U Lupascu_silviu_dan Gnosticism Si Sufism

8/10/2019 U Lupascu_silviu_dan Gnosticism Si Sufism

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SILVIU LUPACU

PROIECT DE CERCETARE POS DRU 61104 / ACADEMIA ROMN,

INSTITUTUL DE ISTORIE A RELIGIILOR (BUCURETI, 2011-2012)

CONE!IUNI "NTRE GNOSTICISM, CRETINISM I SU#ISM SUB

DINASTIA ABBASSI$ILOR (%&0-12&')

1 I*+.. +333 5 5 7.83 .3. . 3+.59 : 8+93

738+ +*..9 897*9 9;9 .


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culminant e0periena regenerrii, !aliggene"a+ $ndrre (*1*-1*) a

construit o e0egez detaliat a scrierilor incluse n Cor!u Hermeticum, #ocalizat asupra

relaiei palingenezie-iluminare, !aliggene"a-!hotim#+ 8egenerarea teandric este o

?nou natere@ sau naterea ?omului nou@, este reidenti#icarea ontologic a #iinei omeneticu dun$mei (uterile divine),L#go (Verbul divin), %gdoada, cu Nou, .piritul alctuit

din substana Aivinitii .upreme, ?Botul n Bot@+

$bordarea relaiilor dintre cretinism i islam, sub dinastia $bbasizilor, trebuie s

nceap cu analiza legendei despre .ergius ;ahCrD, clugrul arab nestorian din ;ahrain,

despre care $bE F$bd $llDh /uhammad Ibn IshDG Ibn HasDr Ibn hJDr ( ca&%'2-ca&%K%-

%K*)L, /uhammad Ibn .aFd Ibn /anCF $l-;asrC (%*2-*2&)2, $bE F$bd $l-/DliM Ibn

NishDm (m+ ca& *L2)&i /uhammad Ibn 7arCr Ibn HazCd $bE 7aF#ar $t-BabarC (*L1-1L) K

a#irm c a prevestit vocaia pro#etic a lui /uhammad i destinul su de ntemeietor al

islamului+ Botodat, .ergius ;ahCrD este creditat cu redactarea unor pri din Qurn%+ Ae

asemenea, i se atribuie ?$pocalipsa dup ;ahCrD@*+ rin sintagma ?oaia rtcit pe care

;iserica /ea a e0ilat-o n pustiu@, .ergius ;ahCrD este menionat n O$pocalipsa dup

etru@ sau O5artea rulourilor@, un te0t apocri#, redactat ngarhuni(limba arab scris cu

al#abetul siriac), care a #ost datat ca& *'' d+ N+ $cest te0t, intitulat '(tihaf Shimun

(?$pocalipsa dup .imon@) sau)alayan Butru(?$pocalipsa dup etru@), a #ost tradus i

publicat n 1L de $+ /ingana n *oodbroo(e Studie1+ Plterior, relaia amiabil sau

con#lictual dintre cretinism i islam este relie#at n scrierile marilor magitri Sfi din

secolele I-III (F$li Ibn PthmDn $l-7ullDbC $l-Nu"QCrC, /uhJC $l-ACn Ibn F$rabC, 7alDl-

ud-dCn 8EmC, F$zCz-ud-dCn asa#C)+

5#+ $ndrre, La +,-,lation dHerm. Trim,gite, I-IV, aris: es ;elles ettres,''K, IV RLe /ieu inconnu et la gnoe, p+ ''-K%+

L5#+ $bE F$bd $llDh /uhammad Ibn IshDG Ibn HasDr Ibn hJDr, S0rat ral 1llh sauBiografia2eagerului lui 1llh(lucrare pierdut, pstrat n rescrierile lui Ibn NishDm i $t-BabarC)+

25#+ /uhammad Ibn .aFd,3itb at4taba5t al4(ab0rsau Cartea claelor u!erioare+&5#+ $bE F$bd $l-/DliM Ibn NishDm, S0ra ral 1llh 2uhammad 'bn 61bd 1llh sauBiografia

2eagerului lui 1llh7 2uhammad 'bn 61bd 1llh, lucrare cunoscut i sub titlul140ra an4naba80ya sauBiografia 9rofetului+

K 5#+ /uhammad Ibn 7arCr Ibn HazCd $bE 7aF#ar $t-BabarC, Tar0ch al4ruul 8a4l4mul( 8a4l4chulafsau'toria !rofe:ilor7 regilor ;i califilor+

%5#+ $+ $bel, O ;ahCrD@, in N+ $+ 8+ Sibb, 7+ + ramers, 4+


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6n primele dou secole dupHi=ra, sistemul de g!ndire al su#ismului a #ost edi#icat

n mediul spiritual al Zcolilor din ;asra, E#a, ;agdad i hurDsDn+ 6n scrierile lor, autorii

Sfi au #cut deosebirea ntre 6ilm (?tiin@, ?cunoatere tiini#ic@), hi(ma

(?nelepciune@) i ma6rifa (?gnoz@, ?cunoatere de Aumnezeu@, ?cunoatere teoso#ic@)+4i alterneaz ierarhizarea dintre 6ilmi ma6rifa, n timp ce al4hi(maeste considerat drept

un dar divin, coninut n Qurn+ Aei rdcina 6arfeste inclus, sub di#erite #orme, n

Qurn, cuv!ntul ma6rifanu este menionat niciodat+ 6n acest conte0t istoric-le0icologic,

AhEl-En /isrC (ca& %1K-*&1) a precizat sensul cuv!ntului taf80d (?druire de sine@ a

misticului ctre Aumnezeu) i a de#init n premier noiunea de ma6rifa (?gnoz@)+ Ain

ntreaga sa oper nu supravieuiesc dec!t apo#tegme editate de discipolii sau admiratorii si

din 4gipt i ;agdad'+

ouis /assignon a redactat catalogul literaturii hermetice arabe i a evideniat

autorii musulmani care au considerat c Nermes (Harmia) a #ost un pro#et adevrat, n

msur a #i identi#icat cu'dr0sau cu >(hn(h(4noh)+ 5ei doi magitri care au ncercat o

conciliere ntre neoplatonism i doctrina Sfi, $l-.uhraQardC (&&-1) i Ibn .abFCn (ca&

K-%), au invocat autoritatea pro#etic a luiHerme+ 6n acest sens, $l-.uhraQardC l-a

asociat peHerme cu 1gathod,mon-Seth, iar Ibn .abFCn a construit un ?lan al iniierii@

(ind), care ncepe cu Herme i se ncheie cu Ibn .abFCn nsui, av!nd ca verigi

intermediare pe .ocrate, laton, $ristotel, $le0andru cel /are (AhEl-GarnaJn), $l-NallD",

.hiblC, i##arC, NabashC, 3adib $l-;Dn, .hEdC+ 5ea de a opta verig iniiatic din ind-ul

lui Ibn .abFCn este i##arC (secolul al -lea), autorul scrierilor Sfi intitulate1l42a85if

(Sta:iile) i1l42uhtabt(1dreele)+ 6n opinia lui aul QJia, /uhammad Ibn F$bdallah

$l-i##arC este ultimul teolog mistic de mare anvergur din Zcoala Sfintemeiat de Nasan

;asrC (K2L-%*) n oraul ;asra i consolidat de $l-NallD", n secolele VII-, dar totodat

i unul dintre ?sclavii iubirii@ care dezvluie cone0iunile transistorice dintre teologia Sfii

hermetismul greco-egiptean

+ 6n g!ndirea lui $l-i##arC, realitatea teandric se instituie prinlimba"ul uniunii dintre cele ?dou substane@: atunci c!nd omul ndumnezeit vorbete

limba"ul lui Aumnezeu, Aumnezeu vorbete limba"ul omului ndumnezeit+

'5#+ ouis /assignon,Eai ur le origine du lexi5ue techni5ue de la myti5ue muulmane, aris:5er#, 111, p+ 'K-L+

5#+ aul QJia,Ex,g.e corani5ue et langage myti5ue, ;eJrouth: Aar 4l-/achreG, 11, p+ L&-L&2+

L


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Ainamica uni#icatoare a limba"ului divin-uman reprezint un important element

comun ntre cretinism, gnoza hermetic i teologia Sfi, sub dinastia $bbasizilor+

Interdependena dintre o serie de termeni-cheie ai gnosticismului, cretinismului i

su#ismului demonstreaz c, pe parcursul istoriei medievale, comunicarea dintre spaiilereligioase abrahamice nu se realizeaz numai prin nvecinare direct, prin pro0imitate

teologic, liturgic sau literar, ci i prin sistemul de comunicare alctuit din spaii

religioase secunde, sincretice (gnosticism, hermetism), ocultate n #undalul istoric, dar

nvestite cu privilegiul supravieuirii bibliogra#ice+

2 R99>.. 99 : .*+ 3 9.. *+;.33 89 738 *+7-8++.9

$t!t evidenierea cone0iunilor de ordin istoric i religios dintre gnosticism,

hermetism i su#ism, c!t i plasarea lor n conte0tul istoriei comparate a religiilor

abrahamice i al istoriei mentalitilor din societatea musulman a secolelor I-III,

nscriu acest proiect de cercetare n tematica programului de studii post-doctorale derulat de

Institutul de Istorie a 8eligiilor+ rin noile surse primare i secundare pe care intenionm s

le punem n circulaie tiini#ic, prin noutatea perspectivei i prin metodologia

interdisciplinar (vezi infra), proiectul poate contribui n chip substanial la elucidarea

manierei n care temele centrale ale teologiei gnostice i hermetice au #cut obiectul unor

rescrieri i dezvoltri succesive n cadrul islamului medieval+

? O;..9. 5 +3.9. *+933 79 8997 * *.3 +*+99

() noutatea subiectului, puin cunoscut n istoriogra#ia rom!neasc[

() originalitatea perspectivei de cercetare, n con#ormitate cu care pe parcursul

istoriei medievale, comunicarea dintre spaiile religioase abrahamice nu se realizeaz numai

prin nvecinare direct, prin pro0imitate teologic, liturgic sau literar, ci i prin dinamica

spaiilor religioase secunde, sincretice (gnosticism, hermetism)[(L) sursele inedite aduse n circuit tiini#ic prin cercetri n bibliotecile din

strintate (=rana)[

(2) caracterul interdisciplinar al proiectului, prin mbinarea metodelor de cercetare

care de#inesc o serie de discipline cone0e: istoria religiilor, istoria culturii, istoria

mentalitilor, istoria ideilor, #ilozo#ia religiei+

2


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4 O99 *+933 : .*+ 3 +


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() publicarea unui volum de autor, cu scopul de a integra rezultatele propriei munci

de cercetare n circuitul tiini#ic naional i internaional[

() redactarea, n limba #rancez sau n limba englez, a cel puin dou studii pe an,

n msur a #i publicate n revistele i volumele colective editate de Institutul de Istorie a8eligiilor+ $rticolele vor viza aspecte precum: cone0iuni ntre gnosticism i islam, sub

dinastia $bbasizilor[ cone0iuni ntre cretinism i islam, sub dinastia $bbasizilor[

hermeneutica te0telor gnostice incluse n Biblioteca de la Nag Hammadi[ hermeneutica

te0telor incluse n Cor!u Hermeticum, atribuite lui Nermes Brismegistus[ hermeneutica

operelor elaborate de o serie de magitri Sfi, personaliti de marc ale islamului medieval

($l-alDbDdhC, $l-i##arC, Ibn F$rabC, asa#C, Nu"QCrC, 8EmC, $l-NallD", $l-.uhraQardC)+

(L) participarea la cel puin doua con#erine internaionale pe an, cu scopul de a

disemina rezultatele cercetrii+

% #9.


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SILVIU LUPACU

RESEARC PROECT POS DRU 61104 / ROMANIAN ACADEM,

INSTITUTE #OR TE ISTOR O# RELIGIONS (BUCAREST, 2011-2012)

CONNECTIONS BETEEN GNOSTICISM, CRISTIANIT AND SU#ISM

UNDER TE ABBASID DNAST (%&0-12&')

1 T=9 79 *+.9 + =9 +* .+8; + =9 39 9>9 +

F+98;9 =9 98 + +*..>9 73897 .


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attributed to him*+ Bhrough the e0pression Othe straJed sheep that Qas e0iled bJ /J

5hurch in the Qilderness@, .ergius ;ahCrD is mentioned in the O$pocalJpse o# eter@ or the

O;ooM o# the 8olls@, an apocrJpha indited in garhuni ($rabic Qritten Qith .Jriac

alphabet), Qhich Qas dated ca& *'' 5+ 4+ Bhis same te0t, intitled '(tihaf Shimun (theO$pocalJpse o# .imon@) or)alayan Butru(the O$pocalJpse o# eter@), Qas translated and

published in 1L bJ $+ /ingana in *oodbroo(e Studie1+ .ubseGuentlJ the peace#ul or

antagonistic relationship betQeen 5hristianitJ and Islam Qas described in the Qritings o#

the great Sfi masters #rom the Ith R IIIthcenturies (F$li Ibn PthmDn $l-7ullDbC $l-

Nu"QCrC, /uhJC $l-ACn Ibn F$rabC, 7alDl-ud-dCn 8EmC, F$zCz-ud-dCn asa#C)+

BQo centuries a#ter theHi=ra, .u#ism Qas established as a theological sJstem Qithin

the spiritual milieu o# the .chools #ounded in ;asra, E#a, ;aghdad and hurDsDn In their

Qritings, the Sfi authors made the distinction betQeen 6ilm (Oscience@, Oscienti#ic

MnoQledge@), hi(ma (OQisdom@) and ma6rifa (Ognosis@, OMnoQledge o# Sod@,

Otheosophical MnoQledge@)+ BheJ give precedence alternativelJ either to 6ilmor to ma6rifa,

Qhile al4hi(mais considered a divine gi#t, contained in the Qurn+ $lthough the root 6arf

is included under various #orms in the Qurn, the Qord ma6rifais never mentioned+ In this

historical-le0icological conte0t, AhEl-En /isrC (ca&%1K-*&1)'speci#ied the meaning o#

the Qord taf80d(Osel#-abnegation@ o# the mJstic toQards Sod) and de#ined the concept o#

ma6rifa (Ognosis@)+ \#his Qritten and oral teachings onlJ the apophthegms edited bJ his

disciples and admirers #rom 4gJpt and ;aghdad have survived+

ouis /assignon indited the 5atalogue o# the $rabic-Nermetic literature and

mentioned the /oslem authors Qho stated that Nermes (Harmia) Qas a true prophet,

susceptible to be identi#ied Qith 'dr0 or >(hn(h (Nenoch)+ Bhe tQo masters Qho

attempted a conciliation betQeen neo-platonism and the Sfi doctrine, $l-.uhraQardC

(&&-1) and Ibn .abFCn (ca&K-%), invoMed the prophetic authoritJ o# Herme+ In

this respect, $l-.uhraQardC associatedHermeto1gathod,mon-Seth, and Ibn .abFCn built aOchain o# initiation@ (ind), Qhich starts QithHermeand ends Qith Ibn .abFCn himsel#,

*5#+ $+ $bel, U $pocalJpse de ;ahCrD et la notion islamiGue du /ehdi W, in1nnale de l'ntitutde 9hilologie et et Hitoire %rientale, ;ru0elles, o+ III, p+ -+

1 5#+ $+ /ingana (ed+, trad+), *oodbroo(e Studie& Chritian /ocument in Syriac7 1rabic7 and


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having as intermediarJ linMs .ocrates, lato, $ristotle, $le0ander the Sreat (AhEl-

GarnaJn), $l-NallD", .hiblC, i##arC, NabashC, 3adib $l-;Dn, .hEdC (NallDQi, 5d0o# the

citJ o# .evilla)+ Bhe eighth linM in Ibn .abFCns indis i##arC (thcenturJ), author o# the

Sfi Qritings entitled 1l42a85if (The Station) and 1l42uhtabt (The 1dree)+$ccording to the opinion o# aul QJia, as a mJstical theologian /uhammad Ibn

F$bdallah $l-i##arC is the last toQering #igure o# the Sfi.chool #ounded bJ Nasan ;asrC

(K2L-%*) in the citJ o# ;asra and consolidated bJ $l-NallD", in the VII thR thcenturies+ $t

the same time, he is one o# the Oslaves o# love@ Qho unveils the trans-historical connections

betQeen Sfi theologJ and Sreco-4gJptian Nermeticism+ In $l-i##arCs thinMing, the

theandrical realitJ is instituted bJ the language o# the union betQeen the OtQo substances@:

Qhen the dei#ied man speaMs the language o# Sod, Sod speaMs the language o# the dei#ied

man+

Bhe uni#Jing dJnamics o# the divine-human language stands as an important

common denominator o# 5hristian theologJ, Nermetic gnosis and SfitheologJ, under the

$bbasid dJnastJ+ Bhe interdependencJ o# a series o# MeJ-terms o# Snosticism, 5hristianitJ

and .u#ism proves that during the /iddle $ge the communication betQeen the $brahamic

religious spaces Qas not accomplished onlJ through their historical vicinitJ Qhich involved

theological, liturgical and literarJ pro0imitJ, but also through the communication sJstem

constituted out o# the secondarJ or sJncretistic religious spaces (Snosticism, Nermeticism),

occulted in the historical bacMground, but vested Qith the privilege o# the bibliographical

survival, susceptible to perpetuate itsel# through the labJrinth o# the successive re-Qritings+

2 T=9 99>.9 + =9 +* .;.7 =9


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bring in the scienti#ic e0change o# ideas, as Qell as to the noveltJ o# the research

perspective and the interdisciplinarJ methodologJ (see infra), this pro"ect is able to

contribute in a substantial manner to the elucidation o# the religious dJnamics Qhich

developed, through successive re-Qritings, the central themes o# the Snostic and NermetictheologJ inside the spiritual treasurJ o# medieval Islam+

? T=9 +;.H .8 +>9H + =9 *+9 .9 8998 .+; +3 =9.8;7

() the noveltJ o# the topic, Qhich havent Jet been investigated bJ the 8omanian

historiographJ[

() the originalitJ o# the research perspective, according to Qhich during the

medieval historJ the communication betQeen the $brahamic religious spaces Qas not

accomplished onlJ through their historical vicinitJ Qhich involved theological, liturgical

and literarJ pro0imitJ, but also through the dJnamics o# the secondarJ or sJncretistic

religious spaces (Snosticism, Nermeticism)[

(L) the neQ primarJ and secondarJ sources Qhich Qill be brought Qithin the

scienti#ic channels o# circulation as a result o# the research to be accomplished in libraries

situated abroad (=rance)[

(2) the interdisciplinarJ dimension o# the pro"ect, Qhich aims to "oin the research

methods de#ining a series o# connected #ields: historJ o# religions, historJ o# culture,

historJ o# mentalities, historJ o# ideas, philosophJ o# religion+

4 T=9 ;+.7 + =9 *+9 .7 +*.98 + =9 *9>+37 .=9>997

Bhrough the endeavors involved in this research pro"ect Qe shall reach tQo ma"or

scienti#ic goals:

() to identi#J neQ sources re#erring to the comparative historJ o# the $brahamic

religions, Qhich are preserved in the libraries o# aris (;iblioth>Gue ationale de =rance,;iblioth>Gue du 5oll>ge de =rance, Institut de angues \rientales, ;iblioth>Gue de l]cole

ratiGue des Nautes ]tudes), and to include them Qithin the scienti#ic channels o#

circulation+

() to indite scienti#ic QorMs according to the topic o# the pro"ect and to disseminate

the results o# our research through allocutions to be given during con#erences and seminars[


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to publish studies and articles in the magazines and volumes edited bJ the Institute #or the

NistorJ o# 8eligions, as Qell as in other academic publications to be published in 8omania

or abroad[ to unite these studies and articles in a volume signed as an author+

& T=9 9=+8++;H + 979.= .8 =9 +;..+ + =9 *+9

Bhe methodologJ o# research Qill cover the main stages o# the scienti#ic research

acMnoQledged in the #ield o# humanities:

() to gather documentarJ evidence in libraries and archives #rom abroad (aris),

Qith the aim to identi#J primarJ sources Qhich are relevant to the historJ o# the $brahamic

religions[ to acGuire secondarJ sources (volumes, magazines), in order to reach a much

needed sJnchronicitJ Qith the current level o# research to be encountered in the Xestern

scienti#ic milieu[ to set in order and annotate the sources[

() to #ocus our research on the neQ sources in particular, Qith the aim to

corroborate the ideas, hJpotheses, arguments, reasoning and conclusions o# our oQn

research QorM Qith the current level o# MnoQledge reached in the #ield o# the historJ o#

religions[

(L) to process and interpret these contributions according to our oQn scienti#ic

endeavors[ to sJstematize the results o# the research QorM according to the content and #orm

o# the e0position[

(2) to indite a number o# studies and articles, according to the current level o#

national and international MnoQledge reached in the #ield o# the historJ o# religions and to

disseminate the results o# our research according to the schedule+

6 M9.73.


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Snosticism and Islam, under the $bbasid dJnastJ[ connections betQeen 5hristianitJ and

Islam, under the $bbasid dJnastJ[ the hermeneutics o# the Snostic te0ts included in The

Nag Hammadi Library[ the hermeneutics o# the te0ts included in the Cor!u Hermeticum,

attributed to Nermes Brismegistus[ the hermeneutics o# the ma"or QorMs conceived bJ aseries o# Sfimasters, toQering #igures o# medieval Islam ($l-alDbDdhC, $l-i##arC, Ibn

F$rabC, asa#C, Nu"QCrC, 8EmC, $l-NallD", $l-.uhraQardC)+

(L) to participate to at least tQo international con#erences each Jear, Qith the aim to

disseminate the results o# our research+

% T=9 9.7

U Lupascu_silviu_dan Gnosticism Si Sufism

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Transcript of U Lupascu_silviu_dan Gnosticism Si Sufism