkvkglt mel pnpucerĀ Şl mel

prnakslnglstĀ der gu kstk dlg pĀètk eprk`letĀ. Ce Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ –Egdrkl Cupeg” oloclntkèrll Şl oloclnjreallsugt vĀzuŠl dner è glŞtk ugltĀŠl euxlclerk èrk dlauzkezĀ lganrmeŠle. Der

pkgtru e s`blmoe sltueŠle kstk gk`kser dk e pugk e``kgtuec gu pk prn`kskck dkdlauzerk e lganr meŠlkl, `l pk `kck dk kceonrerk e lganrmeŠlkl Şl e surskcnrlganrmetlvk.

Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 @erk kstk eronrkck e`tlvltĀŠlcnr dvs> @k aug`Š ll e Š l mel

kxkr`ltet>

Lng ŗpe`8 DupĀ eosncvlrke aeùctĀŠll dk lstnrlk Şl alcncnjlk em anst rkpertlzetce Ş`nece mkdlk dlg @rluckgl çg ècltetk dk prnakssnr dk clmoĀ Şl cltkreturĀmncdnvkgkes`Ā. Dlg 5<;1 dupĀ `ĀsĀtnrle ù `nckje Ncje Emerlkl, pçgĀ çg

vere cul 5<16, dupĀ èrk em `ngtlguet e`tlvltetke pkdejnjl` ce Ş`nece mkdlkmncdnvkgkes`Ā dlg `nmuge Ouconeè, relnguc Egkgll Gnl. Çg 5<16 em trkùtù treluc ce @blŞlgĀu. Vrlmll Şeptk egl (5<16-5<1:) em e`tlvet çg ècltetk dk

oloclnjrea Şl oloclnjrea supkrlnr ce Oloclntkè _kpuoclègĀ –G.@. Irupsil” ezlOloclntkè GeŠlngecĀ, ler dlg 5<1:Şl pçgĀ estĀzl sugt prknùpet dk

oloclnjrealk, oloclncnjlk, kceonrerke surskcnr lganrmetlvk çg èdruc Oloclntk`llŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. Em çgdkpclgltaug`Šllck dk oloclnjrea prlg`lpec (5<1:-5<:6), Şka dk sk`tnr ce sk`Šle dklganrmerk çg dnmkgluc ŞtllgŠkcnr sn`leck e EŗM (5<:6-5<::), dlrk`tnr ec Oŗ@

e EŗM (5<::-5<2;), oloclnjrea prlg`lpec (5<2;-?666), oloclnjrea dkètkjnrlk supkrlnerĀ ce Oŗ@ e EŗM (?666-?66<).

Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 Vkgtru oloclntk`ngnmlk, kstk gkvnlk Şl dk teckgt seu dkug egumlt studln epclèt>

Lng ŗpe`8 Oloclntk`ngnmle kstk ug dnmkglu çg pclgĀ dkzvncterk çg èrk çgmerk mĀsurĀ dkplgd dlrk`t seu lgdlrk`t tnetk ŞtllgŠkck. Oloclntk`ngnmle ce akc è Şl nrlèrk ŞtllgŠĀ erk gkvnlk dk teckgt, èrk de`Ā kckstk etug`l çgtr -edkvĀr kc rĀmçgk teckgt dner çg èz `Ā sk meglakstĀ. @çt

prlvkŞtk studluc epclèt, pnt spugk `Ā Şl e`keste pnetk al oug mel muct seu mel puŠlg.



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Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 DupĀ onjete kxpkrlkgŠĀ dk oloclnjrea, `rkdkŠl `Ā estĀzlmucŠl tlgkrl sugt peslngeŠl dk oloclntk`Ā>

Lng ŗpe`8 De`Ā sugt tlgkrl peslngeŠl dk oloclntk`Ā, etug`l trkoulk sĀ

`ngstetĀm `Ā e`kŞtle trkoulk `ĀuteŠl ù cumçgerke. @ugns` mel mucŠl tlgkrlèrk sk salleu dk aeptuc `Ā cu`rkezĀ çg oloclntk`Ā. Ler de`Ā oĀgulŠl `Ā ku Lngŗpe`, em anst peslnget dk oloclntk`Ā, vĀ pnt spugk `Ā em anst Şl em rĀmes

peslnget, çgsĀ gu dk oloclnte`Ā, der dk ugkck espk`tk dlg e`tlvltetke e`kstnre Şlegumk dk kceonrerke surskcnr lganrmetlvk ùm er al8 lgdkxurlck oloclnjreal`k,

studll dnùmkgter-lganrmetlvk. Vnt spugk `Ā tlgkrktuc dk ezl kstk peslnget dklgtkrgkt, `kke `k kstk ug aept rkjrkteolc.

Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 @um `rkdkŠl, `k er trkoul dk aĀùt pkgtru è kduèŠletlgkrll jkgkreŠll sĀ eloĀ ect `ngŠlgut>

Lng ŗpe`8 KduèŠle tlgkrll jkgkreŠll kstk n prnockmĀ uglvkrsecĀ. E vnroldksprk ug ect `ngŠlgut `çgd gu-c ùgnŞtl pk `kc prkakret kstk lmpnslolc. Estezlçgtrkeje sn`lktetk kstk çmpĀrŠltĀ çg `nmugltĀŠl ù lgtkrksk dlakrltk. Kstklmpnslolc sĀ jĀskŞtl ug prlg`lplu dk kduèŠlk `nmugĀ pkgtru `kl onjeŠl Şl `klsĀre`l, pkgtru stĀpçgl Şl supuŞl.Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 @um vkdkŠl dvs, `k-l clpskŞtk tlgkrll jkgkreŠll dk estĀzl. Lng ŗpe`8 TçgĀre jkgkreŠlk dk estĀzl mel `ngtlguĀ sĀ rĀmçgĀ ù èpuc pckèt,

pk èrk gu-c prlgdk seole. Gu-l ehugjk ùreh sĀ stçrpkes`Ā dknskolrke dlgtrk

kcltĀ Şl prnstlmk. Gu Ştlk sĀ-Şl epkrk drkpturlck, der sk mucŠumkŞtk ùlganrmeŠle ŞnptltĀ. Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 De`Ā er al sĀ deŠl çgepnl e`kck dk`kgll dk e`tlvltetk

ŞtllgŠlal`Ā e dvs, `k saeturl ck-eŠl de tlgkrlcnr>

Lng ŗpe`8 MuŠumks` pkgtru pnslolcltetke dk e de saeturl tlgkrlcnr. E`tlvltetke

mke oloclnjreal`Ā Şl lganrmetlvĀ, sprk akrl`lrke mke Şl-e jeslt njclgdlrke çgmel muctk rkakrlgŠk dlgtrk èrk mkrltĀ tnetĀ etkgŠle oloclnjreale. Ler de`Ā sĀalm mel `ng`rkŠl, vĀ lgdkmg drejl `nckjl sĀ gu vĀ ruŞlgeŠl dk e`tloltetke dvsŞl sĀ gu vĀ clmlteŠl ce aug`Šllck pk èrk ck evkŠl `nganrm pcegucul. AlŠl etkgŠl ce

prn`kskck kak`tuetk Şl `ng`nmltkgt çg`krèŠl sĀ ck dks`npkrlŠl pk `kck meletre`tlvk, sĀ vĀ eckjkŠl ù tkme èrk kstk mel eprnepk dk suackt, sĀ vĀ cĀseŠlmnclpslŠl dk `kke `k ae`kŠl, çgtr -eŞe akc, çg`çt sĀ ehugjkŠl ce n `ngtnplrk elgtkrkskcnr. Vrlg`lpecuc çgsĀ kstk mnduc e`kste dk e`tlvltetk spnrkŞtk ècltetkeçgtrkjll vnestrk e`tlvltĀŠl. Pus èpuc, hns pĀcĀrle! Cudmlce MerlŞ`ke`8 De`Ā eŠl evke nèzle sĀ dlrlheŠl kanrturlck dk rkanrmĀ

ŞtllgŠlal`Ā dlg _kpuoclè Mncdnve, `k eŠl ae`k>

Lng ŗpe`8 Vrlmks` jcume dvs, der tntuŞl gu pnt sĀ alu dk e`nrd `Ā pkgtru ee``kckre dkzvncterke ŞtllgŠkl çg _kpuoclè Mncdnve vnr al Şl çg `ngtlguerkçgtrkprlgsk èrkve rkanrmk.



EGLQK_Pď_L

50?

KskgŠlec kstk `Ā e`kstk rkanrmk sĀ gu n`nckes`Ā Oŗ@ ùm s-e mel çgtçmpcet dkgkgumĀretk nrl. Peu pnetk egumk `Ā Oŗ@ dk pntkgŠlecuc ŞtllgŠlal` ec `Āruledkplgdk dkzvncterke ŞtllgŠkl çg jkgkrec, kstk umlcltĀ, kstk tregsanrmetĀ çgtr -ug

skrvl`lu euxlcler dk dkskrvlrk. Kstk vĀzutĀ slmpclstĀ aĀrĀ drkpt ce stetut dklgstltuŠlk ŞtllgŠlal`Ā, ù clmltk ce algegŠerk. Dk`l sĀ tlgdkm sprk ug `kgtru lganrmeŠlngec lgtkjret çg çgtrkjuc prn`ks dkdkzvncterk e ŞtllgŠkl.

E@EDKML@LEG[C VEQKC QCED ‐ [G ALDKC V_LKTKG EC

OLOCLNTK@LL E@EDKML@K, KR@KCKGT @LTLTN_

KCKGE VNHNJE


@ngsumetnr, çg èzuc gnstru, kstk nrl`k pkrsnegĀ èrk utlclzkezĀ rksurskcknrl skrvl`llck ugkl oloclntk`l. Eèdkml`leguc Vevkc Qced kstk gumlt, pk ougĀdrkptetk, `ltltnr, okgkal`ler, `ngsumetnr dk lganrmeŠlk. Egumk ce oloclntk`Ā c-

e edus gkvnle pkgtru lganrmeŠlk ‐ oezĀ Şl erjumkgt pkgtru ldklck secklgnvetnerk Şl pkgtru rkeclzerke e`kstnre.

E al nm dk ŞtllgŠĀ çgskemgĀ e al, eskmkgl oreducul, vkŞgl` vkrdk Şl çg pclgĀanrŠĀ. Pevegtuc Vevkc Qced, detnrltĀ etçt kgkrjlkl pkrsngeck ù èrk kstk

çgzkstret, `çt Şl kxpkrlkgŠkl prnakslngeck eùmucetk pk perùrsuc eglcnr, kstk, cerçgdu-l, eutnr dk gumkrnesk mngnjreall, megueck kt`. ŗl de`Ā k sĀ gk pugkmçgtrkoerke de`Ā Dnmgle Pe, Vevkc Qced, Şl-e jĀslt `ltltnruc, rĀspugdkm, ù`krtltudlgk, ealrmetlv. Kstk, ù edkvĀret, ug cldkr gkpkrk`bk Şl çg e`kestĀdlrk`Šlk.

Çc ùgns` pk dguc Qced dlg eguc 5<:4, `çgd em anst gumltĀ çg ècltetk dk

ŞkaĀ e alcleckl Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e E.ŗ.M., uctkrlnr, ŞkaĀ dk sk`Šlk,aug`Šlk çg èrk em e`tlvet pçgĀ çg luglk ?66<. @bler dk ce oug çg`kput ml-em

`rket n lmprkslk pnzltlvĀ dksprk Dumgkecul, noskrvçgd èpe`ltetke sekxtrenrdlgerĀ dk mug`Ā! Qlzlte çg pkrmegkgŠĀ sece dk ck`turĀ Şl kxpnzlŠllcnrgnl. K dk mkgŠlnget `Ā gu Şl-e s`blmoet ù glml` e`ke etltudlgk dk e eùmuce

gnl ùgnŞtlgŠk, oe dlg `ngtre, jreduc dk eprk`lkrk e `ĀrŠll Şl dk `ngŞtlkgtlzerk`Ā k anertk gk`kserĀ e spnrlt dner çg tlmp!



EGLQK_Pď_L

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DupĀ mnduc Şl akcuc ùm cu`rkezĀ çg sĀclck dk oloclntk`Ā, mel ù skemĀ, `Āk mkrku çg `Āuterk dk gnl lganrmeŠll, em çgŠkcks `Ā kstk ug èteclzetnr vĀdlt ectnt `k k gnu çg ŞtllgŠĀ, ec ldklcnr prnjrkslstk çg dnmkglu. Ce n kvkgtuecĀ

çgtrkoerk, @lgk-l `kc mel e`tlv `ltltnrrkmerèt pk perùrsuc eglcnr dk e`tlvltetk

çg èdruc Oloclntk`ll Eèdkml`k>, pnt

rĀspugdk ù mçgdrlk ‐ eèdkml`leguc Vevkc

Qced. @u tnetĀ `krtltudlgke pnt spugk `Ākstk ug `ltltnr-sevegt dk pkranrmegŠĀ Şl,tntndetĀ, aldkc prlktkg ec Oloclntk`ll gnestrk.

Kstk, pk cçgjĀ muctk ectkck, Şl n alrkectrulstĀ... çg skgsuc `Ā, ndetĀ `k e

dks`npkrlt rksursk lga nrmeŠlngeck utlck, prkakrĀ sĀ ck dlskmlgkzk Şl ectnre, sĀ gu pĀstrkzk çg sk`rkt, e`kstk gnl tltcurl ŞleperlŠll dk pk reaturlck oloclntk`ll. Dlg`ngtre, lganrmeŠle prnespĀtĀ kstk dlsùtetĀŞl egeclzetĀ ù çgtrkj `nck`tlvuc ceonretnrucul Dumgkecul, `kl 5;-?6 dk `nckjl,

èrk sugt ce akc dk prlktkgnŞl Şl ùcŠl , eskmkgl des`Ācucul cnr. Çg e`kst `ngtkxt putkm vnrol, dk`l, dksprk eèdkml`leguc Qced çg ècltetke se dk prnmntnr ec

Oloclntk`ll Eèdkml`k.Der Şl ug susŠlgĀtnr ec e`kstkle... Allgd n pkrsnegĀ èrk meglakstĀ lglŠletlvĀçg tnetk dlrk`Šllck dk e`tlvltetk, pk perùrsuc eglcnr `çt e anst çg aug`Šle dkvl`kprkŞkdlgtk ec E.ŗ.M., eèdkml`leguc Qced e evut çg ser`lgĀ sĀ alk Şlùretnruc oloclntk`ll gnestrk. Kstk pkrlnede `çgd ù susŠlgkrke Şl prlg epnrtucdlrk`t ec Dgucul Qced oloclntkè e anst `nmpcktetĀ ù gnl tltcurl dlg dngeŠll. Tntel`l k dk mkgŠlnget `Ā Dumgkecul, pkrsngec, e edus dlg dlakrltk cnècltĀŠl, meleprnpletk seu mel çgdkpĀrtetk, Şl e dnget oloclntk`ll `kck mel sncl`ltetk rkvlstkŞtllgŠlal`k è8 Рхолыв ывгвв, Ывгвю оцвцзднщы хзлдвнлнвм, Вкплхявю ЦЖН.

Хлцвю ывгвълхижю, _kvlste dk `blmlk, @blmle Ş.e. E`kst jkst gnolc vkglt dlg pertke Dgucul Qced e dus, çg algec, ce cl`blderke ceùgkcnr dlg egll 5<<<-?66;

dlg angduc dk rkvlstk ec oloclntk`ll.

Çl edu`km Şl pk e`kestĀ èck mucŠumlrl dlg pertke çgtrkjucul `nck`tlv! K n`lgstk pkgtru Oloclntkè Eèdkml`Ā sĀ eloĀ sprlhlguc ugkl pkrsngecltĀŠl,

prkùm kstk `ke e eèdkml`legucul Vevkc Qced ‐ ug kx`kckgt `ltltnr Şl ug aldkc prlktkg!

ŗl tntuŞl, mel prksus dk tnetk rĀmçgk Nmuc `nmpckx pk èrk-c rkprkzlgtĀ.@u n onjetĀ stru`turĀ lgtkrlnerĀ, ù ug splrlt vlu-lggnltnr, ù n vestĀlgtkcljkgŠĀ Şl ug ère`tkr putkrgl` çgsnŠlt dk vls Şl dk ldkec, Ştlk e merè



EGLQK_Pď_L

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kxlstkgŠe `kcnr dlg huruc sĀu. Dnmgle Pe prkzlgtĀ ug kxkmpcu etçt pkgtrutlgkrll èrk ae` dner prlmll peŞl çg ŞtllgŠĀ, `çt Şl pkgtru jkgkreŠle mel çg vçrstĀ.Drejnstke Şl rkspk`tuc aeŠĀ dk nm, jrlhe, te`tuc, ùmsk`Ādkgle Şl merke

peslugk pkgtru `blmlk ‐ sugt dner `çtkve, çg nplgle mke, nrlùm, lgsual`lkgtk,dlgtrk ère`tkrlstl`lck `nmpckxltĀŠll seck! Drkpt erjumkgt Şl lcustrerk vlk e sçrjulgŠkl Şl strĀdulgŠkl seck pkrsngeck Şl

prnakslngeck vlgk Şl rk`kgte tlpĀrlturĀ ‐ èrtke-dkdlèŠlk Eèdkml`leguc

VEQKC QCED, sevegt lcustru Şl prnmntnr tkge`k ec ŞtllgŠkl.Ck`turçgd alcĀ ù alcĀ, çŠl del skeme `Ā e`kestĀ vestĀ olnoloclnjrealk kstk ù

edkveret rkprkzkgtetlvĀ, dupĀ ùm kstk, çg prlmuc rçgd, pkrsngecltetke dks`rlsĀçg ke. @u ectk ùvlgtk, pkrsngehuc prnprlu-zls ae`k e`keste èrtke e al

lgtkrksegtĀ Şl vecnrnesĀ! Ler n èrtk ougĀ, dupĀ s`rlltnruc emkrlèg E.

Orngsng Ec`ntt, ... k e`kke èrk kstk dks`blsĀ ù egumltk spkregŠk Şl çg`blsĀù çg`çgterk Şl okgkal`ll”, dupĀ ùm pnetk al èclalètĀ ce huste-l vecnerk ŞleperlŠle sus-mkgŠlngetĀ.

Dk e`kke, QĀ urĀm Şl pk vlltnr, Dnmguck Eèdkml`leg, muctĀ sĀgĀtetk Şl,dksljur, merl çmpclglrl pkrsngeck, der Şl prnakslngeck, ecĀturl dk merke aemlclke `blmlŞtlcnr nrjegl`l, olnnrjegl`l Şl el `nmpuŞlcnr geturecl!

E_BLQLPT[C LNG MN_NŗEG[ CE :; DK EGL

_ELPE QEPLCE@BKOŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

PĀ sk pĀstrkzk u plktetk, sĀ sk `ceskzk u sljuregŠĀ

Şl sĀ sk edĀpnstkes`Ā çg pecetk plkskck dk pkrjemkgtseu dk bïrtlk, pk èrk mïge strĀmnŞlcnr e çgs`rlslstnrle tlmpurlcnr dlspĀrutk”.

Gl`ncek Lnrje

Lng MnrnŞegu e`tlvkezĀ çg dnmkgluc erblvlstl`ll dlg eguc 5<21. Mel olgk

dk ?6 dk egl kstk gkclpslt dlg skdluc erblvkcnr . ŗl-e çg`kput èrlkre dk erblvlstçg Erblve GeŠlngecĀ. Dk ce ? akoruerlk 5<2: Şl pïgĀ çg prkzkgt kstk mkrku ce

pnst çg Erblve ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl çgaug`Šle dk erblvlst prlg`lpec, çgdkpclglgdu-Şl çgtntdkeuge skrlns nocljeŠluglckdk skrvl`lu. L-eu trkùt prlg mïlgl mll dk dnùmkgtk, e perùrs mll dk pejlgl

çgjĀcokgltk dk vrkmk, ugkck s`rlsk nrdnget Şl ècljreal`, ectkck tlpĀrltk, ugkckù ère`tkrk cetlgk, ectkck ù ère`tkrk `blrlcl`k… Ck-e dkscuŞlt telgkck è

glmkgl ectuc, rĀspugzïgd mllcnr dk sncl`ltĀrl çg anrmĀ dk lganrmeŠll, `krtlalètkkt`. E rkeclzet mel muctk e`tlvltĀŠl8 dk `nmpckterk, dk vkrlalèrk Şl dk `rkerk e



EGLQK_Pď_L

50;

eperetucul dk rkakrlgŠĀ, cu`rĀrl dk `ngstltulrk e angducul erblvlstl`, dk eslstkgŠĀmktndl`Ā prlvlgd nrdngerke dnùmkgtkcnr çg lgstltuŠll, e dkskrvlt `kr`ktĀtnrll

Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, nakrlgdu-ck dnùmkgtk dk erblvĀ.

PĀroĀtnrltuc gnstru kstk rkspngseolc dk `rkerke Şl `nmpckterke angdurlcnr pkrsngeck eck pkrsngecltĀŠlcnr merègtk dlg sakre ŞtllgŠkl dlg _kpuoclèMncdnve. Qnm mkgŠlnge dner `ïtkve dlgtrk angdurlck pkrsngeck `rketk Şl

pkrak`tetk dk dc MnrnŞegu8 eèdkml`leguc Le`blm Jrnsuc (lstnrl`),

eèdkml`leguc Egtng Eocnv (`blmlst), eèdkml`leguc Ertlnm Cezerkv

(lstnrl`), eèdkml`leguc Gl`ncek Dlmn (pkdncnj), eèdkml`leguc Lurlk

Ckeclinv (`blmlst), eèdkml`leguc Plmlng @lonteru (`rltl` Şl lstnrl` cltkrer),mkmoruc `nrkspngdkgt Kujkglu _usskv (lstnrl` Şl alcncnj), mkmoruc

`nrkspngdkgt Jbknrjbk @kecïl (lgjlgkr, slstkmk Şl k`blpemkgtk kgkrjktl`k) Ş.

e. @ngstetĀm `Ā Erblve ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ çg èrk sugt `ng`kgtretk Şl pĀstretk `è 00666 dk dnùmkgtk dk erblvĀ eck @ngslclucul Puprkm pkgtruŗtllgŠĀ Şl Dkzvncterk Tkbgncnjl`Ā, eck sk`Šllcnr dk ŞtllgŠĀ Şl eck lgstltutkcnrŞtllgŠlal`k dk `kr`kterk, `ngstltulk n sursĀ vecnrnesĀ Şl sljurĀ dk lganrmeŠll ù

prlvlrk ce lstnrle Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, e ŞtllgŠkl geŠlngeck çgjkgkrec. MkgŠlngĀm aeptuc `Ā Erblve ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ e EŗM lg`cudk, è

pertk lgtkjregtĀ, Şl Erblve dk Anc`cnr, `ngstltultĀ dlg metkrlec eutkgtl`,`nck`tet çg kxpkdlŠllck anc`cnrl`k kak`tuetk pk tkrkg. Dc MnrnŞegu çŞl edu`k

`ngtrlouŠle ce ouge aug`Šlngerk e erblvkl ecĀturl dk `nckjll sĀl, dge EgtnglgeOkrznl Şl dc Dumltru Mlrngnv. Lng MnrnŞegu s-e gĀsùt ce ; skptkmorlk 5<04 çg setuc @Āprlege, relnguc

PtrĀŞkgl. Dks`kgdkgt ec ugkl vk`bl aemlcll dk ŠĀregl jnspnderl, kstk prlmuc

`nplc çg aemlclk, urmet dk dnuĀ surnrl ‐ Veres`nvle Şl Merle. VĀrlgŠll,Jbknrjbk Şl Eckxegdre MnrnŞegu, s-eu strĀdult sĀ ck dke `npllcnr studll Şl nkduèŠlk eckesĀ. Aluc Lng Şl allè mel ml`Ā, Merle, Şl-eu aĀùt studllck ce

Aeùctetke dk lstnrlk Şl alcncnjlk e Lgstltutucul Vkdejnjl` dk Ptet Lng

@rkegjĀ”, e`tuecmkgtk [glvkrsltetke Vkdejnjl`Ā dk Ptet Lng @rkegjĀ”. Dc

Lng MnrnŞegu e e`tlvet çg mel muctk dnmkgll, noŠlgïgd rkzuctetk rkmerèolck.Allgd lstnrl` Şl alcncnj Şl-e jĀslt vnèŠle çg e`tlvltetke dk erblvlst, dkdl`ïgdu-

sk kl. MkgŠlngĀm aeptuc `Ā e cu`ret Şl ce Kg`l`cnpkdle Pnvlktl`ĀMncdnvkgkes`Ā èrk e anst tlpĀrltĀ çg npt vncumk, allgd rkde`tnr -Şka ce_kjlstruc dk ùvlgtk Şl ce Lstnrle V@[P, alcnznalk Şl dr kpt. E `ngtrloult ce

kceonrerke e`kstkle, evïgd puoclètk urmĀtnerkck ertl`nck8 Onrndlgn, oĀtĀcledk ce... (KPM, vnc. 5. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:6, p. 4:6)9 Qnlgnve (KPM, vnc. ?.

@blŞlgĀu, 5<:5, p. :6)9 DurckŞtl (KPM, vnc. ?. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:5, p. 0<6)9 DĀg`kgl (KPM, vnc. ?. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:5, p. 0<0)9 XuorkŞtl (KPM, vnc. 0.

@blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ?0)9 @blrlegè (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ?:2)9



EGLQK_Pď_L

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@ndrkegè (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. 05:)9 @nhuŞge (KPM, vnc. 0.

@blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. 0?6)9 @Āprlege (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ;1;)9

@Āprlege” ‐ segetnrlu rkpuoclèg... (KPM, vnc. 0. @blŞlgĀu, 5<:?, p. ;1;)9

Джнълнщ (Хзпляхижю Гзйджпвю8 ицжяижю энсвийзолдвю. Ивтвнлп, 5<2?, ц.516)9 Цлъж (Хзпляхижю Гзйджпвю8 ицжяижю энсвийзолдвю. Ивтвнлп,5<2?, ц. ;?2) Ş. e.

Vkgtru çgtrkjlrke pnrtrktucul nmejlec, vnm mkgŠlnge Şl `ïtkve detk dksprkaemlclstuc Lng MnrnŞegu. Kstk ug snŠ kxkmpcer pkgtru `ke dk-e dnue

humĀtetk” ‐ dge Kckge, sĀroĀtnrlgd eguc trkùt gugte dk eur. Kstk ug tetĀ luoltŞl luoltnr pkgtru `kl trkl `npll (Lurlk, Clclege, _uscege) Şl ug ougkc ednrettn`mel dk trkl gkpnŠl (@rlstlge, Eclnge, Lucleg). PnŠll MnrnŞegu cnùlks` çg@blŞlgĀu, der eu pĀstret Şl èse pĀrlgtkes`Ā dlg setuc @Āprlege, ugdk sk edugĀ

ù drej tnt gkemuc cnr. KxlstĀ cu`rurl salgtk pk èrk dc Lng MnrnŞegu ck

rkspk`tĀ çg`Ā dlg arejkdĀ `nplcĀrlk Şl èrk çc ère`tkrlzkezĀ, egumk etltudlgkeskrlnesĀ aeŠĀ dk tnt `k ae`k, drejnstke gkmĀrjlgltĀ aeŠĀ dk setuc getec, dk ŠerĀŞl dk gkem.

Dck Lng MnrnŞegu, eùm ehugs ce ug arumns huolcku, vĀ edu`km dlg pertke`nck`tlvucul Oloclntk`ll Şl ec Erblvkl ŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e Eèdkmlkl dkŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl nmejll ù nèzle eglvkrsĀrll Şl slg`krk urĀrl dk sĀgĀtetk,dnrlgdu-vĀ rkeclzĀrl arumnesk, egl mucŠl Şl akrl`lŠl, pclgl dk e`kkeŞl drejnstk

dk mug`Ā Şl dk vleŠĀ.

N QLEůď T_ďLTď ÇG C[MKE @ď_ůLCN_ Plcvle @ncksgl` ce 16 dk egl

_ELPE QEPLCE@BK, KCKGE QEPLCE@BK


‗Gl`l n ser`lgĀ gu erk n vecnerk mel `ngsldkreolcĀ Şl gu mkrltĀ n mel merk `lgstk dk`ït `kke `k ae`k çg skrvl`luc `nmugltĀŠll ug oloclntkèr `nmpktkgt Şl skrlns”.

Mkcwlc Dkwky

@ecke vlkŠll dgkl Plcvle @ncksgl`, Şkauc sk`Šlkl _kceŠll ù Vuoclùc Şl@ngskrverke Angdurlcnr dlg Oloclntkè ŗtllgŠlal`Ā @kgtrecĀ Egdrkl Cupeg” e

Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl, dlg 5<1: Şl pïgĀ çg prkzkgt trk`k prlg oloclntk`Ā, prlgtrk ilcnmktrl dk reaturl pclgk ù `ĀrŠl, tkzk dk dn`tnr, rkvlstk,

zlerk… E mĀrturlslt `Ā de`Ā er mel evke nèzle sĀ-Şl eckejĀ çg`Ā n detĀ prnaksle, aĀrĀ çgdnlecĀ er eckjk-n tnt pk `ke dk oloclntkèr, e nmucul `ĀrŠll…



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LmprkslngkezĀ bĀrgl`le kl kgnrmĀ, ùrĀŠkgle suacktkes`Ā, gĀzulgŠe gknonsltĀdk e setlsae`k gk`ksltĀŠlck lganrmeŠlngeck eck `ltltnrlcnr, a ldkcltetke prnakslkl,

eckesĀ n detĀ Şl pkgtru tntdkeuge.

P-e gĀsùt ce ? gnlkmorlk 5<4< çg setuc Brlstl`l, relnguc Pnrnè, çgtr -naemlclk dk ŠĀregl jnspnderl, @blrlc Şl Derle @ecderk, èrk uctkrlnr eu trkùt ùtreluc çg setuc VïrclŠl, e`kceŞl relng. Çg eguc 5<1; tkrmlgĀ Ş`nece dk npt egl dlgset, ler çg 5<1: ‐ `ke mkdlk dlg nreŞuc Pnrnè. Çg pkrlnede 5<1:-5<12

cu`rkezĀ ce oloclntkè dlg setuc DumorĀvkgl, relnguc Pnrnè, ugdknrjeglzkezĀ angduc oloclntk`ll Şl dkskrvlrke `ltltnrlcnr. E`kst eg l-e merèt

snerte, dktkrmlgïgdu-l ècke pkgtru tnetĀ vleŠe prlgtrk `ĀrŠl Şl `ltltnrl, `Ārnreck-e skmĀget çg suacktk cumlgĀ, ùgnŞtlgŠk Şl drejnstk dk tnt `k k arumns. ŗl -e

aĀùt studllck ce Aeùctetke dk Alcncnjlk ù spk`leclzerke çg Oloclntk`ngnmlk Şl

Oloclnjrealk e [glvkrsltĀŠll dk Ptet dlg Mncdnve (5<12-5<:4). Vk mĀsure

anrmĀrll prnakslngeck `ngtlgulk `ngsuctĀ pkrmegkgt cltkreture dk spk`lecltetkdlg rkvlstkck dlg dnmkglu8 Oucktlguc EO_M , Mejezlg Oloclncnjl`, Olocln

Vncls, Oloclntkè, Oloclntkè OuùrkŞtlucul, Eostr e`tk çg oloclncnjlk Şl ŞtllgŠelganrmĀrll Ş. e. Vertl`lpĀ ce e`tlvltĀŠlck dk lgstrulrk prnakslngecĀ nrjeglzetk çgOŗ@. Çg 5<<2 e pertl`lpet çg nr. Mlgsi (Okcerus) ce ug skmlger dk spk`lecltetk

rkakrltnr ce prnockmkck dk ètecnjerk, ler çg 5<<6 çg Pegit-Vktkrsourj ce

skmlgeruc ù tkme @ecemltĀŠlck dkzestrucul (lg`kgdlucul) Şl secverke vecnrlcnr

ùctureck”. E anst çg dkpcesĀrl pkgtru s`blmouc dk kxpkrlkgŠĀ ce `nckjll dlg`kck mel merl oloclntk`l dlg Kstngle (5<22) Şl _nmïgle (5<2<). E urmetùrsurlck dk megejkmkgt ce ŗ`nece dk Oloclntk`ngnmlk dlg Mncdnve (5<<2).

Dk ce ? akoruerlk 5<:5 Şl pïgĀ çg prkzkgt e`tlvkezĀ çg èdruc Oloclntk`llŗtllgŠlal`k @kgtreck e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. @e spk`leclst s-e

anrmet mug`lgd çg `ïtkve sk`Šll, kxkr`ltïgd urmĀtnerkck aug`Šll8 oloclntkèr(5<:5-5<2?), rkde`tnr supkrlnr (5<2?-5<20), Şka ec sk`tnrucul KdlŠll skrleck Şl

pkrlndl`k çg sk`Šle @etecnjerk Şl Vrkcu`rerk e VuoclèŠllcnr (5<20-5<2<) ŞlŞkauc sk`Šlkl _kceŠll ù Vuoclùc Şl @ngskrverk e Angdurlcnr dlg 5<2< pïgĀ çg

prkzkgt. @nganrm etkstĀrll èdrkcnr oloclntkèrk dlg 06 mel ?661 dgkl Plcvle@ncksgl` l s-e `ngakrlt jreduc dk èclalèrk L (çgtïl), dnvedĀ e

prnakslngeclsmucul çg dnmkglu. Pk`Šle _kceŠll ù Vuoclùc Şl @ngskrverk e Angdurlcnr kstk suodlvlzlugke

oloclntk`ll èrk nrjeglzkezĀ jkstlngerke, `nmuglèrke Şl `ngskrverke`nck`Šllcnr. Vkgtru e eprk`le e`tlvltetke dgkl @ncksgl` vnm kgumkre dnerugkck dlgtrk etrlouŠllck prlg`lpeck `k steu çg aeŠe sk`Šlkl Şl èrk sugt rkeclzetk çgtkrmkgll steolclŠl detnrltĀ ougkl nrjeglzĀrl e e`tlvltĀŠll8 `ngstltulrke Şl`ngskrverke angdurlcnr dk oezĀ Şl euxlclerk9 anrmerke `ngtlgjkgtucul dk`ltltnrl9 e`tlvltetke dk lganrmerk ùrkgtĀ e `ltltnrlcnr9 dkskrvlrke npkretlvĀ e



EGLQK_Pď_L

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`ltltnrlcnr prlg çmprumutuc puoclèŠllcnr çg sece dk ck`turĀ, ce dnml`lclu Şlçmprumutuc lgtkroloclntkèr9 kak`tuerke `kr`ktĀrlcnr ŞtllgŠlal`k Şl mktndl`k pk

prnalcuc dk e`tlvltetk e sk`Šlkl9 kceonrerke Şl tnteclzerke prnjremkcnr dk

e`tlvltetk kt`.MkgŠlngĀm aeptuc `Ā sk`Šle rkspk`tlvĀ kstk uge dlgtrk `kck mel merl sk`Šll

dlg oloclntkè gnestrĀ. DkŞl çgtïmplgĀ dlalùctĀŠl dlg èuze empcesĀrllangducul dk puoclèŠll çg mel muctk skdll eck EŗM Şl çg lg`lgte Mlglstkruculdk HustlŠlk ec _kpuocl`ll Mncdnve, dge @ncksgl` rkuŞkŞtk sĀ nrjeglzkzke`tlvltetke sk`Šlkl estakc çg`ït `ltltnrll eu e``ks ce e`kstk puoclèŠll çg tkrmkgsùrt. Dïgse pnskdĀ ècltĀŠl megejkrleck Şl çg e`tlvltetke ù pkrsngecuc sk`Šlkl,`rkïgd n etmnsakrĀ emlècĀ, der Şl dk `nceonrerk Şl `nnpkrerk çg e`kceŞl tlmp.

Dge @ncksgl` s-e ealrmet pk pceg prnakslngec, allgd çgect eprk`letĀ. K

dlstlgsĀ ù Dlpcnme dk Ngnerk e Vrkzldlucul EŗM (5<<1), Dlpcnme Oŗ@ eEŗM (?660), Dlpcnme dk Mkrlt e Oŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg” e EŗM (?66<).

@u prlckhuc arumneskl eglvkrsĀrl çl urĀm dgkl Plcvle @ncksgl` sĀgĀtetk,akrl`lrk, gnl rkeclzĀrl, sĀ rĀmïgĀ mkrku tïgĀrĀ çg suackt Şl ce `blp.


5. MEDEG, L. @ncksgl` Plcvle Lg8 MEDEG, L. Oloclntk`ngnmle Şl oloclnjreale Mncdnvkl8 Vrnaksnrl Şl dls`lpncl. @b., ?661, p. ?1:.

?. T_NAďLCď, Q. Plcvle @ecderk-@ncksgl`, `nceonretnerk e Oloclntk`ll ŗtllgŠlal`k@kgtreck e Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. Lg8 T_NAďLCď, Q. _elnguc Pnrnè.

@rngl`Ā dnùmkgterĀ (sk`. RQ ‐ çg`kp. sk`. RRL). @b., ?661, p. ?1:.



DLQK_TLP

50<

QLEůE ÇG ... ‗_KACK@ůLL CLGJQLPTL@K”

dr., `nga. uglv. E[_KCLE BEGJEG[


Pk Ştlk `Ā clmoe kstk oeze jïgdlrll,edl`Ā, pkgtru e jïgdl nmuc erk gkvnlk sĀ

pnskdk ug lgstrumkgt prlg èrk sĀ-Şlmetkrleclzkzk jïgdlrke ‐ clmoe. K ug

pnstucet jkgkrec ùgnsùt, èrk gu mel

sus`ltĀ dlsùŠll, çgŠkcks Şl dk ug gklglŠletçg telgkck clmoll. Vkgtru ecŠll çgsĀ, clmoegu kstk dner n èck dk e-Şl kxprlmejïgdurlck, `l kstk muct mel muct. Ke

dkvlgk, pkgtru `kl eckŞl s-n eckejĀ,rkack`Šle vlkŠll, vleŠe çg rkack`Šlk seuslmpcu spus ‐ mnd dk kxlstkgŠĀ. Kstkkxkmpcuc prnaksnrucul uglvkrslter Egetnc

@lnoegu, dn`tnr beolcltet çg alcncnjlk,mkmoru `nrkspngdkgt ec Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl. Dnmgle serntughkŞtk zluĀ ù zluĀ çg _kack`Šll clgjvlstl`k”, n gnuĀ cu`rerk lkŞltĀ dk suo

pege sïrjulg`lnsucul clgjvlst, kdltetĀ suo kjlde Lgstltutucul dk Alcncnjlk ec

Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk e Mncdnvkl çg eguc ?66< (skck`Šlk, `nnrdngerk Şl prkaeŠĀdk Eckxegdru OegtnŞ).

Cu`rerke edugĀ lgvkstljeŠll arĀmïgtetk çg vrkmurl mel ougk Şl mel jrkck,der mkrku e`tueck ‐ etug`l `ïgd ldkke eole e çg`ncŠlt çg mlgtke eutnrcul, eùm`ïgd e`kkeŞl ldkk s-e `npt çg e`kkeŞl suostegŠĀ è Şl ndlglnerĀ. Kstk vnroe dk

suolk`tk `k Šlg dk clgjvlstl`Ā jkgkrecĀ, dk slgtexĀ, dk ùctlverke clmoll vnroltkŞl s`rlsk, dk sn`lnclgjvlstl`Ā. Dk aept, dlvkrsltetke suolk`tkcnr dk lgvkstljeŠlkrkack`tĀ dlvkrsltetke mnducul dk kxlstkgŠĀ çg clmoĀ e `kr`ktĀtnrucul Şl nmuculEgetnc @lnoegu, cu`ru alrks` pkgtru `kc èrk rĀspugdk, lgverleolc, ù

prnmtltudlgk Şl dls`krgĀmïgt dkngtncnjl` ce `kck mel dlvkrsk prknùpĀrlcegsetk dk `Ātrk `kl èrk, çg vlrtutke ugkl rkprnoeolck Şl `ngdemgeolck lgkrŠll,`rkd `Ā dnmkgluc jcntl` Şl ktgl`” çg _kpuoclè Mncdnve Šlgk dk eutnrltetkeaeorlègŠlcnr dk slstkm”, dupĀ kxprksle pcestl`Ā e cul Eckù _ussn” (Ec.OegtnŞ, p. 50).



DLQK_TLP

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@epltncuc EdkvĀr Şl `nmpktkgŠĀ clgjvlstl`Ā pnrgkŞtk dk ce olgkùgnsùtucdl`tng cetlg Clgjue cetlge kst augdemkgtum clgjuek gnstrek (clmoe cetlgĀ kstkaugdemkgtuc clmoll gnestrk) Şl dkzvnctĀ `ngvlgjkrlck sevegtucul rkakrltnr ce

rnmegltetke gnestrĀ, eprk`lkrlck vlzevls dk ldklck çgelgteŞlcnr gnŞtrl Şljïgdurlck dksprk krnzlugke `ngŞtllgŠkl geŠlngeck e rnmïglcnr mncdnvkgl”.Clmoe kstk ug etrlout kskgŠlec ec stetucul” ‐ e ealrmet tntdkeuge Egetnc

@lnoegu Şl rkealrmĀ e`kst cu`ru çg pejlglck èpltncucul ec LL-cke ec cu`rĀrll.Tltcurlck dk ertl`nck ùprlgsk el`l vnroks` dk ce slgk8 Olclgjvlsmuc geŠlngec -rus è ae`tnr dlstru`tlv ec ugltĀŠll dk gkem Şl dk clmoĀ e rnmïglcnrmncdnvkgl, [g stet suvkreg ‐ n slgjurĀ clmoĀ dk stet, _kpkrk eck dkmgltĀŠllgeŠlngeck8 clmoe Şl stetuc kt`.

@epltncuc @uvïgtuc Şl gnrme cltkrerĀ ce prlme vkdkrk perk `kve mel rkdus

çg dlmkgslugl dkèt `kckcectk. ÇgsĀ tn`mel el`l çc evkm çg aeŠĀ pk clgjvlstucEgetnc @lnoegu, `kc çmpĀtlmlt dk akgnmkgkck dk stru`turĀ Şl dk aug`Šlngerk eclmoll, `kc etkgt ce dktecluc ùvïgtucul Şl `kc èrk s-e slmŠlt anertk olgk çgmlhcnùc” dnmkgllcnr dk studlkrk tknrktl`Ā Şl pre`tl`Ā e clmoll rnmïgk prlgèrk s-e `ngse`ret è eutnrltetk çg dnmkglu.

Egetnc @lnoegu, allgd kc çgsuŞl uguc dlgtrk vcĀsterkck e`kstkl kpn`l dkrkjkgkrerk geŠlngecĀ èrk, uctkrlnr, çg ècltetk dk prnaksnr Şl dk nm dk ŞtllgŠĀ,evke sĀ pugĀ umĀruc ce rksteolclrke ùmpkgkl drkptçŠll rnmïgkŞtl çg e`kestĀ

zngĀ pustlltĀ dk tkrnerke lstnrlkl, dkvkglgd vn`ke sngnrĀ Şl `cerĀ e `ngŞtllgŠklrnmïglcnr oesereokgl”, sk pceskezĀ, aĀrĀ e evke çgsĀ Şl prktkgŠle, çg Şlruc prnmntnrlcnr ugltĀŠll dk clmoĀ Şl dk gkem, dksprk e `Ārnr trudĀ vnrokŞtk çgèpltncuc ec LLL-cke8 Kujkglu @nŞkrlu, Gl`ncek @nrcĀtkegu, Plcvlu Okrkheg,_uokg Oudejnv, Onrls @ezeù, Qeckrlu _usu, Lng Dumkglui, Qlteclk Merlg,

Jrljnrk @lg`lckl.

[g pl` dk umnr ugknrl, skgtlmkgt dk durkrk ectknrl, `ngvlgjkrk edïg`Ā çgedkvĀr, gkdumkrlrk çg gkedkvĀr, clglŞtk çg suackt Şl lgsetlsae`Šlk çg aeptk...Egetnc @lnoegu kstk nmuc èrk Şl-e dkdlèt vleŠe çg `Āuterke ùvïgtucul

vkrldl` zou`lumet çg çgŠkckjkrke `nmpnrtemkgtucul cul sn`lnclgjvlstl` Şlmkrku çg pkrpktuerke gnrmkl clgjvlstl`k Şl verlktketke vnrolrll.

Vrnaksnruc Egetnc @lnoegu, s`Ācdet çg eclgturlck rnmegltĀŠll `Ārkle l-erĀspugs tntdkeuge ù n drejnstk epertk, e ancnslt olhutkrllck clmoll areg`kzk ŞlçgŠkckp`lugke cetlgĀ pkgtru e ck rkjĀsl, çgtr -n anrme mel prnespĀtĀ, çg dksejllclmoll rnmïgk. Dlsùrsuc dïgsucul kstk eèdkml`, snoru, pk ecnùrl çgsĀçgacĀ`Āret Şl pclg dk putkrke erjumkgtucul èrk gumel strljet gu sk cesĀ. PĀ gkemlgtlm `Ā Egetnc @lnoegu kstk uguc dlgtrk `kl mel `ngsk`vkgŠl Şl`nmpktkgŠl stĀpïgl el ètkdrkl uglvkrslterk Şl èrk e çgvĀŠet jkgkreŠll çgtrkjl dkalcncnjl sĀ çgvkŠk, sĀ vnrokes`Ā Şl sĀ jïgdkes`Ā rnmïgkŞtk.



DLQK_TLP

545

N ‗E_LK E DKPTLG[C[L” DK ME_LE OLKŗ[

ME_LE OECEOEGOŗ@ Egdrkl Cupeg”

–Muzlè sk kjeckezĀ ù zonruc. Vnetk `ïgd nmucul l s-eu tĀlet erlplck l-e anst

detĀ muzlè>” Merle OlkŞu

–QleŠe mke k ug turgku…” dk Merle OlkŞu, dkskmgetĀ @ertke Egucul?66< çg cuge skptkmorlk, ce Pecnguc dk @ertk, Oloclntkè GeŠlngecĀ, e anste`blzlŠlngetĀ rk`kgt dk `Ātrk Oloclntkè Eèdkmlkl dk ŗtllgŠk.

Kstk n `ngakslugk nrecĀ, çgrkjlstretĀ Şl stlclzetĀ dk @ceudle Vertnck. Merke `çgtĀrkeŠĀ dk npkrĀ vlgk sĀ gk pnvkstkes`Ā dksprk vleŠe se `bler dk

ce çg`kputurl8 dksprk `nplcĀrlk, dksprk anemke dlg ‗4:, dksprk prlmkck –sugktkmuzlèck” euzltk dk nemkgll dlg setuc getec Qncngtlrl, r. ŗtkaeg QndĀ, ce dner`çtkve cugl.

@ertke kstk s`rlsĀ çgtr -n clmoĀ slmpcĀ, eŞe ùm kstk Şl eutnerke ‐ mndkstĀŞl alrkes`Ā, der çgzkstretĀ dk ceDumgkzku ù n vn`k

lg`nmpereolcĀ.Eskmkgl Merlkl @konterl,

Merle OlkŞu g-e vkglt pk cumk

dlgtr-ug gkem merk ù mnŞllçgtlgsk, s-e gĀsùt çgtr -naemlclk dk nemkgl slmpcl.

@erlkre muzlècĀ Şl-e çg`kput-n allgd çg`Ā ce Okgdkr, ugdk eçgvĀŠet ce Tkbglùmuc dk

BldrnmkclnreŠll. E`ncn, ce ug

akstlvec, e Şl anst rkmerètĀ èallgd `ke mel ougĀ. Estakc, dlg s`kge dk ce Okgdkr,

Merle OlkŞu e ehugs sĀ `çgtk pk `kck mel merl s`kgk dlg

cumk ‐ tketruc Ce Pèce

(Ltecle), Tketruc OncŞnl

(_usle), Mktrnpnclteg Npkre(Gkw \nri).



DLQK_TLP

@u n dknskoltĀ pcĀ`krk gk pnvkstkŞtk eutnerke dksprk Merkck @ngùrsLgtkrgeŠlngec dlg Tniln (5<1:), ugdk e noŠlgut Vrkmluc L pkgtru rncuc @ln-@ln-

seg çg npkre Medemk Outtkracy. El`l, kstk etlgs epnjkuc èrlkrkl seck.

@ltlgd pejlglck rkcetetk dk merke `çgtĀrkeŠĀ, gu pnŠl rĀmçgk lgdlakrkgt aeŠĀdk vleŠe se jrke Şl pclgĀ dk prnockmk ‐ pertk e vlkŠll gkùgnsùtĀ dkmehnrltetke. _Āmçl lmprkslnget dk aeptuc `Ā Vrlmedngge Tketrucul dk NpkrĀ ŞlOeckt tlmp dk 5: egl e `çgtet çg @nruc Olskrl`ks`.

Qncumuc kstk ùprlgs dk n gnstecjlk kgnrmĀ dupĀ turgkkck çg ŠĀrlck ù `kckmel merl s`kgk dlg cumk, dupĀ setuc getec ù nemkgll cul, dupĀ surnrlck Şlmeme se. Pçgt dks`rlsk Şl ugkck mnmkgtk bezcll, sltueŠll `k tk ae` se zçmokŞtl.Dk ugkck çgsĀ, çŞl emlgtkŞtk ù mel puŠlgĀ pcĀ`krk, der, vnroe kl , –eŞe kreuvrkmurlck”.

@u muctĀ drejnstk pnvkstkŞtk dksprk prlktkgle kl ù vkstltkck `çgtĀrkŠkMerle @ecces, Lrlge Erblpnve Şl Kckge NorezŠnve.

Dk eskmkgke, çŞl emlgtkŞtk gnstecjl` dksprk stejlugke ce aelmnsuc tketruCe Pèce, ugdk e anst e``kptetĀ çg eguc 5<1;.

Vejlgl çgtrkjl sugt dkdlètk merkcul turgku ce Mktrnpnclteg Npkre dlg Gkw\nri, Tketrucul OncŞnl dlg Mns`nve.

–Dk trkl nrl em anst lgvltetĀ sĀ cu`rkz ce OncŞnl Tketr, pnvkstkŞtk eutnerke,der ku gu pnt cĀse `k em mel drej ‐ oeŞtlge mke, nemkgll eprnpleŠl, tketruc

ugdk m-em cegset. Gu pnt. Qnl `çgte pkgtru el mkl. Vkgtru e`kl èrk mĀluoks` Şl mĀ çgŠkckj. El`l n se-ml alk `kc mel olgk!”

E`kste kstk akgnmkguc Merle OlkŞu `çgtĀrkeŠe dk teclk lgtkrgeŠlngecĀ èrk

BIBLIOSCIENTIA_2009_1_2

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