R. D. Rugescu, 2013 Materiale pentru sisteme de propulsie aerospaţialăNr Elementul

chimicTopire [ºC] Densitate [g/cmc] Masa molară

[g-mol]raza atomică

Emp,Calc[Å][4]Modul Young [GPa] Rupere, σr

[Pa] 107lungire

δr %Cond.termică

[W/m/K]MyOx ΔHf

0

Entalpie formare [kJ/mol]Anul descoperirii

1Galiu Ga 29.76 5.904 69.72 136 N/A 29 1875 in Franta2Sodiu Na 97.72 0.968 22.989 190 10 140 1807 in U.K.3Litiu Li 180.54 0.535 6.93895 167 4.9 85 1817 in Suedia4Staniu Sn 231.93 7.31 118.7107 145 50 67 3000 BC5Bismut Bi 271.3 9.78 208.980401 143 32 8 14006Taliu Tl 304 11.85 204.38332 156 8 46 1861 in U.K.7Cadmiu Cd 321.07 8.65 112.4118 161 50 97 1817 in Germania8Plumb Pb 327.46 11.34 207.21 154 16 35 4000 BC9Zinc Zn 327.46 11.34 65.3820 154 108 35 4000 BC

10Telur Te 449.51 6.24 127.603 123 43 3 1783 in Romania11Magneziu Mg 650 1.738 24.30506 145 45 160 1755 in U.K.12Aluminiu Al 660.32 2.7 26.98153868 118 70 235 1825 in Danemarca13Bariu Ba 727 3.51 137.3277 253 13 18 1808 in U.K.14Ytterbiu Yb 819 6.57 137.0545 222 24 39 1878 in Elvetia15Germaniu Ge 938.3 5.323 72.6410 125 N/A 60 1886 in Germania16Argint 47 Ag 961.78 10.49 107.86822 165 83 430 3000 BC17Aur Au 1064.18 19.3 196.9665694 174 78 320 2500 BC18Cupru Cu 1084.62 8.92 63.5463 145 130 400 8000 BC19Mangan Mn 1246 7.47 54.9380455 161 198 7.8 1774 in Suedia20Beriliu Be 1287 1.848 9.0121823 112 287 190 1797 in Franta21Gadoliniu Gd 1313 7.901 157.253 233 55 11 1880 in Elvetia22Terbiu Tb 1356 8.219 158.925352 225 56 11 1843 in Suedia23[Siliciu] Si 1414 2.33 28.08553 111 47 150 1824 in Suedia24Nichel Ni 1455 8.908 58.69344 149 200 91 1751 in Suedia25Cobalt Co 1495 8.9 58.9331955 152 209 100 1735 in Suedia26Ytriu Y 1526 4.472 88.90585 212 64 17 1794 in Finlanda27Erbiu Er 1497 9.006 167.259 226 70 15 1842 in Suedia28Fier Fe 1538 7.874 55.845 156 211 80 2000 BC29Scandiu Sc 1541 2.985 44.95591 184 74 16 1879 in Suedia 30Paladiu Pd 1554.9 12.023 106.42 169 121 72 1803 in U. K31Thuliu Tm 1545 9.321 168.93421 222 74 17 1879 in Suedia32Lutetiu Lu 1663 9.841 174.967 217 69 16 1907 in Franta si Germania33Titan Ti 1668 4.507 47.867 176 116 22 1791 in U. K34Thoriu Th 1750 11.724 232.0381 N/A 79 54 1829 in Suedia35Platină Pt 1768.3 21.09 195.078 177 168 72 1735 in Peru36Zirconiu Zr 1855 6.511 91.224 206 68 23 1789 in Germania37Crom Cr 1907 7.14 51.9961 166 279 94 1797 in Franta38Vanadiu V 1910 6.11 50.9415 171 128 31 1801 in Mexic si Suedia39Rhodiu Rh 1964 12.45 102.9055 173 275 150 1803 in U.K40[Bor] B 2075 2.46 10.811 87 N/A 27 180 in Franta si U.K41Hafniu Hf 2233 13.31 178.49 208 78 23 1923 in Danemarca42Rhuteniu Ru 2334 12.37 101.07 178 447 120 1844 in Rusia43Iridiu Ir 2566 22.56 192.217 180 528 150 1803 in Franta si U.K44Niobiu Nb 2477 8.57 92.90638 198 105 54 1801 in U.K45Molibden Mo 1623 10.28 95.94 190 329 139 1781 in Suedia46Tantal Ta 3017 16.65 180.9479 200 186 57 1802 in Suedia47Osmiu Os 3033 22.59 190.23 185 N/A 88 1803 in U.K48Rheniu Re 3186 21.02 186.207 188 463 48 1925 in Germania49Wolfram W 3422 19.25 183.84 193 411 170 1783 in Spania50[Carbon] C 3550 2.26 12.0107 67 N/A 140 N/A

Se vor completa pentru fiecare element casetele lipsa, prin documentare, cu mentionarea sursei bibliografice folosite. Exemplu mai jos.

10

R. D. Rugescu, 2011 Materiale pentru sisteme de propulsie aerospaţială

Exemple de citare bibliografică:

“Litiul a fost descoperit în mineralul petalită (LiAl(Si2O5)2) de Johann August Arfvedson în 1817 [5].

Borul a fost descoperit de Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac şi Louis-Jaques Thénard, chimişti francezi, şi independent de Sir Humphry Davy, un chimist englez, în 1808 [7].”

1.Pagini http:[1] http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele005.html[2] *** Periodensystem pocketcard, ISBN 3-929785-28-5, Börm Bruckmeier Verlag, 82031 Grünwald, Germany, www.media4u.com, 2002.[3] Visual elements, www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/4/beryllium[4] http://www.webelements.com[-]

2.Cărţi:[5] A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund, and J.D. Todd, Engineering Tables and Data, p. 41.[6] *** CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, 92nd Edition, 2011.[7] Alfred Buch (1999), Pure metals properties: a scientific-technical handbook, ISBN 0871706377 9780871706379, OCLC Number 441824091, Materials Park, ASM International, London-Tel Aviv, Freund Pub. House, 306 p, 25 cm.[8] Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.[9] Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002.[10] Ibidem, 83rd ed, 2002.3.Reviste:[11] Jiemin Z, Lamvik M, 1998, "Thermal conductivity of gallium at solid/liquid phase transformation" High Temperatures - High Pressures 30(3), 307–314:[Thermal conductivity of gallium at solid/liquid phase transformation, received 29 April 1997]Abstract. The thermal conductivity of pure gallium during liquid/solid phase transformation has been measured. The measurements establish that there is a one-dimensional motion of a freezing or melting front in the specimen. The technique employed allows the study of alternative conditions: the propagation of the phase transition interface, as opposed to the quasi-equilibrium state where the interface is stationary. The position of the interface is determined from the measurement of the electric resistance over the specimen including the interface. The resistance over time obtained during the melting/freezing processes enables the speed of the solid-liquid interface to be determined. The thermal conductivity of the specimen at the interface is evaluated as a real-time property from the speed of the moving interface, temperature gradients normal to the interface, and thermal properties. The mean values of the thermal conductivity of gallium at the transition temperature, 29.772 C, were found to be ls = 43.6 W m-1 K-1 and ll = 27.8 W m-1 K-1 for the solid and the liquid phase, respectively. These values are 16% and 10% lower than a set of defined reference data based on electric measurements that are referred to in the literature.

10

R. D. Rugescu, 2011 Materiale pentru sisteme de propulsie aerospaţială

http://www.mrteverett.com/Chemistry/pdictable/q_elements.asp?language=en&Symbol=TeAdd to languages: 120110Rumanian: Telur[Tellurium element was discovered in Romania, sylvanite (AgAuTe4)is its most spread ore, bearing the name from Transylvania, and 23 million Romanians may read this text]

Add to languages:Romanian: Zinc[An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania (Romania); 23 mill. Romanians may read Everett page]

11