Tamar diasamiZe verbaluri da araverbaluri …Semoqmedi adamiania, bunebrivia, rom komunikaciuri...

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baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakulteti

slavistikis departamenti

Tamar diasamiZe

verbaluri da araverbaluri komunikacia etiketur

formulebSi

F

(filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili naSromi

specialoba: eneTmecniereba (Targmanmcodneoba)

samecniero xelmZRvaneli,

asoc.prof. fil.m\k q. svaniZe

baTumi - 2012

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sarCevi

Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Tavi I. komunikaciis lingvokulturologiuri buneba....................................................9

I.I. komunikaciis kulturologiuri arsi.......................................................................... 9

I.II komunikaciis verbaluri da araverbaluri aspeqtebi...............................27

Tavi II. araverbaluri komunikaciis kulturaTSorisi aspeqtebi........................53

Tavi III. socialuri ierarqia etiketur formulebSi kulturaTSorisi

komunikaciis procesSi....................................................................................................... ..............................92

daskvna............................................................................................................................................... .............................126

gamoyenebuli literatura........................................................................................... .............................128

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Sesavali

epoqalurma socialur-politikurma Zvrebma, rac paradigmis

SecvliT dagvirgvinda, mniSvnelovnad gazarda pirovnebisadmi interesi.

es interesi daemTxva mecnierebis ganviTarebis axali paradigmis,

anTropocentrizmis Camoyalibebis epoqas, romelmac humanitarul

mecnierebebs kvlevis axleburi perspeqtivebi dausaxa.

Mme-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi warmoiSva axali enobrivi

koncefciebi, gamoikveTa kvlevis axali mimarTulebani, romelmac

enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTad amocanad “adamianis faqtoris” gaTvaliswineba

daisaxa. Sesabamisad, axleburad daisva rigi lingvistur-filosofiuri

sakiTxebi, romelTagan mniSvnelovania azrovnebisa da enis

urTierTkavSiris, adamianis individualuri inteleqtualuri, emociuri,

Sinagani mdgomareobis, paralingvisturi maxasiaTeblebis swori gageba,

fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis erTiani asaxva axal enobriv paradigmaSi.

amasTan erTad, gamoikveTa meTodologiuri Zvrebic anTropologiuri

lingvistikis TvalsazrisiT. samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semovida axali,

yovlismomcveli cnebebi: enobrivi pirovneba, konceptualuri struqtura,

koncepti da iseTi mravalspreqtiani fenomeni, rogoricaa samyaros

enobrivi xati (Кузнецова 2007:44).

Tanamedrove msoflioSi Seqmnil viTarebaSi, rodesac sayovelTao

sazogadoeba midis globalizaciis gziT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens kulturologiuri xasiaTis kvlevebi, romlebic ayalibeben

zogadsakacobrio kulturis saxes da, amave dros, iZlevian

TviTmyofadobis gamovlenis saSualebas.

Uuaxlesi drois msoflio socialurma, politikurma da

ekonomikurma Zvrebma gamoiwvia xalxebis aqamde arnaxuli migracia da

maTi kulturuli konfliqtic. marTalia, gaiolda erTa Soris

urTierToba, magram Tavi iCina gagebis problemam. es problema erT-erTi

centraluria Tanamedrove epoqaSi, romelic cdilobs gadaWras igi

kulturaTSorisi dialogis, urTierTgagebis gziT.

Aaxali drois mecniereba ama Tu im kulturas Seiswavlis

kompleqsurad, misi ganviTarebis yvela aspeqtSi (cxovrebis wesi,

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msoflmxedveloba, cnobiereba, mentaliteti, erovnuli xasiaTi, adamianis

sulieri sazogadoebrivi da warmoebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegebi).

Tanamedrove mecnierebis yuradRebis centrSia moqceuli enis,

cnobierebisa da kulturis rTuli urTierTgavlena, rodesac enaSi

aisaxeba yoveli konkretuli eTnosis kulturuli cnobierebis faqtebi,

xolo enobrivi kategoriebi Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens adamianis

cnobierebaze, gansazRvravs misi azrovnebis tips, msoflaRqmas,

Rirebulebebis sistemasa da socialur qcevas. Aamrigad, adamianis mier

sinamdvilis aRqma ganpirobebulia im eTnojgufis kulturiT, romelsac

igi miekuTvneba, rac aisaxeba mis enaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ena

warmoadgens garkveul kods, romelic iWreba ra azrovnebis yvela

procesSi, ayalibebs adamianis _ enis matareblis pirovnebas, masSi

kodirebul msoflmxedvelobas.

zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, enaTmecniereba enas ganixilavs

rogorc “sistemas moqmedebaSi”. Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi adamiani

ganixileba enaTmecnierebis “mTavari obieqtad” da radganac enis

Semoqmedi adamiania, bunebrivia, rom komunikaciuri lingvistika

orientirebuli iqneba adamianze, rogorc metyvel subieqtze. A

Tumca amavdroulad,Mmecnieruli kvleva-Zieba cxadyofs, rom

komunikaciis efeqturad warmaTvaSi did rols asrulebs rogorc

verbaluri, ise araverbaluri niSnebi_prosodiuli da paralingvisturi

elementebi. swored am faqtma ganapiroba, kvlevis obieqtisadmi am

kuTxiT midgoma. Cven vikvlevT komunikacias, rogorc enobriv-kulturuli

fenomenis araverbalur ganzomilebas etiketur formulebSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, sadoqtoro naSromi miznad isaxavs

komunikaciis, rogorc enobriv-kulturuli fenomenisa da misi verbaluri

da araverbaluri ganzomilebebis Taviseburebebis gamokvlevas etiketur

formulebSi; araverbaluri komunikaciis cnebis dazustebas

anTropocentristul da fsiqolingvistur konteqstebSi; araverbaluri

komunikaciis normebis zogadi erovnuli an eTnikuri bunebis

gansazRvras; qarTul diskursSi miRebuli verbaluri da araverbaluri

xerxebis kompleqsur kroskulturul analizs dasavlur da aRmosavlur

kulturebSi. kerZod, Cvens mier Catarebuli kvleva aris mcdeloba,

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ganisazRvros qarTuli kulturis mimarTeba dasavlur da aRmosavlur

kulturebTan, misi, rogorc am or civilizaciaTa mijnaze arsebuli

kulturis adgili da buneba.

sadoqtoro naSromis mizani gulisxmobs qarTuli araverbaluri

niSnebis Seswavlisa da msoflio araverbalur sistemaSi maTi Sesabamisi

“adgilis miCenis” safuZvelze qarTuli kulturis adgilis, poziciis

gansazRvras.

aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad Cven davisaxeT Semdegi konkretuli

amocanebi: enobrivi procesebis da araverbaluri komunikaciis

urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlena da komunikaciaSi maTi rolis

diferenciacia; kulturaTSoris konteqstSi verbaluri, araverbaluri da

kreolizebuli teqstebis nairgvarobis dadgena (metyvelebaSi

kreolizeburi teqsti rTuli teqstualuri warmonaqmnia, romelSic

verbaluri da ikonikuri elementebi qmnian erTian vizualur,

struqturul, azrobriv da funqciur mTlianobas, mimarTuls adresatis

kompleqsur pragmatul zemoqmedebaze). Cvens SemTxvevaSi kreolizebulad

moviazrebT Sereuli faqturis (verbaluri da araverbaluri

ganzomilebis mqone teqstebs); qarTuli araverbaluri niSnebis, maTi

mimarTebis gamovlena sxva araverbalur niSnebTan; verbaluri da

araverbaluri komunikaciis ZiriTadi tipebis gamovlena da aRwera.

winamdebareNnaSromis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia Semdegi

garemoebiT: mecnierebma daadgines, rom enis meSveobiT mosaubres

informaciis 35% gadaecema, enasTan erTad arsebobs urTierTobis sxva

uamravi saSualeba, romlebic informacias gadmogvcemen. urTierTobis

aseTi forma mecnierebma gaaerTianes “araverbaluri komunikaciis”

cnebaSi. Jestebi, mimikebi, poza, tansacmeli, varcxniloba, Cveni

garemomcveli sagnebi, Cveni moqmedebis Cvevebi _ yvela eseni urTierTobis

gansazRvrul saxeobas warmoadgenen, romlebmac miiRo araverbaluri

urTierTobis saxelwodeba. e.i. iseTebi, romlebic usityvod xdeba, maTi

wilia informaciis darCenili 65%, romelic komunikaciis procesSi

gadmoicema.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom qarTuli araverbaluri niSnebis

kulturul-erovnuli Taviseburebebis Seswavla, maTi adgilisa da

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bunebis gansazRvra dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturebTan mimarTebaSi

ar asaxula qarTul lingvistikaSi, SeiZleba winamdebare gamokvleva

aqtualurad miviCnioT.

aRniSnuli problemis aqtualoba dakavSirebulia, agreTve

araverbaluri niSnebis swor interpretaciasTan, romlis

gaTvaliswinebac agvaridebs gaugebrobiT gamowveul xSir konfliqtebs.

swored am TvalsazrisiT sakvlevi problema aqtualurad migvaCnia.

sadoqtoro naSromis samecniero siaxle Semdegi faqtorebiTaa

ganpirobebuli: naSromSi vikvlevT komunikaciis verbaluri da

araverbaluri niSnebis funqcionirebas etiketur formulebSi, qarTul

kulturasa da sinamdileSi.

naSromis samecniero siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kvlevis

obieqtia metyveli subieqtis, rogorc konkretuli kulturis

warmomadgenlis, araverbaluri maxasiaTeblebi.

SeuZlebelia zustad vicodeT, Tu ra xdeba meore adamianSi.

SesaZlebelia mxolod varaudebis ageba adresantisagan momavali

verbaluri da araverbaluri signalebis gaSifvris safuZvelze da imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian isini.

me-20 saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, sul ufro naTlad ikveTeba

araverbaluri komunikaciis sferos specialistebis saWiroeba. raoden

gasakviric unda iyos, komunikaciis araverbaluri aspeqtebis

siRrmiseuli da Tanmimdevruli Seswavla mxolod me-20 saukunis meore

naxevarSi daiwyo.

naSromis siaxle da originaloba gamoixateba im faqtSic, rom es

mecniereba TavisTavad axalia. sakiTxis axleburi kuTxis kvleviT da

qarTuli araverbaluri niSnebis SeswavliT, maTTvis Sesabamisi

“adgilis miCeniT” ganisazRvreba qarTuli kulturis Sesabamisi Sris

adgili msoflio araverbalur sistemaSi, razedac Tanamedrove

mecnierebaSi didi moTxovnaa.

naSromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba. specialuri literaturis

gamoyenebisa da enobriv-kulturologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze Cven

gamovyofT erTmaneTisagan komunikaciis pragmatikis verbalur da

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araverbalur ganzomilebebs da ganvsazRvravT maT rols komunikaciis

procesSi.

Cven mier ganxilul naSromebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

komunikaciis an mxolod verbalur an mis araverbalur mxareze.

mocemuli naSromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs komunikaciis

rogorc verbaluri, aseve araverbaluri Teoriuli bazis SeqmnaSi, rac

gulisxmobs komunikaciis aRniSnuli aspeqtebis kompleqsis Seswavlas.

Kkomunikaciis araefeqturoba ganpirobebulia komunikaciis im

strategiaTa gamouyeneblobiT Tu darRveviT, romlebic unda

axasiaTebdes gamonaTqvams komunikaciis efeqturad warmarTvisaTvis.

komunikaciis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba aramarto gamonaTqvamis

mniSvnelobis gagebis xarisxiT, aramed mosaubris qcevis swori Sefasebis

unariT. kerZod, kinesikuri paralingvizmebi swored is elementebia,

romelTa mniSvnelobiTac grZnobebs mZime gancdebs da emociebs ufro

srulyofilad gamovxatavT, vavlenT Tu ra damokidebuleba gvaqvs

sinamdvileSi gamonaTqvamsa da komunikantis mimarT.

araverbalur enas erTi unikaluri Tviseba aqvs: mas SeuZlia “gasces”

komunikanti imdenad, ramdenadac misi saSualebiT vlindeba komunikantis

WeSmariti, SeuniRbavi saxe. swored kinesikuri maxasiaTeblebis

“wakiTxvis” unari, gvexmareba imaSi, rom daveWvdeT mosaubris

gamonaTqvamSi da davinaxoT misi realuri saxe.

erTi da igive Jesti sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqmeba kulturis

gansxvavebul tipebSi. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxva kulturis

warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis procesSi verbaluri Tu araverbaluri

niSnebis gamoyenebis dros sifrTxile da didi yuradReba gvmarTebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, marTebulia mocemul kulturaSi miRebuli Jestebis

winaswar Seswavla da Tu ara varT darwmunebuli, UTu rogor aRiqmeba

Cven mier gamoyebebuli Jesti sxva kulturaSi, maSin umjobesia Tavi

avaridoT mis demonstrirebas.

naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba. warmodgenili naSromi sintereso

iqneba im mecnierebisaTvis, vinc daiteresebulia verbaluri da

araverbaluri komunikaciis Taviseburebebis SeswavliT etiketur

formulebSi, vinc ikvlevs inglisuri da qarTuli etiketuri

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formulebis ganpirobebulobas Sesabamisi kulturebis verbaluri da

araverbaluri meqanizmebiT. Mmisi debulebebi SeiZleba gaxdes

speckursebisa da specseminarebis Sinaarsis nawili iseT dargebSi,

rogorebicaa kulturologia, lingvokulturologia, kulturaTSorisi

komunikaciebi, TargmanTmcodneoba.

naSromis struqturasa da moculobas gansazRvravs kvlevis miznebi

da amocanebi. igi moicavs 133 nabeWd gverds. sadoqtoro naSromi Sedgeba

Sesavlis, sami Tavisa da daskvnisagan; Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli

samecniero literaturis sia.

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Tavi I. Kkomunikaciis lingvokulturologiuri buneba

I.I. komunikaciis kulturologiuri arsi

sityva “komunikacia” erT-erTia im mraval ucxo sityvaTagan,

romlebic dReisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba enaSi. igi warmoiSva laTinuri

sityvisagan “Communico”, rac niSnavs “saerTos vxdi, vakavSireb,

vurTierTob”.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom sxvadasxva mecnieri gansxvavebulad

gansazRvravs sityva “komunikacias”.

yvelanairi komunikacia warmoadgens or aspeqts: Sinaarsis da

formis urTierTobas, sadac meore Seicavs pirvels, komunikaciis

Sinaarss ki warmoadgens informacia, misi mizania Setyobinebis gadacema,

igi gamoiyeneba rogorc sityva “urTierTobis” sinonimi (Макаров 2003: 13).

Ee.i. komunikacia aris urTierToba, kavSiri. Aadre komunikaciis nacvlad

iyenebdnen sityva “urTierTobas”, romelic moicavda adamianTa Soris

arsebuli uSualo kontaqtebis yvela formas, dRes ki komunikaciam

TiTqmis srulad Secvala sityva “urTierToba”, daimkvidra misi adgili

da warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli Seswavlis sagans sxvadasxva

mecnierebaSi.

sityva “komunikaciis” meore mniSvnelobaa Setyobinebis gzebi,

satransporto kavSirebi, miwisqveSa komunaluri qselebi. magaliTad,

miwisqveSa, sahaero da sxva komunikaciebi, sakomunikacio sistema. Cven

gvainteresebs termin “komunikaciis” Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, radganac

Cveni Seswavlis obieqts swored adamianTa Soris urTierToba

warmoadgens. am mniSvnelobasTanaa dakavSirebuli terminis cnebis

mecnieruli gansazRvrac. mocemul lingvistur enciklopediur

leqsikonSi “komunikacia adamianTa urTierTqmedebis specialuri formaa

maTi SemecnebiT -SromiTi moqmedebis procesSi” (Гойхман 2005:6).

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom mwerebi, frinvelebi, cxovelebi

informaciis gacvlis mdidar bgeriT da kinetikur (moZrav) saSualebebs

floben, Tumca maT Soris urTierTqmedebas mecnierebi uwodeben

“biologiurad mizanmimarTul qcevas, mimarTuls adaptaciisaken da

regulirebuls nawilobriv signalizaciiT” (Гойхман 2005:7).

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enobrivi komunikaciis mTavari mizania sxvadasxva saxis informaciis

gacvla. cxadia, rom urTierToba xorcieldeba aramarto enis

saSualebiT. uZvelesi droidan adamianTa sazogadoebaSi gamoiyeneboda

urTierTobisa da informaciis gadacemis damatebiTi saSualebebi,

romelTa umravlesobac dRemde arsebobs. magaliTad, afrikis Zireuli

mosaxleoba iyenebs stvenis, signalebis, dafdafebis, zarebis, gongisa da

sxva amis msgavs xmebSi rogorc urTierTobis saSualebebs. “yvavilTa ena”

gavrcelebulia aRmosavleTSi, agreTve im informaciis gamoxatvis

saSualebas warmoadgens, romelTa gadmocema zog SemTxvevaSi sityvebiT

SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, vardi siyvarulis simboloa, sapovnela _

xsovnis da a. S. sagzao niSnebi, SuqniSnis signalebi, signalebis

gadacema almebis meSveobiT, da a. S. _ yvela maTgani informaciis

gadacemis saSualebaa, romelic avsebs adamianTa urTierTobis ZiriTad

saSualebas _ enas.

Tanamedrove komunikaciuri sivrce sakmaod rTuli sistemaa,

romelSic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili komunikaciis sxvadasxva

tips uWiravs. adamiani ama Tu im situaciaSi gansxvavebulad iqceva da

adamianebTan gansxvavebul urTierTobas amyarebs. garda Aamisa,

komunikaciis bunebasa da Taviseburebebs gansazRvraven informaciis

gadacemis saSualebebis mixedviT, komunikaciis subieqtebiT da a. S.

komunikaciis saxeebis raodenoba sxvadasxva wyaroSi sakmaod gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan. Aamave dros am sakiTxTan funqciuri midgoma saSualebas

iZleva gamovyoT komunikaciis Semdegi saxeebi: informaciuli,

funqcionalur-Semfasebluri, rekreaciuli, damajerebeli da saritualo.

informaciuli komunikacia warmoadgens informaciis gadacemis

process gare samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic cxovrobs komunikatori da

recipienti. informaciuli Setyobineba aris Sexeduleba ganxilul

faqtorebze, komunikaciis am saxeobas gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba,

vinaidan Cndeba axali informaciuli wyaroebi, romelTa Soris yvelaze

globaluria interneti. internetis wyalobiT xelmisawvdomi xdeba

msoflio samecniero biblioTeka, nebismieri gazeTi, ukanaskneli

siaxleebi.

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afeqtur-Semfasebluri komunikacia emyareba dadebiT an uaryofiT

grZnobebs sxva adamianebTan mimarTebaSi. komunikaciis am saxeobaSi ar

aris faqtebi obieqturad Camoyalibebuli, aq aris subieqturoba. yvela

es forma aris afeqtur-Semfasebluri komunikacia. es komunikacia

warmoadgens SesaZleblobas gaaZlieros an Seasustos Sefaseba da

grZnobebis gamoxatva, rac informaciuli komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlebelia. afeqturi komunikaciis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils

warmoadgens empaTia. empaTia gamoixateba or formaSi: pirvel rigSi, is

aris unari grZnobebis verbaluri da araverbaluri gamoxatvisa; Mmeored,

is aris emociaze pasuxis gacema imgvarad, rogorc es saWiro da

SesaZlebeli iqneba mosaubrisaTvis.

rekreaciuli komunikacia urTierTobis sxvadasxva formas moicavs,

romelic mosaubres gantvirTvisa da dasvenebis saSualebas aZlevs.

amgvar komunikacias adamianebi qmnian warmosaxviT situaciebSi, rodesac

awvdian erTmaneTs informacias, yvebian ambebs, anegdotebs da a.S.

rekreaciuli komunikaciis met-naklebad gavrcelebuli formebia:

sxvadasxva saxis diskusia, konkursebi, olimpiadebi da a. S.

damajerebeli komunikacia warmoadgens komunikaciis iseT saxeobas,

romelic mimarTulia romelime moqmedebis stimulirebisaken. is

gamoixateba brZanebaSi, Txovnasa da rCevaSi. amgvar komunikaciaSi

monawileebi zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze. Kkomunikaciis am formaTagan erT-

erTi cnobili aris reklama. masSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani manipulaciis

elementia sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisas gadasvla. mniSvnelovania

kulturuli dialogis leqsikac. magaliTad, saubrisas Cven viRimebiT an

vambobT “gTxovT” an “madloba”, ar vaCvenebT mosaubres Cvens ganwyobas.

garegnuli mxarec aseve damajerebel funqcias asrulebs.

mouwesrigebeli, usufTao SesaxedaobiT Cven ganzrax ukuvagdebT sxvebs.

mowesrigebulobiT ki piriqiT, vcdilobT Cven mimarT kargad ganvawyoT

isini, viszec damokidebulia Cveni warmateba. ferTa palitra asrulebs

rogorc afeqtur-Semfaseblur, aseve damajerebel rolebs, radganac

gvexmareba zegavlena movaxdinoT partniorze.

saritualo komunikacia gamoixateba socialurad dadgenil qcevaTa

SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, aviRoT maswavleblisa da moswavlis

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urTierToba. roca maswavlebeli Sedis klasSi, yvela fexze dgeba.

nacnobebi erTmaneTs esalmebian xelis CamorTmeviT.

komunikaciis kvlevisas gamoyofen masobriv, pirovnebaTSoris da

Sidapirovnul komunikaciebs. es saxeebi SeiZleba davukavSiroT mxolod

pirovnebaTSoris da masobriv komunikaciebs, romlebic warmoadgens

urTierTobis or poluss. pirovnebaTSoris komunikaciur situaciaSi

udides rols asrulebs komunikantTa kulturuli warmomavloba.

kultura ver iarsebebs adamianTa urTierTobis procesis gareSe.

nebismieri kulturis matarebeli yovelTvis adamiania. yoveli individis

Sedareba SeiZleba “kulturul aisbergTan”, misi qceva xom ganisazRvreba

inkulturaciis procesSi RirebulebiT da kulturuli normebiT. isini

gansazRvraven verbalur, araverbarul da paraverbalur komunikaciur

saSualebebs. Cven mier gamoyenebul verbalur da araverbalur

saSualebebs xSirad komunikanti avtomaturad igebs. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi daZabuloba iqmneba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamianTa Soris urTierToba gansxvavdeba

cxovelTa urTierTobisagan radgan, pirveli ganxvavebuli warmatebiTa

da efeqturobiT mimdinareobs. Kkomunikaciis warmateba ganisazRvreba

rigi maCveneblebiT, romelTa Soris umTavresia pragmatikuli da

socialur-fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi.

socialur-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania

dakmayofileba TviT am procesiT, rodesac araa grZeli pauzebi.

komunikaciis warmateba vlindeba aseve partniorTan kontaqtis

SenarCunebaSi.

Aamrigad, komunikaciis warmatebulobas ganapirobebs adamianis

komunikaciuri qcevis integraluri xasiaTi. Aam konteqstSi

pirovnebaTSorisi komunikacia procesia, romelic regulirdeba rogorc

garkveuli socialuri kanonzomierebiT, aseve kulturulad dadgenili

wesebiT. Ees procesi ganisazRvreba rogorc garegnuli zegavleniT, aseve

adamianis Sinagani mdgomareobiT.

1. kontaqturoba aris specialuri socialuri xarisxi, romlis

safuZvelicaa bunebrivi urTierToba. Ees aris fsiqologiuri kontaqtis

warmarTvisa da ndobis mopovebis unari;

13

2.komunikaciuri SeTavseba warmoiqmneba urTierTgagebis safuZvelze

da komunikaciis iseTi arasasurveli SedegiT xasiaTdeba, rogoric aris

daZabuloba;

3. adaptaciuroba ar niSnavs pirovnuli Tavisuflebis maRal

dones urTierTobebSi. igi gamoixateba Tavdajerebulobasa da sakuTari

principebis rwmenaSi. urTierTobis procesze aseve TviTkontroli,

TviTSegneba, urTierTobis stili zemoqmedebs. miCneulia, rom maRali

TviTkontrolis mqone adamianebi kargad eqvemdebarebian swavlebasa da

aqvT unari survilisamebr moaxdinon zemoqmedeba adamianze. amerikelma

mecnierma v.gudikunstma Caatara gamokvleva, romlis Tanaxmadac

TviTkontrolis xarisxi amerikelebSi ufro maRalia, vidre iaponelebsa

da koreelebSi (Gudykunst 1998: 213).

TviTSegneba aris individis Tviseba, yuradReba miaqcios sakuTar

moqmedebebs. TviTSegnebas aqvs pirovnuli da sazogado aspeqtebi. v.

gudikunstma Tavis kvlevaSi aseve aCvena, rom iaponelebsa da koreelebSi

SiSis faqtori ufro maRalia, vidre amerikelebSi. Ees man imiT axsna,

rom iaponelebi gaurbian gaurkvevlobas.

sazogado TviTSegneba damokidebulia yuradRebasa da

koncentraciaze, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia sxvaze zegavlena da socialuri

konteqstis ignorireba, amitomac is ufro viTardeba individualur

kulturaSi.

urTierTobasa da komunikaciaSi gageba aucilebelia yvelasaTvis.

es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac pirovnebas aqvs unari sxvadasxva situaciaSi

gaugos mosaubres. Kkomunikaciuri gageba miT maRalia adamianisaTvis, rac

ufro midrekilia martoobisken, socialur izolaciaSi cxovrobs igi.

Aamrigad, TviTizolaciisaken midrekili adamiani ufro sworad

aRiqvams mosaubres, vidre socialurad warmatebuli da Tavdajerebuli

individi.

Kkomunikaciis procesSi urTierTobis stili informaciis gadacemis

saSualebaa. ganasxvaveben komunikaciuri stilis Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebs:

dominanturi _ mcdeloba urTierTobaSi sxvisi rolis dakninebisa;

dramatuli -Setyobinebis emociuri Seferilobis momateba;

sadavo - agresiuli an mtkicebiTi;

14

STambeWdavi _ mosaubreze zemoqmedebis moxdena;

zusti _ urTierTobaSi sizustisa da akuratulobisken miswrafeba;

yuradRebiani _ mosaubris mimarT interesis gamovlena;

aRmafrTovanebeli _ xSirad araverbaluri saSualebebis gamoyeneba;

megobruli _ ubiZgo mosaubres sxva mosaubrisken; sakuTari azris

da emociebis Ria gamoxatva. Aam stilis arCeva damokidebulia kulturul

Rirebulebebze, romelSic mimdinareobs komunikacia. GGudykunsts azriT,

amerikaSi ufro ganviTarebuli da gavrcelebulia sadavo, domimanturi

da STambeWdavi stili, iaponiisaTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia damamSvidebeli

da Ria stili (Колшанский 1984:132)

Ggaresamyaro gavlenas axdens Cvens metyvelebasa da moqmedebaze.

Cven sxvadasxvagvarad viqceviT samsaxurSi, saswavlebelSi, transportSi,

saqmiani an megobruli Sexvedrebis dros. Kkomunikaciis adgili

migviTiTebs Tavisi qcevis wesebze. Aamgvarad dadgenili da daudgeneli

wesebi arsebobs yvela kulturaSi. TviT is adamianebi gansazRvraven

komunikaciis xasiaTs, romlebTanac vurTierTobT.

adamianTa urTierToba iseve usazRvro da mravalferovania,

rogorc TviT adamianTa sazogadoeba. Ees mravalferovneba aisaxeba

komunikaciis sxvadasxva formaSi, tipsa da saxeSi. Tanamedrove

komunakativistikaSi gamoiyofa komunikaciis Semdegi formebi:

pirovnebaTSorisi, masobrivi da kulturaTSorisi.

pirovnebaTSorisi komunikacia niSnavs informaciis gacvlas da mis

interpretacias ori an meti individis mier, romlebic kontaqtSi Sedian

erTmaneTTan. pirovnebaTSorisi komunikaciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad

maTi urTierTobebi miiCneva.

Kkomunikaciis bunebisaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania iseTi

faqtorebi, rogorebicaa: dro da monawileTa raodenoba.

pirovnebaTSorisi komunikaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania konteqstis codna da

sakuTari poziciis aRqma. Yyoveli adamiani ramdenime socialur jgufs

miekuTvneba. aseTi jgufebi: ojaxi, erovneba, sqesi, da a.S maTSi

gaerTianeba adamians damoukideblobas matebs; Tavidan acilebs mas

socialur izolacias. Kkomunikaciis es forma mTavar rols TamaSobs

adamianis socializaciaSi.

15

Kkomunikaciis pirovnebaTSorisi xasiaTi iTvaliswinebs, rom aq

saqme gvaqvs adamianTa mcire jgufis uSualo urTierTobasTan, rom isini

teritoriulad axlos cxovroben da aqvT saSualeba ganaxorcielon

ukukavSiri. pirovnebaSorisi komunikacia yovelTvis pirovnuladaa

orientirebuli, radganac dafuZnebulia partnioris unikalurobaze,

iTvaliswinebs partnioris emociur mdgomareobas, pirovnul Tvisebebs da

Tavis mxriv elodeba sapasuxo yuradRebas.

rogorc komunikaciis sxva saxeebi, aseve pirovnebaTSorisi

komunikacia SeiZleba iyos efeqtiani an uefeqto. bevri mecnieri Tvlis,

rom efeqtianobis xarisxi damokidebulia urTierTobis situaciaze.

magaliTad: adamiani SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli komunikatori

TanatolebTan an kolegebTan urTierTobisas, magram kraxi ganicados

sxva asakis an sxva socialuri mdgomareobis adamianebTan.

komunikaciis efeqturobis kvlevis sakiTxma mecnierebi miiyvana

(Smith, Samovar, Porter) daskvnamde, rom efeqtiani pirovnebaTSorisi

komunikacia warmoadgens konkretuli qmedebebis, unarebis, Cvevebis

sistemas, romlebic genetikuri ar aris, isini unda iswavlo.

pirovnebaTSorisi komunikaciis xelovneba ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu

ramdenad SeuZlia adamians aRiqvas da ganaviTaros es qmedebebi.

Cvevebi, unarebi, Tvisebebi, romlebic aucilebelia efeqtiani

komunikaciisaTvis, aisaxeba“komunikaciuri kompetenturobis” cnebaSi. igi

Sedgeba Semdegi fsiqologiuri Tvisebebisgan:

adamianis unari, moaxdinos komunikaciuri prognozireba im

situaciisa, romelSic urTierToba mouxdeba;

komunikaciuri xelovneba, e.i. SesaZlebloba ipovo komunikaciis

Temis Sesabamisi taqtika da moaxdino komunikaciuri Canafiqris

realizeba;

unari, gaerkve sakuTar TavSi, sakuTar da partnioris fsiqologiur

potencialSi;

TviTganwyobis Seqmnis unari, TviTregulireba urTierTobis

procesSi, fsiqologiuri barieris gadalaxvis unari, emociuri

ganwyoba situaciis Sesabamisad.

16

Mmasobrivi komuniacia warmoadgens sxadasxva socialuri subieqtis

urTierTqmedebas, romelic xorcieldeba masobrivi informaciis gacvliT

specialuri teqnikuri saSualebebiT, misi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia

teqnikuri saSualebebis arseboba, romelic uzrunvelyofs informaciis

regulirebas da tiraJirebas, informaciis did socialur mniSvnelobas,

masobriobas, anonimurobas da komunikaciis monawileTa gafantulobas,

komunikaciuri saSualebebis mravalarxianobas.

Mmasobrivi komunikaciis gaCena gamoiwvia iseTma teqnikurma

saSualebebma, rogorebicaa: radio, televizori, telefoni, kabeluri da

kompiuteruli qselebi. Aam garemoebebma ganapiroba komunikaciis am

formebis specifikuroba: SesaZlebloba erTdroulad ramodenime

socialuri jgufis urTierTobisa, uSualo urTierTobis ararseboba

partniorebs Soris, informaciis erTi mimarTuleba da fiqsirebuli

komunikaciuri rolebi, masobrioba, stiqiuroba, komunikaciis obieqtebis

anonimuroba. Tavisi specifikuri daniSnulebisa da mniSvnelobis gamo

masobrivi komunikacia asrulebs sam funqcias: informaciuls,

maregulirebels da kulturologiurs.

informaciuli funqcia gamoixateba aqtualuri informaciis

gadacemaSi mravalricxovan obieqtebze.

maregulirebeli funqcia axdens zegavlenas sazogadoebrivi

Semecnebis, azris, socialuri normebis Camoyalibebaze.

kulturologiuri funqcia moicavs kulturuli Rirebulebebis

Seqmnasa da retranslacias, sxva xalxebis kulturisa da xelovnebis

gacnobas, sakuTari kulturisa da tradiciebis Senaxva kulturologiuri

funqciis realizebis Sedegi Sesabamisi pirovnebis Camoyalibebaa.

erTi kulturis mier sxva kulturis aRiareba da miReba-gaziareba

an piriqiT, misi uaryofa, kacobriobis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi

arsebobda.Aamgvari ganwyoba (midgoma) sxva kulturebis mimarT dRemde

SeiniSneba.

specialistTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom kulturaTSoris

komunikaciaze saubari mxolod im SemTxvevaSia marTebuli, Tuki

adamianebi gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian da imas, rac

maT kulturas ar miekuTvneba, sxvisad, magram ara miuReblad Tvlian.

17

urTierToba kulturaTSorisia maSin, roca masSi monawileebi

ecnobian sxvaTa tradicias, adaTebs, qcevis wesebs, yoveldRiuri

urTierTobis normebs. swored amgvar urTierTobaSi vlindeba, rogorc

Cveuli, nacnobi, aseve uCveulo, ucxo Tvisebebi.

Tavisi arsiT kulturaTSorisi komunikacia pirovnebaTSorisia,

roca misi erT-erTi monawile meoris kulturaSi raimes gansxvavebuls,

misTvis uCveulos aRmoaCens, urTierTobaSi sirTules swored es

gansxvaveba warmoSobs (Samovar, Porter1991:11), radganac mocemul

Setyobinebas gaSifvraven komunikantebi, rasac isini gaugebrobaSi SehyavT

da daZabulobas, mudmiv diskomforts iwvevs. magaliTad: amerikelisaTvis

fexis fexze gadadeba Cvulebrivi movlenaa, imitom misTvis es Zalze

mosaxerxebelia, Tumca aRmosavluri kulturis warmomadgenlisaTvis

mosaubris ase jdoma Seuracxyofaa da yovlad miuRebelia. Aamgvarad,

warmatebuli komunikaciisaTvis sxva kulturis warmomadgenelTan

urTierTobisas unda moiqce ise, rogorc isini iqcevian.

Aarsebobs kulturisadmi ori midgoma. Ppirveli mimarTuleba

lingvistikis istoriaSi ukavSirdeba v.humboldtisa da a. potebnias

saxelebs. Hhumboldti enas miiCnevs mudmiv qmnadobad. Aam midgomis

Tanaxmad komunikacia aRiqmeba, rogorc komunikantebis SemoqmedebiTi

urTierTobis procesi. Hhumboldtis sityvebiT, “roca vsaubrob da

migeben, azrebi ar gadamaqvs Cemi Tavidan meoreSi. imisTvis, rom ifiqro,

unda Seqmna sakuTari azris Sinaarsi, amgvarad gagebisas ar gadmoicema

mosaubris azri, magram msmeneli gebulobs da qmnis Tavis azrs”

(Гумбольдт 1984: 397).

Mmeore midgoma Camoayaliba iakobsonma.Şadresanti ugzavnis

Setyobinebas adresats imisTvis, rom Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia,

aucilebeliaŞ konteqsti, romlis Sesaxebacaa saubari. igi unda iyos

verbaluri, unda aRiqvas adresatma. kodi mTlianad an nawilobriv mainc

saerToa adresantisa da adresatisaTvis. adresatsa da adresats Soris

komunikaciis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa fizikuri arxi da fsiqologiuri

kavSiri (Якобсон 1996: 217).

Aarsebobs komunikaciisadmi sami midgoma:

18

Mmonologuri – TiToeuli komunikanti cdilobs ganacxados Tavisi

pozicia ise, rom sruliad ar fiqrobs zegavlena moaxdinos mosaubreze.

Ddialoguri - komunikantebi cdiloben gaiTvaliswinon erTmaneTis

individualuri Taviseburebani da Sesabamisad, moaxdinon sakuTari

cnobierebis transformireba.

Aavtokomunikacia warmoebulia dialoguri komunikaciidan. me-me (me

aris me-s permanentuli evoluciis sxva mdgomareoba. Mmoqmedebs

dialoguri komunikacia me-sxva. me ubralod ikavebs sxva pozicias. Ee.i.

avtokomunikacia dialoguri komunikaciis reducirebuli variantia.

Aadamiani Sedis samyaroSi, rogorc gansazRvruli kulturis

warmomadgeneli. is gansxvavdeba sxva kulturaTa warmomadgenlebisagan.

sakuTari kulturis aTviseba mimdinareobs qvecnobierad, gansakuTrebiT

ganviTarebis adreul asakSi. Aadamiani TiTqos moqceulia Tavisi

kulturis CarCoebSi,Aamitom sakuTari kulturis fenomens da bevr

elements is aRiqvams, rogorc Cveulebrivs. zrdasTan erTad adamiani

TviTon cdilobs gaiazros, ra aris misTvis faseuli, SeiTvisos qcevis

normebi, romlebic miRebulia sakuTari kulturisaTvis da miiRos an ar

miiRos is.

sorokinis ganmartebiT, kultura es aris faseulobebisa da

normebis mniSvnelobaTa erToblioba, romelsac floben adamianebi;

agreTve am faseulobebis matarebelTa erToblioba, romlebic naTels

hfenen am mniSvnelobebs (Сорокин 1992: 218).

kultura aris adamianis moRvaweobis gamovlena cxovrebis

sxvadasxva istoriul, individualur, sazogadoebriv, praqtikul,

esTetikur, religiur, Teoriul sferoSi. Kkulturis aseTi ganmarteba

moicavs yvelafers, rac Seqmnilia adamianis fizikuri da gonebrivi

Sromis Sedegad. Ggaremo SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri.Ppirveli

arsebobda adamianamde, meore ki Seqmnilia adamianis mizanmimarTuli

moRvaweobis Sedegad.

kulturis cneba Zalian farTo da mravalSriania. mas ikvleven,

socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi. Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi SeTanxmdnen, kultura ganixilon rogorc mniSvnelobis

ganmsazRvreli procesebi. rogorc l. ionini aRniSnavs,K”kulturis

19

sociologia iTvaliswinebs interdisciplinuri midgomebisa da

sociologiuri safuZvlebis sinTezs” da, aqedan gamomdinare, ikvlevs

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs sami mimarTulebiT: mniSvnelobis

gansazRvra yoveldRiur qmedebaSi, mniSvnelobis institucionaluri

warmoeba da saerTo mentaluri CarCoebi, romelTa saSualebiTac iqmneba

mniSvneloba (Ионин 1996:93)

kultura xSirad moiazreba iseT ramed, rac gvakavSirebs Cveni

jgufis sxva wevrebTan da am gansxvavebis safuZvelze Cven sxva jgufebis

wevrebs vemijnebiT. Tu Cven viziarebT garkveuli adamianebis

msoflmxedvelobas, damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi, cxovrebis

wess, qcevas, Cvens Tavs mivakuTvnebT imave kulturasa Tu subkulturas.

aseve SegviZlia visaubroT “kulturul sxvaobaze”, rodesac axal

situaciaSi aRmovCndebiT an axal jgufTan gviwevs urTierToba da

vxedavT, rom CvenTvis misaRebi samyaros Semecnebis gzebi da qmedeba

gansxvavdeba maTgan. Aam kuTxiT danaxuli kultura SeiZleba

warmoadgendes mTel jgufs an sazogadoebas da amrigad, Cven

ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisagan sxvadasxva xalxis kulturebs.

Kkulturis aseTi gageba gamoikveTa me-19 saukunis evropaSi. Aam

periodSi evropelebis mier wamowyebulma kvleviTma mogzaurobebma Tu

dapyrobebma ganapiroba evropelebis dafiqreba kulturuli

gansxvavebulobebis Sesaxeb, ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo SedarebiTi

azris ganviTarebas gansxvavebul sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi. SemdgomSi

es tendencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi damkvidrda da gadamwyveti roli

iTamaSa anTropologiis, rogorc disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. kulturis

anTropologiuri gagebiT, adamianebis cxovrebis wesi ganisazRvreba maTi

kulturis mier da masSi gamoixateba. Kkultura vlindeba yvelaferSi,

dawyebuli Sromis iaraRebidan, damTavrebuli religiiT. Mme-19 saukunis

evropaSi kulturebi ganixileboda socialuri progresis Sesaxeb

evropuli warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT da, Sesabamisad, evropuli

kulturebi msoflio ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze iyo

ganlagebuli.

Mme-20 saukuneSi evropuli kulturis upiratesobis Sesaxeb

gancxadebebi Semcirda. Ees ganapiroba koloniurma da postkoloniurma

20

socialurma urTierTobebma, dominanturi da maTze daqvemdebarebuli

jgufebs urTierTdamokidebulebam. kulturuli ierarqiis cnebis

uaryofiT kultura gagebul iqna, rogorc pluraluri da SedarebiTi

fenomeni, gansxvavebul “kulturebs” Tanabari Rirebuleba mieniWaT.

Kkulturis gansxvavebuli gagebac arsebobs. Aam SemTxvevaSi Cven

kulturuls vuwodebT garkveul RonisZiebebs an materialur nivTebs.

magaliTad: opera, Teatri, xalxuri cekvebi, simRerebi, novelebi,

xelovneba Tu arqiteqturuli stili. Kkulturis cnebis aseTi gagebis

dros kulturisa da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebi erTmaneTs

emijneba, miuxedavad imisa, vadarebT Tu ara erTmaneTs gansxvavebul

sazogadoebebs. gansakuTrebuli kulturuli praqtikisa da sagnebis

saSualebiT garkveuli informacia gadaecemaT sxva adamianebs Cvens

Sesaxeb, anu Tu ra warmoadgens CvenTvis Rirebuls da gamoxatavs Cveni,

rogorc jgufis identobas. kulturis anTropologiuri gageba

ukavSirdeba danarCen msoflioSi evropul eqspansias, kulturis meore

mniSvneloba ki mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Seexeba (Соколов 1994:56).

kulturas uwodebdnen kulturuli institutebis mier warmoebuli

industriuli revoluciis dros produqtebis garkveul sferos

inglisSi, Tanamedrove socialur organizaciaze gadasvlam socialuri

diferenciacia da dapirispireba gamoiwvia. movlenebis ganviTarebam

mkveTrad gamijna erTmaneTisgan yoveldRiuri, pragmatuli, konfliqtebiT

aRsavse ekonomikisa da politikis (kapitalizmis axali samyaro,

idustria, demokratia, da revolucia) da xelovnebisa da moralis wminda

idealisturi sferoebi (FemandezF1990:123). xelovnebisa da moralis

sferoebi gamoxatavdnen ufro maRal adamianur SesaZleblobebsa da

Rirebulebebs imisagan gansxvavebiT, rasac Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da

politikuri cxovreba sTavazobda adamianebs. Kkulturis es calke

sferoebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kritikis safuZvelia; isini

sazogadoebisTvis destruqciuli da zedapiruli aspeqtebis gverdidan

danaxvis da kritikis saSualebas iZleodnen. sxvebisTvis kultura

warmoadgenda epifenomens da politikisa da ekonomikis materialurad

xelSesaxebi sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT hqonda ufro feministuri

xasiaTi. Aamgvarad, kulturis pirveli gageba asocirdeboda

21

anTropologiasTan, xolo meore gageba, humanitaruli mecnierebebis

ramdenime sferosTan-literaturasTan, xelovnebasa da musikasTan.

Kkulturis farTod gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba kargad asaxavs

Tavad cnebis istorias. erTis mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi termini

SeiZleba exebodes adamianebis saqmianobis im sferosa da specialur

nimuSebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba praqtikuli socialuri cxovrebis

yoveldRiuri samyarosgan an kidev exebodes jgufis an mTeli xalxis

cxovrebis wess. kulturis es arsebuli gansazRvrebebi am cnebas mTeli

misi istoriis manZilze abundovnebda.

rogorc sxva disciplinebi, kulturis sociologia Camoyalibda am

tipis gansxvavebebis fonze da xeli Seuwyo kulturis cnebis

gansazRvras. Mmecnierebi sokolovi da orlova aRniSnaven kulturis

gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, rogorebicaa mniSvneloba, faseuloba, nimuSebi,

ricxvebi, Cveulebebi, ritualebi, simboloebi, kodebi, ideebi, diskursi,

msoflmxedveloba, ideologia Tu principebi; es CamonaTvali ar aris

amomwuravi. Kkulturuli “sagnebis” nebismieri CamonaTvali yovelTvis

iqneba arasruli, imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvneloba da interpretacia aris

aqtiuri da cvalebadi procesi. Uufro metic, aseTi CamonaTvali Tavis

TavSi moicavs mniSvnelovan Teoriul dapirispirebebs im mkvlevarebs

Soris, romlebic xazs usvamen diskursebisa da kulturuli praqtikis

mniSvnelobas, kognitologiur kategoriebs, faseulobebs, vinc

aanalizebs konkretul produqtebs da Rrma teqstobriv nimuSebs, rom

ar CavTvaloT amaTi SesaZlo kombinaciebi, magram bevri es

winaaRmdgegoba da kamaTi moixsneba, Tu Cven kulturas SevxedavT,

rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis erTobliobas,

romlebic sxvadasxva tipis socialur garemoSi mimdinareobs da aisaxeba

gansxvavebul socialur praqtikasa Tu socialur produqtSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, kulturis sociologebma SeiZleba gamoikvlion kultura,

rogorc sazogadoebis calke sfero an kultura, rogorc cxovrebis

wesi.

Tanamedrove kulturis sociologia xSirad eyrdnoba

anTropologias, istorias, feministur, media, kulturologiur kvlevebs,

literaturul kritikas, politikur mecnierebas da socialur

22

fsiqologias. kulturis sociologiaSi muSaoba gulisxmobs

interdisciplinuri midgomebis gamoyenebas, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs

SemoqmedebiTad movekidoT Cveni Seswavlis sagans. Tanamedrove kulturis

sociologiaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba. TiToeuli maTganis

Seswavlis sagania mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi sxvadasxva

analitikur doneze. Cven SevexebiT rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvras,

aseve ganvixilavT, Tu rogori urTierTobebi gansazRvravs da Seadgens

mniSvnelobebs da Tu rogor operireben individebi am mniSvnelobebiT.

esa Tu is mniSvneloba SeiZleba ar iqnes gaziarebuli an logikuri

mocemuli jgufis Tu mTlianad sazogadoebis yvela wevris mier. saerTo

normebi, Rirebulebebi, kognituri CarCoebi da moqmedebis aRiarebuli

gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos yvelasTvis gamWvirvale da sworxazovani,Aaramed

konteqstidan gamomdinare individebi da socialuri jgufebi eyrdnobian

mocemuli mniSvnelobebis simbolur repertuarebs.

miuxedavad amisa, erTi da igive adamiani sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba

gansxvavebul qmedebas irCevdes an kidev sxvadasxva xalxi erTsa da imave

konteqstSi ar daeyrdnos analogiur simboloebs.

Tanamedrove humanitaruli mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia kulturis

uamravi ganmarteba.

Kkultura sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erTobliobaa ganaTlebis

mecnierebis, xelovnebis da sulieri cxovrebis sxva dargebSi; am

miRwevaTa gamoyenebis unari warmoebis gasazrdelad da sxva (ucxo

sityvaTa leqsikoni 1989:266).

e.taileri, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli

gansazRvrebis avtoradaa miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur

bunebas. misi sityvebiT, `kultura Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis,

xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-Cveulebebisa da zogi sxva unar-

Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia adamianis, rogorc sazogadoebis wevris

mier~ (Tyler 1988:6).

kultura SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa

da standartTa erTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs adamianTa

urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazogadoebasa da bunebasTan

(kulturologia, kulturis istoria da Teoria (2003. 22-24).

23

kultura ganviTarebis ramdenime stadias gadis:

1. kulturis axali formebis gaCena;

2. tradiciebis Senaxva;

3. kulturis ama Tu im sferos modernizacia, an degradacia;

4. kulturis reinterpretacia.

dResdReobiT interesi kulturis fenomenisadmi gamowveulia

uamravi garemoebebiT. Kkultura usazRvro da amouwuravia, amitom misi

gageba da ganmartebis Camoyalibeba sakmaod rTulia. Tanamedrove

kulturologiur mecnierebaSi arsebobs 400-ze meti ganmarteba, magram

arc erTi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos amomwuravad da srulad.

Aarc erTi kultura izolirebulad ar arsebobs. Tavisi arsebobis

procesSi is mimarTavs Tavissave warsuls an sxva kulturebis

gamocdilebas. nebismieri kultura Tavisi arsebobisa da ganviTarebis

procesSi niSanTa sistemas qmnis. Tavisi istoriis ganmavlobaSi

kacobriobam Seqmna yofaqcevis bevri niSani, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia

misi moRvaweobis nebismeri saxeoba. Aadamianis am niSnebis da niSanTa

sistemebis qona niSnavs sxva adamianebTan urTierTobaSi CarTvas.

Eena aris niSanTa sistema, ramdenadac niSnebis saSualebiT ideebs

gamovxatavT, ena SesaZlebelia SevadaroT damwerlobas, yru-munjTa

anbans, simbolur ritualebs, samxedro signalebs da a.S. is qmnis niSanTa

sistemas, sadac mxolod azrisa da bgeriTi xatis urTierTmimarTebaa

arsebiTi da sadac orive mxare (e.i. azri/mniSvneloba da bgeriTi xati)

Tanabrad aris warmodgenili fsiqikurad (sosiuri 1931:19). es

mravalricxovani niSani da niSanTa sistema, romlebic adamianis

sazogadoebaSi arseboben, Seadgenen ama Tu im drois kulturas,

TiToeul niSanSi devs garkveuli azri. Ees imas niSnavs, rom nebismier

niSans aqvs Tavisi forma da Sinaarsi. niSnebis Sinaarsi warmoadgens

rTul informacias maTTis, visac maTi wakiTxvis unari Seswevs.

yofaqcevis, tradiciebisa da wes-Cveulebebis formebi arsebobs mxolod

kulturis sisitemaSi. maTi gadacema Taobidan Taobaze SesaZlebelia

mxolod niSnebis meSveobiT.

Kkulturebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan komunikaciis

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT sxva kulturasTan urTierTobisas.

24

socialurma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom sxva kulturis

warmomadgenlebi Sida jgufur, individualur kulturaSi ufro advilad

amyareben urTierTobas, vidre koleqtiurSi. amis mizezi aris is, rom

koleqtiuri kultura yoveli wevrisagan moiTxovs jgufTan iseT

Serwymas, rom mocemul momentSi Tavi gamoavlinos, rogorc koleqtivis

wevrma, xolo individualurSi adamiani ise iqceva, rogorc TviTon

CaTvlis saWirod.

imis dasadgenad, Tu raoden Znelia erTi kulturis meoresTan

kontaqti, kulturul anTropologiaSi gaCnda iseTi gageba, rogoricaa

“kulturuli distancia”.

“kulturuli distancia” afiqsirebs erTi elementis gansxvavebas

gansxvavebul kulturaSi. Eesenia: klimati, samosi, ena, religia,

ganaTleba, materialuri komforti, ojaxuri struqtura da a.S.

Aase, magaliTad, dasavluri kulturis warmomadgenlebi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas urTierTobis arss aqceven, imas, Tu ra iTqvas

da is, Tu rogor iTqva, amitom maTi komunikacia damokidebulia

konteqstze. AaseTi kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia informaciis

gacvlis kognituri stili, romlis drosac didi mniSvneloba aqvs

logikur gamoTqmebs. aseTi kulturebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben

ganaviTaron TavianTi metyveleba. Aamerikelebis umravlesoba

yoveldRiur urTierTobebSi iyenebs mokle gamonaTqvamebs. isini

erTmaneTs kiTxvebs usvamen, pasuxs ki ar elodebian. magaliTad: rogora

xar? Kkargi amindia ara? Aamerikuli kulturis individualizmi aiZulebT

maT gamoxaton azri mokled da konkretulad.

aRmosavluri tipis koleqtiur kulturebSi informaciis gadacemis

dros xalxi did yuradRebas aqcevs Setyobinebis konteqsts. Ees

gansakuTrebuloba gamoixateba gadmocemis formaSi, Tu rogor iTqva, da

ara is, Tu ra iTqva. aRmosavluri kultura saxiaTdeba metyvelebis

arakonkretulobiT, magaliTad: albaT, SesaZlebelia, iqneb, SeiZleba,

amitomac iaponelebi saqmiani urTierTobisas laparakoben saqmis irgvliv,

da ara uSualod saqmeze. aseTi strategia maT saSualebas aZlevs

ukeTesad gaigon partnioris Canafiqri.

25

KkulturaTSorisi komunikaciis dargSi dakvirvebisa da

gamokvlevebis Sedegad SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom maTi Sinaarsi

ZiriTadad damokidebulia romelime kulturaSi yofaqcevis normebze da

sxv.

Kkultura da komunikacia urTierTzemoqmedeben. magaliTad:Yyovel

kulturas ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvs,

aviRoT Tundac, Tavazianoba. bevr aziur qveyanaSi Zalze araTavazianad

iTvleba, SeekiTxo partniors saqmis Sesaxeb, Tuki Sen darwmunebuli ar

xar, rom is zust pasuxs gagcems. Tuki amerikelebi pirdapir amboben

rasac fiqroben, iaponelebi da arabebi ar dauSveben, rom partniori

gawiTldes imis gamo, rom mas hkiTxes is, razec pasuxs ver

iZleva,Aamitomac iaponiaSi araTavazianad iTvleba erTi sityviT upasuxo

vinmes: ara. Tu adamians ar surs miwvevis miReba, is ar pasuxobs pirdapir,

is ambobs, rom aqvs bevri saqme, da a.S. dasavleTSi ki aseTi gziT

gaurbian konkretul pasuxebs. NnebsiT Tu uneblieT, mTeli cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi xalxi Sedis ama Tu im sociokulturuli jgufis

SemadgenlobaSi. TiToeuli aseTi jgufi moicavs mikrokulturas da aqvs

msgavsebac da gansxvavebac. gansxvaveba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos

socialuri ganwyobiT, ganaTlebiT, tradiciebiTa da sxva miznebiT.

Kkultura gavlenas axdens aramarto komunikaciaze, aramed

TviTonac eqceva misi zegavlenis qveS. xSirad es xdeba inkulturaciis

procesSi, rodesac adamiani komunikaciis ama Tu im formiT iTvisebs

kulturis normebs. Cven kulturas vswavlobT sxvadasxva meTodiT.

magaliTad; kiTxviT, ucnobebis mosmeniT, dakvirvebiT da nacnobebTan da

ucnobebTan urTierTobiT Cven gavlenas vaxdenT Cvens kulturaze,

romelic SemdgomSi komunikaciis erT-erT formad iqceva. Dda bolos,

kulturaTa ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZleba iyos

interpretirebuli, rogorc verbaluri da araverbaluri kodebis sxvaoba

komunikaciis specifikur konteqstSi. interpretaciis procesze moqmedebs

asaki, sqesi, profesia, komunikaciis socialuri statusi.

aqedan gamomdinare, kulturaTSorisi komunikacia SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, rogorc urTierTobis sxvadasxva formis erToblioba, an

26

rogorc sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenelTa da maT jgufebs Soris

urTierToba.

27

I.II komunikaciis verbaluri da araverbaluri aspeqtebi

Yyvela kulturas gaaCnia enobrivi sistema, romlis daxmarebiTac

kulturis matarebelT aqvT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba.

mecnierebaSi enobrivi urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formas ewoda

komunikaciis verbaluri saSualebani. cnobil verbalur saSualebebs

ganekuTvneba, upirvelesad, adamianTa metyveleba, radganac metyvelebis

meSveobiT adamianebi Rebuloben da gascemen sasicocxlo, mniSvnelovani

informaciis ZiriTad nawils, TumcaRa, igi warmoadgens enis mxolod

erT-erT elements, amitomac misi funqciuri SesaZleblobani ufro

mcirea, vidre mTliani enobrivi sistemisa.

XXI saukunis lingvistika aqtiurad SeimuSavebs mimarTulebas,

romlis mixedviTac ena ganixileba ara ubralod komunikaciis da

Semecnebis iaraRi, aramed rogorc kulturuli kodi. aseTi midgomis

safuZvels v. humboldtis, a. potebniasa da sxvaTa Sromebi

warmoadgens.Aamas humboldtis sityvebic mosmobs: “Cemi eris enis

sazRvrebi Cemi msoflmxedvelobis sazRvrebia” (Гумбольдт 1984: 397).

Znelia gadaWarbebulad Seafaso enis mniSvneloba nebismieri

xalxis kulturaSi. Aam SefasebaSi ToToeuli mecniereba aRniSnavs Tavis

aspeqts. Kkulturologiur literaturaSi enis mniSvneloba upirvelesad

gadmoicema Semdegi damaxasiaTebeli mtkicebulebebiT.

Eena aris:

Kkulturis sarke, romelSic aisaxeba aramarto realuri adamianis

garemomcveli samyaro, aramed xalxis mentaliteti, misi erovnuli

xasiaTi, tradiciebi, Cveulebani, morali, iumorisa da faseulobaTa

sistema, samyaros suraTi (Тер-Минасова 2002:56).

saganZuri, kulturis yulaba, iseve rogorc yvela materialuri da

sulieri faseulobebis codna, dagrovili ama Tu im xalxis mier,

romelic inaxeba enobriv sistemaSi: folklorSi, wignebSi, zepir

da weriT metyvelebaSi.

kulturis instrumenti, adamianis pirovnebis Camomyalibebeli,

romelic swored enis saSualebiT iTvisebs mentalitets, Tavisi

xalxis tradiciebsa da kulturas.

28

sxvadasxva samecniero gamocemaSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT enis

gansxvavebul ganmartebas, romelTac saerTo aqvs mTavari: ena

warmoadgens azris gamoxatvisa da urTierTobis saSualebas.Eenis

mravalricxovan funqciaTa Sorisaa komunikacia, romlis varaudiT, enis

gareSe adamianTa urTierTobis nebismieri forma SeuZlebeli xdeba.

Eena emsaxureba komunikacias, magram radganac kulturac, rogorc

specifikuri niSani adamianis garesamyarosTan Serwymisa SeiZleba

dasaxeldes rogorc komunikacia, naTeli xdeba, rom enis kulturisa da

komunikaciis urTierTkavSiri bunebrivi da ganuyofelia.

Eena ar arsebobs kulturis gareSe. is umTavresi komponentia

kulturisa, azrovnebis formaa, adamianuri cxovelqmedebis specifikuri

gamovlenaa, romelic Tavis mxriv warmoadgens enis realur yofierebas,

amitomac ena da kultura ganuyofelia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom enasa da kulturas Soris mWidro kavSiri

arsebobs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs ena kulturis gareSe da

piriqiT, kultura enis gareSe. Ees ki imas niSnavs, rom Tu miznad

visaxavT enobrivi faqtis kvlevas, maSin igi unda SeviswavloT

anTropocentrul-komunikaciur da lingvokulturologiur midgomaTa

safuZvelze.

Eenisa da kulturis urTierTmimarTebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT

farTodaa gavrcelebuli v. humboldtis ideebi, romlis mosazrebebiT,

ena warmoadgens “xalxis suls”, xalxis yofierebas. kultura upirveles

yovlisa, enaSi vlindeba. igi kulturis WeSmariti realobaa, kulturis

mxridan ki igi fiqsirebuli Sexedulebaa sakuTar Tavsa da samyaroze.

Hhumboldti werda, rom enis Seswavla ar warmoadgens TviTmizans, yvela

danarCen sferosTan erTad igi emsaxureba saerTo umaRles mizans _

kacobriobis mier sakuTari Tavis da yvelaferi xilulisadmi Tu misgan

dafarulisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebebis Secnobas (Гумбольдт 1984:233).

rogorc v. levi strosi aRniSnavda, “ena erTdroulad kulturis

produqticaa, misi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilic da kulturis

arsebobis pirobac, ufro metic, kulturis arsebobs specifikuri

saSualeba, kulturuli kodebis formirebis faqtebia” (Леви-Строс 1995:68).

29

enisa da kulturis kavSiri SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogor nawilisa

da mTlianis urTierTmimarTeba.Eena SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc

kulturis komponenti da kulturis iaraRi, magram amavdroulad ena

avtomaturia da SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes kulturisgan damoukideblad.

kulturas qmnis adamiani, pirovneba, swored pirovneba wamoswevs

wina planze adamianis socialuri bunebas, xolo adamiani warmoadgens

sociokulturuli cxovrebis subieqts.

Ppirovneba unda iqnes ganxiluli xalxis, eTnosis kulturuli

tradiciis perspeqtivaSi, radgan adamianSi adamianis dabadebisaTvis

saWiroa kulturul-anTropologiuri prototipi, romlis Camoyalibebac

kulturis farglebSi xdeba.

Eenobrivi pirovnebis SinaarsSi Cveulebriv moiazreba Semdegi

komponentebi:

Aa) faseulobiTi; b) msoflmxedvelobiTi; g) aRzrdis Sinaarsis anu

Rirebulebis komponenti; d) cxovrebiseuli sazrisis sistema.

Kkulturologiuri komponenti, anu kulturis rogorc enisadmi

interesis amaRlebis efeqturi saSualebis aTvisebis done,

Sesaswavli enis kulturis faqtebis moSvelieba, romlebic

dakavSirebulia sametyvelo da arasametyvelo qcevis wesebTan,

xels uwyobs enobrivi masalis adekvatur gamoyenebasa da

komunikaciis partniorze efeqturi zemoqmedebis unar-CvevaTa

Camoyalibebas;

Ppirovnuli komponenti, anu individualuri, siRrmiseuli sawyisi,

romelic yvela adamianSi arsebobs.

Eenobrivi pirovneba karasikis ganmartebiT warmoadgens enobrivi

SesaZleblobebisa da unarebis mravalsaxeobriv da mravalkomponentur

erTobliobas, romelTa klasifikacia, erTis mxriv, xdeba sametyvelo

saqmianobis saxeobebiT (kiTxva, werili, saubari) meores mxriv ki enis

doneebiT (Карасик 2004:21-22).

Kkaraulovma warmoadgina enobrivi pirovnebis sami donisagan

Semdgari struqtura:

30

verbalur-semantikuri gaTvlilia maTTvis, vinc normalurad

flobs bunebriv enas, da mkvlevarTaTvis warmoadgens garkveuli

mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis saSualebas.

Kkognituris erTeulebia cnebebi, ideebi, konceptebi, met-naklebad

sistematizirebul faseulobaTa amsaxveli samyaros suraTi. TiToeuli

maTgani aseve met-naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli TiToeuli enobrivi

individualobisaTvis. Ees done warmoadgens pirovnebis inteleqtualuri

sferos gavrcobis saSualebas.

PpragmatulSi Sedis miznebi, motivebi, interesebi. Ees done

uzrunvelyofs enobrivi pirovnebis analizisas kanonzomier gadasvlas

sametyvelo saqmianobis Sefasebisdan realuri qmedebis gaazrebaze

(Караулов 1987:31).

cxadia, rom enobrivi pirovnebis tipologia sxvadasxva kriteriumis

safuZvelze SeiZleba aigos. roca gvsurs ganvixiloT enobrivi pirovneba

lingvokulturologiur aspeqtSi, sayrdenad, amosaval wertilad viRebT

sociokulturul niSans da vadgenT romeli metyveli subieqti

CavTvaloT enobriv pirovnebad da ganvsazRvravT mis models Tu

tipobriv saxes.

Eena es aris is, rac kulturaSi adamianis arsebobis zedapirze

imyofeba, amitom me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli dRemde enisa da kulturis

urTierTmimarTebis, urTierTmoqmedebis sakiTxi enaTmecnierebis erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens.Mmisi gadawyvetis pirveli

mcdeloba ekuTvnis v.humboldts, romlis koncefciis ZiriTadi

debulebebi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes Semdegi saxiT:

Mmaterialuri da sulieri kultura aisaxeba enaSi;

Nnebismieri kultura aris erovnuli, misi erovnuli xasiaTi

gamoixateba enaSi samyaros gansakuTrebuli xedvis meSveobiT,

enisaTvis damaxasiTebelia TiToeuli xalxisaTvis specifikuri

Sinagani forma;

enis Sinagani forma warmoadgens xalxis sulis, misi kulturis

gamoxatulebas;

Eena warmoadgens Sualedur rgols adamiansa da mis garSemo

arsebul samyaros Soris.

31

Mme-19 saukunis gamoCenili mecnieri v. humboldti enas moiazrebs,

rogorc sulier Zalas, rogorc garemos, romlis gareSec adamiani ar

arsebobs, adamiani cxovrobs enis garemocvaSi enobriv garemoSi.

rogorc v. humboldti werda, -,, ena aris samyaro, romelic arsebobs

movlenaTa samyarosa da adamianis Sinagan samyaros Soris” (Гумбольдт

1984:423).

Aaqedan gamomdinare, ena ar arsebobs Cven gareSe, rogorc

obieqturi moculoba, igi TviTon CvenSi, Cvens cnobierebaSi, Cvens

mexsierebaSia.

v.a.maslova wers, rom adamiani moiazreba, rogorc garkveuli

erovnebis, mentalobis, da enis matarebeli, romelic monawileobs

erTobliv moRvaweobaSi erovnuli erTobis sxva warmomadgenlebTan

(Маслова 2001:67).

Eena aris erTaderTi saSualeba, romelsac SeuZlia daexmaros

adamians adekvaturad aRiqvas samyaro. v. humboldti enas adamianis gonis

umTavres moRvaweobad miiCnevs.Mmisi azriT, enis adekvaturi

SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia adamianis cnobierebasTan da azrovnebasTan,

kulturasTan da sulier cxovrebasTan misi mWidro kavSiris

gaTvaliswineba, humboldtisTvis ena xalxis erTiani energiaa, igi

erovnuli formis mqone koleqtiuri movlenaa.Aamdenad, enobrivi

koleqtivi humboldtis moZRvrebis erTdroulad socialur da

lingvistur cnebad gvevlineba (gamyreliZe 2003:465).

Aamrigad, ena warmoadgens kulturis Semadgenel nawils da mis

iaraRs. igi aris kulturis sarke, ena mkadiod gamoxatavs erovnuli

mentalobis specifikur niSan-Tvisebebs.

sepirisa da uorfis hipotezaSi gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi debuleba.

1. ena gansazRvravs am enaze mosaubre eris azrovnebis xerxebs;

2. realuri samyaros aRqmis xerxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra

enaze azrovneben subieqtebi.

sepirisa da uorfis hipoTeza gamomdinareobs debulebidan, rom ena

aris safuZveli im suraTisa, romelic yalibdeba TiToeul adamianSi da

awesrigebs sagnebisa da movlenebis udides raodenobas, romelic gare

samyaroze dakvirvebiT grovdeba.Nnebismieri sagani an movlena xom maSinaa

32

CvenTvis gasagebi, roca mas saxelwodeba aqvs. sagani an movlena,

romelsac saxeli ar aqvs, CvenTvis ubralod ar arsebobs. eZleva ra

saxelwodeba, Cven axal cnebas vrTavT Cveni azrovnebis ukve

Camoyalibebul sistemaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven Segvyavs axali

elementi CvenSi ukve arsebul samyaros suraTSi. Uunda iTqvas, rom ena

aramarto aRwers samyaros, aramed qmnis idealur samyaros Cvens

SegnebaSi. is qmnis realobas.Aadamiani xedavs samyaros ise, rogorc

laparakobs,Aamitom amtkicebs uorfi, rom sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre

adamianebi, samyaros sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvamen (Уорф 1960:162).

enasa da realur samyaros Soris dgas adamiani, enisa da kulturis

matarebeli. zustad is aRiqvams da SeigrZnobs samyaros grZnobiTi

organoebis saSualebiT. Amis safuZvelze eqmneba mas warmodgena

samyaroze. isini Tavis mxriv TavianTi azrebs, daskvnebs, warmodgenebs

gadascemen sxva adamianebs. enasa da realur samyaros Soris dgas

azrovneba (Сепир1993:45).

radganac kulturac da enac xalxis mentalobasTan, anu samyaros

SegrZnebasa da aRqmasTanaa dakavSirebuli, amitom aucilebelia enisa da

kulturis mentalur kategoriebTan mimarTebis problemis gacnobiereba.

v.v.kolesovis azriT, mentaloba warmoadgens samyaros Wvretas

mSobliuri enis kategoriebsa da formebSi, romelic Semecnebis procesSi

aerTianebs erovnuli xasiaTis inteleqtualur, sulier da nebelobiT

Tvisebebs (Колесов 1999: 81).

m. haidegeri werda, rom sityva “suraTi” rom gvesmis, pirvel rigSi

vfiqrobT raRacis asaxvaze. “samyaros suraTi, gagebuli arsebiTad,

aRniSnavs ara samyaros amsaxvel suraTs, aramed samyaros, gagebuls

suraTis saxiT” (Хайдеггер 1991: 96).

i. d. apresiani samyaros enobriv suraTs ë”miamit” suraTs

uwodebs. misi azriT, “samyaros enobrivi suraTi erTgvarad avsebs

obieqtur codnas realobis Sesaxeb da xSirad amaxinjebs mas ă (Апресян

1966:69) sityva garesamyaros, sagansa da movlenas ki ar gadmogvcems,

aramed imas, Tu rogor xedavs samyaros im prizmiT, romelic arsebobs

mis SegnebaSi da romelic determinirebulia misi kulturiT. TiToeuli

adamianis Segneba yalibdeba rogorc individualuri gamocdilebis

33

zemoqmedebiT, aseve inkulturaciis Sedegad, romlis drosac is

winaparTa gamocdilebas eufleba. Aamgvarad, ena ar aris sarke, romelSic

avtomaturad isaxeba gare samyaro, aramed prizmaa, saidanac uyureben

samyaros da romelic yoveli kulturisaTvis sakuTaria. Eena, azrovneba,

kultura imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom

praqtikulad erT mTlians Seadgens da ar SeuZliaT uerTmaneTod

arseboba. amitomac s.g. terminasova ganasxvavebs adamianis garSemo myofi

samyaros sam formas:

samyaros realuri suraTi;

samyaros kulturuli (SemecnebiTi) suraTi;

samyaros enobrivi suraTi;

swored samyaros kulturuli suraTi aris yvela xalxSi

gansxvavebuli, rac mravali faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa:

geografia, klimati, socialuri moqyoba, rwmena, tradiciebi, cxovrebis

wesi (Тер-Минасова 2002:41). amrigad, ena aris kulturis faqti, misi

Semadgeneli nawili, enis meSveobiT viTvisebT kulturas. Sesabamisad, ena

kulturis Semadgeneli nawili, misi iaraRi, erovnuli sulis realoba,

kulturis xatia, is gamoxatavs erovnuli mentalitetis specifikur

niSnebs, imdenad ramdenadac enis TiToeuli matarebeli amave dros aris

kulturis matarebelic. Eena damoukidebeli samyaroa, romlis

saSualebiTac esa Tu is eri azrsa da grZnobebs enobriv relobas

aniWebs. damajereblad rom vilaparakoT da vweroT, marto gramatikulad

gamarTuli wera da metyveleba ar kmara. saWiroa vilaparakoT gasagebad,

damajereblad da mwyobrad, rac msmenelis dainteresebas gamoiwvevs.

sasiamovno metyveleba ipyrobs auditoriis yuradRebas, xolo

metyvelebis simwyobre Cvens sityvas wonasa da Zalas matebs.Aamdenad,

verbaluri komunikacia gvaswavlis damoukideblad da originalurad

gamovxatoT azrebi, gavakeToT swori daskvnebi, davicvaT Cveni pozicia,

avxsnaT igi da davasabuToT.

verbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma graisma Tavis

naSromSi – “Logic and conversation” 1999w. Camoayaliba verbaluri komunikaciis

ZiriTadi principebi da dayo isini oTx kategoriad:

34

1. raodenobrivi kategoria;

2. xarisxobrivi kategoria;

3. urTierTobis kategoria;

4. meToduri kategoria.

raodenobrivi kategoria dakavSirebulia gadasacemi informaciis

raodenobasTan da aerTianebs or postulats:

1. Seni naTqvami unda Seicavdes saWiroze aranakleb informacias;

2. Seni gamonaTqvami ar unda Seicavdes saWiroze met informacias.

xarisxobriv kategorias zogadi postulati - gamonaTqvami unda

Seesabamebodes WeSmaritebas. Aam kategorias aqvs ori ZiriTadi

postulati:

1. Tqva iseTi ram, rasac mcdarad Tvli;

2. araferi Tqva usafuZvlod.

urTierTobis kategoria erTaderT relevantobis postulats

moicavs – ar gadauxvio Temas.

meTodur kategorias exeba ara is, ra iTqva, arames is, rogor iTqva.

aq gaerTianebulia Semdegi oTxi postulati:

1. moeride gaugebar gamonaTqvamebs.

2. Seecade, ilaparako calsaxad, gasagebad.

3. gadmoeci lakoniurad;

4. iyavi organizebuli. (Grice 1999:58)

meore mkvlevarma- liCma aRwera komunikaciis Semdegi ZiriTadi

principi: -zrdilobis, Tavazianobis principi (Leech 1976:67-68). pirveli

aerTianebs Semdeg maqsimebs:

1. taqti;

2. sulgrZeloba;

3. Tavmdabloba; Tanxmoba;

4. simpatiia.

Ggraisis kooperaciis principi da liCis Tavazianobis principi

Seadgens komunikaciis kodeqsis safuZvels. Aam kodeqsSi Sedis

WeSmaritebis (realobisadmi erTguleba, simarTlec rom yvelaferia) da

gulwrfelobis kriteriumebi (sakuTari Tavis erTguleba).

35

verbaluri komunikaciis efeqturobaSi igulisxmeba gadacemuli

Setyobinebis Aadekvaturi azrobrivi aRqma. swori interpretaciis mizani

iTvleba miRweulad, Tu adresati gaigebs warmoTqmuli teqstis mTel

ideas komunikatoris Canafiqris Sesabamisad, Tumca xSirad informaciis

mTavari arxi ikargeba an maxinjdeba. Ees procesi xumrobiT kargadaa

gadmocemuli magaliTSi: kapitani – adiutanti – kaprali – rigiTi

jariskacebi.

kapitani mimarTavs adiutants: rogorc iciT, xval mze dabneldeba,

romelic yoveldRe ar xdeba. 5 saaTze SekribeT piradi Semadgenloba

gembanze samgzavro tansacmelSi. maT SeeZlebaT daakvirdnen am movlenas,

me ki mivcem aucilebel ganmartebas. wvimis dros saCvenebeli araferi

iqneba. aseT situaciaSi datoveT xalxi YyazarmaSi.

Aadiutanti mimarTavs serJants: kapitnis brZanebiT, xval diliT

moxdeba mzis dabneleba samgzavro tansacmelSi. Kkapitani gembanze

mogvcems aucilebel ganmartebas. Ees ki yoveldRe ar xdeba. Tu wvims,

saCvenebeli araferi iqneba, maSin movlena yazarmaSi Sedgeba.

serJanti- kaprals: kapitnis brZanebiT, xval 5 saaTze, samgzavro

tansacmelSi, gembanze mze dabneldeba, rac yoveldRe ar xdeba.Aam

movlenis Sesaxeb kapitani yazarmaSi mogvcems aucilebel ganmartebas.

Kkaprali jariskacebs:- xval uTenia, 5 saaTze, mze gembanze

moxdeba kapitnis dabneleba yazarmaSi. wvimis SemTxvevaSi es iSviaTi

movlena samgzavro tansacmelSi Sedgeba, rac yoveldRe ar xdeba (jolia

2006: 83-84).

informaciis gadacemisTvis aucilebelia idea, romelic jer azrad

yalibdeba, Semdeg – gamoiTqmeba.

Aam procesis yovel etapze informaciis mniSvnelovani nawili

ikargeba an maxinjdeba.Ddanakargis sidide arasrulyofili metyvelebiT

anu azris zustad gamoTqmis SeuZleblobiT izomeba. Aamis Sesaxeb rus

poets, tiutCevs xatovnad aqvs naTqvami: “sityvierad gamoTqmuli azri,

sicruea”. igi mosaubrisadmi undoblobiT, an sityvieri maragis

TanxvedriT an gansxvavebiT da sxva garemoebiT ganisazRvreba.

36

komunikacia srulyofilia mxolod maSin, rodesac STabeWdileba

emTxveva gamonaTqvams, anu rodesac mosaubris mier gadacemul

informacias zustad iseve aRiqvams msmeneli, rogorc mosaubres surs.

samwuxarod, efeqturi komunikacia, WeSmariti gageba imaze iSviaTi

movlenaa, vidre Cven gvgonia, radgan:

adamianebi yovelTvis ar amboben imas, rasac sinamdvileSi fiqroben;

adamianebma yovelTvis ar ician Tavisi WeSmariti grZnobebis

Sesaxeb;

arc ise advilia grZnobebis sityvebiT gadmocema (arc ise advilia

swori kodis moZebna);

erTi da igive sityvi sxvadasxva adamians gansxvavebulad esmis;

xandaxan mxolod is gvesmis, ris gagebasac visurvebdiT;

informaciis mimRebi xSirad dakavebulia ara dekodirebis

procesiT, aramed sakuTari pasuxebis mofiqrebiT;

gadamcemma ar icis, sworad moaxdina Tu ara dekodireba mimRebma;

zogjer mimRebma ar icis sworad moaxdina Tu ara dekodireba.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, mimRebs mxolod maSin esmis sxvisi,

rodesac misi STabeWdileba (dekodirebis Sedegi) emTxveva imas, rac

misTvis gamonaTqvamis saSualebiT unda ecnobaT. samwuxarod, es faqti

imaze iSviaTia, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia.

komunikaciis efeqturobas xels uSlis Semdegi barierebi:

bundovani procesi: mimRebsa da wyaros erTnairad ar esmiT ena,

Jargoni, simboloebi;

informaciis struqtura: mravalmxrivi da gadatvirTuli gzavnili;

pirovnuli niSnebi: fizikuri da mentaluri mdgomareoba,

ganaTlebis da inteleqtis gansxvavebuli done da a.S.

adamianis “buneba”: crurwmenebi, tradiciebi, kulturuli niSnebi;

konfliqturi mosazrebebi da miznebi: rodesac adamianebi

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs uWeren mxars, maT uWirT sxva

mosazrebis gaziareba.

37

amasTan, barieri komunikaciis procesSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas

maSinac, Tuki msmeneli garkveul damokidebulebas da uaryofiTadaa

ganwyobili mosaubrisadmi.

Kkomunikacia efeqturi rom iyos unda SevecadoT gaviTvaliswinoT

CamoTvlili barierebis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba, raTa Tavidan

aviciloT isini.

Aadamiani informacias sami arxiT iRebs da gascems. Ees arxebia:

(jolia 2006:79).

vizualuri (mxedvelobiTi);

audialuri (smeniTi);

kinesTetikuri (SegrZnebiTi).

Aam sami arxidan yovel adamians erT-erTi aqvs ganviTarebuli da

sakuTari modaluroba gaaCnia, amis gamo, individebi pirobiTad iyofian:

vizualebad, audialebad da kinesTetikebad. rogor SevicnoT isini? amaSi

TviT partniori dagvexmareba. saxeldobr, Tanamosaubres Tu yuradRebiT

davakvirdebiT da movusmenT, SeiZleba igi tonalobiT, Jestikulaciis

TaviseburebebiT, Tvalis moZraobis mimarTulebiT, garkveuli sityvebis

xSiri gamoyenebiT anu predikatebiT da a.S. amovicnoT.

tipuri vizuali maRali da gamxdaria, Tumca, SeiZleba Zalian

msuqanic iyos. is mxrebSi gamarTulia, zurgi da kiseri sworad uWiravs;

mas mkveTri moZraobebi axasiaTebs. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom siarulis

dros is win nikaps mihyavs. vizuali gul-mkerdis zeda nawiliT sunTqavs,

misi sunTqva ar aris Rrma. is swrafad saubrobs, mkveTri gamoTqma aqvs,

xolo misi xmis tonaloba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre sxva

kategoriis adamianebisa. vizuali saubarSi xSirad iyenebs iseT sityvebs,

rogoricaa: uyureT, SexedeT, nuTu ver xedavT, rom..., rogorc Cans, da a.S.

vizualis mzera xSirad maRlaa mimarTuli, mas garemos aRsaqmelad didi

sivrce esaWiroeba. Jestikulaciisas xSirad miuTiTebs Tvalebze, an exeba

maT.

kinesTetiki ufro msuqania, vidre sxva kategoriis adamianebi. Mmisi

moZraoba narnari da Tavisufalia, is dadis nela, sunTqavs

mucliT;Llaparakis an mosmenisas mosaubrisaken ixreba. Mmas uyvars

adamianebTan axlo kontaqti da saubris dros xSirad exeba mosaubres.

38

kinesTetiki xmadabla saubrobs_nela da auRelveblad da xangrZliv

pauzebs akeTebs. igi yvelaze xSirad Semdeg sityvebs xmarobs: me

vgrZnob, rom, yovelTvis aRviqvam, rogorc, da sxv. Es arc aris

gasakviri, radgan vizuals mxedvelobiTi organo aqvs ufro

ganviTarebuli. igi Jestikulaciisas xSirad exeba mucelsa da gul-

mkerds.

sxeulis formis mixedviT, audials Sualeduri adgili uWiravs

gamxdar vizualsa da msuqan kinesTetiks Soris; sunTqavs gul-mkerdis

Sua nawiliT. Aaudiali bevrs laparakobs da cdilobs, yvela detali

dawvrilebiT ganmartos. Mmisi metyveleba ritmuli da Tanabaria.

magaliTad, audiali saubarSi xSirad iyenebs Semdeg sityvebs: momismineT,

rogorc amboben, me Tqven geubnebiT, Mme Tqven gekiTxebiT da sxv.

Jestikulaciis dros is xSirad miuTiTebs yurebze an exeba maT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am mxriv erTmaneTisagan kulturebic gansxvavdeba.

magaliTad, rusuli da amerikuli kultura vizualur-kinesTetikuria,

xolo inglisuri – audialur-vizualuri. TiTqmis yvela Zveli kultura

kinesTetikuri iyo. samwuxarod, qarTuli kulturisaTvis msgavsi

monacemebi ar arsebobs, Mmagram migvaCnia, rom is ufro vizualur-

kinesTetikuria.

risTvis gvWirdeba yovelive es? Tanamosaubres “Tavissave enaze”

unda vesaubroT. magaliTad, vizualTan saubrisas sasurvelia

gamoviyenoT TvalsaCinoebebi (diagramebi, sqemebi...), audialTan – musika,

xmis tonaloba, tembri, xolo kinesTetikTan - misive sityvebi.

Yyvela adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierTobis Taviseburi

stili. Mmecnierebi miiCneven, rom es Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia

rogorc individualuri TaviseburebebiTa da adamianTa pirovnuli

xasiaTiT, aseve cxovrebis istoriiT, xalxTan urTierTobiT,

urTierTobis saerTo wesebiTa da sxv.

komunikaciaSi urTierTobis stilis mniSvneloba isaa, rom misi

daxmarebiT vigebT sxvadasxva situacias, yalibdeba urTierToba

komunikaciis partniorebs Soris, SeirCeva problemis gadawyvetis gzebi.

Eefeqtiani kulturaTSorisi komunikacia moiTxovs misi yvela

komponentis gamoyenebis codnas. Aam komponentebs Soris mniSvnelovani

39

adgili uWiravs verbaluri komunikaciis stils. Mmocemul aspeqtSi

urTierTobis stili es Taviseburi metagzavnilia, romelic miuTiTebs

individebs, rogor gaigon da axsnan verbaluri urTierTobis –

komunikaciis konteqsti. is adamianis komunikaciuri qcevis individualur

stabilur formas warmoadgens, warmoqmnis nebismier pirobiT

urTierTobas nebismier situaciaSi. Aaq komunikaciis xelovneba

gamoixateba aramarto misi metyvelebiT, aramed SesaZleblobiT, miagnos

enis ufro zust da konkretul stilistikur saSualebas, romelic

mxolod mocemul SemTxvevaSia optimaluri.

verbaluri komunikacia gulisxmobs yvela enobrivi Janris codnas:

replikidan da komentaridan leqciamde, moxsenebamde, sainformacio

Setyobinebasa da saxalxo gamosvlamde.

g. poCepcovi verbaluri komunikaciis oTx stils gamoyofs:

1. pirdapiri da arapirdapiri stili;

2. zusti da mokle stili;

3. pirovnuli da situaciuri stili;

4. instrumentuli da afeqturi stili (Почепцов 2003:319-322).

urTierTobis pirdapiri, mkacri stili, mklevarTa azriT,

damaxasiaTebelia dabalkonteqstualuri amerikuli kulturisaTvis. masSi

Zalian mcire adgili rCeba gamouTqmelobisTvis.Aamerikelebi cdiloben

gamoiwvion mosaubre pirdapiri saubrisaTvis, romlis drosac iyeneben

gamoTqmebs: gviTxariT, ra gaqvT mxedvelobaSi, modiT, ufro

safuZvlianad Dda sxv. Aam stilSi gamoixateba didi mzrunveloba

mosaubris SenarCunebis, saubris Temaze sakuTari mkafio poziciis

dasafiqsireblad. Uufro xSirad aseTi stili damaxasiaTebelia

individualuri kulturisaTvis.

arapirdapiri verbaluri stili axasiaTebs sametyvelo cnebebs,

romlebic faraven WeSmariT survilebs, miznebs, mosaubris

moTxovnilebebs. aseTi stili damaxasiaTebelia maRalkonteqsturi

kulturebisTvis, rogorebicaa samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia, iaponia, korea.

harmoniuli urTierTdamokidebuleba, kulturuli faseuloba

iaponur sazogadoebaSi mosaubrisagan moiTxovs gaugebari, orazrovani

mniSvnelobis sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis gamoyenebas, raTa Tavidan

40

aicilon jiuti, TavisTavSi darwmunebuli kacis STabeWdileba.

iaponelebi irCeven iseTi gamoTqmebs, rogoricaa: SeiZleba,

SesaZlebelia, albaT, raRac, viRac. bavSvebi ori wlis asakidan

swavloben, daindon sxva adamianebis grZnobebi. isini adreuli

wlebidanve euflebian qcevis sifaqizes, baZaven TavianTi dedebis qcevebs.

uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamosaxatavad iaponeli dedebi, Cveulebriv,

ritorikul kiTxvebs iyeneben. Kkoreelebi ar iZlevian “ara”-s tipis

uaryofiT pasuxebs: me ar geTanxmebiT, me ar SemiZlia amis gakeTeba, isini

xSirad iyeneben meryev pasuxebsac: pricipSi... me Tanaxma var da sxv.

xelovnuri stili iTvaliswinebs urTierTobisas mdidari,

eqspresiuli enis gamoyenebas. Aamis kargi magaliTia arabuli kultura.

Tu erTi arabi pirdapir da zustad, mosalodneli darwmunebebis gareSe

gamoTqvams, Tu ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi, meore arabma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom

mas sul sxva ram aqvs mxedvelobaSi. Aase magaliTad, arabul kulturaSi

cotaa mipatiJebisas uari Tqva mxolod ”ara”-Ti. aras Tan unda axldes

darwmuneba, fici, rac sruliad zedmetia evropelis an amerikelis

SexedulebiT. isini xom miCveuli arian gamoiyenon zusti stili,

romelic upiratesobas aniWebs lakoniur, TavSekavebul gamoTqmebs.

zusti stili Seicavs informaciis gadacemisaTvis saWiro aucilebel da

sakmaris gamoTqmebs (arc meti, arc naklebi, zustad imdeni, ramdenic

aucilebelia).

instrumentuli stili adamians TviTdamkvidrebasa da

mosaubrisagan damoukideblobis, avtonomiis SenarCunebaSi exmareba. es

stili warmodgenilia evropul kulturebsa da aSS-Si. Aaq adamianebi

miiswrafvian mosaubres urTierTobisas warudginon Tavi, surT erTmaneTs

gaugon verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. igiEwarmodgenilia daniur,

niderlandebisa Svedur individualur kulturebSi.

Aafeqturi stili ki piriqiT, orientirebulia TviT urTierTobaze,

Tanamosaubris grZnobebze da moTxovnilebebze, Seguebaze, jgufuri

harmoniis miRwevaze. Amas iqiTken mivyavarT, rom afeqturi stilis dros

adamiani iZulebulia gafrTxildes, Tavi aaridos sarisko gamoTqmebsa da

daskvnebs. amisaTvis is iyenebs uzustobebs, gverds uvlis pirdapir

mtkicebebsa da uaryofas.

41

Kkomunikaciis stilebi, romlebic Cven ganvixileT, arsebobs yvela

kulturaSi, magram TiToeul maTganSi isini Taviseburad fasdeba, yvela

maTgans sakuTari mniSvneloba eniWeba. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi komunikaciis

stili gamoxatavs faseulobebsa da normebs, romlebic ama Tu im

kulturas udevs safuZvlad.

me-20 saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, sul ufro naTlad ikveTeba

araverbaluri komunikaciis sferos specialistebis saWiroeba. raoden

gasakviric unda iyos, komunikaciis araverbaluri aspeqtebis

siRrmiseuli da Tanmimdevruli Seswavla mxolod me-20 saukunis meore

naxevarSi daiwyo. rac Seexeba araverbaluri komunikaciis kvlevis

teqnikur mxares, pirveli yvelaze seriozuli namuSevari am sferoSi _

“emociebis gamovlineba cxovelebsa da adamianebSi” _ Carlz darvins

ekuTvnis. 1872 wels gamoqveynebulma am namuSevarma mraval Tanamedrove

kvlevas misca dasabami, xolo darvinis ideebi da dakvirvebebi msoflios

wamyvanma mecnierebma aRiares. Mmas Semdeg mecnierebma aTasze meti

araverbaluri niSani da signali aRmoaCines.

Aaraverbalur komuniikaciaze saubrisas SeuZlebelia ar vaxsenoT

me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze warmoSobili fenomeni _ munji

kino.Mmunji kinos msaxiobebi mSvenivrad flobdnen sxeulis enis

safuZvlebs, radgan maTTvis is ekranuli saxeebis gacocxlebis

erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. im droSi saukeTeso msaxiobebad iTvlebodnen

isini, visac mdidari mimika da gamomxatveli sxeulis ena hqonda, amitom

msaxiobebi sakmao dros uTmobdnen pantomimisa da baletis Seswavlas.

rodesac munji kino xmovanma Secvala da samsaxiobo xelovnebis

araverbalur aspeqtebs ukve naklebi yuradReba daeTmo, Zveli msaxiobebis

nacvlad, ekrani kargi verbaluri SesaZleblobebis mqone msaxiobebma

daipyres.

Aalbert mehrabiani, losanjelesis universitetis profesori, erT-

erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc komunikaciis araverbalur aspeqtebsa da maT

mniSvnelobaze daiwyo saubari. 1972 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi

“Nonverbal communication” mkvlevari mehrabiani amtkicebda, rom

komunikaciaSi sami ZiriTadi komponentis gamoyofa SeiZleba, esenia:

sityvebi, intonacia da sxeulis ena (verbaluri, vokaluri, da

42

vizualuri). Mmehrabianis azriT, komunikaciis procesSi mosaubris mimarT

Cveni mowonebis CamoyalibebaSi am sam komponents sxvadasxva wvlili

miuZRvis: sityvebs _ 7%, intonacias – 38%, da sxeulis enas _ 55%.

mehrabiani ambobs, rom efeqtiani komunikaciisTvis saWiroa es

komponentebi erTmaneTis “kongruentuli” iyos, anu erTmaneTs

eTanxmebodes. Tu es ase ar xdeba, adamiani Riziandeba, radgan ori

sxvadasxva arxis meSveobiT or sxvadasxvagvar informacias iRebs.

magaliTad, Tuki adamiani meores eubneba: SenTan araviTari problema ar

maqvs, yvelaferi rigzea, Seni megobari var da, amavdroulad, etyoba, rom

aRelvebulia, mosaubres Tvals aridebs, zogadad, negatiur Jestebs

iyenebs, - cxadia, rom Setyobinebis verbaluri da araverbaluri nawilebi

erTmaneTs ar Seesatyviseba, anu kongruentobis principi darRveulia. Aam

SemTxvevaSi, mosaubre daeyrdnoba komunikaciis dominatur nawils, anu

araverbalur komponentebs (38%+55%) da ar miendoba sityvebiT

gadmocemul Sinaarss. aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom mehrabiani

ikvlevda emociebisa da damokidebulebebis komunikacias (mowoneba _

armowonebas).M mecnieris mtkicebiT, formula “mTliani mowoneba = 7%,

verbaluri mowoneba + 38%, vokaluri mowoneba/ vizualuri mowoneba +

55%, samarTliania mxolod maSin, rodesac adamianebi sakuTar grZnonebsa

da urTierTdamokidebulebebze saubroben. Yyvela sxva SemTxvevaSi es

wesi ar marTldeba. mokled rom vTqvaT, is, Tu ras da rogor gamoxatavs

adamiani saubrisas, SesaZloa, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes,

vidre misi sityvebi. RimiliT iTqva raRac Tu mTqnarebiT, xmamaRla da

wyromiT, Tu Cumad da moferebiT – nebismieri Sinaarsi Sesabamis

konteqstSi aRiqmeba. (Mehrabian 1972:223)

Cven vurTierTobT sityvebis, xmis tonis, sxeulis, pozis, Jestebis

da saxis gamometyvelebis saSualebiT. Cven ar SegviZlia urTierToba

davamyaroT maSinac ki, rodesac Cumad varT da dumils vinarCunebT,

raRac informacias gavcemT. albaT, swored aman Seaqmnevina cnobil serb

mwerals, milorad paviCs, brwyinvale metafora _ “is dumda sxva enaze”.

fsiqologebma gamoTvales, rom informaciis TiTqmis 3/6-s mosaubris

sxeulis (poza, moZraoba, mimika) viRebT, 2/6-s xmis (toni, riTmi, tembri)

43

da mxolod 1/6-s _ sityvebiT. ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebul konteqstSi es

Tanafardoba icvleba, magram zogadi tendencia igive rCeba.

komunikacia erTi adamianis mier meorisaTvis Setyobinebis

gadacemaa. Ees Setyobineba moicavs gacilebiT mets, vidre Cven mier

naTqvami sityvebi. Aam sityvebs azrs Cveni sxeulis ena da xmis toni

aniWebs. sityvebiT informaciis Sinaarss gadmovcemT, xolo sxeuliT,

moZraobiT, intomaciiT _ am Sinaarsis mimarT Cvens damokidebulebebsa da

Sefasebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, sityvebi erTmniSvnelovnad gamoxatavs

azrs da maT TiTqmis yvela erTnairad igebs. xolo ra mniSvnelobas

aniWebs konkretuli adamiani ama Tu moZraobas, Jests an intonacias _

arcTu ise cxadi da naTelia. Aadamianis sxeuli da goneba erTi

mTlianobaa. Cveni emociebi, fiqrebi Cvens sxeulze aisaxeba da, piriqiT,

sxeulis garkveuli fizikuri mdgomareoba, sxeulis poza gavlenas

axdens Cvens sulier mdgomareobaze.

kargi komunikaciis unari Cveni warmatebis mTavari garantiaa. Tu

warmatebuli urTierTobis strategiebs aviTvisebT, Cven SevZlebT:

mivaRwioT urTierTgagebas kolegebTan, efeqtianad movemsaxuroT

klientebs, mivaRwioT sasurvel Sedegs molaparakebis procesSi;

advilad davarwmunoT sxvebi Cveni azris sisworeSi;

gamoxatulebaTa umniSvnelo cvlilebebis aRqmas movaxerxebT, amiT

SevZlebT, mis Sinagan mdgomareobas CavwvdeT.

Aadamianebis umetesobas naklebi informacia aqvs araverbaluri

komunikaciis Sesaxeb, Tumca mas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

urTierTobis procesSi. araverbalur komunikacias aseve “sxeulis enas”

uwodeben; is moicavs Jestebs, sxeulis moZraobas, saxis gamometyvelebas,

pirovnul sivrces, Cacmulobas.

Aaraverbaluri maniSneblebis zusti intepretacia da gageba

gvexmareba komunikaciis damyarebasa da adamianebis ukeT gagebaSi, Tumca

unda gvaxsovdes, rom zog araverbalur niSans SeiZleba gansxvavebuli,

an ramdenime intepretacia hqondes, rac maT zust gagebas arTulebs.

sxeulis eniT gadaicema grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi, maSin roca

verbaluri komunikaciiT gadaicema sityvebi da mosazrebebi. xSirad

emociebisa da ganwyobis gageba ufro mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis,

44

vidre sityvebisa da mosazrebebis; naTqvamis arsi marto is ki ar aris,

ras vambobT, aramed rogor vambobT; sxvebis reaqcia Cvendami xSirad

araverbalur niSnebze pasuxia da ara verbalurze.

Aaraverbalur maniSneblebs umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs

interpersonalur komunikaciaSi; dadgenilia, rom adamianTa

urTierTobisas komunikaciis 90% gamosaxvis araverbaluri saSualebebiT

(xmiT, gamometyvelebiTa da sxeulis moZraobiT) xdeba da saSualod

mxolod 10% (7-11%) gadaicema verbaluris daxmarebiT (Adelman, Levine 1993:

45).

arsebobs ramdenime principi, rac kargad gamoxatavs araverbaluri

komunikaciis arss:

araverbaluri informacia yovelTvis gadaicema, mosaubris

survilis miuxedavad, maSinac ki, rodesac verbaluri komunikacia

wydeba, anu, wyaro wyvets informaciis miwodebas; sxeulis poza,

Cacmuloba, saxis gamometyveleba, arasruli CamonaTvalia im

araverbaluri niSnebisa, romelTa daxmarebiT mudmivad viRebT

informacias mosaubris damokidebulebebis, ganwyobis, emociis

Sesaxeb;

araverbaluri komunikaciiT saukeTesod gamoixateba emociebi,

damokidebuleba, mimarTuleba, rac xSirad Znelad gamoiTqmis

sityvebiT;

araverbaluri komunikacia ufro sandod da gulwrfelad aris

miCneuli, vidre verbaluri, radgan araverbaluri niSnebis

gakontroleba ufro Znelia, vidre sityvebis; Tu maT Soris

Seusabamobaa, adamianebi ufro metad araverbalur informacias

endobian; albaT Zneli iqneba msmenelisaTvis imis dajereba, rom

saubris Tema Zalian sainteresoa, Tu Tavad prezentators

prezentaciis Catarebisas eZineba.

araverbaluri komunikacia ufro adreulia, vidre verbaluri;

adamianebi metyvelebis dawyebamde urTierTobisaTvis araverbalur

komunikacias iyenebdnen; aseve bavSvebi, ganviTarebis procesSi jes

araverbalur komunikacias swavloben Semdeg ki _ verbalurs.

45

adamianebTan komunikaciisas saWiroa vicnobdeT sxeulis enas, raTa:

wavikiTxoT Cveni mosaubris araverbaluri komunikacia, anu gvesmodes

sxeulis ena (Jestebi, mimika, sivrcis aTviseba, metyvelebis

Semadgeneli maxasiaTeblebi _ xmis tempri, simaRle, siswrafe da sxva)

da amiT gavigoT mosaubris mdgomareoba.

davakvirdeT sakuTari aracnobieris aseTive gamovlinebas da

organizeba gavukeToT maT, cnobierad vmarToT.

sxeulis enis kontroli Zalian mniSvnelovania prezentaciis

Catarebis dros.

Aadamianis araverbaluri qceva misi fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa

ganpirobebuli. swored amiT aixsneba pirovnebis Sinagani samyaro, misi

individualuri da socialuri Tvisebebi. Secvlili viTarebidan

gamomdinare adamiani axal verbalur qcevas gacilebiT advilad da

swrafad iTvisebs (anu sxvagvarad metyvelebs). verbalurisgan

gansxvavebiT araverbaluri komunikacia (sxeulis ena) ki naklebad

plastikuri da moqnilia. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, TiTqos

araverbaluri saSualebebi naklebad mniSvnelovania, magram realurad es

ase ar aris. Tu informaciis am or wyaros_ verbalur da araverbalur

saSualebebs Soris winaaRmdegoba warmoiSoba, e.i adamiani erTs ambobs,

mis saxeze ki meore ikiTxeba, maSin met ndobas araverbaluri informacia

imsaxurebs.

araverbaluri da verbaluri komunikaciis elementebi SeiZleba

avsebdnen, an cvlidnen erTmaneTs. am urTierTobaTa ramdenime varianti

arsebobs (Почепцов 1998:319). komunikaciis verbalur da araverbalur

aspeqtTa Semdeg Sesabamisobebs vxvdebiT:

I. araverbaluri komunikacia SeiZleba avsebdes verbalur

komunikacias. magaliTad, Tu Cven viRimebiT da vambobT salami, rogoraa

saqmeebi? maSin es ori moqmedeba, Rimili da misalmeba erTmaneTs avsebs.

damateba gulisxmobs, rom araverbaluri elementebi ufro mxatvruls

xdis metyvelebas, azusteben da ganmartaven maT. magaliTisTvis: misis

silsberni gakvirvebiT momaSterda da mkiTxa _ isic monawileobda Tqvens

gadacemaSi? (selinjeri 2011:162). Aanu sityvebi gakvirvebiT momaSterda

avsebs verbalur Setyobinebas da amavdroulad aZlierebs mas.

46

saanalizod moviyvanoT qarTuli magaliTic, levani da bondo

radiokomitetis SenobaSi Sevidnen, levanma bondos sTxova rom erT

CanawerSi sityva dakarga da mas AaRedgina.

_ visi Canaweria, batono levan? hkiTxa bondom liftSi, levanma

damnaSavesaviT daxara Tavi.

_ uCa argveTelis!

_ rao?! Ara batono levan, ara... ar gewyinoT da... magden Tavxedobas

ver Caviden, _ xelebi gaasavsava axalgazrda msaxiobma (yifiani 2010:277).

kinesikuri paralingvizmi „xelebis gasavsaveba“, rac pirdapir da

naTlad miuTiTebs uaris Tqmaze, avsebs verbalur Setyobinebas.

moviyvanoT kidev erTi qarTuli magaliTi: Tazom jibeSi xurda

gaiCxriala da iqve gastronomSi Sevida, Cvenc SevyeviT, or-ori „prima“

viyideT yoveli SemTxvevisTvis.

_ Cven, Cvenc gviyide rame?

_ ra ginda melita? _ vkiTxe me.

_ Sokoladi an...

_ Senc nia?...

niam Tavi damiqnia... axlave

gastronomSi tkbileulobis daxli calke iyo gamoyofili, magram

noqari arsad Canda.

_ romeli ginda?

_ai, is _Tarosken miuTiTa xeliT melitam.

Tavis daqneviT gamoixateba Tanxmoba, xolo verbalur Setyobinebas

“ai is“ avsebs araverbaluri maxasiaTebeli xeliT miTiTeba (yifiani

2010:231).

Rimili megobarTan Sexvedrisas enobriv Setyobinebas avsebs.

metyveleba ufro gasagebia, Tuki mas Tan axlavs Jestebi. magaliTad, Tu

yuradRebis miqceva gvinda raime informaciis gadasacemad, SegviZlia

maRla avswioT saCvenebeli TiTi.

II. araverbaluri qcevebi SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes verbalur

Setyobinebebs. Tu TvalebSi ar ucqeriT mosaubres da eubnebiT, rom

sasiamovnoa maTTan saubari, maSin aseTi araverbaluri moqmedeba

ewinaaRmdegeba Tqvens pozitiur verbalur Setyobinebas. uaryofa,

47

ugulebelyofa gulisxbobs, rom araverbaluri informacia

ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis sityvebs. Tu ambobT, rom gixariaT vinmes naxva

da Tan iWmuxnebiT, laparakobT civad da mSralad, Tqveni mosaubre

albaT daeWvdeba Tqvens gulwrfelobaSi. Tu magaliTad, banqos TamaSis

dros moTamaSe eweva sigarets da Tan am dros mas mouva kargi banqo, is

sigaretis kvamls zemoT uSvebs, cudi banqos mosvlis SemTxvevaSi ki

piriqiT, kvamls dabla uSvebs. bevrma kargma moTamaSem TamaSTan erTad

iswavla is fandebi, riTac SeuZlia Tavis “dacva”. maT SeuZliaT

kontroli gauwion sxeuls, romelsac SeuZlia maTi gacema. zogi

msaxiobur niWsac ki iCens. isini “cru” moZraobebs sCadian, sxeulis

daZabuli moZraobebiT cdiloben daarwmunon sxva moTamaSeebi imaSi, rom

TiTqos cudi banqo mouvidaT, rom TamaSs agebs. agreTve Tuki moTamaSes

mouvida oTxi tuzi, magram unda moatyuos sxva moTamaSeebi, aseT

SemTxvevaSi igi tuCs moikvnets an karts Zlier daanarcxebs magidaze,

gadawveba da Tavs gaiqnevs, magram amis Semdeg moTamaSes SeuZlia moswios

sigareti da kvamli maRla (WerSi) gauSvas. dakvirvebebma cxadyo, rom

kargi banqos mosvlisasas- sigaretis kvamls zeviT uSveben, cudi kartis

mosvlis SemTxvevaSi ki qveviT (Пиз 2006:89) am magaliTidan SeiZleba

gavigoT, rom aris situaciebi, rodesac verbaluri da araverbaluri

qmedebebi erTmaneTs ar eTanxmeba.

ganvixiloTNnawyveti stiven kingis moTxrobidan „korporacia nu

moswevT“,

_ isev „kregeri da baertonis“ firmaSi muSaob?

_ me iq axla pirveli vice-prezidenti var.

_ai, es mesmis! Ggilocav! rodis dagniSnes?

morisonma scada Tavi daerwmunebina, rom gulZmarva Surisgan ki ar

hqonda, aramed momatebuli mJavianobisgan. Mman abebi amoiRo, erTi cali

pirSi Caido da daReWa (kingi 2011:48-49).

moviyvanoT magaliTi yifianis moTxroba „mwvane fardidan“,

moqmedeba viTardeba studiaSi, mama Svili levani da gizo eZeben firis

naglejs, sadac cnobili msaxiobis - uCa arTveliZis xmaa Cawerili, didi

xnis Zebnis Sedegad firs mainc ver pouloben.

48

_ mama, Tqva gizom _ iqneb TviTon arc uTqvams is sityva? Aanda,

iqneb mikrofoni CarTe gvian da...

_ yvelaferi rigze iyo, _ xeli Caiqnia levanma (yifiani 2010:260-261).

TiTqos levans Tavisi pasuxis gacemiT - „yvelaferi rigze iyoo“ ar

undoda SvilisTvis mRelvareba eCvenebina, magram xelis CaqneviT,

romelic gaucnobiereblad gaakeTa, aCvena, rom is Relavda, rom ukve

azri aRarafers hqonda.

auRelveblad melaparakeboda, cremlebi ki cvioda TavisTavad

(yifiani 2010:191). am konkretul SemTxvevaSi verbalur Setyobinebas

ewinaaRmdegeba araverbaluri qmedeba.

araverbaluri Cvevebis Seucnobeli, gauazrebeli gamoyenebiT,

romelic cudadaa marTuli azrovnebis mier, SeiZleba sruliad uarvyoT

naTqvami. Tuki adamians sakuTari araverbaluri qmedebebis gakontroleba

SeeZleba, maSin igi qvecnobieris marTvasac SeZlebs.

III. araverbaluri qcevebi SeiZleba cvlides verbalur

Setyobinebebs: bavSvma SeiZleba migviTiTos saTamaSoze nacvlad imisa,

rom Tqvas: es saTamaSo minda. es niSnavs, rom araverbalurma qcevam

SeiZleba Caanacvlos verbaluri qceva. Tqven SegiZliaT xmaurian

auditoriaSi JestiT aCvenoT axlobels, rom gindaT gamovides da

dagelaparakos. maRaziaSi SeiZleba miuTiToT gamyidvels im saganze,

romelic gainteresebs. aviRoTNnawyveti j. londonis moTxrobidan

„alisferi Wiri“:

mama meubneboda, rom Seni coli santa-rosas tomidan iyo da

araviTari didgvarovani. Ees mamamisma uambo, sanam mokvdeboda. is

ambobda, rom wiTel Wiramde igi mimtani iyo sasadiloSi, Tumca me ar

vici, es ra aris. Sen ici, edvin?

Eedvinma uaryofis niSnad Tavi gaaqnia“ (londoni 2011:41). ATavis

gaqnevis Jesti uaryofis maCvenebelia, am konkretul magaliTSi

araverbaluri niSniT mkafiod gamoixateba uaryofa da Sesabamisad

mocemul situaciaSi sruliad zedmetia verbalurad azris gamoxatva.

IV. araverbaluri qcevebi verbaluri komunikaciis maregulirebeli

elementi SeiZleba iyos: saubrisas xSirad gamoiyeneba Jestebi, pozis

cvlileba, Sexeba. magaliTad, Tavis daqnevis gamoxatvis, intonaciis

49

mixedviT SeiZleba mivxvdeT, rom movida Cveni saubris rigi (mag: yvela

Tanamosaubrem Semogvxeda). regulireba warmoadgens adamianTa Soris

urTierTqmedebis koordinacias. saubris Temis mxardasaWerad xSirad

gamoiyeneben sityvebis Semcvlel niSnebs: Jestebs, pozis Secvlas,

raRacaze an viRacaze Sexeba da sxva. magaliTad, Tavis daqneviT,

SexedviT, intonaciiT da sxeulis gadaxriT Cven SeiZleba mivxvdeT, rom

dadga Cveni saubarSi CarTvis dro.

magaliTisTvis _ da modi am ucnauri sityvebis gareSe, - ganagrZo

kurdRlistuCam. _ garkveviT ilaparake papa, rogor yvela santa-rosa

laparakobs.

moxucs aSkarad esiamovna es Txovna. Mman Caaxvela da

daiwyo...…(londoni 2011:58).

moviyvanoT kidev erTi magaliTi spasalarma nela daaxvela, amiT

undoda Seexsenebina fiqriT mocul giorgisaTvis: rad mixmeo weRan?

(gamsaxurdia 1979:136).

araverbaluri qmedeba SesaZlebelia imeorebdes verbalur

Setyobinebas: Txovna, xmadabla isaubron, da saCvenebeli TiTis tuCebTan

mitana.

adamianebi araverbalur urTierTobebs mimarTaven imisaTvis, rom

zustad da gasagebad gadmoscen TavianTi azrebi, grZnobebi, emociebi. es

saerToa yvela kulturisaTvis, Tumca sxvadasxva kulturisaTvis

sxvadasxva mniSvnelobaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, sxvadasxva kulturis

warmomadgenelTa urTierTobisaTvis aucilebelia urTierTobaTa im

araverbaluri formebis codna da gageba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia

mocemuli kulturisaTvis.

eWvs ar iwvevs isic, rom sityvebis daxmarebiT sxvadasxva

informacias vRebulobT, maT Soris iseTsac, romelic mosaubris

kulturaze migviTiTebs. amave dros informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras

warmoadgens es adamiani, Cven vgebulobT mimikiT, JestebiT, intonaciiT.

mimikis, Jestebis, pozebis saSualebiT adamianis sulieri energia

gamoixateba, moZraobani, simptomebi (gafiTreba an saxeze gawiTleba) iman

visac unda kargad Seiswavlos Tavisi partnioris xasiaTi, kargad unda

50

ocodes misi grZnobebis gamoxatvis sxvadasxva saSualeba, SeZlos maTi

adekvaturi Sefaseba.

urTierTobis sxvadasxva xerxis buneba da formebi saSualebas

gvaZlevs visaubroT verbaluri da araverbaluri komunikaciebis arsebiT

gansxvavebaze. araverbaluri urTierTobani yovelTvis socialuria, maTi

saSualebiT SeiZleba gavigoT komunikaciis monawileTa axlandeli

mdgomareoba, magram ver SevZlebT gavigoT sxvagan momxdari movlenebis

Sesaxeb.

araverbaluri cnobebi sinTezuria. Znelia maTi diferencireba.

komunikaciis verbaluri elementebi (sityva, winadadeba, fraza)

erTmaneTisagan mkafiodaa gamijnuli.

gansxvavebulia verbaluri cnebebi. Tuki adamianebs surT damalon

TavianTi ganzraxvebi, maT SeuZliaT kontroli gauwion sakuTar

metyvelebas, magram araverbaluri qcevebi praqtikulad kontrols ar

eqvemdebareba, amitom xSirad komunikaciis praqtikaSi xSiria Secdomebi,

romlebic gamowveulia mxolod araverbaluri moqmedebebiT. magaliTad,

erT-erTma partniorma saubrisas cxviri moiqeqa, es rom SeamCnia meore

partniorma, daaskvna, rom mosaubre tyuis, Tumca pirvels marTlac

eqaveboda cxviri.

mecnieri albert mehrabiani miiCnevs, rom araverbalur enas

adamianebi, rogorc wesi, advilad iTviseben bunebriv pirobebSi

dakvirvebebis, kopirebis mibaZvis saSualebiT. bavSvebs ki saubars

specialurad aswavlian. amas yuradRebas aqcevs ojaxi da socialuri

institutebi (Пиз 2006: 45). magaliTad, roca Cven vamCnevT adamianis, Cveni

mosaubris aragulwrfelobas, ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT Cvensave intuicias,

vsaubrobT meeqvse grZnobaze. sinamdvileSi mosaubris gamocnobaSi Cven

gvexmareba yuradReba, xSirad Seucnoblad mcire araverbaluri niSnebiT

vamCnevT, vkiTxulobT, sityvaTa Seusabamobas vxvdebiT.

amrigad, araverbaluri komunikacia mravalganzomilebiani,

mravalferovani, verbaluris paraleluri procesia, romelic ZiriTadad

qvecnobierad mimdinareobs.

araverbaluri komunikaciis zogierT normebs zogadi erovnuli an

eTnikuri buneba aqvT: evropaSi misalmebisas xels arTmeven, xolo

51

indoeTSi misalmebisas orive xels mkerdTan miitanen da odnav ixrebian.

sxva viwro profesiul sferoSi miRebulia signalebi, romliTac

urTierToben wyalmaSvelebi da myvinTavebi.

araverbaluri komunikaciis ormagi buneba universaluria, yvela

niSani gasagebi specifikuri signalebis arsebobiT aixsneba, romelic

mxolod erTi kulturisTvisaa gasagebi.

araverbaluri komunikaciis ganzraxuli niSnebis safuZvelze

araverbaluri komunikaciis mkvlevari, alan pizi gamoyofs verbaluri

saSualebebis sam tips:

1. fiziologiur reaqciaze dafuZnebuli qceviTi niSnebi: gafiTreba

an gawiTleba; mRelvarebis gamo oflis gamoyofa, sicivis an SiSisagan

kankali da sxva.

magaliTad ucnobma erTi nabiji gadmodga, qudi moixada, raTa saxe

gamoeCina da hkiTxa:

_ ver mcnobT?

don Juanma igi didi yuradRebiT aaTvaliera, magram ver icno.

_ gaxsovT Tu ara berg opzoomis alya? _ hkiTxa ucnobma. _ nuTu

dagaviwydaT jariskaci, romelsac modestos eZaxdnen?

don juani JrJolam aitana (merime 2011:81-82).

moviyvanoT kidev erTi nawyveti imave moTxrobidan SemaWirvebeli

pasuxis Tavidan asacileblad don juanma sabralo qals urcxvi werili

gadasca. man saCqarod gadaavlo Tvali, magram pirvelad veraferi gaigo,

xelaxla gadaikiTxa da Tvalebs ar daujera. don juani yuradRebiT

ucqeroda. xedavda, rogor iwmendda qali ofls Sublze, rogor

ifSvnetda Tvalebs: tuCebi uTrToda, saxe gafiTrebuli hqonda

micvalebuliviT (merime 2011:50).

„JrJolam aitana, oflis mowmenda, Tvalebis fSvneta, tuCebis

TrTola, saxis gafiTreba“ yvela es moqmedeba qceviTi fiziologiuri

niSnebia, romelTa kontroli SeuZlebelia.

2. winaswar ganuzraxveli niSnebi, romelTa gamoyeneba adamianis

CvevebTan (maT TviTadaptorebs eZaxian) cxviris moqeqva, fexis umizezod

qaneba, tuCis mokvneta da sxva.

52

3. gansakuTrebuli komunikaciuri niSnebi: signalebi, romlebic

gvawvdian informacias obieqtis Sesaxeb, aseve movlenebi an

mdgomareobebi (Гойхман 2005:191).

amrigad, komunikaciaSi araverbaluri saSualebebi spontanurad

gamoiyeneba. es gamowveulia rogorc centraluri nervuli sistemis

rogorc dabali, aseve umaRlesi maCveneblebiT, romlebic pasuxs ageben

komunikaciaze. ra Tqma unda, raRac xarisxSi araverbaluri elementebi

kontrols eqvemdebareba, magram mxolod Zalian Zlieri TviTkontrolis

SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba moxdes informaciis “gaJonva”.

53

Tavi II

Aaraverbaluri komunikaciis kulturaTSorisi aspeqtebi

sityvieri urTierToba saubris 35%-s moicavs, xolo informaciis

65%-is gadacema araverbaluri saSualebebis daxmarebiT xdeba. albert

meifrabianma (Пиз 2006:9) daadgina, rom verbaluri saSualebebiT

gadaicema informaciis 7%, bgeriTi saSualebebiT – (xmis tonisa da

bgeris intonaciis CaTvliT) 38%, araverbaluriT 55%. profesorma

berdvilsma (Пиз 2006:10) Caatara analogiuri samuSao adamianTa

urTierTobebSi araverbaluri saSualebebis xvedriTi wilis Sesaxeb. man

daadgina, rom adamiani dRis ganmavlobaSi sityvebiT 10-11 wuTs

laparakobs, rom TiToeuli winadadeba 2,5 wamze didxans ar JRers.

rogorc meifrabianma, manac aRmoaCina, rom sityvieri urTierToba

saubris 35%-s moicavs, xolo informaciis 65% gadaicema araverbaluri

saSualebebiT. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs azrs, rom verbaluri

arxi gamoiyeneba informaciis gadacemisaTvis, maSin roca araverbaluri

arxi pirovnebaTa urTierTobis „ganxilvisas“ gamoiyeneba, xolo zogierT

SemTxvevaSi sityvieri Setyobinebis nacvlad ixmareba (Ekman, Friesen 1969:4).

mag: qals SeuZlia qmars „momakvdinebeli“ mzera esrolos, da amiT igi

SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas da amisTvis mas sityvis

Tqmac ar sWirdeba.

araverbaluri komunikacia ufro sandod da gulwrfelad aris

miCneuli, vidre verbaluri, radgan araverbaluri niSnebis gakontroleba

ufro Znelia, vidre sityvebis; Tu maT Soris Seusabamobaa, maSin

adamianebi ufro metad araverbalur informacias endobian. Aamis

dasturad moviyvanoT nawyveti ,,didostatis marjvenidan“:

mefe dinjad ijda mSvlis bewvis unagirze da Sescqeroda mamamzis

irmisisfer Tvalebs. Mmis mudaraSi imdeni siwrfele da mamaSviluri

ruduneba ismoda, gaocda giorgi.

Zveli mamamze moagonda, Sirimnis fanaskertis da nialis omebSi

TanamebrZoli. Bbagrat kurapalatis uerTgulesi yma da misive siyrmis

megobari.

exla ki eWvi Seepara giorgis egeb styuodnen mstovrebi, mamamze

ubralo iyoso kolonkeliZisa da Wiaberis mier atexil amboxSi.

54

cxenidan ar Camovida da gadawyvita im wuTSive daemartoxelebina

mamamze, Zmurad, mamaSvilurad gasaubreboda, gamoekiTxa Wiaberis

gandgomis mizezi.

Semdgom amisa, saxis gamometyvelebiT, an xmis niriT gamoarkvevda

mefe, Tu ra wili edo Tavad mamamzes am saqmeSi (gamsaxurdia 1976:22).

Aaqedan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom adamianebi

urTierTobis sworad warmarTvisaTvis araverbalur komunikacias ufro

endobian, radganac sityvebiT „TamaSi“ SeiZleba, xolo araverbaluri

niSnebis gakontroleba SeuZlebelia.

araverbaluri komunikaciis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa is, rom

igi xorcieldeba grZnobis yvela organos meSveobiT: mxedvelobis, smenis,

SegrZnebis, gemos, ynosvis, romelnic komunikaciis sakuTar arxs qmnian.

araverbaluri komunikaciis elementebia: kinesika, taqtiluri

moqmedeba, sensorika, proqsemika, qronemika. Yyvelaferi es qvemoT

cxrilis saxiT aris mocemuli (Burgoon 1994: 229).

kinesika sxeulis moZraobebi, (saxis

alewva, mxrebis aCeCva, Tvalis

moZraoba fexis moZraoba, TiTebis

bartyuni)

proqsemika dayofa sivrcis mixedviT (fizikur da

socialur garemosTan mimarTebaSi)

taqtiluri moqmedeba Sexeba

okulistika mxedvelobiTi kontaqti

qronemika drois gamoyeneba, lodini, pauzis

gakeTeba

sernsorika ynosva

vokaliqsi xmis toni, tembri, moculoba,siCqare

xmis simboloebi butbuti, mmm, er, ah, uh, huh, luRluRi

siCume xmis nakleboba: mdumareba, simSvide,

idumaleba

mokazmuloba Cacmuloba, samkaulebi, Tmis

55

varcxniloba

poza sxeulis pozicia (realuri an

moCvenebiTi maxasiaTeblebi)

moZraoba siaruli, sirbili, barbaci, koWlobiT

siaruli

gamometyveleba warbSekruli, damanWuli, Tavmomwone,

gaRimebuli, gabutuli.

sxvadasxva avtori araverbaluri komunikaciis struqturirebis

gansxvavebul models gvTavazobs. profesori adam blatneri, amerikel

fsiqiatrTa asociaciis wevri, msoflioSi aRiarebuli specialisti

fsiqodramebisa da roluri TamaSebis sferoSi, Semdegnair dayofas

gvTavazobs:

pirovnuli sivrce;

sxeulis poza;

Jestikulacia xelebiT;

TvalebiT kontaqti;

paraena (xmovani komunikaciis „araleqsikuri“ nawili intonacia,

intensivoba, toni, simaRle, saubris tempi, pauzebi);

Sexeba;

garegnoba (tansacmeli, makiaJi, aqsesuarebi);

sivrceSi dakavebuli pozicia (magaliTad, mosaubris mimarT);

saxis gamometyveleba;

siarulis, moZraobis manera;

fiziologiuri reaqciebi (gawiTleba, ofli, kankali, nestoebis

daberva, cremlebi, nikapis caxcaxi, wamwamebis xamxami, gafiTreba,

nerwyvis ylapva, mZime sunTqva);

ganvixiloT zogierTi es kategoriaTagani ufro vrclad.

proqsemika es komunikaciis sivrcobrivi damokidebulebaa. mocemuli

termini SemoRebulia amerikel anTropologis-e. holis mier, sivrcobrivi

komunikaciis organizaciuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis, agreTve teritoriuli

56

gavlenisaTvis, xalxTa Soris manZilisa da distanciisaTvis, pirovnuli

urTierTobisaTvis. specialurma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom isini

arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kulturaSi da ganekuTvnebian

komunikacias (Hhall 1997:271)

yoveli adamiani Tvlis, rom sivrcis gansazRvruli moculoba aris

misi sakuTreba da am sivrcis darRveva ganixileba, rogorc mis Sinagan

samyaroSi SeWra, rogorc aramegobruli qceva, amitomac adamianTa

urTierToba yovelTvis myardeba gansazRrul manZilze da es manZili

gviCvenebs xasiaTsa da xalxTaSoris damokidebulebas. yoveli adamiani

Segnebulad awesebs Tavisi piraduli sivrcis sazRvrebs.

ase, magaliTad, megobrebi yovelTvis dganan axlos erTimeoresTan,

vidre ucnobebi, amavdroulad adamianTa Soris distanciis Secvla

urTierTobisas ganekuTvneba komunikaciis procesis nawils. garda amisa,

partniorebis komunikacia damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa;

sqesi, romelime kulturis an subieqturi kulturis kuTvnileba da sxva.

e. holma Tavisi dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamoyo komunikaciis oTxi zona:

intimur-gancalkevebuli; piraduli manZili; socialuri distancia da

sajaro urTierTobis distancia.

ama Tu im kulturul sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebulia intimuri

zonis distanciebi. dasavleT evropelebis kulturaSi es distancia

daaxloebiT 60sm-ia; aRmosavleT evropis kulturaSi igi uswordeba

daaxloebiT 45sm-s; samxreT evropisa da xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebisaTvis

ki es aris manZili TiTebis dasasrulidan xelis idayvamde. partniorebi

am manZilze aramarto xedaven erTmaneTs, aramed kargad grZnoben

erTimeores, magram komunikaciis procesisaTvis ufro metad

mniSvnelovania piradi sicrce, es zona utoldeba 45-120sm. da masSi

xvdeba adamianTa didi nawili. aseT manZilze fizikurad kontaqti

aucilebeli ar aris. es optimaluri manZilia laparakisTvis.

komunikaciur proqsemikaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma, romlebic

evropis Svid qveyanaSi Catarda, gviCvena, rom ingliselebi piradi

urTierTobisas sargebloben didi sivrciT, vidre frangebi da

italielebi. frangebi da italielebi Tavis mxriv sargebloben didi

sivrciT, vidre irlandielebi da Sotlandielebi. piradi zonis

57

sazRvrebis ucodinrobam kulturaTSorisi urTierTobisas SesaZloa

migviyvanos konfliqtamde. mag: laTinoamerikelebi Cveulebriv

urTierToben sakuTari zoniT, xolo Crdilo amerikelebi_intimuriT,

amitom pirvelebi meoreebs Tvlian TavSekavebulebad da civebad.

socialuri zona aris 1,2 metridan 3,6 metramde manZili. es

distancia gvikavia ucxo adamianebTan urTierTobisas (ofisSi Semosuli

klienti, saremonto samuSaoebis Casatareblad Semosuli teqnikuri

personali da a.S.).

mokled, es is manZilia, romelsac vicavT ucnob adamianebTan

urTierTobisas. socialuri zona esazRvreba piraduls da masSi, rogorc

wesi, xvdeba formaluri da samsaxureobrivi kontaqtebis didi nawili.

masSi xvdeba maswavlebelisa da moswavlis, ufrosisa da qveSevrdomis

urTierTobac. aq Zalian mniSvnelovania distanciuri urTierTobis

intimuri grZnoba, radganac socialuri zonis darRvevisas Seugneblad

warmoiSoba partnioris uaryofiTi reaqcia da fsiqologiuri

diskomforti, romelsac mivyavarT komunikaciis warumateblobamde.

intimuri zona 20-40 santimetrs warmoadgens. am zonas pirovneba

gansakuTrebiT ufrTxildeba da icavs; zonis „sazRvrebis gadalaxva“

nebadarTulia mxolod pirovnebasTan mWidro emociur siaxloveSi myofi

adamianebisTvis; Tumca am zonaSi arsebobs kidev erTi 15-santimetriani

diametris monakveTi, romelSic SeRweva mxolod fizikuri kontaqtis

meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.

piradi zona 40 santimetridan daaxloebiT, 1- 2 metramde manZilia.

es aris is distancia, romlis dacvac miRebulia oficialur

RonisZiebebze, wveulebebze, megobrebis Sexvedrisas.

sazogadoebrivi zona 3,6 metrze metia. aseTi manZili

mosaxerxebelia adamianebis did jgufTan saubrisas. rogorc wesi,

intimuri zona ori mizeziT irRveva: masSi an Zalian axlobeli adamiani

aRwevs, an is, visac mtruli ganzraxva amoZravebs. Tuki adamiani

SedarebiT iolad urigdeba pirad an socialur zonaSi ucxo adamianis

SemoWras, intimuri zonis gadalaxva masSi srul „sabrZolo mzaobas“

iwvevs: guliscema xSirdeba, sisxlSi imatebs adrenalini, romelic

Semdeg Tavis tvinisa da kunTebisken miimarTeba. yvelaferi es ki imas

58

niSnavs, rom Tu Cven megobrulad SevexebiT, an movexveviT axlad

gacnobil adamians, es masSi uaryofiT reaqcias gamoiwvevs, Tumca,

garegnulad, SesaZloa, man es arc gamoxatos, amitom Tu gvsurs, rom

sazogadoebaSi yofnisas CvenTan Tavi yvelam komfortulad igrZnos,

unda davicvaT distancia. axal samsaxurSi muSaobis dawyebisas SesaZloa

mogveCvenoT, rom kolegebi civad gvepyrobian. sinamdvileSi, maT,

ubralod, Cven mimarT socialuri zonis distancia ukaviaT; garkveuli

drois Semdeg, rodesac erTmaneTs ukeT gaicnobT, isini ufro „axlos“

migiSveben da pirad zonaSi moZraobis uflebas mogcemen. Tumca arsebobs

SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamianis zona misi socialuri mdgomareobiTaa

ganpirobebuli (magaliTad, kompaniis mmarTveli yovelTvis daicavs

socialur zonas qveSevrdomebTan urTierTobisas).

Qqronemika droiT sargeblobaa araverbaluri komunikaciis

procesSi. urTierTobisas dro iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc sityvebi,

Jestikulacia, distancia da sxva. drois aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi

gansxvavebulia. ase magaliTad, saerTo krebebi afrikul soflebSi iwyeba

mxolod mas Semdeg, roca Seikribeba soflis yvela macxovrebeli. Tu

amerikaSi sajaro Sexvedrisas dagvianeba saqmisadmi uinteresobis

maCvenebelia, laTino amerikaSi 45 wuTiT dagvianeba Cveulebrivi

movlenaa, amitom bizmesmenis Sexvedra aSs-sa da laTino amerikaSi

SeiZleba damTavrdes warumateblad, radgan ar gaviTvaliswinebT sxva

kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel drois sargeblobis specifikas.

qronemika agreTve swavlobs moZraobis ritmsa da drois angariSs

kulturaSi. ase magaliTad, didi qalaqis quCebSi unda viaroT swrafad,

vidre sofelSi. sxvadasxva kultura sargeblobs drois formaluri da

araformalur saxiT. araformaluri dro ganusazRvrelia ”ramdenime

xanSi”, “mogvianebiT” “dRis meore naxevarSi” da a.S. formaluri dro ki

piriqiT, iTvleba Zalian zustad: ”ori saaTisTvis,” “xval 5sT-ze”, da a.S.

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze xelisSemSleli

faqtoria, rodesac erTi mosaubre operirebs formaluri droiT, xolo

misi oponenti, sxva kulturis warmomadgeneli_araformaluriT. pirveli

midis Sexvedraze dRis ori saaTisTvis, xolo meore_daaxloebiT dRis

meore naxevarSi.

59

sensorika_warmoadgens araverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erT

elements, dafuZnebuls sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebis grZnobiT

aRqmaze. yvela sxva mxareeTan erTad araverbaluri komunikaciis

damokidebuleba partniorTan yalibdeba adamianis grZnobis organoebis

SegrZnebaze. imis miuxedavad, Tu rogor vgrZnobT suns, aRviqvamT gemos,

viRebT feradovan da xmovan wyobas, vgrZnobT Tanamosaubris sxeulis

siTbos, Cven vamyarebT urTierTobas masTan. adamianis grZnobiTi

organoebis es komunikaciuri funqciebi nebas gvaZlevs CavTvaloT isini

araverbaluri komunikaciis nawilad.

gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba urTierTobisas aqvs suns. es

Tavdapirvelad sxeulis suni da adamianis mier gamoyenebuli kosmetikaa.

Cven SeiZleba uari vTqvaT im adamianTan urTierTobaze, Tu CavTvliT,

rom mas specifikuri suni aqvs. igive sirTuleebi warmoCndeba

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciisas, suni, Cveulebrivi erTi kulturisaTvis

sxva kulturisTvis SeiZleba aRmoCndes miuRebeli. ase magaliTad, axali

gvineis maRalmTianeTis mcxovreblebi isufTaveben Tavs talaxiTa da

Roris qoniT da TiTqmis ar banaoben. albaT Zneli warmosadgenia

warmovidginoT, rom saWiroa aseT xalxTan urTierToba.

erovnuli samzareulos Tavisebureba damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva

xalxisTvis. tradiciuli samzareulos aromatic, romelsac ucxoelebi

Rebuloben, rogorc Cveulebrivs an miuRebelia mocemuli

kulturisaTvis, SesaZloa iyos sxvisTvis sruliad misaRebi an

Cveulebrivi. ase magaliTad, amerikelebis ojaxSi naxarSis suni, ar

warmoadgens araviTar usiamovno SegrZnebas, magram zogierTi

azielisTvis igi iseve autanelia, rogorc gaxrwnili Tevzis suni. rusebs

ki mouwevT sifrTxiliT gasinjon induri an indoneziuri samzareulo,

isini xom didi raodenobiT iyeneben specialur saneleblebs, induss ki

Cveni samzareulo Zalian umarilo moeCveneba.

yvela sensoruli moqmedeba erTdroulad qmnis ama Tu im kulturis

sensorul suraTs. niSans, romelsac Cvven vaZlevT am kulturas

damokidebulia ricxobriv Tanafardobaze, miRebuli da miuRebeli

sensoruli SegrZnebisas. Tu miRebuli SegrZneba metia, Cven kulturas

60

vafasebT dadebiTad, Tu negatiuri Warbobs, ufro ar mogvwons (Лабунская

1986:31).

sxvadasxva kulturis qcevis SedarebiTma Sepirispirebam saSualeba

mogvca dagvedgina, rom sxvadasxva kulturis xalxi urTierTobisas

sargeblobs TavianT TanamosaubresTan Sexebis sxvadasxvagvari saxiT.

Sexebis aseT saxes mecnierebi upirvelesad miakuTvneben xelis

CamorTmevas da a.S. rogorc dakvirvebebma cxadyo, rom procesma SeiZleba

SeiZinos sxvadasxvagvari xasiaTi da mimdinareobdes gansxvavebuli

efeqturobiT. Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli mecnieruli mimarTuleba,

romelic swavlobs Sexebis mniSvnelobasa da rols urTierTobisas,

romelsac ewoda “takesiki”.

Sexeba aucilebelia adamianTaTvis, raTa gaZlierdes an Sesustdes

urTierTobis procesi, magram Sexeba damokidebulia mTel rig

faqtorebze, romelTa Soris gacilebiT mniSvnelovania kultura, sqesi,

asaki, adamianis statusi da pirovnebis tipi. yovel kulturas gaaCnia

Sexebis Taviseburi wesebi, romlebis regulirdeba mocemuli kulturis

tradiciebiTa da adaT-wesebiT, ama Tu im sqesis adamianTa

urTierTqmedebiTa da kuTvnilebiT. sakmaod xSirad es damokidebulia im

rolze, romelsac TamaSobs Sesabamisi kulturis qali da kaci. zogierT

kulturaSi ikrZaleba kacis kacTan Sexeba, magram ar aris SezRuduli

qalis qalTan Sexeba. sxva kulturaSi ikrZaleba qalis mamakacTan Sexeba.

amis Sesabamisad arsebobs distanciuri da kontaqturi kulturebi.

kontaqtur kulturas miekuTvnebian laTinoamerikuli, aRmosavluri

kulturebi, aseve arabebi, ebraelebi, xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis

mcxovreblebi. germanelebi, ingliselebi da sxva. anglosaqsonebi

iSviaTad sargebloben Sexebis urTierTobiT. germanelebis, italielebis

da Crdiloamerikelebis taqtiluri qcevis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom

kontaqturi an distanciuri kulturis kuTvnileba damokidebulia

agreTve adamianis pirovnebasa da mis sqesze. mag: germaniasa da amerikaSi

mamakacebi urTierToben did manZilze da naklebad exebian erTimeores

italielebTan SedarebiT. maTgan gansxvavebiT italieli mamakacebi

dganan ufro axlos erTimeoresTan da exebian erTmaneTs gacilebiT

ufro xSirad, vidre italieli qalebi. garda amisa, rogorc aRmoCnda,

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italieli mamakacebi TavianT TanamosaubreebTan urTierToben im

araverbaluri saSualebebis daxmarebiT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia

mxolod germaneli da amerikeli qalebisTvis.

aziur kulturaSi mxrebze SexebiT aRniSnaven megobrobas, arabul

da zogierT aRmosavlur-evropul qveyanaSi, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi,

megobruli grZnoba gamoixateba Zlieri moxveviT. musulmanebs Soris

moxveva muslimanuri grZnobis gamoxatulebaa, magram taqtilur

komunikaciaSi aris akrZalvebi: aziur kulturaSi, magaliTad, ar

SeiZleba Tanamosaubris TavTan Sexeba, rac miRebulia, rogorc wyena,

amitom aziur kulturaSi maswavleblebi xSirad urtyamen moswavleebs

Tavze da isinic amas iReben, rogorc sasjels.

nebismieri Sexvedris da urTierTobisas aucilebel atributad

iTvleba xelis CamorTmeva. komunikaciaSi is SeiZleba iyos Zalian

informaciuli, gansakuTrebiT misi intensivobiTa da xangZlivobiT.

Zalian mokle, uxaliso xelis CamorTmeva Zalian mSrali xelebi,

mowmobaa gulgrilobisa. Amis sapirispirod, Zalian xangrZlivi xelis

CamorTmeva da zedmetad sveli xelebi migvaniSneben Zlier mRelvarebasa

da movaleobis maRal doneze, gagrZelebuli xelis CamorTmeva Tbil

SexedvasTan erTad keTilganwyobis demonstrirebaa.

xelisguli yovelTvis iwvevs CvenSi gulaxdilobis, patiosnebis,

erTgulebisa da ndobis asociacias. saukeTeso saSualeba, gaigo,

marTalia Tu ara Sen winaSe mdgomi adamiani, mis xelisgulebze

dakvirvebaa. rodesac igi mTlianad gulwrfelia, is Tqvenken erT an

orive xelisguls iSvers. gulaxdili saubrisas xelisgulebi mTlianad

an nawilobriv Riaa. isev da isev, es sruliad aracnobieri Jestia,

romelic gvkarnaxobs, rom Cveni mosaubre am momentSi srul simarTles

ambobs. rodesac adamiani raRacis damalvas cdilobs, is xelebs jibeebSi

iwyobs, an gulze gadaijvaredinebs. Catarda saintereso kvleva,

romelmac daadastura, rom adamianebis umravlesobas uWirs tyuilis

Tqma, rodesac maTi xelisgulebi Riaa. xelisgulis Jestis sami ZiriTadi

saxeoba arsebobs (Пиз 2006: 80-81). rodesac xelisgulebi mimarTulia

zeviT, rodesac xelisgulebi mimarTulia qveviT da gaSverili TiTis

(mimaTiTebeli) Jesti. davuSvaT, Tqven sTxovT adamians mZime yuTis oTaxis

62

erTi kuTxidan meoreSi gadatanas. yvela sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, pirveli

Jesti (anu zeviT aRmarTuli xelisgulebi) aris mimndobi,

keTilganwyobili, Jesti, romelic raime muqaras ar Seicavs. am Jestis

dros adamiani ar ganicdis zewolas sxvisi mxridan da sxvaTa naTqvams

aRiqvams, rogorc Txovnas. Tuki Tqveni xelisguli qvemoTaa mimarTuli,

Jesti maSinve mbrZaneblur elfers miiRebs; adamianSi is mtrul

ganwyobas iwvevs da Tqveni Txovna, SesaZloa, upasuxodac darCes. Dda

bolos, Tu mimarTvis dros Tqveni xeli muStadaa Sekruli, xolo

saCvenebeli TiTi gaSvebulia, es niSnavs, rom Tqven aiZulebT adamians,

dagemorCiloT. Tu TiTis gaSveriT saubris Cveva gaqvT, SeecadeT,

SecvaloT is Tundac Ria xelisgulebis JestiT da Tavad darwmundebiT,

rom adamianebTan urTierTobisas gacilebiT met warmatebas miaRwevT.

rac Seexeba xelis CamorTmevas, mecnierebi miiCneven, rom igi

pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebidan iRebs dasabams. Ria xelisgulis

CvenebiT pirvelyofili adamiani aniSnebda meores, rom SeuiaraRebelia.

dResdReobiT, rodesac adamians xels varTmevT, amas misalmebis an

damSvidobebis mizniT vakeTebT. Tumca, aqac arsebobs garkveuli

niuansebi. ganvixiloT xelis CamorTmevis tipebi (dolikaSvili...2008:49)

dominanturi:^xelisguli qvemoT aris mimarTuli. es Jesti ar

iZleva Tanabari partnioruli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. aseTi

Jesti Zalauflebis moyvarul adamians axasiaTebs: igi yovelTvis Tavad

aris xelis CamorTmevis iniciatori da am JestiT (qvemoT mimarTuli

xelisguliT) adamianebs imorCilebs.

uemocio, usicocxlo xelis CamorTmeva: Aamerikelebi aseT xelis

CamorTmevas xatovnad “mkvdar Tevzs” uwodeben. is adamianis sust da

unebisyofo xasiaTze mianiSnebs. Tavi aarideT aseT Jests, igi negatiur

asociaciebs iwvevs _ aravis surs, xeli “mkvdar Tevzs” mohkidos.

xelis CamorTmevisas mklavis bolomde gaSla: agresiul adamians

axasiaTebs. aseTi Jestis daniSnulebaa partniorisgan maqsimaluri

distanciis daWera da sakuTari pirovnuli sivrcis “xelSeuxeblobis”

dacva. es Jesti xSirad gvxvdeba provinciaSi gazrdil adamianebSi,

radgan maT ufro farTo pirovnuli sivrce axasiaTebT. xelis amgvarad

63

CamorTmevisas adamiani maqsimalurad win ixreba da SesaZloa cal fexzec

inarCunebdes wonasworobas.

xelis CamorTmeva TiTis wverebiT: sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebel

adamians axasiaTebs. aseTi Jestis mizanic partniorTan garkveuli

distanciis SenarCunebaa. aseT Jests xSirad mimarTaven infantiluri

qalebi, romlebsac surT mamakacTan distanciis SenarCunebis xazgasma.

xelis CamorTmevis iniciatori partnioris xels Tavisken eqaCeba.

aseTi adamiani Tavs komfortulad da mSvidad mxolod sakuTari

pirovnuli sivrcis farglebSi grZnobs da am JestiT cdilobs

partnioric am sivrceSi Semoiyvanos.

xelis CamorTmevisas orive xelis gamoyeneba: WeSmarit ndobasa da

wrfel grZnobebze metyvelebs. miaqcieT yuradReba marcxena xelis

mdgomareobas. marcxena xeli partnioris idayvze ufro meti grZnobis

gamomxatvelia, vidre rodesac is majazea moTavsebuli. amis msgavsad,

marcxena xeli partnioris mxarze ufro Rrma da gulwrfel grZnobas

niSnavs, vidre - Tu is wina mxarzea moTavsebuli. saerTod, adamianis

mxarze an idayvze xelis mokideba mxolod axlo naTesavebsa da

megobrebSia miRebuli.

xelebis Tavis ukan amodeba: es Jesti axasiaTebs Tavdajerebul,

upiratesobis grZnobiT Sepyrobil adamians, an adamians, romelsac

miaCnia, rom yvelaferi icis am qveyanaze. albaT amitomacaa, rom bevri

saSinlad Riziandeba am pozis danaxvisas. Tu amavdroulad, adamiani

fexs fexze debs (oTxianis msgavsad), maSin is, yvelaferTan erTad,

kamaTisa da diskusiis moyvarulia. aseT adamians, masTan urTierTobis

gasaTanabreblad SeecadeT, poza SeacvlevinoT. magaliTad, Tu raime

problemaze saubrobT, gaxsnili xelisgulebis gamoyenebiT sTxoveT,

komentari gaakeTos da misi naTqvamis mimarT interesi gamoxateT.

SegiZliaT, gaimeoroT misi pozac (rogorc wesi, pozis sarkisebri

asaxva adamianTan daTanxmebas niSnavs).

saCvenebeli TiTis daqneva adamianis daZaxebis mizniT - „modi aq“

Jesti. qarTul kulturaSi es yovlad uwyinari Jestia, Tumca, sakmaod

bevr kulturaSi is aRiqmeba, rogorc uzrdeluri, xolo zogan

ucenzuroc ki. axlo aRmosavleTSi, portugaliasa da espaneTSi, laTinur

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amerikaSi, iaponiaSi, indoneziasa da hong kongSi adamianis dasaZaxeblad,

umjobesia, dauqnioT mas yvela TiTiT an mTliani xeliT (am dros

xelisguli qvemoT unda iyos mimarTuli).

sxva adamianisken saCvenebeli TiTis gaSvera: es Jesti qarTul

realobaSi Tu ubralo uzrdelobad aRiqmeba, sxva mraval kulturaSi

saerTod miuRebelia. axlo da Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi am

miznisTvis iyeneben gaSlil xels, xolo indoneziaSi - cera TiTs.

iaponiaSi Zalian Seuracxmyofelia raime nivTis cali xeliT gadawodeba.

iseTi mcire ramec ki, rogoric fanqaria, aucileblad orive xeliT unda

miawodoT. aRmosavleTis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi marcxena xeliT

miwodeba dauSvebelia, radgan marcxena xeli „uwminduria“. mraval

situaciaSi sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenelTan kontaqtisas

yalibdeba warmodgena, TiTqos adamianebi arabunebrivad iqcevian. Tu

amerikeli, iseve rogorc qarTveli sakuTar Tavze laparakobs

saCvenebel TiTiT sakuTar mkerdze mianiSnebs, es ki iaponelebs ucnaur

Jestad miaCniaT, maSin roca, aseT SemTxvevasSi isini sakuTar cxvirs

exebian. Cinelebi dResac gaurbian ucnobebTan kontaqts, maTTvis magrad

xelis CamorTmeva iseve miuRebelia, rogorc evropelisTvis mxarze xelis

dartyma, rac niSnavs “janmrTelad iyavi” (Argyle 1991:45).

Aunda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis xelebi misi meore enaa, Tanac

iersaxesTan SedarebiT isini cnobier kontrols kidev ufro naklebad

eqvemdebareba, aqedan gamomdinare, xelebs SeuZlia iseTi informaciis

gamJRavneba, romelTa gamoaSkaraveba SesaZloa mocemul situaciaSi

sasurveli ar iyos. moviyvanoT nawyveti e. yifianis moTxrobidan, roca

levanTan misul radiokomitetis Tavjdomares, kotes ainteresebs Tu

rogor Caiara cnobil msaxiob uCa arTveliZis xmis Caweram, am dros ki

levans firfita dazianebuli aqvs, rasac mtkivneulad ganicdis, magram

amis Sesaxeb Tavjdomares arafers eubneba. isini saubroben.D

Kkote: _ Canaweri Tu moismina?

Llevani: _ SevTavaze da ise SeSfoTda...…ara, arao, xelebi gaasavsava.

Ggaurbis, eSinia, Tqva kotem _ grZnobs rom Zveleburi xma ar aqvs

da ar unda sabolood darwmundes.

65

Tqven xom ar moismendiT batono kote? _ uecrad wamoscda levans

da TavSi xelebi itaca; aseT dros Cveulebriv, unda SeeTavazebina

TavjdomarisTvis firis mosmena, magram sul aRar gaaaxsenda, rom...

(yifiani 2010:264).

anu “TavSi xelebis tacebam” mTlianad gamoamJRavna is informacia,

ris damalvasac levani ase saguldagulod cdilobda.

araverbaluri semiotikis erT-erT centralur dargs warmoadgens

kinesika. kinesika SegviZlia gavigoT, rogorc mecniereba adamianis

sxeulisa da misi nawilebis enis Seswavlis Sesaxeb. Aaraverbaluri

komunikaciisa da sxeulis enis Seswavlas yovelTvis didi interesi

eTmoboda kulturis istoriaSi. gansakuTrebiT xSirad araverbaluri

komunikacia da sxeulis ena mecnierebis iseTi dargebis sakvlev obieqts

warmoadgenda, rogoricaa, ritorika, medicina, fsiqologia, pedagogika,

xelovneba da fiziognomika. pirveli, vinc sistemuri xasiaTis kvleva

Caatara adamianis sxeulis moZraobis Seswavlis Sesaxeb, jon kasper

lavateri gaxldaT. swored man gamoaqveyna statia ”fiziognomikis

Sesaxeb” 1972 wels. pirvelma Caatara detaluri gamokvleva da aRwera

erTis mxriv, adamianis saxis gamometyvelebasa da sxeulis

konfiguraciebs Soris korelaciuroba da meores mxriv, adamianTa tipebi

da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani. lavateri adamianis fsiqikur

da fizikur niSnebs Soris pirdapir kavSirs xedavda. igi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas uTmobda saxis formisa da nakvTebis Seswavlas da Tvlida,

rom TiToeuli nakvTi metyvelebda pirovnebis xasiaTze, mis sulier da

fsiqikur mdgomareobaze. niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom adamianebi jer

kidev antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli eswrafodnen fiziognomikis

xelovnebis dauflebas. isini cdilobdnen fizikuri nakvTebidan

gamomdinare SeeswavlaT adamianis xasiaTi, magram aqve aRvniSnavT, rom

Zveli berZnebi adamianis konfiguraciebsa da ama Tu im cxovelisa Tu

frinvelis garegan agebulebas Soris avlebdnen paralels, poulobdnen

maT Soris garkveul msgavsebas da am monacemebze dayrdnobiT

konkretuli pirovnebis xasiaTis identifikacias axdendnen. maT

sjerodaT, rom adamiansa da ama Tu im cxovelsa Tu frinvels (romelsac

is waagavda), Soris garkveuli Tvisobrivi msgaveba iyo. magaliTad,

66

adamiani farTo da ovaluri saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli win wamoweuli

nakvTebiT, MmTlianobaSi cxenisebri saxiT loialuri, mamaci da mtkice

xasiaTis mqone pirovneba unda yofiliyo. arwivisebri cxviri

gambedaobaze da mxneobaze metyvelebda, mrgvali pirisaxis mqone adamiani

Tavdajerebul pirovnebad moiazreboda, xSiri, TaRisebri warbebi xazs

usvamda adamianSi gadamwyvetunarianobis Tvisebas, grZeli, wawvetebuli

nikapi mbrZanebluri xasiaTis mqone adamianze miuTiTebda da a.S.

dResdReobiT, eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom kinesikuri maxasiaTeblebi

Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel da arsebiT komponents

Seadgens.

kinesikur maxasiaTeblebSi vgulisxmobT Jestebs, saxis

gamometyvelebas (mimika), sxeulis pozas, moZraobas da manerebs.

vizualur efeqtebze saubrisas devid kristali wers, rom

“araverbaluri komunikaciis dargi, kinesika, SeiZleba ramdenime

komponentad davyoT: saxiTi gamometyveleba, kontaqti TvalebiT, Jesti da

sxeulis moZraoba. TiToeuli maTgani mraval funqcias asrulebs.

sxeulisa da saxis moZraobebis meSveobiT SegviZlia individualuri

piris pirovnuloba da misi emociuri mdgomareoba avxsnaT. magaliTad,

saxes SeuZlia mravalgvari emocia gadmogvces: SiSi, bedniereba,

sixaruli, sevda, gaoceba, interesi, brazi, siZulvili da mravali sxva.

Tumca maT umravlesobas universaluri xasiaTi ar aqvs, rac imas niSnavs,

rom maT gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvT sxvadasxva kulturisa da

qveynis enaSi” (Crystal 1987:402).

magaliTad, Tu qarTul, rusul, inglisur da sxva enebSi Tavis

daqneva dasturis niSania, bulgarul, berZnul da indur enebSi igi

uaryofas an uaris Tqmas niSnavs; an kidev, Soreuli aRmosavleTis

qveynebSi komunikaciis dros komunikantTa Tavdaxrili da

TvalebadaSvebuli mdgomareoba urTierTpatisviscemis niSania, maSin

roca amerikelebisaTvis iseve rogorc qarTvelebisTvis pirdapiri

kontaqti TvalebiT sakmaod miRebuli formaa, da ufro metic, Tuki

urTierTobis procesSi komunikantebi erTmaneTs ar uyureben TvalebSi,

es SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi undoblobisa da garkveuli diskomfortic

67

mohyves Sedegad komunikaciuri procesis monawileTa Soris. N

ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan “mwvane farda”

_ eCveneba, rom aRaraferi SeuZlia... rogorc ki rames gaakeTebs,

hgonia, mTeli sasicocxlo Zala daxarja da wveba, SeSdeba... marto Tavis

mimarT rom iyos eWviani, raRac eSveleboda magram sul TvalebSi rom

Semogcqeris? xom ar matyuebeno, xom ar damciniano... (yifiani 2010: 263).

yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakomunikacio saSualeba saxis

gamometyvelebaa. is umniSvnelovanesia emociebis gadasacemad. saxis

gamometyvelebaSi Sedis Rimili, TvalebiT kontaqti, mimikebi, emociebis

gamoxatvis mxriv, adamianis sxeulis yvelaze “maRalganviTarebuli”

nawili misi saxea (Scollon... 1983:79).

zogierTi adamianisTvis imdenad Cveulia esa Tu is emocia, rom misi

saxis kunTebi erTgvarad afiqsirebs am emocias. albaT, bevrjer

SexvedrixarT adamianebs, romelTa saxis gamometyvelebiT advilad

xvdebodiT maT xasiaTs: wuwunaa Tu pretenziuli, mudmivad ukmayofilo

Tu, piriqiT, keTilganwyobili da gulwrfeli. es imitom xdeba, rom

rodesac romelime konkretuli emociis (magaliTad, ukmayofilebis)

Sesabamisi mimika xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi da xSir-xSirad Cndeba

romelime adamianis saxeze, is kunTebi, romlebic am mimikaSi

monawileobs, hipertrofirdeba (zedmetad viTardeba da izrdeba); amdenad,

adamianis saxis formac icvleba da igi qronikulad “atarebs”

ukmayofilebis gamometyvelebas.

gavixsenoT nawyveti ,,didostatis marjvenidan”, sadac mwerali

Zalian kargad aRwers araverbaluri niSnebiT zviad spasalaris xasiaTs

da bunebas.

selze dajda pirbanjgvliani, moRuSuli mxedarTmTavari;

warbSeyrili da moRuSuli ijda zviad spasalari; spasalari yovelgvar

enamzeobas moklebuli iyo, ubralo saubaric Zlier uWirda bunebiT

mdumares. Llaparakis dros saxe eRrijeboda, cxviris nestoebi ebereboda,

muStebs iSveliebda uneblieT TiTqos eqadnebao; zviadma miaStera Tavis

didroni, moRuSuli Tvalebi; marad moRuSuli, Seyrili warbebi;

spasalaris SavadSeyrili warbebi.

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raRa Tqma unda, garda aseTi „qronikulisa“, arsebobs kidev Zalian

bevri ufro xanmokle, zogjer ki, wamieri gamometyveleba, romelic

xSirad pirovnebis survilisgan damoukideblad gaielvebs mis saxeze

(Cafiqreba, gaoceba, sevda, TavSekaveba, seqsualuri interesi, dabneuloba,

SiSi, SfoTva, muqara da a.S.).

mimika adamianis saxis gamometyvelebis Secvlas warmoadgens,

romelic saubris dros xdeba. igi araverbaluri komunikaciis umTavresi

elementia. partnioris saxe nebsiT Tu uneblieT Cvens yuradRebas iwvevs,

radganac misi saxis gamometyveleba saSualebas gvaZlevs gavigoT esmis

Tu ara partniors Cveni, swored saxis gamometyvelebiT, masze

dakvirvebiT SeiZleba adamianis WeSmariti zraxvebis amocnoba.

saanalizod kvlav moviyvanoT nawyveti ,,didostatis marjvenidan“, sadac

Zalian kargad aris gadmocemuli da aRwerili adaminTa saxis

gamometyveleba, maTi damokidebulebebi, personaJebis xasiaTebi

araverbaluri niSnebiT imdenad kargad aris gadmocemuli, rom damatebiT

verbalur Setyobinebas is ar saWiroebs.

kibis xarixaze fexi Sedga zviadma Tu ara, ezosmoZRvarma kvlav

gamohyo talanidan Tavi.

mobrZandiT, zviad batono, _ Semoegeba RimiliT stumars, marad

moRuSuli, Seyrili warbebi arc ki gauxsnia zviads, ise miugdo „mwuxri

mSvidobisa“ xucess da Ria karSi Seaswro anazdad.

sawoli darbazis kari Ria iyo. Sig Sesvlamdis Tvali mohkra

zviadma melqisedekis gafiTrebul saxes, uzarmazar baliSze mTlad

daleuls.

zviads iseTi dafanCvuli warbebi da grZeli wamwamebi hqonda,

mZinare egoneboda ucxos. Mmiuxedavad amisa, gaumxelel zraxvaTa

Secnobis didostatic iyo zviad spasalari.

roca misalmebani da urTierT mokiTxva moTavda, erTbaSad didi

uxerxuloba Seicno zviadma, amaod eZebda kaTalikosTan gasaubrebis

sagans, magram igi ar aRmoCnda anazdad.

ezosmoZRvari fexze idga, pirSi Sescicinebda spasalars, Tavisi

rCxia, cercvisferi TvalebiT eubneboda TiTqos: sTqvi barem, risTvis

mosulxar? sul erTia, uTqmeladac yovelive vicio.

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gaciebuli kameCiviT qSinavda Savwvera goliaTi mamai stefanoz,

asrutunebda bukiviT msxvilsa da meWeWian cxvirs, waramara xels isvamda

fafuk Ripamdis miRweul wverze.

Zlivs afaxulebda didron Tvalebs wvergaburZgvnili mitropoliti

raJdeni, TriaqiT mTvrals miugavda saxe, pirmokumuli ijda Txawvera

moxuci beri gaioz, cxvirmokle da yukveTili moxuci.

kaTalikosma wamuyo da ezosmoZRvari ciyviviT dayuncda selis

skamze. Mmis gamoxedvaSi cnaurdeboda is veluri sifxizle, mindvris

virTxas rom etyoba xolme, velis pirad axladgamosuls sorodan

(gamsaxurdia 1979:137-138).

adamianis saxe xom Zalian plastikuria da SeuZlia sxvadasxvanairi

gamometyveleba miiRos. iTvleba, rom saxis gamometyvelebaSi 55

komponenti monawileobs (Пиз 2006:10). yvelaze kargad gamokvleulia

Rimili. ase Cven SegviZlia gadmovceT sixaruli saCuqris miRebisas,

Tumca adamianuri emociebis gamovlenis sxvadasxva formas specifikuri

xasiaTi aqvT, magaliTad: sicili yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi asocirdeba

sixarulTan da xumrobasTan, iaponiaSi, sicili morcxvobisa da

aramdgradobis niSania, amitom zogjer gaugebrobas vawydebiT, roca

evropeli brazdeba, xolo iaponeli partniori morcxvad iRimis. Tu

evropelma ar icis iaponuri kulturis es Tavisebureba, igi ganrisxdeba,

radganac ifiqrebs, rom mas dascinian.

rogorc wesi, adamianebi met_naklebad cdiloben gaakontrolon

saxis gamometyveleba (mimika), magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

paralelurad mimdinare mravali araverbaluri signalidan adamians

SeuZlia erTdroulad mxolod ori an sami akontrolos, saTanado

codnisa da gamocdilebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia im grZnobebisa da

miswrafebebis amocnoba, romelTa damalvasac ase cdilobs Tqveni

mosaubre.

moviyvanoT magaliTi d. Sengelaias romanidan „baTa qeqia“:

daneliam Tvali Segvaswo, mixvda, ra cecxlic gvdagavda orives,

magram ara daumCnevia ra. wverze orTav xeli isev Tarsulad Camoisva da

Subli kuStad rom Seikra, Sevatyve, bunebaSi TavisTvis gaiangariSa

70

ukuRmarTi ram, mivxvdi, rom isev gamyida, magram mis asaval-dasavals ras

mivxvdebodi, ambavi isev gavnagrZe (Sengelaia 2010:104).

an kidev: rusikos avxede, idga da gamWoli, momlodine mzeriT

miyurebda. daZabuloba mxolod mokumul tuCebze etyoboda (SataiZe

2010:114).

saqmiani molaparakebebis dros saxis gamometyvelebis sakmaod

farTo diapazonze SegviZlia dakvirveba. mis erT-erT poluszea adamiani

_agresiulad da xistad ganwyobili _ romlisTvisac molaparakebebze

raRacis daTmoba sikvdilis tolfasia. aseTi adamiani, rogorc wesi,

pirdapir TvalebSi giyurebT, misi Tvalebi farTod gaxelili, tuCebi _

mokumuli, warbebi ki SeWmuxnilia; saubrisas is cris sityvebs, radgan

tuCebs TiTqmis ar amoZravebs. speqtris meore boloSia kargi manerebisa

da bavSvuri gamoxedvis mqone, Sublgaxsnili da odnav moRimari,

kontaqturi adamiani, romelic, savaraudod, fiqrobs, rom TanamSromloba

dinamikuri da moqnili procesia. adamianis emociebis siwrfeleze mimikis

simetriuloba metyvelebs; rac ufro metia siyalbe da sicrue, miT ufro

gansxvavdeba saxis marcxena da marjvena naxevrebis mimika. saerTod,

nebismieri gamometyveleba saxeze sakmaod xanmoklea da xSirad

SeumCneveli rCeba. misi daWerisa da amocnobisTvis specialuri varjiSi

da praqtikaa saWiro. amasTan, dadebiTi emociebi (sixaruli, bedniereba)

yovelTvis ufro iolad amocnobadia, vidre uaryofiTi (sircxvili,

damwuxreba, zizRi). gansakuTrebiT gamomxatveli da advilad misaxvedria

adamianis tuCebis moZraoba. bevrma icis, rom tuCebis mokvneta

mousvenrobasa da SfoTvaze metyvelebs, xolo cal mxares moRrecili

piri skeptikuri ganwyobis an dacinvis niSania.

Mmimikis palitraSi gamomxatvelia ara mxolod tuCebi, aramed

warbebic, Aamitom rodesac gvsurs gavigoT Tanamosaubris mdgomareoba,

aucilebelia maTze yuradRebis mipyroba.

Tanamosaubris mdgomareobis safuZvels Seadgens saxis reaqciis

eqvsi sistema, romlebic konkretulad gamoxataven gakvirvebas, SiSs,

mrisxanebas, zizRs, sixarulsa da mwuxarebas (aminovi 2009: 132). Mmokled

gavecnoT TiToeul maTgans.

71

Ggakvirveba _ es aris momentaluri reaqcia. igi yovelTvis

myisierad aRmocendeba. Tu aris dro imis gasaazreblad, ramac SeiZleba

gakvirveba gamoiwvios, gakvirveba saxeze ar fiqsirdeba.Ggakvirveba-

gaocebis stimulebia: obieqtis garegnoba, xma, suni, raimesTan Sexeba,

Setyobineba da a.S.

Ggakvirvebis reaqciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebebia: warbebi zeviTaa

aweuli, Sublze aris farTo naoWebi; Tvalebi farTod, modunebuladaa

gaxelili, feradi garsis zemoT Cans TeTri sklera; Sesabamisad, piri

gaRebulia, unda aRiniSnos, rom es kontrolirebadi reaqciebia. isini

SeiZleba adamianma Seikavos, magram miuxedavad amisa, rogorc wesi, mainc

gamovlindeba.

SiSi aris emocia, romelic aRmocendeba adamianisaTvis

gansakuTrebiT saSiSi raimes Wvretisas. Mmisi mizezi SeiZleba iyos

fizikuri tkivilis, raime arasasiamovno movlenis molodini, romelTa

Tavis aridebac am adamians ar SeuZlia.

SiSis reaqciis ZiriTadi gamovlinebebia: aweuli, daWimuli da

mokrunCxuli warbebi, mokle naoWebi Sublze; gaxelili Tvalebis zemoT

72

Cans TeTri skela, qveda quTuTo Zalze daWimulia, tuCebi gaxsnilia,

Zlierad daWimuli da ukan gaweuli. SiSis gamoxatva gakvirvebis

gamoxatvisagan gansxvavdeba oTxi momentiT:

Ggakvirvebis reaqciiis dros naoWebi gadis mTel Sublze,

SiSis reaqciis dros ki isini moklea da koncentrirdeba cxviris

fuZesTan;

Ggaxelili Tvalebi daZabulia;

gaRebuli piri uformod damaxinjebulia, tuCebi daZabuli;

gakvirveba wamieri reaqciaa, SiSi ki _ ufro xangZlivi.

zogjer SiSis emocia SeiZleba Seerwyas gakvirvebas. esExdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca mkveTri movlenebi moulodnelia da warmoiqmneba

momentalurad.

ama Tu im emociis TanmimdevrobaSi pirvelobis da mdgradobis

mixedviT SeiZleba msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli Warbobda: SiSi Tu

gakvirveba.

mrisxaneba (sibraze) _ warmoadgens fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fizikuri

muqaris an vinmesadmi fsiqologiuri an fizikuri zianis miyenebis

gamsazRvris Sedegs.Mmrisxanebisas adamians uwevs sisxlis wneva, ris

Sedegad uwiTldeba saxe, safeTqlebze _ yelze ebereba venebi, uxSirdeba

sunTqva, eWimeba kunTebi.

mrisxanebis ZiriTadi gamovlinebebia: warbebis SeWSmuxvna, maT

Soris warmoiqmneba vertikaluri nakecebi, warbebis gare kideebi aweulia,

Sublze ar aris horizontaluri naoWebi, Tvalebi moWutulia, tuCebi

daZabulad mokumuli, zogjer saxis damanWvisas SiSvldeba kbilebi.

mrisxanebis (sibrazis) makontrolebeli reaqciebi praqtikaSi

vlindeba ori saxiT. Mmrisxanebis pirveli saxesxvaobis gamovlenisas mis

indikators warmoadgens mxolod warbebi, saxe ki rCeba neitraluri. amas

SeiZleba adgili hqondes, roca Tanamosaubre:

ganicdis msubuq gaRizianebas;

wyvets raime rTul, amouxsnel problemas;

yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdens raimeze;

kritikulad afasebs sityvebs, saqmeebs, qcevebs;

73

cdilobs garSemomyofTa winaSe damalos Tavisi gabrazeba.

mrisxanebis meore saxesxvaobis gamovlinebas gvamcnobs:

warbebi da quTuToebi;

piri da quTuToebi.

es xdeba maSin, rodesac adamiani ismens raime Zalian grZel,

ganmeorebebiT savse, uintereso cnobebs.

zizRi warmoadgens reaqcias gemos, xmis, sunis, Sexebis SegrZnebaze.

Bbunebrivia, aseTi obieqtis zemoqmedeba da masze reaqciis gamovlineba

damokidebulia damkvirveblis kulturaze da situaciaze, romelSic is

imyofeba. zizRis ZiriTadi gamovlinebebia: Camoweuli warbebi; Sublze

naoWebis ararseboba, daxuruli, TiTqmis mTlad daxuWuli Tvalebi,

piris kuTxeebi Camoweuli. zogjer zizRis Zlieri xarisxisas piri

gaRebulia, cxviri_ danaoWebuli. adamianebisadmi zizRi, Cveulebriv,

gamovlindeba siZulvilSi.

sixaruli ganicdeba, rogorc sasiamovno, aRmgznebi, ganwyobis

amamaRlebeli, raime arasasiamovnos an saSiSis Semamsubuqebeli SegrZneba.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba Seerwyas gakvirvebas, am dros, rogorc

wesi, gakvirvebis reaqcia fiqsirdeba mxolod wamierad. Zalian xSirad

sixarulis eqspresiebiT iniRbeba brazi da SiSi. sixarulis reaqciis

ZiriTadi gamovlinebebia: warbebi da Subli TiTqmis ar monawileoben

eqspresiis formirebaSi; Tvalebi xSirad viwrovdeba da brwyinavs,

tuCebis kuTxeebi am dros zeviT iwevs, piri iWimeba RimilSi.

Mmwuxareba (naRveli) yvelaze xSirad gamowveulia raime danakargiT.

igi saxeze fiqsirdeba ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime dRemde. Aam emocias

gaaCnia sakmaod farTo diapazoni _ dardis mdgomareobidan mwuxarebamde

da tanjvamde. Mmwuxarebis reaqciis piradi gamovlinebebia: warbebi

erTadaa miweuli, gare daboloebebi Camoweulia, warbebis Soris Cndeba

mcire vertikaluri nakecebi; Sublis centrSi mokle naoWebia; Tvalebi

cotaTi gaorebulia da qveda da zeda quTuToebs Soris iqmneba

samkuTxedis formis nakeci, piris kuTxeebi qvemoTaaa Camoweuli.

rogorc wesi, emociebi aRmocendeba raime gamRizianebelze. amasTan,

emociis gamosaxatavad mimikuri moZraobis arsenali erTi da igivea: SiSi

iwvevs saxis daZabvas, sixaruli _ modunebas da a.S.

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v. v kuprianovis azriT, emociis garegani gamoxatuleba, rogorc

wesi, gadis Tavis stadiebs da gaaCnia Tavisi Sesakrebebi: dardi

gardaiqmneba sevdad, sevda _ naRvelad, naRveli _ Rrma mwuxarebad,

namdvil tanjvad. emociis gazrda yovelTvis iwvevs mimikis gaZlierebas.

aseTi Tanmimdevroba advilad SeiZleba SevamCnioT saxeze tirilis

ganviTarebis dasawyisidan isteriul moTqmamde, an Rimilis gadasvlisas

homerul sicilamde (Куприянов 1988:45).

calke saubris Temaa adamianis Rimili. zogadad, Rimiliani saxe

megobrul ganwyobasa da mowonebis survils gamoxatavs, Tumca, Rimils

SesaZloa bevri sxvadasxva motivi edos safuZvlad:

gadaWarbebuli Rimilianoba_ mowonebis moTxovnilebaze metyvelebs;

moRrecili Rimili _ Sekavebuli nerviulobis niSania;

Rimili aweuli warbebiT _ damorCilebis mzaobas gamoxatavs;

Rimili daweuli warbebiT _ upiratesobas aRniSnavs;

Rimili qveda quTuToebis awevis gareSe _ aragulwrfelobis

maniSnebelia;

Rimili, romelsac Tan sdevs Tvalebis mudmivi gafarToeba

(daxuWvis gareSe) muqaris maniSnebelia. (Scollon 1994: 79)

igive iTqmis TvalebiT kontaqtze, Zalian mniSvnelovania TvaliT

kontaqtis SenarCuneba; mag: momxsenebels, romelic WerSi iyureba, iataks

misCerebia, an mxolod erT adamians uyurebs, Zalian gauWirdeba

msmenelis yuradRebis miqceva da maTi daintereseba. TvaliT kontaqtiT

momxsenebels zustad SeuZlia ukukavSiris miReba.

TvalebiT kontaqtis Sesaxeb mravaltomeulis dawera SeiZleba.

mecxramete saukunis espaneli qali TvalebiT da maraos moZraobiT

axerxebda iseTi tipis informaciis gadacemas, romlis saxalxod

gamoTqma sxvagvarad ver moxerxdeboda. indieli qalebi TavianT cekvaSi

araverbaluri komunikaciis mTel arsenals iyeneben, dawyebuli

Jestebidan, damTavrebuli sxeulis moZraobiT.

TvalebiT SesaZlebelia sxva araverbaluri qcevis modificireba.

magaliTad, metros eskalatorze an sxva xalxmraval adgilas Tvalis

75

aridebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba pirovnuli sivrcis simciris

kompensireba.

Zalian xSirad gvesmis fraza: TvalebSi amovikiTxeo. Eempiriuli

masalis safuZvelze gamovavlineT, rom qarTul kulturaSi TvalebiT

kontaqts udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, gavixsenoT Tundac qarTuli

mxatvruli filmi “garigeba”, sadac mito Semdeg sadRegrZelos ambobs:

SemofeTebisa iyos, im Tvalebis SemofeTebisa, TqmiT rom arafers ambobs,

magram wamiT maradiulobas gagrZnobinebs. qarTvelisaTvis Tvalebi metad

sarwmuno iaraRia imis amosacnobad, simarTles ambobs Tu ara

Tanamosaubre.

maspinZlis yuradRebiT waqezebuli me ambavs isev gatacebiT

ganvagrZnobdi da Tan vxedavdi, Tvalyurs vadevnebdi, rogor ganicdida

sidu Cems faTerakebs da rogor sjeroda alali guliT yvelaferi

(Sengelaia 2010:103).

Ffsiqologi stepanovi miiCnevs, rom Tvalebis meSveobiT adamianTa

urTierTobis yvelaze ufro zusti da Ria signalebi gadmoicema, radgan

Tvalis guga absoluturad damoukideblad iqceva da misi kontrolireba

SeuZlebelia. rodesac adamiani araa gulwrfeli, an raRacas malavs, misi

Tvalebi Tqvensas urTierTobis mTliani drois mxolod 30%-is

ganmavlobaSi xvdeba (Степанов 1998: 67).

Tu adamiani TqvenTan urTierTobis dros TvalebiT kontaqts

xangrZlivad inarCunebs da misi gugebi gafarToebulia, es niSnavs, rom

Tqven mas moswonxarT. TvalebiT pirvel kontaqts gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba saqmian urTierTobebSic. pirveli Sexvedris da

misalmebis dros partniorebi, rogorc wesi, aucileblad uyureben

erTmaneTs TvalebSi, radgan adamianis mier meore adamianis cnobieri

aRqma mxolod uSualo mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis meSveobiT xdeba. Tu

gamoxedvis amgvari ritualuri gacvla ar gamovida, mosaubre Tavs

ignorirebulad da Seuracxyofilad CaTvlis („man saTanado yuradReba

ar momaqcia“). saqmiani urTierTobebis, magaliTad, molaparakebebis dros,

mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu saiT aris mimarTuli Tqveni an Tqveni

partnioris mzera.

76

Mmimikis naTeli indikatoria warbebi, piri, cxviri gansakuTrebiT _

Tvalebi; Aamitomaa adamanis gamoxedva ase mravalferovani. Kk.

gamsaxurdias “didostatis marjvenaSi” aRwerili aqvs gamoxedvis tipebi,

romelic adamianis emociur mdgomareobas asaxavs, magaliTisTvis:

xmaliviT Seageba mzera; jiqur Sexeda; irmisferi Tvalebis yalbi

cimcimi. Tvali hkida SefarviT; esrola mzera; SefarviT mzera; qoruli

mzera; daZabuli mzeris simZafre; momnusxveli mzera; daJinebuli mzera;

Tvali TvalSi gauyara; gamomcdeli Semoxedva; idumal Wvreta;

gaocebuli Sescqeroda; Tvali ar gaumarTavs; zedac ar Seuxedavs;

boroti mzera; naRvlianad gahxeda..

Maraverbaluri komunikaciis, sxeulisa da Jestebis mkvlevari

a.piziGgTavazobT gamoxedvis (mzeris) Semdeg kategoriebs (Пиз 2006:181-182).

saqmiani mzera: saqmiani molaparakebebis warmoebisas warmoidgineT,

rom Tqveni mosaubris Sublze samkuTxedia gamosaxuli. am samkuTxedze

mzeris mimarTviT Tqven seriozul atmosferos SeqmniT da mosaubres

agrZnobinebT, rom saqmianad xarT ganwyobili;

socialuri mzera: rodesac Tqveni mzera mosaubris Tvalebis

donesTan SedarebiT ufro dabla eSveba, socialuri urTierTobis

atmosfero iqmneba. kvlevebma aCvena, rom socialuri urTierTobis dros

adamianebi isev da isev pirobiT samkuTxeds umzeren, oRond, am

SemTxvevaSi, es samkuTxedi Tvalebisa da piris arezea moTavsebuli;

intimuri mzera: mzera mimarTulia ara mosaubris Tvalebze an

saxeze, aramed, saxis qvemoT _ kisris an mkerdis areze. aseTi mzeriT

adamiani gamoxatavs am konkretuli urTierTobis mimarT ufro met

interess, vidre ubralod saqmians.

cerad gamoxedva: interesis an mtruli ganwyobis gamosaxatavad

gamoiyeneba. Tu mas Tan erTvis odnav aweuli warbebi an Rimili - es

dainteresebaa. Tu warbebi daSvebulia, xolo Subli moRuSuli _ es ukve

eWvian, mtrul an kritikul damokidebulebaze metyvelebs.

daSvebuli quTuToebi: es qvecnobieri signalia. adamiani, romelic

daSvebuli quTuToebidan giyurebT, cdilobs, TvalTaxedvis aridan

mogiSoroT. Mmizezi SesaZloa mravali iyos: Tqven mas an mobezrdiT, an

aRar ainteresebT, an cdilobs, sakuTari upiratesoba gagrZnobinoT.

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upiratesobis xazgasmis SemTxvevaSi, daSvebul quTuToebs Tan axlavs

ukan gadaweuli Tavi da xangrZlivi, e.w. “qedmaRluri” mzera. aseTi

mzeris SeniSvnisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tqveni qceva uaryofiT reaqcias

iwvevs da Tu molaparakebebis warmatebiT dasruleba gsurT, umjobesia,

raRac SecvaloT. Tanamedrove dasavlur bizneskulturaSi fasobs

zomieri kontaqti TvalebiT, xolo Tvalis arideba urTierTobis

survilis uqonlobad ganixileba, Tumca is mosazrebac, TiTqos, saqmiani

Sexvedris dros rac metad daamyarebT TvalebiT kontaqts, miT ukeTesia

_ udavod gadametebuli da mcdaria. warmoidgineT, rom adamiani movida

TqvenTan gamocxadebul vakansiasTan dakavSirebiT, Tqven misgan intervius

iRebT, is ki mogCerebiaT da Tvals ar gaSorebT. umetesoba iolad itans

xanmokle, ramdenime wamian kontaqts TvalebiT, magram misi gagrZelebis

SemTxvevaSi adamianebi iZabebian, radgan varaudoben, rom aseTi

daJinebuli mzeris miRma kidev raRac (magaliTad, arSiyobis mcdeloba)

imaleba.

amrigad, mxedvelobiTi kontaqti SeiZleba iyos xangrZlivi

(magaliTad, ori Seyvarebulis erTmaneTisken mimarTuli mzera) an

elviseburi (rodesac mzeras wamierad vesvriT adamians, romelsac

aSkarad ar surs Cveni yuradReba) is SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri (aSkara,

uceremonio, mouridebeli SeTvaliereba). ganvixiloT nawyveti

,,didostatis marjvenidan”:

Sorena awi veRar gaxdeba sxvisi, radgan Wiaberi aRaraa amqveynad,

xolo irmis jogi? irmis jogi... vnaxoT, ra moxdeba amaRam,- es gaifiqra

mefe giorgim da jiqur Sexeda kolonkeliZis Taflisfer Tvalebs. Aam

wuTSi veraviTari mzakvroba ver daiWira am TvalebSi.

Mmefe SefarviT umzerda mis gverdiT mjdar Sorenas da mamakacis

qorulma mzeram es SeniSna: iseT mijnamdis miweuliyo mgloviare sasZlo,

rocaa qaloba sZlevs xolme glovas da diacuri sikekluce Tavis

mSvenebis gamosaCenad moirgebs simZimilis niSnad satareb samossac.

(gamsaxurdia 1979:69).

Azerele mxedvelobiTi kontaqti SeiZleba aseve SeiZleba iyos

perioduli (mzeris msgavsi, romelsac mivapyrobT Tanamosaubres, raTa

davrwmundeT, rom is yurs gvigdebs) an daJinebuli (mouwyveteli).

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Uumetes SemTxvevaSi xSiri an xangrZlivi mzera iwvevs usiamovno

SegrZnebebs. daJinebuli daTvaliereba, Cveulebriv, aRiqmeba, rogorc

ukulturobis gamovlineba. uwyveti mzera utyuari xerxia adamianis

provocirebisa da misi sulieri wonasworobidan gamoyvanisa.

Ggamomxatvel mzeraTa Soris aris universalurebic, romlebic

mTels msoflioSi (an TiTqmis yvelgan) erTmniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba:

Zalze farTod gaxelili, “daWyetili” Tvalebi, Cveulebriv,

aRiqmeba rogorc maqsimaluri informaciis miRebisaken aracnobieri

swrafva, raTa ar gamoeparos wvrilmanebic ki;

TvalebmoWutuli mzera _ aRniSnavs daJinebul yuradRebas,

dakvirvebas, raime qcevis ganxorcielebis mzaobas. Ggarda amisa,

Tanamosaubris TvalebmoWutul mzeras, Cveulebriv, afaseben,

rogorc arakeTilmosurnes;

daxuWuli Tvalebi _ es aris Tavis Tavisken yuradRebis mipyroba,

gulmodgine fiqri, tkboba, Tvalebis xanmokle droiT daxuWva

SeiZleba aRniSnavdes Tanxmobis, gagebis gaucnobierebel

gamoxatvas;

mxolod erTi Tvalis moxuWva, Tvalis Cakvra _ aris sxvasTan

saidumlo Tanxmobis niSani, koketuroba;

gaZlierebuli da araTanabari xamxami (Tvalis kvra, paWuni)

gamoxatavs sirTules, nevrozulobas;

gugebis Seviwroeba an gafarToeba mowmobs interesis gaZlierebas

an Sesustebas. AaRgznebis, SiSis, dros guga farTovdeba,

modunebisas _ viwrovdeba;

pirdapiri mzera da partniorisadmi mTlianad mobrunebuli saxe

gamoxatavs Tanamosaubris aRiarebas, misdami interess;

usasrulobisken, partnioris ‘miRma” mimarTuli mzera aRniSnavs

Tanamosaubrisadmi uinteresobas, xazs usvams upativcemulobas.

aseT mzeras ufro Zlierad gamohyavs adamiani wonasworobidan,

SeiZleba gamoiwvios sapasuxo agresiuli reaqcia.

mxris zemoT iribad mzera _ esec aris upativcemuloba,

ugulebelyofa an sifrTxile, dakvirveba;

79

mzera zevidan qveviT – aRmatebuloba, siamaye, ugulebelyofa;

Tvalebis saxasiaTo triali _ vinmesTvis farulad gadacemuli

Setyobineba, rom situacia gausaZlisad mosawyenia;

fiqsirebuli, myari, pirdapiri gamoxedva moWutuli (gamWoli)

TvalebiT fasdeba, rogorc undoblobaze dafuZnebuli kritikuli

Semowmeba an rogorc mouridebloba da agresiuloba;

arasakmarisi mxedvelobiTi kontaqti mowmobs uyuradRebobas,

pativiscemis gamoxatvis survilis uqonlobas. Ees aRiqmeba rogorc

misi upatiosno Canafiqris mowmoba an gaubedaobis gamovlineba;

adamiani sxvisdami did mxedvelobiT yuradRebas gamoxatavs Semdeg

viTarebebSi: roca saubari atarebs TavSesaqcev xasiaTs da ar

moicavs problemur sakiTxebs; roca misTvis sainteresoa

Tanamosaubre, misi Sexeduleba da reaqciebi; roca

Tanamosaubrisadmi ganwyobilia simpatiiTa da ganicdis ufro Rrma

grZnobas; roca is cdilobs Tanamosaubreze dominirebas an

gavlenis moxdenas; da bolos, roca adamiani damokidebulia sxvaze,

mas ki aranairi gamovlineba ar surs.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis eTnikuri

Taviseburebebi, rac did rols asrulebs urTierTobaSi. zog qveyanaSi

akrZalulia adamianis aSkaraYTvaliereba. keniaSi, magaliTad,

SemorCenilia Cveuleba, romlis Tanaxmad siZe da sidedri elaparakebian

erTmaneTs mxolod zurgSeqceviT. aRiniSneba gansxvaveba qalebsa da

mamakacebs Soris: TanamosaubrisaTvis TvalebSi cqeris unari

mamakacebTan naklebad aris ganviTarebuli, vidre qalebSi, romlebic

Tanabar pirobebSi ufro xangrZlivad ar acileben Tvals Tanamosaubres.

Jesti aris gansakuTrebuli sistema signalebisa, romlebic

gadaicema xelebis, fexebis, Tavis, sxeulis moZraobis saSualebiT.

metyvelebis Tanmxlebi Jesti xSirad aris mosaubris Tavisuflebis

maCvenebeli. igi xazs usvams saubris Zaldautaneblobas, aZlierebs

sityvebis damajereblobas da mWevrmetyvelebas, amoklebs verbalur

teqsts, Seaqvs ra dialogSi esa Tu is damatebiTi azrebi. Ddamokidebuli

replikis saxiT, an verbalur gamonaTqvamSi CarTviT, Jesti moipovebs

umdidres informaciul da eqspresiul resursebs. sruliad cxadia, rom

80

sxeulebrivi enis sxva elementebis msgavsad, Jestebi ufro efeqturia

emociis gamoxatvisas. agreTve unda aRiniSnos, rom Jestebi aris adamianis

TviTgamoxatvis naTeli saSualeba, misi imijis mniSvnelovani nawili.

CvenTvis, upirveles yovlisa, sainteresoa is Jestebi, romlebic

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli, sazogadod gasagebi da tipobrivia.

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom Jestebisa da mimikuri moZraobebis

sistemiT agebulia Taviseburi frazeologia, romelsac uwodeben

“somatur gamoTqmebs” (soma – berZnulad “sxeuli) (aminovi, eriaSvili

2009: 141).

Mmxatvruli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas mudmivad vxvdebiT personaJTa

araverbaluri komunikaciebis avtoriseul aRweras. magaliTad: ,mefem

selze dajdoma aniSna TvaliT; Tavi aiRo giorgim, jiqurad Sexeda

spasalaris Savad Seyril warbebs da ugunebobis mizezi hkiTxa; bolos

amisa, saxis gamometyvelebiT, an xmis niriT gamoarkvevda mefe, Tu ra

wili edo Tavad mamamzes am saqmeSi; mamamzes miwisferma gadakra

(igulisxmeba SekrTa, ar moeloda); Wiaberma ar gabedos kolonkeliZis

qalis, Sorenas SerTva (esa Tqva da muSti daarakuna tablaze mefem), (anu

daemuqra); vai Cems Tavs! _ sTqva mamamzem, Sublze Semoikra xeli, _ (Cven

vxvdebiT, rom gaigo, ipova, gaixsena) (,,didostatis konstantines

marjvena”)

saanalizod aviRoT nawyvetebi cnobili amerikeli mwerlis stiven

kingis moTxrobidan “da bua movida...… mis danaxvaze fexebi mikankalebs

(igulisxmeba – SiSi); bilingsma mxrebi aiCeCa (gaikvirva, pasuxi ar

qonda); Serlic buam imsxverpla. – bilingsma mkerdze TiTebi aaTamaSa

(nerviulobis maCvenebelia); bilingsma daiflukuna (igulisxmeba atirda).

iaponeli mwerlis edogava rampos moTxrobebidan fukias tanSi

gacra – igulisxmeba anerviulda; aketimac gulmxuraled upasuxa da

xelisguli gadaisva Tmaze _ Sekavebuli mRelvarebis niSania; saxes

oflis msxvili wveTebi ufaravda _ (mRelvarebis, nerviulobisas). aketi

mZafri cnobismoyvareobiT akvirdeboda fukias saxes, is axamxamebda

Tvalebs (igulisxmeba dabneuloba).

Jestebsa da mis funqciebze saubrisas, g. kreidlini wers, rom

”sakomunikacio aqtis dros Jestebis roli mravalferovania: maT

81

SeuZliaT gaimeoron an dublireba gaukeTon sametyvelo informaciis

aqtualur nawils. magaliTad, TiTiT, TvalebiTa da TaviT miniSneba – is

Jestebia, romlebic Tan axlavs deiqsikur nacvalsaxelebs komunikaciis

procesSi (Крейдлин 2002:183).

JestebiT adamiani axdens sxva danarCenTan erTad, Tavisi

gulwrfelobis, Tavdacvis ganzraxvis, moqmedebisadmi mzadyofnis,

agreTve darwmunebis, Tu gulgatexilobis, ndobis, nevrozulobis,

mimReblobis, molodinis, urTierTobis xasiaTis da urwmunobis

demonstrirebas. adamiani mimarTavs Jestikulacias maSinac ki, rodesac

mas veravis xedavs, magaliTad, telefonze laparakisas, an magnitofonTan

muSaobisas.

Jestebsa da kinesikur qcevebs SeuZliaT gamonaTqvamis sapirispiro

azri ganaviTaros. magaliTad, subieqti, romelic irwmuneba, rom ar

Relavs, Tumca amavdroulad TiTebs imtvrevs da oTaxSi

mousvenrad dadis;

Jestebs SeuZliaT Caanacvlon gamonaTqvami. magaliTad, Tavis

daqneva Tanxmobis niSnad da a.S.

Jests SeuZlia xazi gausvas an gaaZlieros metyvelebis

komponentebi. magaliTad, roca gamonaTqvams- ,, ai aseTi didi” Tan

axlavs xelebis farTod gaSla.

Jestebs SeuZliaT Seavson da daazuston informacia;

Jestebs SeuZliaT regulatoris rolis Sesruleba komunikaciis

dros...” (Крейдлин 2002:173-174).

araverbalur semiotikaSi Jestebis semiotikuri klasebis

gamoyofisas kreidlini aRniSnavs, rom ,,JestebSi sami semiotikuri klasis

gamoyofa aris SesaZlebeli:

damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone Jestebi, romlebic

verbalur konteqstze dauqvemdebareblad gadmogvcemen azrs;

komunikaciis sametyvelo an sxva saxis fragmentebis gamomyofi

Jestebi;

komunikaciuri procesis warmarTveli Jestebi”.

82

kreidlini iqve acxadebs, rom am Jestebs devid efronma Semdegi

saxelebi uwoda: pirveli saxis Jestebs emblemebi daarqva, meore saxis

Jestebs ilustratorebi da mesame saxisas – regulatorebi. rogorc

kreidlini wers, emblemebis umravlesoba avtonomiuri xasiaTisaa

da sakomunikacio aqtis dros izolirebulad funqcionireben. rac

Seexeba ilustratorebs, maT verbaluri konteqstisagan damoukideblad

azris gadmocema ar ZaluZT da Sesabamisad, konteqstisagan

izolirebulad ver moqmedeben. ilustratorebi es is Jestebia, romlebic

sakomunikacio aqtis dros metyvelebas uweven akompaniments.

regulatorebi ki dialogis process aregulireben, anu maT komunikaciis

procesis maregulirebeli funqcia akisria.

Jestebi SeiZleba iyos martivi (Sedgenili erTi moZraobisagan

magaliTad: auditoriaSi xelis aweva gamoxatavs sityvis warmoTqmis

survils), Sedgenili (ramdenime erTgvarovani moZraoba, magaliTad:

aplodismenti) da rTuli (ramdenime araerTgvarovani moZraoba – marcxena

mxares gadafurTxeba).

Jestebi SesaZloa iyos instinqturi mag: oficiantis daZaxebisas

Tavis daqneva. mibaZviTia Jestebi, roca erTi adamiani meores hbaZavs.

gamafrTxilebelia SuqniSani da Sablonebi; instruqciuli Jestebia

nimuSia policielis mier gzis mimarTulebis Cveneba, an kidev

esTetikurad daxvewili Jestebi _ moZraobebi cekvisas, an sufrasTan.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva kulturis xalxi Jestebs

gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, arsebobs

yvelasaTvis msgavsi Jestebic, saxeldobr:

Kkomunikaciuri Jestebi _ misalmeba, damSvidobeba, yuradRebis

miqceva, akrZalva, darwmuneba, uari, Tanxmoba da sxva;

Sefasebisa da urTierTobis Jestebi -mowoneba, daukmayofilebloba,

ndoba, undobloba, dabneuloba, da sxva (jolia 2006: 100). arseboben

agreTve mikroJestebi: Tvalebis moZraoba, loyebis gawiTleba, wuTis

ganmavlobaSi wamwamebis xamxamis raodenobis gazrda, tuCebis pranWva da

sxv.

j. midma gamoyo qmedebis ori tipi: umniSvnelo Jestebi, romelic

warmoadgens avtomatur refleqss, rogoricaa Tvalis Cakvra, da

83

mniSvnelobis Jesti, roca adamianebi avtomaturad ar reagireben gare

qmedebebze. isini amoicnoben qcevis mniSvnelobas sanam masze pasuxs

gascemen, es rTuli procesia, magram igi vlindeba sxva adamianebTan

TiTqmis yvela urTierTqmedebebSi. Cven aseT qcevebs amovicnobT, radgan

bavSvobidan gvaswavlian, rom mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT sagnebs,

qmedebebs da movlenebs. roca Cven mniSvnelobas vaniWebT raimes, igi

xdeba simbolo an cneba. qmedeba an sagani aris simbolo sxva cnebisa,

qmedebisa da sagnisa.A gamowvdili xeli aris misalmebis, mudaris, an

Tavdasxmis simbolo. Mmas Semdeg rac Jestebs mivaniWebT mniSvnelobas,

Cven SegviZlia masze reagireba (Jesti imdenad mniSvnelovania verbalur

komunikaciaSi ramdenadac mas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da xSirad

iyeneben metyvelebisas) (gvencaZe 1986:29).

urTierTobis dros xSirad warmoiqmnebian Semdegi saxis Jestebi:

Sefasebis Jestebi _ nikapis mofxana, saCvenebeli TiTis gaSvera

loyis gasvriv, fexze adgoma da bolTas cema da sxva (adamiani

avsebs informacias.

darwmunebulobis Jestebi _ piramidis gumbaTismsgavsad TiTebis

SeerTeba, skamze qanaoba;

TviTkontrolis jestebi _ xelebi zurgs ukan, am dros erTxels

uWiravsmeore; skamis sazurgeze xelebiT Cafrenili adamianis poza

da sxva;

keTilganwyobis Jestebi _ mkerdze xelebis dadeba,

TanamosaubresTan impulsuri Sexeba da sxva;

aragulwrfeli Jestebi _ “pirze xelis dafareba”, “cxvirTan

Sexeba”, Tanamosaubresagan korpusiT Semotrialeba, “Tvalebis

ceceba” da sxva.

uaryofis Jestebi _ mkerdze dakrefili xelebi, ukan gadaweuli

korpusi, cxviris wverTan Sexeba, gadajvaredinebuli xelebi da

sxva;

dominanturi Jestebi _ pirze xelis afareba,cxvirTan Sexeba,

Tanamosaubresagan korpusiT Semotrialeba, Tvalebis ceceba da

sxva;

84

nervozulobisa da daurwmuneblobis Jestebi _ gadafskvnili

TiTebi, xelisgulebis Cqmeta, magidaze TiTebis kakuni, skamis

sazurgesTan Sexeba, masze dajdomis win da sxva.

aseve arsebobs sicruis gamomxatveli Jestebi. sicruis

drosadamianebi xSirad xelebs jibeebSi iwyoben aracnobierad, ase

adamiani informaciis damalvas crdilobs. Ppirze xelis afarebac

aracnobieri moqmedebaa, aseve tyuils aRniSnavs yurze xelis mosma, am

dros, TiTqos sakuTar Tavs yurs uwevs, rom is ar Tqvas, ris Tqmasac

apirebs. Nnikapze xelis mokidebac tyuilis niSania, roca adamiani

cruobs pirdapir ver iyurebaa, cdilobs Tvalebi daxaros. Aadamians

tyuili da pozis xSiri cvla mRelvarebis niSania, am dros mas raRacis

damalva surs, erT adgilze ver isvenebs. matyuara yovelTvis daZabulia

da daxurul pozaSi dgeba, fexebi SeiZleba ramdenjerme hqondes

erTmaneTze Semotarebuli, xelebi _ gulze gadajvaredinebuli,

xelisgulebi ki _ Sig Camaluli. sicruis Tqmisas xel-fexi daWimulia.

roca pirdapir saubrisas vxedavT, rom Cveni Tanamosaubre

gulxeldakrefilia, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom raRacas Cvens

naTqvamSi igi ar eTanxmeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvier Tanxmobas

gvicxadebs. sanam adamians gulze xelebi aqvs dakrefili, is inarCunebs

uaryofiT ganwyobas. saubris dros saxeze Sexeba, gansakuTrebiT cxvirze,

sicruis farTod aRiarebuli gamoxatulebaa. Aaseve, pirze xelis

afarebis dros, mosaubre yvelaze xSirad tyuis. Tuki adamians sagnebi

sxeulis pirdapir uWiravs, magaliTad, xelCanTa, yavis finjani, e.i.

morcxvi da TavSekavebulia, anu rCeba STabeWdileba, rom imaleba. Tu

mosaubrem saubrisas nikapi moisrisa, fiqrobs, ra gipasuxoT.

analogiuria saTvalis gasworeba: respodenti tyuilis Tqmas apirebs,

magram iwyebs fiqrs, rogor Tqvas is damajereblad. Rimili mxolod

tuCebis da piris areSi _ xelovnuri Rimili tyuilis niSania, fexis

fexze gadadeba informaciis damalvas niSnavs.

sakomunikacio aqti komunikaciis minimalur erTeuls warmoadgens,

romelic SeiZleba warimarTos rogorc lingvisturi saSualebebis

gamoyenebiT, ise JestikulaciiT, sxeulis moZraobiT, saxis

gamometyvelebiT da sxva (Горелов 1980:89-90).

85

es imas niSnavs, rom sakomunikacio procesSi Cven viyenebT aramarto

sityvebs anu verbalur niSnebs, aramed sxeulis pozas, Jestebs, saxis

gamometyvelebas, Tvalebis moZraobas da a.S. yvela es niSani, verbaluri

Tu araverbaluri, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da isini

udides rols TamaSoben komunikaciuri procesis warmarTvaSi. maTi

saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba informaciis Sevseba, dazusteba,

Canacvleba da gansazRvra komunikaciis procesSi. imisaTvis rom

subieqtma Tavisi komunikaciuri intencia gamoxatos, man jer unda

SearCios sasurveli verbaluri niSnebi, anu unda moaxdinos saWiro

sityvaTa seleqcia, Semdeg unda gadawyvitos rogori intonaciiT

warmoTqvas gamonaTqvami, saxis rogori gamometyveleba miiRos

sametyvelo qmedebis dros da a.S.

amdenad, komunikacia SeiZleba warimarTos rogorc verbalurad, ise

araverbaluradac. sakomunikacio procesis dros, informaciis umetesi

nawili gadaicema im SemTxvevaSi, Tu verbalur anu sityvier gamonaTqvams

Tan axlavs Sesabamisi araverbaluri maxasiaTeblebi. Mmetyvelebis

Tanmxleb araverbalur niSnebs SegviZlia ”paralingvizmebi” vuwodoT.

paralingvizmebze saubrisas T. gamyreliZe aRniSnavs: “sametyvelo

komunikaciis araverbaluri saSualebebi – e.w. paralingvizmebi – uSualo

an telekomunikaciis aucilebeli Tanmxlebi komponentebia; isini avseben

da azusteben verbaluri saSualebebiT gadacemul informacias da,

amdenad, xels uwyoben komunikaciis process” (gamyreliZe 2003:448).

paralingvisturi niSnebi udides rols asrulebs azrisa da

grZnobebis nairferovnebis gamosaxatavad. mivediT daskvnamde, rom

swored maTi saSualebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli davafiqsiroT gamonaTqvamis

aqtualuri mniSvneloba da swori interpretacia gavukeToT mas.

moviyvanoT magaliTi “mister faning, _ viRacam idayvze Seaxo xeli. jer

kidev maTi TavxedobiT brazmoreuli faningi Setrialda. saxeze iseTi

simkacre asaxvoda, rom axalgazrda qalma, romelic mieaxla, uneblieT

daixia. _ oh, bodiSs vixdi, Tqva enis borZikiT da saxe, romelic TiTqos

sagangebod ganaTeboda swored iseTi kadnierebiT, romelsac faningi es-

es iyos wyevlida, Seucbunda da TviTonac bavSviviT daibna, sisxli

mtivneulad auCqrolda loyebze. _ oh, ra sisulelea, _ fiqrobda is, _

86

ra sulelur mdgomareobaSi Caigdo Tavi! Ees idioturi gawiTleba!

magram is ise Semotrialda misken, TiTqos cemas upirebso... Tumca es ar

iyo gawiTlebisTvis gamarTleba, da bodiSsac ise ixdida, TiTqos jer

kidev skolis moswavle iyo, is ki _ mis haSi. idioti! Man gulSi Tavis

Tavs SeuZaxa da mSvenier Sedegsac miaRwia. jer kidev alisfer saxeze

uzrunveli Rimili aisaxa, suli moiTqva. _ bodiSs vixdi, _ iseTi xmiT

gaimeora, ubralo da ironiul bodiSs rom niSnavda, magram rasac Tan

axlda (oh, idioti, idioti!) nerviuli TrTola. _ vwuxvar, rom myudroeba

dagirRvieT, magram ise mindoda Tqveni gacnoba... Tqven rom CamiareT...

haqslii 2011:14). davakvirdeT im kinesikur paralingvizms, romelic Tan

axlavs adresatis gamonaTqvams. dialogis dasawyisSive kargad Cans, rom

personaJis verbalur Setobinebas ar emTxveva paralingisturi

maxasiaTeblebi, “enis borZikiT”, saxe Seucbunda”, “sisxli auCqrolda

loyebze”, “nerviuli TrTola”. yovelive es naTeli dadasturebaa

mRelvarebisa. zemoT moyvanili magaliTis safuZvelze SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom paralingvisturi maxasiaTeblebis roli Zalze didia

verbaluri komunikaciis dros da maT gareSe warmoudgenelia kidec

sakomunikacio aqtis efeqturad warmarTva.

enaTmecnierebaSi Cveulebriv gamoyofen fonaciur (“sametyvelo”)

da kinesikur (“moZraobiT”) paralingvizmebs. fonaciur paralingvizmebad

miCneulia metyvelebis iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric aris, magaliTad,

xmis tembri, intensivoba, metyvelebis tempi da sxva. Aaqve unda aRvniSnoT,

rom fonaciuri paralingvisturi komponenetebi metyvelebis Tanmxlebi

elementebi ki ar aris, aramed misi Semadgeneli da ganuyofeli

maxasiaTeblebia. swored maTi saSualebiT xorcieldeba TiToeuli

sametyvelo aqti. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom fonaciuri paralingvizmebis

umravlesobas universaluri xasiaTi ar aqvs yvela enisaTvis.

araverbalur maxasiaTeblebSi vgulisxmobT prosodiul da

paralingvistur niSnebs. metyvelebis procesSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos

romelime sityva ukeT warmosaCinad, rac am sityvis gaZlierebul an xma

maRal warmoTqmaSi gamoixateba. MmagaliTad, intonaciis meSveobiT

SesaZlebelia imis gansazRvra, ras gamoxatavs mTqmeli: Txrobas, kiTxvas,

87

Zaxils, gakvirvebas, aRtacebas, sasowarkveTilebas, gajavrebas, alerss

da a.S. ufro metic, TiToeuli maTganis gamosaxatavad SesaZlebelia

mravalgvari saSualeba gamoiyenebodes. aviRoT nawyveti “didostatis

marjvenidan” swored amiT idrova spasalarma da xelisguli Camoisva

nikapze, mRelvareba Zlivs daioka. spasalari yovelgvar enamzeobas

moklebuli iyo, ubralo saubaric Zlier uWirda bunebiT mdumares.

laparakis dros saxe eRrijeboda, cxviris nestoebi ebereboda, muStebs

iSveliebda uneblieT, TiTqos eqadnebao vismes, waramara sityvas eZebda.

mRelvarebis dros winadadebas umatebda “ara”-s. “Tu basili keisari

marTlac uzenaesi mamaa sruliad saqristianosi, rogorc weRan brZane,

unetareso, rad awamebina man savsebiT ubralod beri zaqaria?... igi xom

Cvens mier wargzavnili mstovari ara yofila?! ara?Aarc Tu wiTeli

waRebi gaugzavnia misi meSveobiT komninisTvis mefe goirgis. ierusalims

midioda Turme beri zaqaria sulis sacxovneblad, ara?... (gamsaxurdia

1979:141). sityva “ara” gulisxmobs, rom spasalari xmis tonis gaZlierebiT

“gadadis ieriSze” da kaTalikosis pasuxs arc ki elodeba. xmis tonis

aweviT spasalari Tavis gamonaTqvams ufro metad damajerebels,

emociursa da efeqturs xdis. vagrZelebT nawyvets: kaTalikosi saxtad

darCa amis gamgone, melqisedeki aimRvra, RawvisTavebi SeuwiTlda,

mxolod es Seageba spasalars: zaqaria beri marTlmorwmune rodia,

somexia igi. somexio? _ iqednurad gaiRima zviadma (gamsaxurdia 1979:143).

sityva “somexiao”? spasalari gakvirvebas gamoxatavs, rasac Tan sdevs

ironiuli Rimili. rogorc fonaciuri, ise kinesikuri paralingvizmebis

gavlena gamonaTqvamze am konkretul magaliTSi Zalze didia. swored

maTi saSualebiT eZleva gamonaTqvams emociuri, efeqturi da

damajerebeli toni.

gamonaTqvami SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva intonaciiT warmoiTqvas imis

mixedviT, vis movuTxrobT (umcross Tu ufross, dids Tu pataras,

Sinaurs Tu oficialur pirovnebas), damarwmuneblobis ra Zala gvinda

mivceT Cvens Txrobas, zRapars movuTxrobT Tu namdvils, dadebiTia

msjeloba Tu kritikul-uaryofiTi da a.S.

88

cnobili enaTmecnieri devid kristali aRniSnavs, rom intonaciis

funqciebis mixedviT arsebobs eqvsi saxis intonacia: emociuri,

gramatikuli, sainformacio-struqturuli, teqstobrivi, fsiqologiuri

da indeqsikuri. is wers, rom: “gramatikuli intonacia mniSvnelovan

rols TamaSobs gramatikuli kontrastebis markirebaSi. iseTi msxvili

erTeulebis identifikacia, rogoricaa winadadeba da rTuli winadadebis

nawili, xSirad aris damokidebuli intensivobis konturebis mier

gamonaTqvamis danawevrebaze. zogjer, zepir metyvelebaSi iseTi

specifikuri kontrastebis, rogoricaa TxrobiTi da kiTxviTi Tu

mtkicebiTi da uaryofiTi winadadebebis garCeva erTmaneTisagan swored

intonaciaze dayrdnobiT xdeba. magaliTad, winadadebaSi She’s here, isn’t she?

aRmavali toni kiTxviTi niSnis verbaluri ekvivalentia, maSin roca

winadadebaSi She’s here, isn’t she! damavali toni Zaxilis niSnis verbaluri

gamoxatulebaa (Crystal 1987:171).

d. kristali mokled axasiaTebs intonaciis TiToeul saxes da

midis daskvnamde, rom nebismieri funqciis mqone intonacia mniSvnelovan

rols TamaSobs diskursSi. TiToeul gamonaTqvams Taviseburi maxvili da

modulacia axasiaTebs. azris nairferovnebis gamomxatvel maxvilTa

erTobliobas logikur maxvils vuwodebT, grZnobaTa nairferovnebis

gamomxatvel maxvilTa erTobliobas ki – emociurs, magram xSirad Znelia

imis gansazRvra, rodis aris maxvili logikuri, rodis ki emociuri. aseT

SemTxvevaSi maxvils zogadad logikur-emociurs vuwodebT. logikur-

emociuri maxvili, romelic metyvelebis elementTa gaZlierebaSi an

xmamaRla warmoTqmaSi gamoixateba, met-naklebad yvela enas aqvs.

inglisur enaSi TiToeuli gamonaTqvami warmoiTqmis garkveuli

intonaciiT, romelic ganpirobebulia nawilobriv misi gramatikuli

struqturiT da nawilobriv mosaubris damokidebulebiT gamonaTqvamis

mimarT. Aaqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli sityva garkveuli maxviliTa Tu

emfaziT warmoiTqmis, imis mixedviT, ra gramatikuli funqcia akisria

sityvas da, ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben mas, kerZod, rogoria

gamonaTqvamis konteqsturi presupoziciebi, mosaubris damokidebuleba

gamonaTqvamis mimarT da a.S.

89

swored intonacia da maxvilia is mTavari prosodiuli

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic inglisur enas mudam Tan sdevs,Mmagram

amasTanave, tradiciulad yovel enas aqvs masSi damkvidrebuli maxvilis

tipi, romelic konkretulad am enisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

iseTi prosodiuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa maxvili da

intonacia, gamonaTqvamis araverbaluri komponentis mniSvnelovan nawils

qmnis.

Kkomuniikaciis procesSi verbalur niSnebTan erTad

paralingvistur maxasiaTeblebsac aranakleb mniSvnelovani adgili

uWiravs. paralingvistika (berZn. para “Tan”, “axlo”) Seiswavlis

komunikaciis procesSi sametyvelo Setyobinebis swored im Tanmxleb

araenobriv saSualebebs, romlebic erTgvarad azusteben da avseben

metyvelebis gziT gadacemul informacias. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom

paralingvistika, rogorc enaTmecnierebis momijnave semiotikuri

disciplina, ar aris sabolood Camoyalibebuli da dResdReobiT kvlav

mimdinareobs am dargis Teoriul-meTodologiuri principebis damuSaveba

da formireba. Tuki paralingvistur maxasiaTeblebSi vokalur niSanTa

garkveul TvisebebTan erTad ‘sxeulis enas”, anu Jestebs, saxis

gamometyvelebas, Tvalebis moZraobas da a.S. vigulisxmebT, naTeli

gaxdeba, rom am elementebsac komunikaciuri procesis dros didi

mniSvneloba eniWebaT, rameTu swored maTi saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli

davafiqsiroT mosaubris Tu msmenelis damokidebuleba gamonaTqvamisadmi.

magaliTad, adamiani, romelic romelmac didi SiSi ganicada, Tavis

grZnobebsa da emociebs ufro efeqturad da damajereblad gadascems

msmenels, Tu mis mier gadacemul verbalur informacias Tan axlavs

iseTi paralingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa: kunTebis daWimuloba,

SeSlili saxe, farTod gaxelili Tvalebi, nerviuli, akankalebuli xma

da sxva.

komunikaciis dros, roca gamonaTqvams Tan ar axlavs saTanado

paralingvisturi elementebi, situaciis monawileebi SesaZloa

gaurkvevel an uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, ris Sedegadac veRar

gaakontroleben sakuTar naTqvams.

90

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac adresantis verbaluri gamonaTqvami da

misi Tanmxlebi paralingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi ewinaaRmdegeba

erTmaneTs. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom moswavle midis

maswavlebelTan da eubneba, rom mas Zalian moswons gakveTili da

moxiblulia misi profesionalizmiT. amavdroulad is mousvenrad

acecebs Tvalebs niSnad imisa, rom rac SeiZleba swrafad gaecalos

iqaurobas da gareT gavides. iqneba ki am SemTxvevaSi paralingvisturi

maxasiaTeblis adekvaturi adresantis gamonaTqvami? ra Tqma unda, ara.

araverbaluri niSnebis saSualebiT Cven vafiqsirebT Cvens

damokidebulebas Tanamosaubrisa da aseve gamonaTqvamis mimarT.Aaqve

aRvniSnavT im garemoebasac, rom sxvadasxva araverbalur niSans SeuZlia

Seavsos, daazustos an gansazRvros erTi da igive gamonaTqvami. amis

naTel ilustrirebas gvaZlevs bolinjeris mier moyvanili umartivesi

winadadebis I don’t know interpretaciebi:

“Lips pursed: “No comment.”

Eyebrows arched: “I’m wondering too.”

Shoulders raised: Same.

Head tilted sideways: “Evasion.”

Hands held slightly forward, palms up: “Empty, no information.” (Bolinge1989:211).

amdenad, warbis awevam da Tavis umniSvnelo moZraobamac ki

SesaZloa Seavsos an gansazRvros gamonaTqvami.

Progorc kodSanski aRniSnavs paralingvistika dafuZnebulia enis

tonalur da tembrul gansakuTrebulobasa da maT sargeblobaze

kulturaSi. amaze dafuZnebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT wynari da xmamaRali

kulturebi (Кодшанский 1974:75). evropaSi magaliTad amerikelebs

sayveduroben xmamaRali laparakis maneris gamo. es maTi xasiaTi

gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom Zalian xSirad amerikelisaTvis ara aqvs

araviTari mniSvneloba imas, usmenen Tu ara maT. maTTvis mniSvnelovania

aCvenon sxvebs sakuTari kompetenturoba da gulRiaoba. maTgan

gansxvavebiT, ingliselebs miaCniaT, rom ar unda Caerio sxvis saqmeSi.

Pparalingvistikis (paraverbaluri komunikaciis) kulturul-

specifikuri gansakuTrebuloba gamoixateba sityvis siCqareSi. magaliTad,

91

germanelebi saubroben SedarebiT wynarad da grZeli pauzebiT, es

enobrivi unari uqmnis xalxs imijs, romlebic didxans fiqroben da

auCqareblad moqmedeben. swrafad molaparake kulturebs ganekuTvnebian

romanuli enis warmomadgenlebi (frangebi, ruminelebi. am CvenebiT

germanelebs ukaviaT saSualo mdgomareoba, miuxedavad amisa, sityvis

siCqare berlinSi maRalia, vidre Crdilo germaniaSi)

paraverbaluri komunikaciis Semdeg saSualebad iTvleba manera

erTis mxriv, ilaparako mravalsityvierad, meores mxriv lakoniurad,

bevr kulturaSi xSirad naTqvamis Sinaarss gaaCnia meorexarisxovani

xasiTi. msgavsi manera fasdeba arabebTan, romelTa enasa da

literaturaSi naTqvamis mniSvneloba da Sinaari ar aris mTavari,

arabul kulturaSi mniSvneloba eniWeba sityvis TamaSs, sxvadasxva sityva

SeiZleba erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebodes, arabebs Zalian

uyvarT gamoxaton erTi da igive azri sxvadasxva sityvebiT.

aqedan gamomdinare komunikaciis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba ara

marto gamonaTqvamis mniSvnelobis gagebis xarisxiT, aramed mosaubris

qcevis swori Sefasebis unariT. kerZod, kinesikuri paralingvizmebi

swored is elementebia, romelTa meSveobiTac grZnobebs, gancdebs da

emociebs ufro srulyofilad gamovxatavT, vavlenT Tu ra

damokidebuleba gvaqvs sinamdvileSi gamonaTqvamisa da komunikantis

mimarT.

Cven mier ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vifiqroT,

rom qarTul enaSi TiTqmis yvela gamonaTqvams Tan sdevs esa Tu is

paralingvisturi maxasiaTebeli. marTalia, paralingvisturi

maxasiaTeblebi yvela kulturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, magram maTi

gamoyenebis speqtri qarTul enaSi gacilebiT ufro farToa. radganac

isini verbaluri komunikaciis dros Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba,

bunebrivi xdeba, rom qarTuli ena paralingvizmebis ufro farTo

arCevans unda gvTavazobdes, an mas paralingvizmebis gacilebiT ufro

didi nairferovneba axasiaTebs.Aam mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi mizezebi

ganpirobebulia qarTuli bunebis emociurobiT, erovnulobiT da

kulturiT.

92

Tavi III. socialuri ierarqia etiketur formulebSi kulturaTSorisi

komunikaciis procesSi

uZvelesi droidan adamianTa sazogadoebaSi warmoiqmneboda brZola

da SeuTanxmebloba adamianebs Soris sazogadoebrivi Sromis

gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebrivi Sromis. Ees pirveli

gadanawileba iqca. aseve pirvel socialur diferenciaciad gvaris an

tomis SigniT, pirvelyofili wyobis CarCoebSi. Mmudmivma tendenciam

Sromis gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo gvaris

organizaciis elementebze da Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebebma da

valdebulebebma sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris barierebi warmoiqmna.

sazogadoebaSi Sromisunarianobis zrdasTan erTad Seicvala

xalxis socialuri organizacia. icvleboda ojaxisa da qorwinebis

formebi, moraluri normebi, yalibdeboda sazogadoebrivi ideebi, Caisaxa

qonebrivi da sazogadoebrivi araTanasworuflebianoba. warmoiqmna

sazogadoebrivi gansxvaveba.

kerZo sakuTreba, araTanasworuflebianoba, religiuri ideologiebi

mJRavndeboda enaSi, Sesabamisad, enaSi aisaxeba socialuri struqturebis

cvlilebebi. enaSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebze dominirebul rols

asruleben socialuri faqtorebi, sazogadoebis zemoqmedeba enaze,

sazogadoebis ganviTareba, Zirfesviani socialur-ekonomikuri,

sazogadoebr - politikuri cvlilebebi. Eenis yvela erTeuli da misi

variantebi, yvela forma, funqcia da mniSvneloba enaSi warmoadgens

socialurad ganpirobebul socializebul urTierTobebs.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, icvleba socialuri urTierToba icvleba

ena. tomebis koleqtivizmis daSlasTan da saxelmifoebrivi struqturebis

warmoqmnasTan erTad, aseve Sromisunarianobis ganviTarebasTan erTad

xdeba kulturisa da enis diferenciacia, radgan “ena sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis Taviseburi barometria, masSi, rogorc sarkeSi, aisaxeba

enis matareblebis socialuri cxovreba” (Дешериев 1977:8).

sazogadoebriv faqtorebs, romlebmac ganapirobes cvlilebebi

enaSi, warmoadgenen sazogadoebrivi sfero, socialuri garemo,

sametyvelo situacia, xalxis socialuri jgufi, mosaxleobis socialuri

fenebi. sazogadoebis araTanabar klasebad dayofam gamoiwvia enis

93

socialuri diferenciacia istoriuli ganviTarebis garkveul etapze.

Eenis socialur diferenciasTan erTad igulisxmeboda aseve ideologiis

asaxvac enaSi.

amgvarad, enis socialur diferenciacias safuZvlad udevs

sazogadoebrivi faqtorebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis

istoriuli ganviTarebiT da mocemuli enis socialuri da ideologiuri

diferenciiT.

ideologiuri brZolis gamwvavebam gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi azris

mizanmimarTuli formirebis saWiroeba.Ggaxda saWiro garkveuli

kriteriumebisa da meTodebis argumentireba (dasabuTeba).

Aadamianebi Seucnoblad iziareben Sexedulebebsa da poziciebs im

socialuri klasisas, romlis warmomadgenlebic TviTon arian “rTuli

Sinagani meqanizmebis moqmedebis safuZvelze adamiani uneblieT xdeba

Tavisi klasis warmomadgeneli da damcveli” (nadiraSvili 1979: 116).

mosaubre teqstis saSualebiT sagnebs, movlenebs ise warmoadgens,

rom garkveuli zemoqmedeba adresatze iyos miRweuli da amave dros

garkveuli komunikaciuri amocanebic Sesrulebuli. Eena da sazogadoeba

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli adamianis urTierTobis bunebasTan, mis

SesaZleblobasTan aramarto warmoqmnas teqsti, aramed daamyaros

kontaqti, urTierToba, da aseve airCios konkretuli miznis misaRwevad

sakuTari saSualeba. “sametyvelo kultura ganiszRvreba aramxolod

nornebis dacviT, aramed im saSualebebis moZiebiT, romlebic zustad

gamoxataven sakuTar azrs, sakmaod martivad (anu mxatvrulad), droulad

(anu yvelaze misaRebi mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis) da, Sesabamisad, aris

gamarTlebuli” (Ширяев 1991: 54).

am problemebis aspeqtSi mniSvnelovani roli ukavia socialuri

qcevis problemebs, romlebic r. Bbelis azriT, warmoadgens “lingvistur

problemebs” (Белл 1980: 42).

am mxriv mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs erovnul-specifikuri qcevis

wesebi, romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc verbalur, ise araverbalur

komunikacias. socialuri qcevis aseTi gansakuTrebuli sistema da

urTierTobis mdgradi formula aRiniSneba terminiT “sametyvelo

etiketi”. is dakavSirebulia etiketis cnebasTan, romelic n.i.

94

formanovskaias azriT, aris ‘niSnebis rTuli sistema, romlebic

miuTiTeben urTierTobis procesSi (verbaluri da araverbaluri) meore

adamianis mimarT damokidebulebaze, mis Sefasebaze da amave dros

sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze” (Формановская 1982: 4-5). araverbaluri

saSualebebi warmoadgenen kulturis statusis miniWebis aqtebs, rodesac

aseTi miniWeba ara mxolod akmayofilebs konkretul moTxovnilebebs,

aramed aris simboloc, warmoadgens komunikaciur saSualebas, romelsac

SeuZlia daareguliros adamianis qceva (Тарасов 1990:10).

mosaubris mimarT nebismieri urTierTobis gamoxatvis saSualeba, es

iqneba sityvebi Tu misalmeba-damSvidobebis Jestebi, arsebobs ara

damoukideblad, aramed sxva adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, da maTi

yoveldRiuri Sesruleba urTierTobis aucilebeli pirobaa.

sametyvelo etiketi verbalurad emsaxureba qcevis etikets,

araverbalurTan erTad komunikaciis aqtSi is aRniSnavs uamrav

socialurad mniSvnelovan pozicias, maT Soris komunikantebis gacnobis-

argacnobis xarisxs, urTierTobis situaciaSi maT Tanasworuflebianoba-

araTanasworuflebianobas.

sametyvelo etiketi viwro gagebiT aris metyvelebis qcevis

erovnuli specifikuri wesi, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva socialur

situaciasa da konteqstSi, erovnul-specifikuri wesebis codna iseve

mniSvnelovania urTierTobis gansaxorcieleblad, ramdenadac

mniSvnelovania enis wesebis codna saubris sworad asagebad.

Kkontaqtur-vizualur dialogur metyvelebaSi gamomJavndeba

ormxrivi socialuroba: erTis mxriv, pirveli mosaubris sametyvelo

socialuroba, meores mxriv _ meore mosaubris sametyvelo socialuroba.

Tu orive mosaubre miekuTvneba erTsa da imave socialur jgufs, arian

erTi da igive Taobis warmomadgenlebi, arian erTi mentalobis an

Sexedulebebis, erTi da imave kulturuli an saganmanaTleblo donis,

maSin pirveli mosaubris dialogiur-vizualuri sametyvelo Sinaaris

socialuroba SeiZleba daemTxvas meore mosaubrisas. Oormxriv

kontaqtur vizualur socialurobas ESeiZleba vuwodoT ekvivalenturi.

Aaseve ormxrivi socialuroba SeiZleba iyos araeqvivalenturi, pirveli

mosaubris socialurobis parametrebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes meoris

95

socialurobis parametrebisgan, anu SeiZleba ar daemTxves maTi

sazogadoebriv-socialuri statusi, zogadsaganmanaTleblo da

kulturuli done, isini SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodnen sxvadasxva socialur

jgufs da aseve gansxvavdebodnen asakiT an sqesiT.

Eeseni arian sxvadasxva socialurobis mosaubreebi, magram aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac or mosaubres aqvs saerTo parametrebi, xolo

meores – gansxvavebuli. aseT mosaubreebs SeiZleba vuwodoT mosaubreebi

Sereuli parametrebiT an Sereuli socialuri niSnebiT. Ppraqtikuli da

Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT yvela

ganmasxvavebeli niSani, romelic SeiZleba gamovlindeskontaqtur

ormxriv vizualur, dialogur da monologur sametyvelo urTierTobaSi.

mosaubris socialuri statusi, upirveles yovlisa, urTierTobaSi

gamomJRavndeba. sanam adamiani mosaubresTan daamyarebs urTierTobas, man

rogorme unda SeZlos miipyros misi yuradReba. kontaqtSi CarTvis

diferenciuli meqanizmi warmoadgens mimarTvas, radgan is aRniSnavs

komunikaciis monawileebis socialur rols da statuss. garda amisa,

mimarTvas ESeuZlia xazi gausvas aseve mosaubris profesiul rols, mis

sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas, mis dakavebulobas mocemul droSi,

asakobriv da sqesobriv sxvaobas, konkretuli socialuri klasis

warmomadgenlobas.

urTierTobis procesSi sametyvelo etiketis gagebisaTvis

komunikanTa socialuri rolis gageba arsebiTia. mniSvnelovania

ganisazRvros mosaubreebis socialuri mdgomareoba, asaki da Tu

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba yvela zemoaRniSnuli parametrebi, maSin

situacia simetriulia, xolo urTierTobis procesSi aRniSnuli

parametrebis sxvaoba warmoqmnis asimetrias.

adamianebi bavSvobidan swavloben etiketuri niSnebis gamoyenebas

(misalmeba/damSvidobeba) da Zalian negatiurad reagireben, Tu mosaubre

uxeSad arRvevs aseT wesebs. Eenis matarebelni gaerTianebuli arian

sociumSi, romelSic gamoiyeneba sametyvelo etiketis sayovelTao an

stilistikurad SezRuduli gamonaTqvamebi, Aamitomaa, rom adamiani

maSinac ki rodesac xvdeba misTvis gansxvavvbuli urTierTobis

pirobebSi, magaliTad, SeuZlia iyos mosaubre an piri, romelic

96

axorcielebs zegavlenas mosaubreze, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

TviTon iyos msmeneli, Sesabamisad zemoqmedebis obieqtic. Aaqedan

gamomdinare mas SeuZlia gqondes sxvadasxva statusi. magaliTad, ufrosi

_umcrosi; maswavlebeli _ moswavle (ase sxva bevr situaciaSi)Dmosaubris

socialuri statusidan gamomdinare, da aseve statusis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mas SeuZlia SearCios sametyvelo etiketi, raTa ganaxorcielos

urTierToba. Mmosaubre mza teqstis reproducirebis drosac ki ar

moqmedebs meqanikurad, aramed axdens sametyvelo aqtis SerCevis rTul

operacias im gamoTqmebis gamoyenebiT, romelic mocemuli urTierTobis

garemosaTvis Sesaferisi da misaRebia.

rogorc cnobilia, enis mTavari daniSnulebaa adamianebs Soris

komunikaciis damyareba. komunikacia metad rTuli procesia. igi

warmoadgens informaciis, ideebis, azrebis gacvlas or an met pirovnebas

Soris. komunikacia xorcieldeba informaciis gamgzavnis da informaciis

mimRebis anu mosaubris da msmenlis an mwerlis da mkiTxvelis

saSualebiT. komunikacia aramarto sxvadasxva saSualebiT, aramed

sxvadasxva formiTac myardeba. informaciis gagzavna da miReba SeiZleba

zepiri an weriTi formiT da Sesabamisad, gveqneba mimarTeba: mosaubre _

msmeneli, mwerali _ mkiTxveli. bunebrivia, komunikantTa raodenoba

gansxvavdeba situaciisa da komunikaciis tipis mixedviT. warmatebuli

komunikaciis dasamyareblad saWiroa mosaubrem saubrisas

gaiTvaliswinos ara mxolod sakuTari interesebi, aramed msmenlisac.

komunikaciisas aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs sametyvelo etikets,

vinaidan is Tavazianobis ganuyofeli nawilia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom warmatebuli komunikaciis erT-erTi

ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris komunikantebis fonuri anu ziari codna.

komunikantTa Soris gaugebroba ufro metia gansxvavebuli kulturis

warmomadgenlebs Soris komunikaciisas, vidre maSin, rodesac mosaubreebi

erTsa da imave sametyvelo koleqtivs ganekuTvnebian. Tu sametyvelo

etiketis esa Tu is Fforma miuRebelia erT–erTi komunikantisaTvis, maSin

maT Soris arsebuli sakomunikacio procesi CaiSleba. dauSvebelia erTi

enobrivi koleqtivisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sametyvelo etiketis normebi

meore enobriv koleqtivSi gadavitanoT, vinaidan amgvari qmedeba

97

usiamovno SegrZnebas, gakvirvebas an yofiT Soks gamoiwvevs komunikantebs

Soris. warmatebuli komunikaciisaTvis saWiroa sayovelTaod dadgenili

etiketis normebis codna da dacva.Aaqve unda iTqvas rom xSirad

warumatebeli komunikaciis an arasasiamovno urTierTobis mizezi swored

etiketis normebis ucodinroba an maTi arasworad gamoyenebaa.

sityva etiketi (Etiquette) franguli enis meSveobiT msoflios mraval

qveyanaSi gavrcelda da damkvidrda. am cnebas araerTi ganmarteba

moeZebneba:

a) qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonSi etiketi Semdegnairadaa

ganmartebuli: ,,Tavis daWerisa da Tavaziani mopyrobis wesebi mefis

karze, TavadaznaurTa Tu burJuaziis maRal wreebSi diplomatTa Soris,”

(qegl, 123).

b) ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs: ,,etiketi aris qmedeba an qmedebaTa

erToblioba, romelic adamianTa yofiT urTierTobaSi fiqsirdeba, aris

uaRresad detalizebuli, aqvs Sesrulebis savaldebulo xasiaTi da mis

Semadgenel elementebs axasiaTebs zusti Tanmimdevroba’’ (javaxiSvili

iv.,126).

g) rusuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni etikets Semdegnairad

ganmartavs:

1. “sakanonmdeblo termini, romelic sasamarTlo procesis Canawers

aRniSnavs, e.i. oqmi an oqmebis Casaweri davTari;

2. werilis an Txovnis daweris wesi;

3. samefo karis wes-Cveuleba, ceremonialuri mimarTvis dacva’’;

d) oqsfordis maRali safexuris SemswavlelTa leqsikonis

mixedviT etiketi aris: ,,wes-Cveuleba, romelic oficialurad gamyarebul

saurTierTo maneras warmoadgens’’

(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English,30);

e) vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT:

,,etiketi aris kargi sazogadoebrivi saurTierTo formebis erToblioba,

Sesabamisi tradiciuli wesebi, romlebic aseT saurTierTo formebs

aweseben’’ (Webster New World English Dictionary,73);

v) eTikis leqsikonis mixedviT etiketi aris:

98

,,qcevis wesTa erToblioba, romelic awesrigebs adamianur

urTierTobebs (garSemomyofebze mopyroba, mimarTvisa da misalmebis

formebi, qceva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi, manerebi, samosi). etiketi aris

adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sinagani kulturis Semadgeneli nawili.

masSi Sedis is moTxovnebi, romlebic iZenen ceremonialis ase Tu ise

mkacrad reglamentirebul xasiaTs da romelTa dacvas aqvs

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qcevis formis gansazRvrisaTvis. etiketi

gamoxatavs zneobriobis principebis ama Tu im Sinaarss, tradiciulad,

sazogadoebaSi igi, rogorc wesi, iqceva ritualad, aqvs Tavisi forma,

mkacrad Camoyalibebuli xasiaTi; gamoixateba detalurad damuSavebuli

Tavazianobis wesebis rTul sistemaSi, axdens sxvadasxva klasisa da

wodebis Tanamdebobis pirTa mopyrobis da sxva wreSi qcevis wesTa

klasifikacias”.

Eetiketi istoriuli kategoriaa, radgan adamianTa qcevis wesebi

Cveni cxovrebis pirobaTa kvalobaze, konkretuli socialuri garemos

Sesabamisad icvleba (jolia 1998: 56).

etiketis normebis dacvas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianuri

urTierTobebis SesanarCuneblad.Arogorc ukve avRniSneT, adamianebs

komunikaciisas ziari codna unda hqondeT etiketis normebis Sesaxeb,

raTa maT warmatebiT SeZlon komunikaciis damyareba, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi warmatebuli komunikacia ar Sedgeba aramarto sxvadasxva

yofis warmomadgenelTa Soris, aramed erTsa da imave yofis

warmomadgenelTa Soris urTierTobisasac ki. etiketis dacva metad

mniSvnelovania zepiri Tu weriTi urTierTobisas, sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs lingvisturi

etiketi. Llingvisturi etiketi Tavs iCens zepiri an weriTi

komunikaciisas Tavazianobis normebis saxiT da mdgomareobs mosaubris

mier oficialuri, neitraluri Tu Sinauruli stilisaTvis Sesaferisi

enobrivi Fformebis SerCevaSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, etiketi Tavaziani manerebis da

socialurad mowesrigebuli qcevis normebis erTobliobaa da moicavs

adamianTa qcevis normebs Sin, samsaxurSi, transportSi da saerTod

sazogadoebaSi. zogi fiqrobs, rom etiketis normebi da wesebi, ubralo

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formalobaa, magram es ase ar aris. Tavaziani adamianisaTvis romelic

etiketis normebs icavs, nebismier sazogadoebaSi arseboba, sazogadoebis

wevrebTan urTierToba iolia. etiketi adamianis Sinagan bunebas da mis

sulier silamazes warmoaCens.

Cveulebriv etiketi ganisazRvreba, rogorc adamianTa Tavaziani

manerebis da qcevis normebis erToblioba Sin, samsaxurSi, transportSi

da saerTod, sazogadoebaSi. enobrivi etiketi aris ama Tu im situaciaSi

swori frazebisa da enobrivi formebis xmarebis xelovneba. Tanamedrove

msoflioSi xSirad myardeba kontaqti sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebs

Soris. ama Tu im enaze saubrisas mniSvnelovania sametyvelo etiketis

normebis codna da dacva. n. i. fonmanovskaia aRniSnavs, rom urTierTobis

erovnuli specifika da socialurad ganpirobebuli stereotipebi,

romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs avirCioT da gamoviyenoT urTierTobis

esa Tu is forma, rogoricaa ama Tu im situaciisaTvis Sesaferisi

misalmeba, damSvidobeba, bodiSis moxda, madlobis gadaxda, milocva,

survilebis gamoTqma, sxvadasxva saxis Tavaziani gamoTqma, enobrivi

saSualebebis keTilganwyobili damokidebulebis gamovlena mosaubresTan

an msmenelTan aris enobrivi etiketi (Формановская 1988: 96).

Gganasxvaveben etiketis Semdeg saxeobebs: diplomatiuri, maRali

sazogadoebis (samefo karis), saqmiani urTierTobis, samsaxurebrivi,

samxedro, sportuli, sufris, samedicino, samecniero, samoqalaqo da

sxv (jolia 2006: 16-17).

Ddiplomatiuri anu saerTaSoriso etiketi diplomatTa etiketia.

misi moTxovnebi erTi romelime qveynis farglebs scildeba da mocemul

istoriul momentSi raime niSnis ganurCevlad (mag: erovneba, rasa,

religia) sazogado wesebis, Cvevebisa da tradiciebis erTobliobaa.

Tanamedrove diplomatTa da biznesmenTa yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi

diplomatiur etikets, anu ucxoelebTan qcevis miRebuli wesebis dacvas

ududesi mniSvneloba aqvs.

maRali sazogadoebis etiketi _ monarqTa sasaxleSi mtkiced

dadgenili qcevisa da urTierTobis wesebia.

saqmiani etiketi biznesmenTa etiketia. igi saqmiani urTierTobis

specifikuri kulturaaa da Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs ritualsa da

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subordinacias, samsaxurebriv etikets, qcevis maneras, werisa da

satelefono saubris stils, saqmiani dokumentaciis gaformebas,

molaparakebis warmarTvis xelovnebas, prezentaciiasa da reklamis

kulturas da sxv.

samsaxurebrivi etiketi – samuSaoze adamianTa qcevis wesia. vinaidan

yovel muSaks konkretuli Tanamdebobis Sesabamisi ufleba-movaleoba

gaaCnia, maTi qcevis specifikuri normebic amis mixedviT dgindeba.

samsaxurebrivi etiketi moicavs xelmZRvanelobasTan, xelqveiTebTan,

kolegebTan da partniorebTan urTierTobas.

samxedro etiketi _ samxedro mosamsaxureTa saqmianobisa da maTi

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi zogad miRebuli wesebis erTobliobaa.

sportuli etiketi spotul SejibrebebSi sportsmenTa

savaldebulo qcevis dadgenili wesebia.

sufris etiketi sufrasTan adamianTa qcevas gansazRvravs. masSi

igulisxmeba sakvebisa da sasmelis miwodeba, sufrasTan monawileTa

dasma, magidaze dana-Canglis, TefSebisa da sasmisebis dawyoba, moxmareba

da sxva wesebi.

Mmecnieruli moRvaweoba, rogorc wesi, samecniero naSromis

(aRmoCena, gamogoneba, monografia, disertacia, referati da sxv) saxiT

vlindeba. Mmisi dawera, gaformeba, aprobacia (mowoneba, dadastureba) da

dacva garkveul meTodikasa da etikets anu moTxovnaTa da akrZalvaTa

sistemas iTvaliswinebs, romelic mTlianobaSi samecniero etikets

gulisxmobs.

samedicino etiketi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samedicino

moZRvrebasTan medicinis muSakTa saqcielis, movaleobis moralisa da

eTikis Sesaxeb.

samoqalaqo etiketi yoveli adamianisagan moiTxovs sazogadoebaSi

miRebuli qcevis im normebis dacvas, rac gaTvaliswinebulia quCaSi,

pransportSi, maRaziaSi, restoranSi, kinoTeatrSi, gamofenaze Tu a.S.

etiketi universaluri cnebaa, magram amave dros, mas yvela

erisaTvis gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli erovnul-kulturili

Taviseburebi aqvs da misi normebi sxvadasxva saxis kulturaSi

gansxvavebulad gamoixateba.

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etikets, romelic vlindeba adamianis metyvelebaSi sametyvelo

urTierTobaSi, etiketi hqvia. Aadamiani yoveldRiurad mravaljer

mimarTavs sametyvelo etiketiT miRebul gamonaTqvamebs sxva adamianebTan

urTierTobisas, magaliTad: misalmebisas, damSvidobebisas, madlobis

gadaxdisas, mobodiSebis dros da sxv. rogorc vxedavT, sametyvelo

etiketi Tavazianobis verbaluri formebis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebs da

sazogadoebis mier SemuSavebul im sametyvelo qceviT normebs Seadgens,

romelic ama Tu im sazogadoebas axasiaTebs.

aSkaraa, rom saubrisas molaparake bevr sametyvelo formas (mag:

gamarjoba, rogor xar?) TiTqmis avtomaturad iyenebs, rac gulisxmobs

imas, rom aseTi saxis konstruqciebi mocemulia stereotipuli

gamoTqmebis saxiT, romlis gamoyeneba Sesaferi unda iyos gansazRvrul

momentsa da situaciaSi. Aamgvari didad mravalferovani stereotipuli

gamonaTqvamebi sametyvelo etiketis Semadgeneli nawilebia da maTi

gamoyeneba damokidebulia bevr sxvadasxva faqtorze, rogoricaa:

molaparakeTa asaki, sqesi, siaxlovis an Zalauflebis done da sxv.

sagulisxmoa, rom godardi da veJbicka stereotipul gamoTqmebs

“lingvistur rutinebs” uwodeben. maTi ganmartebiT, “lingvisturi

rutinebi” ucvleli gamonaTqvamebi an gamonaTqvamebis Tanmimdevrobaa,

romlebic standartizirebul komunikaciur situaciebSi gamoiyeneba (mag:

misalmeba, damSvidobeba, madlobis gadaxda) (Goddard, Wierzbichka 1997:249-

250). Llingvisturi rutinebi ganpirobebulia rogorc formiT, aseve

sociokulturuli konteqstiT.

sametyvelo etiketis swori gageba ara mxolod sityvebis codnas

gulisxmobs, aramed sociokulturuli Taviseburebebis codnas moiTxovs

(Ступин 1980:7). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, urTierTobisas adamianebis

erovnul-kulturuli normebi da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi

sametyvelo etiketiT vlindeba da maTi darRveva adamians metad

arasaxarbielo situaciaSi agdebs. molaparakeebma yovelTvis unda

scadon daicvan miRebuli qcevis normebi (maT Soris ueWvelad

verbaluric). rasakvirvelia, es advili ar aris da did codnasa da

Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT imaTgan, visac ucxo kulturis

warmomadgenlebTan uxdeba urTierToba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

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aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom is qceviTi normebi, romlebic

miRebulia erT kulturaSi da verbalur gamoxatulebas mis sametyvelo

etiketSi poulobs, SesaZlebelia sruliad miuRebeli da zogjer

Seuracmxyofelic ki iyos sxva kulturis warmomadgenlisaTvis.

Bbevr SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sityvasityviT iTargmnos erT enaSi

miRebuli sametyvelo etiketis gamonaTqvamebi, magaliTad, iseTi

sametvelo formulis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa “Help yourself” ingliselebSi

sametyvelo etiketis gavrcelebul gamonaTqvams warmoadgens, romelsac

maspinZeli warmoTqvams stumris mimarT, raTa man miirTvas kerZi, magram

misi pirdapiri Targmna qarTulad, rogorc “daexmareT Tqvens Tavs”

gaugebrobas gamoiwvevs. analogiurad qarTvel axlobel adamianebs

Soris gamomSvidobebisas warmoTqmuli sametyvelo etiketis

gamonaTqvamis “ar daikargo” pirdapiri Targmna inglisurad rogorc

“Don’t lost”! gaugebrobis sagani SeiZleba gaxdes ingliseli

msmenelisaTvis.

rogorc vxedavT, yvela eris sametyvelo etiketSi misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli erovnuli koloriti arsebobs, rac am sametyvelo

etiketis normebs gansakuTrebuls xdis.

cnobilia, rom sametyvelo etiketis codna didad exmareba adamians

bevri miznis miRwevasa da dadebiTi, mzrunveli adamianis imijis SeqmnaSi.

yuradRebis gamoxatvas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianebs Soris

stabiluri urTierTobis Camoyalibebasa da SenarCunebaSi. Aesec rom ar

iyos, ratom aris, rom misalmebisa da damSvidobebis gacvla aseTi

mniSvnelovania? erTis mxriv, aseTi gamonaTqvamebi imdenad stereotipuli

gaxda, rom adamiani xSirad avtomaturad warmoTqvams maT, magram

sakmarisia adamians gamorCes an mizanmiumarTavad ar warmoTqvas isini,

rom uceb iqmneba arasasiamovno gancda meore adaminSi, romelic aseT

saqciels upativcemulobad aRiqvams. yuradRebis gamoxatvis iseT niSnebs,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, misalmeba, damSvidobebas “mofemebs” uwodeben.

(Формановская 1989:52), xolo malinovski aseTi saxis komunikaciebs

“fatikur komunikacias “Phatic Communion”) arqmevs (Malinovski 1923:44). A

aRsaniSnavia, rom verbaluri Tu araverbaluri etiketis wesebis

darRvevis SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas aucilebelia ganvasxvaoT

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warumatebeli saqcielis mizezebi, kerZod, saqme SeiZleba gvqondes

“unebur darRvevasTan,” rasac aseve “kazuss” uwodeben (Камычек1981:112).

aseTi darRvevebi gansakuTrebiT xSiria sxvadasxva kulturis

warmomadgenlebs Soris urTierTobisas, rac aixsneba maT Soris “ziari

codnis” ararsebobiT, rogorc foqsi acxadebs: “Tqveni inglisuri

SesaZlebelia umnikvlo iyos, magram Tqveni qceviTi “gramatika” aRsavse

iyos aSkara SecdomebiT” (Fox 2004:62). Mmeore saxis darRvevebs

“afrontebi” hqvia (Камычек 981:113). Daq saqme gvaqvs sametyvelo etiketis

rogorc verbaluri, iseve araverbaluri normebis mizanmimarTul

darRvevasTan, rac, bunebrivia, adamianebs Soris urTierTobis gamwvavebis

mizezi xdeba. sabednierod, aseTi saxis darRvevebi sakmaod iSviaTia da

zogadad, adamianebi kargi urTierTobis damyarebisaken miiswrafvian.

enobrivi etiketis dacva aucilebelia rogorc weriTi, ise zepiri

metyvelebisas. zepiri metyvelebisas ama Tu im stereotipisa Tu enobrivi

maxasiaTeblis arCevani, tradiciulad, ganpirobebulia mosaubrisa da

misi msmenlis socialuri statusiT, socialuri roliT da maTi

mimarTebiT sxva faqtorebTan (dro, garemo). enobrivi etiketi mJRavndeba

metyvelebisas, mosaubris mimarTvisas msmenlisadmi zepiri Tu

werilobiTi komunikaciis damyarebis dros. SevniSnavT, rom enobrivi

etiketi saubris dawyebisTanave iCens Tavs da gastans mTliani saubris

ganmavlobaSi. misalmeba, Sesaferisad bodiSis moxda, Txovna, madlobis

gadaxda, damSvidobeba da da a.S. aris enobrivi etiketis is elementebi,

romelTac pirvel rigSi euflebian enis Seswavlisas, vinaidan enobrivi

etiketi moiTxovs misi normebis zedmiwevniT zustad dacvas. Mmas, vinc

saqmiani urTierTobisas iyenebs qcevis karg, daxvewil manerebs, aris

Tavaziani, eZleva realuri SesaZlebloba, ganimtkicos pozicia da

Sedegad didi sargebeli miiRos.

saqmiani saubari warmatebiT warimarTeba, rodesac komunikantebi

iCenen kompetenturobas, keTilmosurneobas, taqts da cdiloben sakiTxis

orive mxarisaTvis misaRebad mogvarebas. vinaidan saqmiani saubris

monawileebi SeiZleba iyvnen sxvadasxva asakis, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi

mdgomareobisa da sxvadasxva kulturis (yofis) warmomadgenlebi, maTi

saubrisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva enobrivi etiketis dacvas.

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magaliTad, inglisur enaSi qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT ar aris

formaluri sxvaoba “Sen” / “Tqven” nacvalsaxelebs Soris, orive

nacvalsaxels inglisurSi erTi (you) Seesatyviseba, xolo gansxvavebas

Sinaurul da oficialur mimarTvebs Soris qmnis iseTi faqtorebi,

rogoricaa: intonacia, Sesaferisi sityvebisa da konstruqciebis

gamoyeneba. magaliTad:

1. Excuse me, could you tell me the time please?

2. Hay you! What’s the time?

pirvel magaliTSi, cxadia, mosaubre gulisxmobs Tavazianobis

gamomxatvel nacvalsaxels “Tqven” (you) rasac cxadyofs amave semantikis

gamomxatveli enobrivi elementebi: “ excuse me”, “could” da “please”, xolo

meore magaliTSi mimarTva Sinaurulia. es ori magaliTic cxadyofs, Tu

raoden mniSvnelovania Tavaziani formebis gamoyeneba da enobrivi

etiketis normebis dacva metyvelebisas, daZabuli situaciebis da

gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad.

saqmiani saubrisas Tavaziani unda iyos aramarto saubris toni da

enobrivi normebi, aramed Jest-mimikac Tavazianobas unda gamoxatavdes.

Tavazianoba Sexvedrisas, interesi mosmenisas, yuradReba azrTa

gacvlisas, TanagrZnoba da taqti kritikis da SeniSvnis micemisas – yvela

es faqtori umniSvnelovanesia saqmiani urTierTobisas.

kulturaTSorisi komunikacia did rols TamaSobs nebismieri

kulturis ganviTarebaSi. yvela kulturas gaaCnia enobrivi sistema,

romlis meSveobiTac eZlevaT kulturis matarebelT erTmaneTTan

urTierTobis SesaZlebloba. mecnierebma daadgines, rom enis meSveobiT

Cven gadavcemT mosaubres informaciis 35%-ze mets. enasTan erTad

arsebobs informaciis gadacem is umravi araverbaluri saSualeba,

urTierTobis aseTi xerxebi mecnierebma gaaerTianes araverbaluri

komunikaciis cnebaSi, esenia: Jestebi, mimika, poza, varcxniloba,

tansacmeli, adamianis garemomcveli sagnebi, yvela maTgani urTierTobis

gansazRvruli saxeobaa, romlebic usityvod xdeba, maTze informaciis

darCenili 65% modis, romelic komunikaciis procesSi xorcieldeba.

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verbaluri da araverbaluri urTierTobebis elementebis Serwyma

sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvaa.

rac Seexeba verbaluri da araverbaluri urTierTobebis

elementebis Serwymas, igi sxvadasxva kulturaSi ganscxvavebulia. aris

kulturebi, sadac mcirea sityvieri gamoTqmebi, es rom gavigoT, saWiroa

kargad warmovidginoT, rogor situaciaSi warmoiTqva, vin Tqva, vis

uTxra da rogori formiT, magram aris kulturebic, sadac gasagebad

sakmarisia mxolod sityvieri gamonaTqvamebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

arsebobs kulturebi, romlebSic konteqsti Zalian mniSvnelovania, da

kulturebi, sadac konteqstis mniSvneloba araa didi. komunikaciisa da

araverbaluri semiotikis urTierTmimarTebaze msjelobisas yuradsaRebia

stefanenkos Sexeduleba, romelic miiCnevs, rom arsebobs

maRalkonteqsturi da dabalkonteqsturi kulturebi (Степаненко 2000: 151-

161). krasnixi ase xsnis am movlenas: am dros moiazreba Semdegi; ras

eqceva ufro meti yuradReba_informaciis Sinaarss anu ra iTqva, Tu

Setyobinebis konteqsts, anu rogor iTqva, visTvis iTqva da ra

situaciaSi (Красных, 2002:225). unda aRiniSnos, rom maRalkonteqsturi

kulturis warmomadgenlebi saubroben Semoklebul enaze, xolo dabal

konteqsturi kulturisa_ gafarToebulze. maRalkonteqsturi kulturis

magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Cinuri ena, aucilebelia vicodeT

qveteqsti, vicnobdeT cnobili pirovnebebisa da CineTis istorias.

agreTve unda vicodeT warmoTqmis sistema, romelSic 4 tonia. Tanac

tonis Secvla cvlis mniSvnelobas. gamonaTqvamis azris gageba

SeuZlebelia, Tu CvenTvis ucnobia adresatis socialuri statusi. saqme

isaa, rom Cinur enaSi (iseve rogorc bevr sxva aziur enaSi)

mosaubresTan damokidebuleba ganisazRvreba adamianis socialuri

mdgomareobiT. es xdeba e.w. sapatio da Seuracxmyofeli sityvebis

meSveobiT. ase magaliTad, amerikelebi gaurbian qcevis formalur kodebs,

titulebs, sxvebTan urTierTobisas Tayvaniscemasa da ritualebs. isini

upiratesobas aniWeben imas, rom mosaubres saxeliT mimarTon, ar

ganasxvaon sqesis gamo. iaponelebi ki formalobas did upiratesobas

aniWeben. maS, ase: kulturebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. dasavleTSi

metyveleba saubris konteqstisagan damoukideblad aRiqmeba, amitomac is

106

SeiZleba ganvixiloT calke, socialuri konteqstis gareSe da piriqiT,

aziur da aRmosavlur kulturaSi, romelTaTvisac konteqsts didi

mniSvneloba aqvs, sityvebi iTvleba mTlianad komunikaciuri konteqstis

Semadgenel nawilad, romelSic CarTulia agreTve urTierTobis

monawileTa piradi xasiaTebi da maTi pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobani,

amrigad, aseT kulturaSi verbaluri gamonaTqvamebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba

eTikas, politikasa da socialur urTierTobebs.

aziaSi xazgasmulia emociebisa da sakuTari Tavis kontroli. Ees

gamoxatulia SemdegSi: mosaubrem maSin unda wamoiwyos saubari, Tuki

raime mniSvnelovani aqvs saTqmeli, aqvs kargi gadmocemis unari,

oratoris niWi da saubrisas ar gamoxatavs pirad emociebs, Aamitomac

ZiriTadi aqcenti aziur kulturaSi keTdeba zepirsityvierebis mowyobis

teqnikaze, maTi warmoqmnis maneraze dadgenili sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobis Sesabamisad, romlebSic pirovnebaTa mier sazogadoebaSi

gansakuTrebuli adgiliT ganisazRvreba. amasTanaa dakavSirebuli aziur

kulturaSi sityvisadmi tradiciuli undobloba, dasavleTisagan

gansxvavebiT, sadac yovelTvis swamdaT sityvis Zala.

Aaziuri da aRmosavluri kulturis xalxebi did yuradRebas

aqceven mkacr manerebsa da etikets. sityvisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba

aziur kulturaSi imaSi gamoixateba, rom azielebi nebismier situaciaSi

crdiloben iyvnen TavSekavebulni. windaxeduleba xSirad ufro

mniSvnelovania, vidre simarTle.

rogorc krasnixi wers, situaciurad ganpirobebuli da konteqstze

orientirebuli kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia arakonkretuloba

komunikaciis procesSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom mosaubre Tavs aridebs

metyvelebis procesSi kategoriulobas. Mmas magaliTisaTvis mohyavs

iaponuri kultura, romlisTvisac miuRebelia pirdapiri SekiTxvebis da

pasuxebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis procesSi.

analogiuri situacia gvaqvs qarTul enaSic. qarTul kulturaSi

pirdapir gacemuli pasuxebi garkveul uxerxulobas qmnis. magaliTad,

komunikaciis procesSi mosaubre yovelTvis cdilobs Tavi aaridos uaris

gamomxatvel pirdapir formas ”ara”, am dros is eZebs gamosavals

107

Secvalos “ara” sxva sityvebiT, anu iwyebs mobodiSebas, axsnas, uaris

Tqmis gamomwvevi mizezebis dakonkretebas, argumentebis moyvanas da a.S.

xuTi Tve gavida. zamTari iyo. Qqalaqidan brundeboda filipe.

arCilis WiSkarze unda Camoevlo. arCilma Tvali mohkra aivnidan mimaval

filipes da dauZaxa:

_ mobrZandi, xili ixile, Crdili iCrdile, buxarze gaTbi da mere

wabrZandio.

Ffilipebac cota gaipatiJa Tavi, magram uar-uarobiT Camovida

ezoSi, Camoxta, jori bias miaba da saxlSi Sevida... (lorTqifaniZe

2010:26).

maSin, roca aSS-s mcxovrebi TavianT azrs gamoxataven ufro

pirdapir, naTlad da zustad. Ppirovnuli urTierTobebisas cdiloben

gverdi auaron gaCumebas, amboben imas, rasac fiqroben. Eevropuli

kulturebis umravlesobas, romelTaTvis konteqsti arc ise mTavaria

(franguli, inglisuri, germanuli), Aaqvs msgavsi kulturuli tradiciebi.

es kulturebi uaRresad iwoneben maT, vinc azrsa da grZnobebs zustad,

naTlad da ubralod gadmoscemen.

ramdenadac araverbaluri niSnebi atarebs Zalian did emociur

datvirTvas, aRmosavleTSi maTi ena ufro normirebulia, rac saSualebas

iZleva, rom es kultura ganxilul iqnes, rogorc “arakontaqturi”.

arakontaqtur kulturas ASeiZleba miekuTvnon skandinavielebi da

CrdiloeT evropaSi mcxovrebi sxva xalxebi, agreTve indoeTis da

pakistanis mosaxleoba, sadac adamianis, gansakuTrebiT ucnobis, jiqur

daTvaliereba aseve miuReblad iTvleba.

dasavluri kultura, iseve rogorc qarTuli kultura piriqiT,

gulisxmobs gaxsnilobas, FfarTo Jestikulacias (samxruli forma ufro

metad, vidre Crdilouri) da miekuTvneba mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis

kulturebs. espanelebTan, portugalielebTan, italielebTan,

laTinoamerikelebTan urTierTobaSi mzeras gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba

aqvs. QqarTuli kulturisaTvisac mxedvelobiT kontaqts aseve aqvs

maRali komunikatoruli da eTikuri datvirTva, rac warmoadgens ndobis

maCvenebels (“TvalebSi simarTlis Zebna”).

108

Ggarda amisa, kontaqtur kulturaTa warmomadgenlebis saubris

dros erTmaneTTan axlos dganan da xSirad exebian erTmaneTs.Aase

magaliTad, Sua da CrdiloeT evropis mcxovrebTaTvis saubris normalur

distancias Seadgens saSualod erTi metri, samxreTelebisaTvis ki

normad iTvleba naklebi manZili. restoranSi magidasTan mjdomi wyvili

parizSi erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 110- mde exeba, londonSi

_arcerTjer, jeksonvilSi (aSS) _daaxloebiT 8-mde, romSi _ 130-mde.

gavixsenoT italiuri konofilmebi da darwmundebiT, rom maTi

temperamentiani personaJebi saubrisas TiTqmis mWidrod exebian

erTmaneTs da amasTan ar dauweven xmas.

saerTod, amerikuli kulturis didi kontaqturoba, Cveni azriT,

SeiZleba aixsnas azrovnebis pozitiurobiT, TavisTavSi

darwmunebulobiT, imis warmodgeniT, rom SeuZliaT moimoqmedon raime

socialurad mosawoni. piriqiT, qarTvel adamins xSirad aqvs raime cudis

molodini, winaswar gancda. ase, magaliTad, qarTvelebisaTvis

damaxasiTebel kiTxvaze rogoraa saqmeebi? Aamerikeli pasuxobs fine,

mSvenivrad, qarTveli _ normalurad, ara uSavs, arc ise cudad.

cxadia, rom im adamianebTan Cveni urTierToba, romlebic sxva enaze

laparakoben da verbaluri qcevebis gansxvavebul sistemebs iyeneben,

advilad SeiZleba migviyvanos gaugebrobasTan an mcdar SexedulebebTan,

Tu Cven vifiqrebT, rom maTi urTierTobis verbaluri sistema Cvensas

emTxveva.

araverbaluri komunikaciis zogierT norma saerToerovnuli an

eTnikuria. evropaSi misalmebisas xels arTmeven, indoeTSi ki orive xels

mkerdTan miitanen da odnav ixrebian, koreelebi misalmebisas orive xels

iqneven, qalebi ki msubuqad xrian Tavs. filipinelebi erTmaneTs Tvalis

xamxamiT esalmebian. amgvari misalmebis forma miuTebelia dasavluri

kulturisaTvis.

mraval situaciaSi sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenelTan

kontaqtisas yalibdeba warmodgena, TiTqos adamianebi arabunebrivad

iqcevian. YTu amerikeli sakuTar Tavze laparakobs saCvenebeli TiTiT

sakuTar mkerdze miiniSnebs, es ki iaponelebs ucnaur Jestad miaCniaT,

maSin roca, aseT SemTxvevaSi isini Tavis cxvirs exebian. Cinelebi dResac

109

gaurbian ucnobebTan kontaqts, maTTvis magrad xelis CamorTmeva iseve

miuRebelia, rogorc evropelisa da amerikelisaTvis mxarze xelis

dartyma, rac niSnavs - janmrTelad iyavi.

rodesac frangi, germaneli an italieli raime ideas sisuleded

Tvlis, is gamomsaxvelad ikakunebs Tavze, xolo Tu germaneli gaSlil

xelisguls miirtyvams Sublze, es Tavisi mniSvnelobiT tolia

wamoZaxilisa: Sen SeiSale! garda amisa, germanelebs, iseve rogorc

frangebsa da italielebs, axasiaTebT saCvenebeli TiTiT TavTan

spiralis moxazva, rac niSnavs uazro idea... piriqiT, roca ingliseli an

espaneli ikakunebs Sublze, yvelasTvis gasagebia, rom is kmayofilia, da

amasTan, ara vinmeTi, aramed sakuTari TaviT. rodesac holandeli

ikakunebs Sublze da am dros saCvenebel TiTs zeviT swevs, es niSnavs,

rom man Rirseulad ASeafasa Tanamosaubris goneba, roca frangs surs

raimes dazusteba, is aerTebs sami TiTis daboloebebs, miitans tuCebTan,

maRla aswevs nikaps, agzavnis haerovan kocnas. Aamgvari Jesti qarTul

kulturaSi niSnavs Sen genacvale, an raimes mowonebis SemTxvevaSi

vxmarobT. magram roca frangi saCvenebeli TiTiT iwmends cxviris Zirs,

is iZleva gafrTxilebas: aq mTlad wmindad ar aris saqme, frTxilad,

viRacis ndoba ar SeiZleba. Ees Jesti Zalian axlosaa italielebis

saCvenebeli TiTiT cxvirze dakakunebasTan da aRniSnavs win saSiSroebaa,

frTxilad. holandiaSi am Jests sxva mniSvneloba aqvs _ Sen mTvrali

xar, inglisSi niSnavs konfidencialobas, saidumlos. gadajvaredinebuli

TiTebi axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi pirvel qristianTa Soris

warmoiSva. igi farulad jvarsgamosaxav da morwmuneebisaTvis is

urTierTSecnobis saSualebas warmoadgenda. dRes am Jestma sxva

mniSvneloba SeiZina, kerZod, inglissa da aSS-Si igi aRniSnavs: misurve

warmateba, saberZneTSi _ me Seni megobari aRar var, TurqeTSi _

urTierTobis gawyvetis moaxloebas, xolo paragvaiSi _ Seuracxyofas.

Ees Jesti, odnav modificirebuli formiT, saxeldobr, saCvenebeli da

Sua TiTebis SeerTebiT, egvipteSi gulisxmobs aseT SekiTxvas: xom ar

gsurT CemTan dawola? TiTebis moZraobas aqeT-iqeT aqvs bevri

gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, italiaSi, safrangeTsa da fineTSi is

SeiZleba niSnavdes msubuq gansjas, muqaras an mowodebas naTqvamis

110

mosmenisaken. Hholandiasa da safrangeTSi aseTi Jesti ubralod uars

niSnavs. Tu Jests azris gamoTqmas axlavs, maSin saCvenebel TiTs iqneven

aqeT-iqiT TavTan axlos.

TiTebis moZraobas aqeT-iqiT aqvs bevri gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba.

italiaSi, safrangeTsa da fineTSi is SeiZleba niSnavdes msubuq gansjas,

muqaras, an mowonebas naTqvamis mosmenisaken.Hholandiasa da safrangeTSi

aseTi Jesti ubralod uars niSnavs. Tu Jests azris gamoTqmac axlavs,

maSin saCvenebel TiTs iqneven aqeT-iqiT TavTan axlos.

Aadamianur Tvisebebsa da cxovrebiseul movlenebze sxvadasxva

kulturis gansxvavebuli, zogjer radikaluri Sexedulebebi, maT

urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobebs qmnis, rac individebis

qcevaze, da bunebrivia, etiketzec garkveul gavlenas axdens.

Eetiketis upirvelesi wesia misalmeba, Tumca sxvadasxva xalxi

gansxvavebulad esalmeba erTmaneTs. qarTvelebi Cveulebriv esalmebian

rogorc wesi, gamoTqmebiT: dila mSvidobisa, gamarjoba, saRamo

mSvidobisa da a.S. Zvel droSi Cinelebi, monRolebi da egviptelebi

Semxvedrs ase ekiTxebodnen: dRes WameT? Aan Tqveni saqoneli

janmrTelia?

Mmisalmebis dros moZraoba da Jestebi kidev ufro

mravalferovania.

magaliTad: qarTvelebi, amerikelebi, ingliselebi, zogadad

evropelebi, misalmebis Jestad xelis CamorTmevas iyeneben,

laTinoamerikelebi erTmaneTs exvevian, frangebi loyaze kocnian,

samoelebi ynosaven, pilipinelebi Tvalis xamxamiT esalmebian, iaponelebi

Tavs xrian. indoelTa mraval tomSi ucnobis xilvisas dRemde

SenarCunebulia Cacucquli jdoma, sanam is ar miuaxlovdeba da ar

SeamCnevs am “mSvidobismoyvare” pozas, am dros fexsacmelsac ixdian.

tibetelebi misalmebisas marjvena xeliT ixdian Tavsaburavs, marcxena

xeliT yurs ifaraven da kidev, enas gamoyofen.

Mmiuxedavad aseTi mravalferovnebisa, yoveli misalmeba, rogorc

wesi, Tavis msubuqi daxriT, moRimari saxiT, sasiamovno gamoxedviT,

xelis CamorTmeviTa da sxvaTa TanxlebiT sruldeba. Yyvelaferi

situaciasa da adamianTa Soris urTierTobis donezea damokidebuli.

111

saubris dawyebamde misalmebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa

xelis CamorTmeva. miRebulia, rom mamakacma xelis CamosarTmelad

aucileblad unda waiZros xelTaTmani Tu Sexvedra xdeba zamTarSi

quCaSi. Aam Jestis warmoqmna dakavSirebulia imis CvenebasTan, rom xeli

uiaraRoa. AmasTan xelis CamorTmevis dros jer kacs arTmeven xels

Semdeg ki - qals.

- gadmovida Ceqmebiani mZRoli, jer gias gauwoda xmeli, civi xeli,

mere Tinas (inaniSvili 2010:30).

Aamrigad, misalmebis sxvadasxva variantis fsiqologuri

mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba urTierTobis pirvelsave

wuTebSi ganvWritoT misi Semdgomi ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, sapasuxo

moqmedebis im varianti SerCeva, romelic yvelaze metad Seesatyviseba

Tanamosaubris ganzraxvebs urTierTobis konkretul situaciaSi.

dasavlur civilizaciaTa UumetesobaSi, roca dgas marjvena da

marcxena xelis rolis sakiTxi, arcerT maTgans ar eZleva upiratesoba

(garda, ra Tqma unda, tradiciuli xelis CamorTmevisa marjvena xeliT).

mxolod axlo aRmosavleTSi, iseve rogorc sxva islamur

saxelmwifoebSi, rogoricaa quveiti, siria an malaizia, ar SeiZleba

vinmesTvis sakvebis, fulis an saCuqris miwodeba marcxena xeliT. iq mas

usufTao xelad miCneven.

Tuki magaliTad, qarTveli iseve rogorc amerikeli maRaziaSi

raimeze xeliT miuTiTebs, filipinebSi_xelis miTiTebis nacvlad TvaliT

uTiTeben, xolo taivansa da CineTSi misalmebisas gamoiyeneba gaSlili

xeli. taivanSi ar sweven zeviT saCvenebel TiTs_is mxolod cxovelebis

dasaxmobad (cxovelebTan) ixmareba.

aziur da aRmosavlur kulturaSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa, roca

quCaSi ori mamakaci xelixelCakidebuli daseirnobs, es ubralo

megobrobis gamoxatulebaa, rac miuRebelia amerikelebisTvis, amerikaSi

is negatiurad iTvleba: aseT adamianebs homoseqsualebad aRiqvamen.

amasTan erTad, yvela xalxisa da kulturebis warmomadgenlebSi

SeimCneva saerTo niSnebic. saerToa – mimikuri gamoxatuleba emociisa:

sixarulis da gaocebis, naRvelisa da risxvis, dainteresebulobisa da

SiSis. Amas yuradReba miaqcies mezRvaurebma, Soreuli miwebis

112

aRmomCenebma. Yyvela mxareSi aborigenebi, romlebic ar icnobdnen

TeTrkanianTa mimikebs, momxvdurebs xvdebodnen RimiliT an agresiuli

grimasebiT _ TavianTi damokidebulebis Sesabamisad, da es

damokidebuleba pirveli SexedvisTanave, usityvod iyo gasagebi.

ra Tqma unda, mimikur gamoxatulebebSic arsebobs garkveuli

kulturuli gansxvavebebi. magaliTad, Cinelebs amerikel turistebTan

pirveli Sexvedrisas uCndebodaT gakvirvebis grZnoba, Tu ris gamo

brazobdnen ganuwyvetliv maTi stumrebi. saqme isaa, rom CineTSi aweuli

warbebi risxvis niSania, maSin, roca amerikelebi adgilobrivi

RirsSesaniSnaobebis naxvisas aRfrTovanebas gamoxataven maTTvis Cveuli

maneriT warbebis zeviT aweviT. Ggermanelebi zeviT sweven warbebs vinmes

ideiT gamowveuli aRrfTovanebis niSnad. qarTul kulturaSi warbebis

aweva gaocebis, gakvirvebis, xSirad gabrazebis gamomxatvelic ki aris.

moviyvanoT nawyveti qarTuli moTxrobidan “bukinistebis saZmo”:

vitrinaze viRac mikakunebs. maisaZea, aferisti, maniSnebs gareT

gamodio. cali warbi maRla auqaCavs, _ raRacaSia saqme! rogor gavide,

Tengo ar aris.

Sen Semodi-meTqi.

gamodi, gamodio! _ im warbs kidev ufro maRla qaCavs (SataiZe

2010:182). aseTnair qcevas inglisSi gaigeben skepticizmad. Tavis mxriv,

dasavleli vizitorebi aRmosavleTis xalxs orpirebad aRiqvamen,

ramdenadac maTi saxidan arasodes ar qreba Rimili maSinac ki, roca

urTierToba Aarafer sasiamovnos ar gulisxmobs.

amrigad, Jestebis gamoyenebisas didi sifrTxilea saWiro, rameTu

erTi da igive Jesti SesaZloa sxvadasxva intepretaciis mqone iyos

kulturaTa gamsxvavebul tipebSi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs

araverbalur semiotikaSi e.w. Jestebis universalizmis problemasTan.

bolo wlebSi didi yuradReba eqceva Jestebis mravalferovnebisa da maTi

daniSnulebis Seswavlas, rameTu Jestebis intepretacia cvalebadia

kulturidan kulturaSi. marTalia, arsebobs Jestebi, romlebic

universalur xasiaTs atareben yvela kulturaSi, magram arsebobs

iseTebic, romlebic unikaluria mxolod romelime konkretuli

enisaTvis.

113

kulturis gansxvavebul tipebSi Jestebis rolisa da gansazRvris

mizniT Cven gavecaniT sakmaod saintereso da mravalferovan

literaturas.

“O.K”-is mniSvneloba kargadaa cnobili yvela inglisurenovan

qveyanaSi. agreTve evropasa da aziaSi. zogierT qveyanaSi ki mas sruliad

gansxvavebuli warmoSoba da mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, safrangeTSi

igi aRniSnavs “nuls”, “arafers”, iaponiaSi _ “fuls”, xolo xmelTaSua

zRvis auzis qveynebSi es Jesti gamoiyeneba mamakacTa homoseqsualobis

aRsaniSnavad, amitom sxvadasxva qveynebSi mogzauroba unda

daeqvamdebaros wess “sadac waxval, iqauri qudi daixure (“Когда вы в Риме,

делайте то же, что и все Римляне” _ sakuTari wesebiT sxvis monasterSi ar

dadian) raTa Tavidan aviciloT SesaZlo uxerxuli situaciebi.

magaliTad, amerikaSi, inglisSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi maRla

aweul did TiTs sami mniSvneloba aqvs: Cveulebriv igi gzaSi “manqanis

gasaCereblad” gamoiyeneba. meore mniSvneloba _ yvelaferi rigzea”, xolo

roca didi TiTi mkveTrad amovardeba zeviT, es ucenzuro, ginebis

aRmniSvneli, Seuracxyofis niSani xdeba. zogierT qveynebSi, magaliTad,

saberZneTSi es Jesti aRniSnavs “xma Caigde, Caikminde”. amitomac

warmovidginoT amerikelis mdgomareba, romelic am JestiT manqanis

gaCerebas cdilobs.

roca italielebi erTidan xuTamde iTvlian es Jesti cifr “1”-s

aRniSnavs, xolo saCvenebeli TiTi “2”. aseT SemTxvevaSi roca amerikelebi

da ingliselebi iTvlian saCvenebeli TiTi “1” aRniSnavs, SuaTiTi “2”,

xolo didi TiTi _ “5”-s.

es niSan-Tvisebebi migviTiTeben imaze, Tu ra gaugebrobamde

SeiZleba migviyvanos Jestebis arasworma ganmartebebma, mosaubreTa

erovnuli Taviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobam, amitom sanam raime

daskvnebs gavakeTebdeT Jestebisa da sxeulis enis mniSvnelobaze,

aucilebelia adamianis erovnuli kuTvnileba gaviTvaliswinoT, an

Tundac “Tvalebis qceva” romelic sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvaa,

romelTa ucodinrobam SeiZleba gaugebroba gamoiwvios. ase magaliTad,

Tu aSS-Si TeTrkaniani maswavlebeli SeniSvnas aZlevs Savkanian

students, romelic sapasuxod Tvalebs dabla xris, maswavlebeli

114

SeiZleba ganrisxdes. saqme isaa, rom Savkanianebi aseT JestiT

pativiscemas gamoxataven, xolo TeTrkanianebisaTvis pativiscemis

gamoxatuleba pirdapir gamoxedvaa.

Crdilo amerikelebisaTvis Tvalis Cakvra niSnavs flirts, msubuq

gaarSiyebas. Tu nigerieli Tvals Caukravs Tavis Svilebs, es imas niSnavs,

rom maT oTaxi unda datovon, xolo indoeTSi da tailandSi Tvalis

Cakvra Seuracxyofaa. aseve tailandSi miuRebelia fexis fexze gadadeba,

saqme isaa, rom tailandeli fexs sxeulis yvelaze arasasiamovno da

mdabal nawilad miiCnevs. Tu Crdiloamerikeli studenti ase dajdeba

profesoris win, imitom rom misTvis asea moxerxebuli, afrikul da

aziur kulturaSi Uuzrdelobad da upativcemulobad CaTvlida.

cnobilia aTasze meti sxvadasxva saxis gamometyveleba, romlis

miReba adamians SeuZlia. rogorc kinesikis sxva elementebi, pozac

gansxvavebulia, sxvadasxva kulturaSi, magaliTad: yvela dasavleli zis

skamze fexi fexze gadadebuli, magram Tu amerikeli tailandSia da ase

dajdeba da fexebs tailandelisaken miwevs, tailandeli Tavs

Seuracxyofilad da damcirebulad igrZnobs. saqme isaa, rom tailandeli,

iaponeli, Cineli fexs sxeulis yvelaze arasasiamovno da mdabal

nawilad miiCnevs. amerikelisaTvis es Cveulebrivi Jestia. Tuki,

magaliTad, amerikeli maRaziaSi raimeze xeliT miuTiTebs,

filipinebSi_xelis miTiTebis nacvlad TvaliT uTiTeben, xolo taivansa

da CineTSi misalmebisas gamoiyeneba gaSlili xeli. taivanSi ar sweven

zeviT saCvenebel TiTs, is mxolod cxovelebis dasaxmobad

(cxovelebTan) ixmareba.

yovelive zemoTqmuli Semdegi cxrilis saxiT SeiZleba

warmovadginoT:

araverbaluri

komunikacia

dasavleTi aRmosavleTi qarTuli

misalmeba amerikaSi

misalmebisas xels

arTmeven

aziaSi misalmeba Tavis

dakvriT gamoixateba.

qarTul kulturaSi

xelis CamorTmeviT

da Tavis dakvriT

115

erTimeores.

piradi sivrce/

Sexeba

Ddasavlelebi

Cveulebriv

saubrisas ar

exebian erTimeores.

dasavleTSi

saubrisas

upiratesobas

aniWeben

distanciis dacvas.

aRmosavleli xalxi

Sexebazea

orientirebuli. CineTSi

saxalxo adgilebis

simciris gamo,

erTmaneTTan dganan

axlos, vidre

dasavleTSi

qarTuli kulturac

SexebiT

orientirebulia,

saubris dros qar

Tvelebi exebian

erTimeores.

TvalebiT

kontaqti

Ddasavlur

qveynebSi TvalebiT

kontaqts didi

mniSvneloba

eniWeba,

amerikelebi ar

endobian maT vinc

TvalebSi ar

ucqeris

aRmosavlur kulturaSi

upativcemulobad

iTvleba adamianze

daJinebuli cqera,

indoeTsa da tailandSi

Tvalis Cakvra

Seuracxyofaa.

iseve rogorc

dasavleTSi

TvalebiT kontaqts

udidesi

mniSvneloba eniWeba

zogadad

Jestikulacia

dasavlelebi

gamoirCevian

JestikulaciiT,

xSirad saubris

nacvlad mimarTaven

Jestikulacias.

gansakuTrebiT

xelis, Tavis

moZraobebs.

Jestikulacia

aRmosavlur kulturaSi

ar aris miRebuli, isini

cdiloben akontrolon

Jestebi, Tavs arideben

xelis moZraobebs.

msgavsad

dasavlelebisa

qarTuli kulturac

gamoirCeva maRali

JestikulaciiT.

xelebis

moZraoba

amerikaSi golis

gatanis dros,

aRmosavleTSi, kerZod,

pakistanSi marcxena

qarTul

kulturaSi xelis

116

gamarjvebis,

mogebisas xelebs

zemoT sweven.

xelis

demonstrirebisgan Tavs

ikaveben.

Jestebis gamoyenebas

sakmaod farTo

speqtri aqvs.

saCvenebeli

TiTi

Tu or saCvenebl

TiTs erTmaneTs

gavuxaxunebT, es

niSnavs, rom ori

adamiani

erTmaneTTan

kargad Sewyobili

wyvilia.

roca amerikeli

sakuTar Tavze

saubrobs,

saCvenebel TiTs

mkerdTan miitans

amerikaSi raimeze

miTiTebis mizniT

iyeneben saCvenebel

TiTs

1.igive Jesti iaponiaSi

niSnavs rom Tqven

gadauWrel problemas

SeejaxeT da mis Sesaxeb

Tanamosaubres uyvebiT.

2 roca iaponeli

sakuTar Tavze saubrobs

saCvenebeli TiTi

cxvirTan miaqvs.

3.aRmosavleTSi

Seuracxmyofelia xeliT

adamianze miTiTeba.

filipinelebi xelis

nacvlad raime saWiro

nivTze Tvalebis

xamxamiT mianiSneben.

dasavlelebis

msgavsad qarTul

kulturaSi Jestebs

aniWeben

upiratesobas

ok Jesti niSnavs yvelaferi

rigzea,

iaponiaSi - fuls. niSnavs yvelaferi

rigzea

zeaweuli cera

TiTi

evropaSi Zlieri

mowonebis niSania.

muslimanur qveynebSi ki

es Jesti uxamsobad

iTvleba. zeaweuli cera

TiTis brunviTi

moZraoba saudis

arabeTSi niSnavs aqedan

daikarge.

mowonebas, kargad

yofnas gamoxatavs.

117

fexis fexze

gadadeba

amerikaSi

Cveulebriv

miRebulia fexis

fexze gadadeba

tailandSi msgavsi

Jesti miuRebelia, saqme

imaSia, rom

tailandelisaTvis,

iseve rogorc bevri

sxva aRmosavluri

kulturis

warmomadgenlisaTvis

fexi, sxeulis yvelaze

mdabali nawilia

qarTul kulturaSi

ki fexis fexze

gadadeba

asocirdeba

upativcemulobasTan

da uzrdelobasTan

stvena amerikaSi lamazi

qalis danaxvisas,

matCis msvlelobis

dros, da

warmodgenis

dawyebis win

stvenen. stvena

aseve yuradRebis

misaqcevadac

gamoiyeneba.

msgavsi moqceva

aRmosavleTSi yovlad

miuRebelia.

msgavsad dasavluri

kulturisa F

sicili yvela dasavlur

qveyanaSi

asocirdeba

sixarulTan da

xumrobasTan

iaponiaSi sicili

morcxvobisa da

meryeobis maniSnebelia

iseve rogorc

dasavlur

kulturaSi, sicili

dadebiTi emociis

matarebelia

e.m vereSaginisa da v.g.kostomarovis wignSi “ena da kultura” mTeli

Tavi eZRvneba “munj” enebs. masSi Jestur-mimikuri komunikaciuri niSnebi

aRwerilia ucxoelebisTvis rusuli enis swavlebis meTodikis

Tvalsazrisidan, romlebmac sityvier enasTan erTad unda Seiswavlon

Jestebis enac. Jestebis erovnuli Taviseburebebis ucodinrobis gamo

SeiZleba aRmovCndeT iseT mdgomareobaSi, rogoric aRwerilia avtorebis

mier:

118

rusuli enis kursebis Sved staJiors surda manqaniT gamgzavreba

abramcevidan moskovSi da dadga gzadkecilze muStad Sekruli xelis

zemoT aweuli didi TiTiT. Tu dasavleT evropis qveynebSi am JestiT

iTxoven damgzavrebas, rusul kulturaSi igi aRniSnavs mowonebas, amitom

mZRolebi gakvirvebiT SeaTvalierebdnen “Serekils” da midiodnen.

imisTvis, raTa Tavidan aviciloT msvavsi kuriozebi, ama Tu im

ucxo enis Seswavlisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ara mxolod frazebis

swor gramatikul agebas da warmoTqmas, aramed qveynis araverbaluri

kulturisa da istoriis Seswavlas.

amrigad, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cven TviT cxovrebis wesiT,

CveulebebiT, ritualebiT mudmivad “vesaubrebiT” erTmaneTs.

rogorc vxedavT, araverbaluri komunikaciis urTierTmimarTebis

sakiTxSi mTavari faqtori kulturologiuri fenomenia.

aqedan gamomdinare, kinesikuri elementebis struqturis, semantikisa

da pragmatikis TaviseburebaTa ganmapirobebel faqtorad upirveles

yovlisa, unda miviCnioT erovnuli xasiaTi, eris kulturis specifika,

istoriulad gamomuSavebuli sociokulturuli Rirebulebani, etiketis

normebi da sxva.

Aamitom, sanam raime daskvnebs gavakeTebdeT, Jestebisa da sxeulis

enis mniSvnelobaze, aucilebelia adamianis erovnuli kuTvnileba

gaviTvaliswinoT.

aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni SexedulebiT, marTebulia mocemul

kulturaSi miRebuli Jestebis daniSnulebis winaswar Seswavla. Tu ara

varT darwmunebuli, Tu rogor aRiqmeba Cven mier gamoyenebuli Jesti

sxva kulturaSi, maSin umjobesia Tavi avaridoT mis gamoyenebas.

enaTmecnierebaSi araverbalur komunikacias mniSvnelovani adgili

uWiravs. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba enis leqsikuri fondis

gamdidreba. agreTve am enobriv erTeulebSi airekleba eris erovnuli da

socialuri Taviseburebani da vlindeba am eris kulturac, araverbaluri

niSnebiT gadmoicema adamianis realuri gancdebi.

araverbaluri komunikacia rTuli enobrivi erTeulebiT

gamoixateba. enis gamomxatvel saSualebaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia araverbalur erTeulebs, masSi SemWidroebuli saxiT

119

gadmoicema grZnobebis, emociebisa da azrebis rTuli kompleqsi, Aamitom

isini verbaluri komunikaciis ganuyofel da umTavres nawilad SeiZleba

miviCnioT.

araverbaluri niSnebi, romlebic adamianTa yoveldRiuri,

Cveulebrivi yofis pirobebSi iqmneba rogorc gare samyarosTan

damaxasiaTebel niSan-TvisebaTa, mimarTebaTa gadmocemis Sedegi, Zalze

saintereso da mravalferovania. Kkomunikaciur aqtSi maTi srulfasovani

monawileobisaTvs adresati da adresantic unda flobdes kulturul da

enobriv kods, rac iZleva araverbaluri niSnebis amocnobis, Semdeg ki

misi mniSvnelobis gagebis, sworad gaSifvris da interpretaciis

saSualebas.

ena ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT erTxel da samudamod gamzadebul

masalad, romelic ar SeiZleba Seicvalos Tavisi arsis mixedviT. Eena

aris raRac mudmivi, amasTan erTad yovel mocemul momentSi gardamavali.

ena aris moRvaweoba, moqmedeba, amitom misi gansazRvra SeiZleba iyos

mxolod genetikuri. „mSobliuri ena mWidrod da mravalmxriv aris

dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi adamianis cxovrebis mraval mxaresTan. es

debuleba samarTliania yvela xalxisa da yvela enis mimarT“ (gamyreliZe

2003:461).

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom

komunikaciis procesSi informaciis mxolod 35% gadmoicema enis

meSveobiT. urTierTobis sxva araverbalur saSualebebs warmoadgens

egreTwodebuli somaturi ena (soma – berZnulad “sxeuli) (aminovi,

eriaSvili 2009: 141). Jestebis, pozebis mimikis, saxis gamomxatveli ena,

romelic aqtiurad erTveba informaciis gadmocemaSi.

Kkomunikaciis araverbalur saSualebebs, romlebic istoriulad

verbalurze adre gaCnda, gaaCniaT adresatze Zlieri zemoqmedebis unari

maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia zogjer iseTi informaciis gadmocema,

romelTa gamoxatvac Znelia an raime mizezTa gamo uxerxulia sityvebiT.

amitom araverbaluri qceva aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre

warmoTqmuli sityvebi. Jestebis ena calsaxad internacionaluria

mxolod aRweriTi Jestebis (asanTis anTeba, piris gaparsva da a.S.)

farglebSi, magram ZiriTadad „komunikacia Jestebis meSveobiT iseTive

120

nacionaluri fenomenia, rogorc verbaluri enebi“ (Верещагин, Костомаров

1983:196).

Aamas ganapirobebs somaturi enis ormagi buneba, erTi mxriv,

biologiuri Tandayolili (uneblie, gaucnobierebeli gamovlinebebi:

gafiTreba, Tvalis gugis gafarToeba, da a.S.). da meore mxriv,

socialuri, adamianis mier socializaciis procesSi SeZenili

(gacnobierebuli, gaazrebuli gamovlinebebi, Tavi (kefa) moifxana _

problemebze dafiqrebisas. xelebs isress _siamovnebis, kmayofilebis

gamoxatva).

araverbaluri komunikaciis aseTi ormagi buneba gansazRvravs

rogorc universalur, yvelasaTvis gasagebi niSnebis, ise specifikuri

signalebis arsebobas, romlebic mxolod erTi kulturis farglebSi

gamoiyeneba. informaciis gadmocemis kulturiT ganpirobebuli

araverbaluri saSualebebi, romlebic simboloebs warmoadgenen, CvenTvis

sainteresoa aramarto imitom, rom maTi codna aucilebelia

komunikaciaSi warmatebuli monawileobisaTvis, aramed pirvel rigSi

imitom, rom araverbalur enas gaaCnia myari verbaluri aRwera.

pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT somaturi erTeulebi aRweren,

magaliTad mimikas an sxeulis moZraobas, magram proeqciuli

TvalsazrisiT isini asaxaven emociebisa da fsiqikuri mdgomareobis

garegnul gamovlinebas, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maT semantikaSi devs

adaminis sulier mdgomareobaze miniSnebis Cveuli normebi misi

grZnobebis, ganzraxvaTa, gancdebis provocirebis gziT maT garegnul

gamovlinebebze.

magaliTad: SavadSeyrili warbebi (gabrazeba);

Tvali hkida (Sexeda);

Wruta Tvalebi (cbieri mzera);

iqednuri Rimili (damcinavi, ironiuli).

Cven mier Seswavlili araverbaluri niSnebi aRweren adamianis

mravalferovan grZnobebs, fsiqikur mdgomareobebs, azrebs, qcevas, misi

garegnobisa da xasiaTis Taviseburebebs da a.S.

Cveni kvlevis Sedegad da empiriul masalaze dayrdnobiT

gamovlinda, rom araverbaluri niSnebi qarTul enaSi mravalricxovan

121

jgufs Seadgens. gansakuTrebuli sixSiriT xasiaTdeba TvalebiT

kontaqti, mas aqtiurobis mixedviT mosdevs xelis, Tavis Jestebi,

warbebis, tuCebis moZraoba, Rimili, mimika.

ganvixiloT araverbalur komunikaciaSi gansakuTrebuli sixSiris

mqone sxeulis aRmniSvneli zogierTi erTeulis konotaciebi.

Tvalebi simbolurad iZenen informaciis miRebis, maTi utyuarobis

mniSvnelobas, amitomacaa qarTul realobaSi Tvalebs udides

mniSvnelobas aniWeben, maTi meSveobiT Seicnoba simarTle, adamianis

zraxvebi da miswrafebebi, amitomac xSirad gvsmenia Semdegi fraza:

„TvalebSi amovikiTxeo“

maxvili Tvali _ Tvalebi auxila raRacaze.

Tvalebi agreTve emociisa da grZnobis gamomxatveli mniSvnelobis

organoa, amitom es komponenti gvxdeba sakmaod didi raodenobiT qarTul

literaturaSi, realobaSi, romlebic adamianis emociur mdgomareobas,

masSi momxdar cvlilebebs asaxaven.

magaliTad gakvirvebis gamomxatveli Jestebi Cans gamoTqmebSi:

Tvalebis gadmokarkvla; Tvalebs uprawavs; Tvalebi aenTo; Tvalebi

zed darCa; daWyetili Tvalebi.

Surisa da arakeTilmosurneobis: QWruta Tvalebi; boroti mzera;

Tvalebis yalbi cimcimi; mzakvroba ver daiWira im TvalebSi; daZabuli

mzeris simZafre; Tvali gveliviT civad gamoasriala.

simorcxvis: Tvali ar gaumarTavs; SefarviT mzera; Sercxva

garSemomyofebis da Tvalebze xeli aifara; idumali mzera; idumali

Wvreta, Tvalebi daxara.

muqaris: Tvalebs mikvesebs; jiqur Sexedva;

siamovnebis: Tvalebis moxuWva; madliT savse Tvalebi guls

xanCaliviT Semomayara.

xelis Jestebi

sinanulis gamomxatveli: xelis Caqneva; Sublze xelis Semortyma.

ugunebobis, mRelvarebis: xelisguli daisva wveriT gajagrul

nikapze; acaxcaxebuli xeli, xelis kankali; mRelvarebis dasafarad

saCixes margilebs mosWida xelebi.

122

gabrazebis: „maisaZes ro rame mouvides imis bavSvebs ra eSveleba?

Mmagidaze xelisguli daartya gogiam (SataiZe 2010:112).

gaocebis gamomxatveli: xelisglebis Setrialeba-Semotrialeba;

gaCumebis: tuCze xelis afareba;

dasturis niSani: xelis Cartyma;

simorcxvis, SiSis: Tvalebze xelis afareba;

kmayofilebis Jesti: kefaze xelis Semowyoba;

miniSnebis: TiTis gaSvera;

misalmebis: xelis aweva;

muqaris: muSti daarakuna tablaze;

siamovnebis: xelebis fSvneta.

saxis gamometyveleba

gamtknarebuli saxe; saxe aumetyvelda; mikitnuri gamometyveleba;

Cafiqrebuli saxe; moRuSuli, mdumare saxe; usiamod daejrija saxis

nakvTebi; saxeze mglisferi edo _ (gabrazda). kmayofili saxe; sastiki

gamometyveleba; sacodavi gamometyveleba; saxe aelewa.

Tanamedrove lingvistikis erT-erT wamyvan dargad enis meSveobiT

kulturis Seswavla iqca. l. elmslevi aRniSnavs: “ena, rogorc niSanTa

sistema da myari warmonaqmni, warmoadgens adamianis gonier da fsiqikur

bunebaSi Cawvdomis gasaRebs. ena, rogorc zeindividualuri socialuri

instituti, eris xasiaTs warmoaCens” (Ельмслев 1960:132), amitom

lingvokulturologiaSi ena ganxilulia kulturasTan, adamianis

azrovnebasTan, fsiqikasTan da sulierebasTan mWidro kavSirSi. Eenisa da

kulturis urTierTmimarTebas upirveles yovlisa gansazRvravs adamiani

Tavisi mentalobiT, emociebiT, romelic mudmivad aris fsiqologTa

Seswavlis sagani. adamiani, romelic ukve flobs ZiriTad saazrovno

procesebs, nebismieri axali enis Seswavlisas azris gamoTqmas mxolod

sxva saSualebebs, sityvebs, idiomatur gamoTqmebs eufleba. adamianis

konceptualuri mniSvneloba mravalmxrivia da bevr aspeqts moicavs:

emocias, motivacias, gancdebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, lingvokulturologiis fsiqologiur aspeqtSi

ganxilva metad mniSvnelovania. Aaraverbaluri niSnebis kvleva misi

fsiqologiuri aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT Zalzed sainteresoa.

123

amrigad, yoveli kulturis Aaraverbaluri niSnebis Seswavlisas

gasaTvaliswinebelia fsiqologiuri faqtori, vinaidan maT sworad

gagebasa da gaazrebisas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba fsiqologiis

monacemTa gaTvaliswinebas, radganac am faqtorTa gauTvaliswineblobis

SemTxvevaSi Zalzed bundovani xdeba araverbaluri niSnebi da xSirad

gaugebaric ki. upirveles yovlisa, prioriteti eniWeba emocias, romelic

lingvisturi meTodebis saSualebiT SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes enis

leqsikur-frazeologiur doneze, romelSic wina planze wamoweulia

adamiani, misi sulieri samyaro, kultura.

emocia franguli sityvaa emotion– vaRelveb, romelic adamianis

fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, gare sinamdvilesa da Tavis Tavisadmi individis

damokidebulebis gancdaa.

emocia mWidrod ukavSirdeba gamomsaxvel moZraobebs. maT gareSe

ar arsebobs samyaro da TviT adamiani am samyaroSi. emociebia: SiSi,

risxva, sixaruli, siyvaruli, dardi, sevda, sibraze da sxv. TiToeuli

emocia adamianis Sinagan damokidebulebas gamoxatavs ama Tu im obieqtis

mimarT – anu rogor aRviqvamT da SevimecnebT. aq ukve Cven saqme gvaqvs

emociis kognitur midgomasTan, romelic pirvelad lakofisa da

jonsonis SromebSi gamoCnda (Lacoff, Johnson 1980:67) isini aRniSnaven, rom

adamianis es fsiqikuri movlenebi, TiToeuli eris kulturis

gaTvaliswinebiT, konceptur struqturaSi arian gaerTianebuli, sadac

TiToeuli emocia TiToeuli enis Sesabamisi idiomebiT gadmoicema.

dasavluri, aRmosavluri da qarTuli kulturebis araverbaluri

komunikaciis Seswavlsa gvaZlevs safuZvels davaskvnaT, rom erTi da

igive emocia umravles SemTxvevaSi erTi da imave araverbaluri

komponentiT aris gadmocemuli. ganvixiloT emociaTa ramodenime tipi

da maTi gamomxatveli araverbaluri niSnebi.

124

emociebi dasavleTi

aRmosavleTi qarTuli

brazi brazianad

Tvalebis

SenaTeba;

brazisgan

gacofeba;

Tvalebis

dakveseba;

Tvalebis

sisxliT avseba;

Sublis SeWmuxvna;

kbilebiT

gamoscra sibraze;

saxis moRreca;

daZarRvuli

muStiT mogerieba;

warbebis

SeWmuxvna; saxe

gauxevda;

kbilebi

daaRWriala.

Subli kuStad

Seikra; Tvalebis

kvesa; mglisferi

edo saxeze;

xelisgulis

magidaze

dartyma;

mtruli mzera,

qoruli mzera;

warbSeyrili da

moRuSuli

jdoma;

Wruta,

Tevziseburi

Tvalebi;

warbebis maRla

aweva;

nerviuloba

mRelvareba

daZabuloba

tuCebis mokvneta;

SeSliliviT

sicili;

mousvenrad

bolTis cema;

xmis acaxcaxeba;

JrJolam aitana;

oflis mowmenda;

tuCebis TrTola;

enis mokvneta;

saxe

gadaufiTrda;

xelis kankali,

oflis mowmenda;

tuCebis caxcaxi;

xelis kankali,

nervuli

siaruli; civi

oflis davla;

metyvelebis

unaris dakargva;

gaJrJoleba;

xelisgulis

Tmaze gadasoba.

tanSi gacra.

qveda tuCis

dabrecva.

TiTebis wvaleba.

xmis akankaleba.

saxis alewva.

Tavis dabla

daxra. xelis

kankali.

mokumuli

tuCebi, qveda

ybis kankali/

dabrecva;

usiamod

125

daRrejili

saxis nakvTebi.

xmis aTrToleba.

siamovneba/kmayofi

leba

RimiliT cqera;

Tvalebi

sixaruliT

aukiafda; TiTebis

mucelze

SemoWdoba; saxe

gaunaTda; saxe

aenTo; Tvalebi

minaba;

sixarulis

cremlebi,

Tavazianad

gaRimeba;

moelvare

Tvalebi; saxe

gaunaTda;

Tvalebis

moxuWva, tuCebis

gaxsna, xelebis

fSvneta; wverze

xelis Camosma;

xelebis kefaze

Semowyoba.

kmayofili saxe;

sircxvili

Rawvebi

SeuwiTlda, saxe

auwiTlda.

loyebis

awiTleba; Tavis

daxra; morcxvad

awiTlebuli;

saxe xelebSi

Cargo;

aslukunda;

morcxvad

Caibutbuta.

yurebamde

gawiTleba;

Tvalebze xelis

afareba;

TavCaRunuli

siaruli; fexis

waborZikeba.

amrigad, Cven mier ganxiluli magaliTebi naTeli dadasturebaa

imisa, rom dasavlur, aRmosavlur da qarTul kulturebSi emociebi

TiTqmis erTnairi universaliiT vlindeba anu iseT enobriv movlenaTa

arseboba, romlebic msoflios yvela an umetesi enisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli. enaSi, iseve rogorc zogadad bunebaSi, arsebobs

Sinagani wesrigi, mowyoba, romelic Semecnebadia, magram imisTvis, rom

moxdes raime sagnis, movlenis siRrmiseuli da gaazrebuli Semecneba,

saWiroa misi Sedareba sxva sagnebsa Tu movlenebTan.

126

daskvna naSromis bolos, Cvens mier dasaxuli miznebidan da amocanebidan

gamomdinare, samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiTa da empiriuli

masalis kvlevis safuZvelze miviReT Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. cnobilia, rom sakomunikacio procesis efeqturad warmarTvaSi did

rols TamaSobs rogorc verbaluri, ise araverbaluri niSnebi.

kvlevam cxadyo, rom swored gamonaTqvamis verbaluri nawiliT

gamoxatul informaciasa da paralingvisturi TvisebiT gamoxatul

informacias Soris arsebuli dapirispireba gvexmareba

gamonaTqvamisadmi mosaubre-msmenelis damokidebulebis

dafiqsirebaSi. araverbalur enas erTi unikaluri Tviseba aqvs: mas

SeuZlia “gasces” komunikanti imdenad, ramdenadac misi saSualebiT

vlindeba komunikantis WeSmariti, SeuniRbavi saxe. swored kinesika

gvexmareba imaSi, rom eWvis qveS davayenoT mosaubris gamonaTqvami

da davinaxoT misi realuri saxe.

2. komunikaciaSi araverbaluri saSualebebi spontanurad gamoiyeneba.

es gamowveulia centraluri nervuli sistemis rogorc dabali,

aseve umaRlesi maCveneblebiT, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian

komunikaciaze. ra Tqma unda, raRac xarisxSi araverbaluri

elementebi kontrols eqvemdebarebian, Tumca Zalian Zlieri

TviTkontrolis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba moxdes informaciis

“gaJonva”.

3. komunikaciis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba ara marto gamonaTqvamis

mniSvnelobis gagebis xarisxiT, aramed mosaubris qcevis swori

Sefasebis unariT. kerZod, kinesikuri paralingvizmebi swored is

elementebia, romelTa meSveobiTac grZnobebs, gancdebs da emociebs

ufro srulyofilad gamovxatavT, vavlenT, Tu ra damokidebuleba

gvaqvs sinamdvileSi gamonaTqvamisa da komunikantis mimarT.

127

4. araverbaluri komunikaciis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi mTavari

faqtori kulturologiuri fenomenia. erTi da imave Jestis aRqma

SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli iyos kulturis sxvadasxva tipSi. Cveni

TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebTan

urTierTobis procesSi verbaluri Tu araverbaluri niSnebis

gamoyenebis dros sifrTxile da didi yuradReba gvmarTebs. amitom,

sanam raime daskvnebs gavakeTebdeT Jestebisa da sxeulis enis

mniSvnelobaze, aucilebelia adamianis erovnuli kuTvnileba

gaviTvaliswinoT. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni SexedulebiT,

marTebulia mocemul kulturaSi miRebuli Jestebis daniSnulebis

winaswari Seswavla. Tu ara varT darwmunebuli, Tu rogor aRiqmeba

Cven mier gamoyenebuli Jesti sxva kulturaSi, maSin umjobesia Tavi

avaridoT mis gamoyenebas.

5. qarTul enaSi TiTqmis yvela gamonaTqvams Tan sdevs esa Tu is

paralingvisturi maxasiaTebeli. marTalia, paralingvisturi

maxasiaTeblebi yvela kulturas gaaCnia, magram maTi gamoyenebis

speqtri qarTul enaSi gacilebiT ufro farToa. radganac isini

verbaluri komunikaciis dros sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba,

bunebrivi xdeba, rom qarTuli ena paralingvizmebis ufro farTo

arCevans unda gvTavazobdes, an mas paralingvizmebis gacilebiT

ufro didi nairgvaroba, nairferovneba axasiaTebs.Aam

mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi mizezebi ganpirobebulia qarTuli

bunebis emociurobiT, erovnulobiTa da kulturiT. kvlevam

gviCvena, rom A

a) qarTuli kultura vizualur-kinesTetikuria;

b) araverbaluri niSnebis zogadi buneba erTnairia qarTul,

dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturebSi, Tumca, am erebis

kulturebidan gamomdinare maT Soris aris msgavsi da

gansxvavebuli araverbaluri niSnebi.

128

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Tamar diasamiZe verbaluri da araverbaluri …Semoqmedi adamiania, bunebrivia, rom komunikaciuri...

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