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ANESTEZIA
Curs 1
Dr. Kovacs Laszlo
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Anestezia -definitie
• Pierderea tuturor senzatiilor si reactiilor fata de mediul inconjurator
• totalitatea mijloacelor farmacologice şi tehnice care permit bolnavului sa suporte actul terapeutic chirurgical în condiţii de securitate şi confort optime, iar chirurgului să execute intervenţia în condiţii de imobilitate şi relaxare a bolnavului adecvate actului operator.
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ANESTEZIA
•GENERALA
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Componentele anesteziei
MENTINEREA HOMEOSTAZIEI
RELAXARE
MUSCULARA
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PRINCIPII GENERALE
• Examen (consult) preanestezic;
• Stabilirea riscului anestezico-chirurgical
(ASA)
• Stabilirea momentului optim al interventiei.
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Examenul preanestezic (I)
A. Interviu cu pacientul = ANAMNEZA
– Greutate, inaltime, Indice de masa
corporeala
– APF, APP, AHC
– Antecedente alergice
– Antecedente anestezice
• Istoric de soc anafilactic;
• Intubatie dificila.
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Examenul preanestezic(II)
B. Examenul clinic al pacientului
– Examen general
– Focus :
• Cai respiratorii (IOT);
• Capital venos;
• Conformatia coloanei (ALR).
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• Arsuri
• Trauma
faciala
• Antecedente
de anafilaxie
• Stridor
• Corp strain
• Obez / pitic
• Gat scurt muscular
• Piept mare/ lat
• Retrognatie (Dentures)
• Dinti de cal - incisiviii (Buck Teeth)
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Examenul preanestezic (III)
C. Examene paraclinice:• Set minim;
• Examene specifice (LA NEVOIE)
D. Boli asociate:– Eventual cu impact direct asupra actului anestezic;
– Altele.
E. Tratamente in curs– Medicatia de cord;
– Medicatie psihotropa;
– Anticoagulant / antiagregante
! Prescrierea continuarii / discontinuarii
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Alegerea strategiei anestezice
• AG (Anestezie generala) / ALR
(Anestezie loco-regionala)• ! Preferinta pacientului
• Explicarea sumara a strategiei si a riscului
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Aparatul de anestezie
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Monitorizarea standard
• Monitorizarea Ecg
• Pulsoximetria
• TA non-invaziva
• Capnografia
• Temperatura
• Diureza
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Monitorizarea standard
anestezia generală
• supravegherea clinică continua de către anestezist
• frecvenţa respiratorie
• pulsul- pulsoximetria SpO2
• electrocardiograma
• presiunea arterială noninvazivă
• concentraţia CO2 la sfârşitul expirului
• concentraţia inspiratorie a oxigenului FiO2
• temperaturia (centrală şi periferică)
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Anestezia generala
ETAPE
0. +/- premedicatie
1. Inductia
2. Mentinerea
3. Trezirea
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INDUCTIA
• realizarea somnului anestezic
– inhalatorie
– intravenoasa
• hipnoza, amnezie
• +/- intubatie oro-traheala (IOT)
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Inductia inhalatorie
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Inductia intravenoasa
• Hipnotic = realizarea somnului anestezic
benzodiazepine
barbiturice
propofol
etomidat
ketamina
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Intubatia oro-traheala (IOT)
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Materiale ptr intubatie
• Balon ruben + masca faciala
• Laringoscop cu lame diverse
• Sonde diverse
• Mandren/ bujii etc
• Masti laringiene 3 & 4
• Set de punctie cricotiroidiana canula14 gauge si sistem de insuflatie jet
• Sistem functional de aspiratie
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• Preoxigenare
• Abord venos
• Toate materialele / aparatele pregatite si verificate
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Sonda IOT cu / fara balonas
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Masca laringiana
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Aspect normal al glotei la adult
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Hipnoza, amnezia
• Intravenos
benzodiazepine
barbiturice
propofol
etomidat
ketamina
• Inhalator:
• Gaze anestezice-protoxid de azot
• Anestezice halogenate (halotan, enfluran, isofluran, desfluran, sevofluran)
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MENTINEREA
• Perioada cuprinsă între faza de anestezie
chirurgicală necesară efectuării actului
operator şi trezire
• Tehnicile anestezice:
– monoanesteziile - inhalatorii sau intravenoase
– anesteziile combinate - pe pivot volatil,
intravenoase totale
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Medicatia folosita in AG
• Droguri administrate pe cale inhalatorie:• Gazoase : protoxid de azot;
• Volatile : halotan, izofluran, sevofluran, desfluran
• Droguri administrate pe cale intravenoasa:• Hipnotice : tiopental, midazolam, propofol,
ketamina, etomidat;
• Opioide : fentanyl, remifentanyl, sufentanyl
• Relaxante musculare:– Curare depolarizante : succinilcolina;
– Curare nedepolarizante : atracurium, pancuronium, vecuronium, mivacurium, rocuronium, cisatracurium
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Hipnoza, amnezia
• Trebuie mentinuta pe tot parcursul
interventiei/ anesteziei
• Intravenos
• Inhalator
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Analgetice
• Scaderea sau inhibarea senzatiei dureroase
• Clase:– Opioide (analgetice majore sau morfinice)
• Opioizi = derivati de opiu
• Prototip = morfina – Morpheus=zeul viselor
• Actioneaza pe receptorii endorfinici
– Non-opioide
• salicilati
• NSAIDs (antiinflamatori non-steroidiene)
• paracetamol
• adjuvanti
Papaver somniferum
In bratele lui Morpheus
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Actiunea substantelor opioide
Analgezie• Depresie respiratorie
• Constipatie
• Retentie urinara
• Supresia tusei
• Greata
• Euforie/disforie
• Sedare
• Mioza
• pre si postsarcinii (atentie la hipotensiune)
• Cresterea presiunii intracraniene (secundar cresterii CO2)
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TREZIREA
• Perioada de revenire de la starea de somn
anestezic la starea de conştientă cu
revenirea reflexelor vitale de protecţie• Antagonizare droguri utilizate;
• Metabolizare si eliminare spontana.
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