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ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF OPTOELECTRONICS

ISSN 1453-0600 Volume 16, Issue 1/2011 ORIGINAL ARTICLE

67

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC OR ELECTRICENVIRONMENT ON THE STRUCTURING OF AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS WITH SALT

Lajos KACS1, Zoltn Istvn MAROSY2, Ion SIMA3

Abstract: According to studies on crystallization of diamagnetic and paramagneticsolutions it has developed a procedure that supports a controlled crystallization

process in a variable magnetic field. Other studies on the crystallization of liquid

solutions in electric field highlight the ability of applying the wastewater treatment

processes. The magnetic technology highlights the ability of solutions to respond to

an external magnetic field and has a great variety of answers. But an intense

external electric field changes enough structures in a saline solution to be able to

notice the arrangement and grouping of crystallization centers. Using two

experimental devices manufactured in our laboratory we performed several

additional studies. A parallel between the two answers - electrical and magnetic -

can give us enough clues on how to operate with the matter in order to obtain

maximum benefits of technology.

Keywords: magnetic field, electric field, aqueous solutions, salt, technology

Experimental hypothesis - crystallization in a magnetic field

The influence of magnetic field on some crystallization parameters of zincsulphate - copper sulphate solutions and water were investigated in a series of

experiments by A.M.B. Freitas, and F.J.G. Landgraf, University of Sao Carlos andTechnology Research Institute in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

The solutions were exposed to magnetic fields with different intensities, upto a maximum of 0.7 T. There were noticed important differences betweendiamagnetic and paramagnetic solutions, which shows that magnetic field mayalter the structure of crystallization of aqueous solutions depending on thematerial. Similar results were reported the researchers Mitsuo Ataka and EtsukoKataoh in Japan, with the difference that they used high-intensity magnetic field.

Their study is based on the desire to find appropriate ways in whichdifferent salts crystallize in a mixture of substances, in order to separate one

product from another product. It was found that exposure to such magnetic fieldincreases the MgSO4 nucleation rate. It was also noted that the presence of amagnetic field in a CaCO3 solution supported the formation of precipitation, adecrease of nucleation, crystal growth and changes in the morphology of rainfall.

1Covasna County Medical Devices Center, Sfantul Gheorghe, Romania, e-mail:[email protected];2 Ecological University of Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: [email protected];3Prof., PhD, Lumina University, Bucharest, Romania.


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Lajos Kacs, Zoltn Istvn Marosy, Ion Sima

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According to those studies it was noted that there is not a markeddifference between the phenomena of crystallization at 0.3T or 0.7T. The effective

presence of magnetic field changes the inner crystalline structure of diamagneticsolutions, but do not act on paramagnetic solutions. This gives us an idea that onecan study the phenomena of structuring and layout of aqueous solutions even atlow magnetic intensities, highlighting phenomena being important for differentsubstances or other parameters such as time of exposure.

Starting from this hypothesis it was developed a working procedure forcrystallization of water with 5% salt solution. In order to highlight the concreteway of salt solutions crystallization and at the same time to perceive changeswhen using of different magnetic environments, a device similar to that of A.M.B.

Freitas and F.J.G. Landgraf researchers was used. We have also developed aseries of experimental studies to clarify the working features of the device, thelimits of perception of the solution used (comparing the frequency used, time and

power) as well as the influence of external environment on the final form of saltcrystals.

Experimental hypothesis - forced crystallization by electric discharge

The current study is based on electrical discharges of moderate intensities(approximately 20 kV of applied voltage) between a spark gap and a smallvolume of 5% saline solution. Interaction between electric discharge andsubstance generates charged energetic particles (electrons or heavy particles -ions), which in turn cause ionizations and excitations around the trajectory of

original particle. Linear energy transfer increases as the particle velocity decreasestowards the end of the path. Primary electrons dissipate energy in small groups(approximately 102eV), generating secondary electrons. Secondary electronsgenerate excited molecules and ions over a distance of about 1m around the

primary ion. The direction of excitation and orientation depends on reaction rateand characteristics of the solution where is produced lightning.

Through various processes of interaction with the substance, the secondaryelectron beam attenuates its speed as it enters the substance. The types of

processes are the scattering and absorption. Scattering can be elastic or inelastic,depending on the collision type that the particle into the beam suffers. Particlescompletely lose their energy of motion (sometimes totally) by absorbtion, either

by a single act of interaction, or by more, causing an exponential action, namelyan attenuation map. The pathway length is thus directly proportionate to the initialdegree of ionization in the substance, chemical bond type and strength of impactof the electron beam.

Early experimental studies of the effects of very high voltage dischargeson substances were made by Loeb and Meek (1941). The experimental modelallowing the study of discharge forms consisted of a device producing a very highvoltage pulse between two electrodes with plane parallel surfaces of 1 cm at a


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Influence of Magnetic or Electric Environment on the Structure of Aqueous Solutions with Salt

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distance of 1 cm. Atmospheric pressure was 760 torr, and the discharge voltagewas 31.6 kV. Repeated analysis indicated that using a pulse train of a certainfrequency, the voltage at which electric discharge occurs is significantly reduced.

By applying an external electric field, reorientation effect in liquid can beachieved. Molecules in the liquid have dipolar momentum which is oriented

parallel to the applied electric field. As the molecular dipoles are placed parallelor perpendicular to the axes of the molecules, they have positive or negativedielectric anisotropy; the phenomenon was discovered in 1968 by G. Heilmaier,

being called dynamic dispersion, and appears in both DC and AC current.

Description of Aqua Magnetic LP01 device

The studying of the A.M.B. Freitas and F.J.G. Landgraf works indicates

that the device is relatively simple, with the need for a system of easilycontrollable electrical signal playback. The work has the following components(fig. 1):

a. The TA device - a feeder, contains network transformers for theoperation of the device, connected to CR network cable, and CA cable to theAQUA device. It has three fuses to protect the entire assembly, two LEDs (La andLb) to check empty or load operation, opening and closing switch (Ki).

b. The device AQUA is in fact the device for charging the solution fromreceiver R. It contains the electrical device of apparatus, the two loading coils(B1, B2), and is connected to AC cable, which came from the feeder TA and

programming cable CP.c. Container R is pharmaceutical glass of 20 ml, with stopper and brown

colored (to protect from light).

d. The two coils (B1, B2) are related to the electronic device that generatesthe magnetic field, coil power being controlled by the RP switch (control power)of the device AQUA. Operation of coils are controlled as the phase shift wave bythe switches K1 and K2 for each coil separately. Each switch has one workingLED which nominalizes the working in different study specific phase shift, (L1and L2).

e. The CP cable is connected to the control system (SC), which is a

computer that generates the working protocol, the electrical signal whichgenerates magnetic field necessary to study the subjected sample.


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La

Lb

CR

TA

220 V

K1 K2

B1 B2

R

CA CP

SC

RP

Ki

L1 L2

Fig.1. Basic layout of the experimental device AQUA LP01

Description of the PL-01 lightning IKEL device

IKEL PL-01 device has two main parts: the high voltage source and the

screen able to view electric discharge. The screen is made of two glass surfaces ofthe same size, between which put 0.9% saline as a leader agent, and a thin layerof copper as electrode.

The construction unit of study is simple and allows great freedom ofmovement. Simplified scheme of the system is shown in fig. 2.

220 V

V mA

Fig.2. The schematic diagram of the device IKEL PL-1

The device has the following components:1. Network Connection Plug;2. Start / Stop button;


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3. Input voltage button;4. Electric discharge button;5. Voltmeter;6. Milli-ampermeter;7. KV voltage regulator;8. Grounding plug connection and on working screen;9. Earthen plug spark gap, with polarity (- / +);10.High-voltage cable for linking to the the spark gap;11.Spark gap with various forms of peak;12.Electric discharge between the spark gap and the sample studied;13.Different samples of water drops for study;14.

Electric discharge of the sample studied;15.Glass slide on which a drop of solution studied is arranged.

16.Protective screen made of glass, Plexiglas etc.17.Material that sealed the middle of the screen where is filled with saline

water for electric potential distribution;18.Screen Protectorsat the bottom;19.Saline solution as the leading agent of electric potential;20.Anode; generally link to the ground.

Material of Study

Studies have focused on highlighting the differences in the crystallizationof water solution with salt (5-10% NaCl) under static magnetic field and

lightning.

This w ay it has been studied following types of solutions:a. Control - distilled water with salt, denoted ADS, kept in 100 ml

pharmaceutical glass;b. Sample 1 - distilled water with salt, subjected to a weak intensity of

magnetic field, crystallized (ADM noted), kept in Petri dish with a diameter of 90mm;

c. Sample 2 - distilled water with salt subjected to electrical discharges ofmedium intensity, crystallized (ADE noted, stored on the pharmaceutical-type

blades 15 x 70 mm.

Method study for samples of 5% salt water in a magnetic field

Aqueous salt solution is loaded into the AQUA for a specified time, andthen using graduated pipettes four drops of this solution are drained in Petridishes. Then they are dried to a constant temperature of 30C. The final study is

based on observation through the microscope of the crystallization pattern of saltsolutions.


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Study method for 5-10% salt water samples subjected to electrical

dischargeAn ADS sample is placed on a glass slide using graduated pipette. The

amount of sample is between 0.01 and 0.02 ml. Sample is placed the slide on thetable of IKEL device and an electrical discharge of about 15 to 20 kV is triggered.The pulse train is kept for 5-10 seconds, while the water evaporates and in forcecrystallized salt remains on the slide. The analysis is done through a microscope.

Highlighting the results through a microscope

Final analysis for of WMD and ADE samples is made by the means of amicroscope and digital camera. The 4x, 10x and 10x eyepiece microscopefacilities were used for viewing and studying. The system is equipped with a mini-

camera with a PC specialized software, being used Ulead Video 7 SE program.Mini-camera has the ability to make pictures at a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels.

The digital magnifying capacity is 10x zoom, keeping 4x or 10xobjectives. In conclusion, the actual magnifying of salt crystals in this study wasconducted between 40x (for the 4x objective) and 100x (for 10x objective) -digital and optical, but enough to reveal the effective characteristics of shape andstructure.

To record the result of observation it has not been applied other forms thanthose provided by digital camera to imaging, while maintaining maximum

brightness offered.

Study on the crystallization process of a solution of distilled water and5-10% salt, in neutral medium in terms of electric and magnetic

The first session of the study aimed to highlight how the crystallizationoccurs in a neutral environment. We have recorded these forms of crystallizationto create a studying base.

Distilled water has a special crystallization. It meets the specific cubicform and successive layers are distinguished very difficult (fig. 3 a, b and c). Theyseem to be compact and sometimes bright sides, a pattern which gives crystalsfine features. Their shape and arrangement are refined structure and withoutmistakes. At most crystals peaks of the bases can be seen.

(a (b (c

Fig. 3. Crystallization solution of distilled water and 5% neutral salt in terms of electricand magnetic. Photos by the microscope, enlargement 100 x


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Highlighting differences in crystalline structure of water with salt

solutions in static magnetic field

For the next study was considered a sample of distilled water with 5% saltin a static magnetic field of 0.5 mT.

(a (b (c

Fig. 4. Crystallization of distilled water solution with salt 5% under static magnetic.Photos by the microscope, enlargement 100 x

Both neutral and magnetic environment environment is specific cubicshape of crystallization, with straight edges and size of crystals as large as about0.7 - 1 mm for one side of the base of crystallization (higher than in neutralmedium crystallization). The structured salt crystals in a magnetic field (ADM)has a significant difference between the linking areas in the crystals - calledamorphous zone. Inside the whole mass is formed structures that are like the

branch of a tree and shows a visual diversity (fig. 4 a, b and c).All non-crystallizable amorphous mass of ADM is ordered and arranged to

shape of tree branch. Is there a permanent connection between two crystals and it

was noticed that if crystallization was made in a South magnetic field, there areoften areas of specific fractal arrangement without being tied to a specificcrystallization center (fig. 5 b and c), which is not noted where crystallinestructures of ADM loaded in Northern static magnetic field (fig. 5).

(a (b (c

Fig. 5. Crystallization of distilled water and 5% salt solution under static magneticfield.

Salt structures formed in the North magnetic field (a) are different from thearrangement in South magnetic field (b and c). Photos by the microscope, zoom 40 x

The crystalline structuring of water salt solutions through electric

discharge

Using the experimental device IKEL we have conducted a series ofexperiments by various lightning. Experimental outcomes indicated that the


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phenomenon of electric discharge occurs starting from 9 kV. The acqueoussolution is spread on the plate surface, allowing different forms of structureddeposits. According to the theory of electrical discharge in liquid, the ions insolution tend to be oriented in the direction of electric current flow, therebygenerating lines of crystallization (fig. 6).

(a (b (cFig. 6. Crystallization of distilled water and 5% salt solution after a lightningPhotos by the microscope, zoom 40 x

Also in areas that small electrical discharge was triggered, crystallizationof cubical shape can appear, with small semi-cristallized debris around. Crystaldimensions vary little. One can observe the brightness and random ordering of thestructured forms (fig. 6 b). Between those two areas there is an area distinguished

by the fact that the shift of crystallization forms not strictly comply with specificcubic form in fig. 6c, and while the directions of electric discharge are not wellordered and parallel as can be seen in fig. 6a. There are several ways to downloadand crystalline forms are elongated, forming multiple links between them (fig.

6b). Through repeated studies, analyzing the relationship between theconcentration of salt in water solution, the terminal voltage and exposure time,

provides a transition between the two areas where the relationship forms betweencubic crystals to grow significantly.

(a (b(cFig. 7. Different stages in the crystallization of solution 10% salt in distilled water

and from a lightningPhotos by the microscope, enlargement 100 x

For the beginning, the transition from elongated forms without centralcrystal to germination crystal structure is achieved as shown in Fig. 6c (Fig. 7a).Analysis of samples with discharge at higher voltages (of the order of 16 to 20kV) having a higher concentration of saline solution (approximately 10%) and anexposure time of about 10-15 seconds, shows that the shapes may vary


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sufficiently hard to find an optimal (fig. 7b). Finally, by combining the threevariables it was find the exact distribution of these parameters for the remainingshape after the electric discharge is presented as in fig.7c. As illustrated cubiccrystal is clean, whole, without breaks or disharmonious increases, showing asignificant increase in the area that contained the form of "tree branch." The formsare diverse and show that ions in solution have sufficient energy to create lines oforientation and structuring, but not large enough to create new germs ofcrystallization.

Comparing the results between crystallisation in magnetic medium

and electrical discharge

The pattern of crystallization for water solutions with salt in different

environments - magnetic and electric - shows, for an optimal measure, similarforms. According to surveys by the two experimental systems, AQUA for themagnetic structuring and IKEL - for analysis of electric discharges in liquids, wecan see that the growth directions of crystallization forms comply with a certain

pattern. This is due to specific properties of salt solution. Unless significantdifferences between the sizes of the crystals, can easily notice the structuralsimilarities (Fig. 8 and 9).

Fig. 8. Crystallizing of 10% saltsolution in distilled water from a lightning

Photos by the microscope,enlargement 100 x

Fig. 9. Crystallizing 5% saltsolution in distilled water under static

magnetic field.Photos by the microscope,

zoom 40 x

One can notice the increase of arrangement forms in non-crystallizedareas under electrical discharges, by increasing the exposure time and at a lowervoltage. Crystallization under magnetic field indicates an increase of exposuretime without increasing the magnetic field strength. When lightning, the variationforms is greater even if a small change in a working voltage. In the case ofcrystallization under magnetic field one noted any significant differences at highermagnetic field variations. The differences arise because orientation in magneticfield is achieved only if the ions in solution are free and in constant motion.


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Conclusions

5% NaCl solution in water activelly meets an external magnetic field.Even if the field strength is 0.5 mT we can say that there are changes in internalstructure, that can be seen under a microscope. According to studies by A.M.B.Freitas and F.J.G. Landgraf, crystallization in solutions is very similar for largemodifications in the magnetic field as well. The same result was also noted in theexperiments of the current study. The presence of even weaker magnetic field haschanged significantly the inner organization in the saline solution studied.

The structuring of 10% NaCl solution in distilled water under electricdischarge presents a similar behavior as in the case of magnetic field. There arenotable differences in the size of crystals. In the case of crystals grown in a

magnetic field the size of the base is about 1 mm. Under electrical discharge thesize of the basic crystal does not exceed 0.01 mm. Discharges ranged from 15 to25 kV. Over this voltage discharges distorted too much salt crystals andobservations had no basis of comparison with the structures resulting fromcrystallization under magentic field.

Studies developed in our country are in the direction of research designedto discover the mechanism of self-structuring, where we consider we can bring asignificant contribution. A first step in this direction is to use a simple andeffective way to purify waste water, thereby improving the classical methods ofindustrial water ecology.

R E F E R E N C E S[1] Dumitrescu, I. FL., Electronography, electro methods in biology, Scientific

and Encyclopedic Publishing House, Bucharest, 1979;

[2] E. Usher, Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Scientific and EncyclopedicPublishing House, Bucharest, 1983;

[3] Freitas, AMB; Landgraf, FJG; Nvlt, J., Giulietti, M.,Influence of MagneticField on the Kinetics of Crystallization of Inorganic Salts diamagnetic andparamagnetic, Crystal. Res. Technol. Nr. 34, p. 1239-1244, 1999;

[4] Jantsch, Lorentz, Chemical Physics, Chemical and Instrumental Analysis,Academic Direct Publishing House, Bucharest, ISBN 973-86211-7-8, 2004;

[5] Nenitescu, C.D., General Chemistry, Didactic and Pedagogic PublishingHouse, Bucharest, 1972;

[6] S.M. Grimes, Magnetic field effect on crystals, Tube International March,1988;

[7] Wichmann, E.H., Quantum Physics, Vol. IV, Didactic and PedagogicPublishing House, Bucharest, 1983.

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