Structura unei lucrari de licenta_sugestii.pdf

8/14/2019 Structura unei lucrari de licenta_sugestii.pdf

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Sugestii pentru realizarea lucrrii de licen1

Cteva aspecte formale legate de modul n care este redactat lucrarea de licen:- Spaiere de 1.5- Font de 12- Times New Roman- Numr de pagini minim 60

Deadline-uri:- 15 Decembrie 2013 tema, ntrebrile de cercetare, designul metodologic- 15 Martie 2014 cadrul teoretic- 30 Mai 2014 cadrul metodologic

Pentru fiecare deadline, va trebui s imi trimitei prin email un document care conine aspectelemenionate mai sus. Pe lng discuiile din cadrul orelor de consultaii, vei primi sugestii n scrispe aceste materiale.

I. Structura lucrrii de licen (7 pri importante):

1. Cuprins2.

Introducere

- Care este principala idee a lucrrii? Ce dorii s studiai? Descriei temalucrrii ntr-o singur propoziie, urmnd s o dezvoltai prin urmtoarelecteva paragrafe.

- Care sunt principalele motive pentru care dorii s analizai aceast tem ipentru care merit a fi cercetat? Care este puzzle-ul de la care porneteanaliza (ce este problematic?)?

- Ce este relevant, nou i interesant n tema voastr de cercetare?- Care este ntrebarea/ntrebrile de cercetare i ipoteza/ipotezele?- Care sunt, pe scurt, metodele de cercetare pe care le veti utiliza?- Ce cazuri dorii s analizai?- Care ar putea fi, dup prerea voastr, posibilele explicaii ale fenomenuluistudiat?

3. Cadrul teoretic- Definirea conceptelor

o Definirea i conceptualizarea fenomenului de care suntei interesaiprin intermediul literaturii de specialitate

o Definirea conceptelor nu nseamna utilizarea definiiilor din DEX,ci nseamn analiza modului n care ali autori (n lucrri tiinifice

cri sau articole) au definit conceptele respective.

1 Dup Philippe C. Schmitter, The Ideal Research Proposal, September 2002 i Carsten Q. Schneider, SomeRough Guidelines on the Final Paper;


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- Literature reviewo Ce spun ali autori despre tema pe care i voi o studiai? Ce

rspunsuri d literatura de specialitate ntrebrii/ntrebrilorvoastre de cercetare? (n mod evident, aceste aspecte se vor referila un alt context dect al vostru)

- Citii critic aceast literatur. Putei fi de acord cu ceea ce afirm autoriirespectivi sau putei combate ceea ce spun ei. Eventual, descriei propria

voastr poziie i argumentai.- Posibile surse teoretice online:J-stor (accesul se face de la BCU, de la sala

multimedia), ProQuest, SAGE Publication (www.sagepub.com),EBSCO (accesul se poate face de la biblioteca FSPAC), Gigapedia(www.library.nu) etc..

4. Cadrul metodologic (partea pratic i original a lucrrii)- Descrierea poiectului de cercetare(design-ul cercetrii)

o (re)-specificarea ntrebrilor de cercetare i a ipotezelor de lucru(putei avea mai multe ntrebri de cercetare i mai multe variabile,ns eu recomand s nu avei mai mult de trei pentru a le putea

verifica pe toate)o descrierea variabilelor (pe baza operaionalizrii conceptelor)o specificarea limitelor spaiale i sociale ale cercetrii nu este nimic

ruinos n a recunoate c cercetarea voastr are anumite limite;nicio cercetare nu este atotcuprinztoare

o selecia cazuriloro alegerea metodelor sociologice de analiz a realitii i descrierea

modului n care au fost ele aplicate (metodele de cercetare trebuiealese n aa fel nct s v ajute n cel mai benefic mod srspundei ntrebrilor voastre de cercetare) este nevoie sutilizai cel puin dou metode de cercetare (acestea pot fiambele calitative, ambele cantitative sau combinate)

nu este nevoie de o redare teoretic a ceea ce presupune ngeneral fiecare metod de cercetare utilizat

- Ilustrarea i interpretarea rezultatelor cercetriio interpretarea rezultatelor obinute n urma aplicrii metodelor de

cercetare (fiecare metod de cercetare implic un mod specific de

interpretare al rezultatelor)o revenirea, pe baza rezultatelor obinute, la ntrebrile i ipotezele

iniiale care sunt rspunsurile la ntrebrile de cercetare, sevalideaz sau nu ipotezele (faptul c o ipotez nu se valideaz nueste o greeal ci, dimpotriv, nseamn c realitatea este altfeldect se atepta n mod normal cercettorul)

5. Concluzii- Reluarea principalei idei a cercetrii- Trecerea succint n revist a principalelor concepte utilizate- Trecerea n revist a metodelor de culegere a datelor- Sublinierea rezultatelor i a validitii ipotezei/ipotezelor


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- Importana rezultatelor obinute pentru societatea tiinific- Eventualele limite ale cercetrii voastre (orice cercetare are limite; de cele

mai multe ori, aceste limite survin n urma alegerii unui anumit design decercetare)

6. Bibliografie- utilizai ct de mult posibil articole tiinifice (sunt mai recente)- nu ignorai crile, dar inei cont de faptul c datele prezentate n cri

sunt cu aproximativ 23 ani n urm (timpul pn la apariia criirespective pe pia), n timp ce datele din articole pot fi doar cuaproximativ cteva luni n urm

- bibliografia se scrie n ordine alfabetic, nti numele (de familie) iar apoiprenumele, cu virgul ntre ele (acest lucru NU este valabil pentru notelede subsol)

7. Anexe (dac este cazul)- n anexe se pun de obicei tabele, figurile, pozele etc., care nu sunt neaparat

necesar de vizualizat n cadrul textului si care au dimensiuni mult prea maripentru a fi lasate in text (anumite tabele, figuri, poze etc. este bine s existen text)

- de asemenea, n anexe vei ataa chestionar, ghid de focus grup, ghid deinterviu etc. in cazul n care utilizai metode de cercetare respective.

II. Utilizarea referinelor bibliografice

- pentru fiecare ideepe care o preluai dintr-o anumit surs, este nevoies redai care este sursa respectiv (indiferent dac este citat cu ghilimelesau doar o idee parafrazat); n principiu, la fiecare paragraf care conine oidee preluat e nevoie de referin bibliografic

- de obicei, referina spre nota de subsol se pune la finalul frazei n care esteamintit ideea respectiv, sau la finalul paragrafului n care se discut ideea

- utilizai acelai tip de referine pe tot parcursul lucrrii (NU folosii attnote de text ct i note de subsol, ci doar una dintre ele oricare dintre

cele dou este corect)- NU accept ca surs biliografic Wikipedia (wikipedia este un site util

pentru a ne informa pe moment despre ceva, dar nu este n nici un caz osurs de referin academic). n cela mai bun caz, utilizai sursa original ainformaiilor gsite pe Wikipedia

- personal recomand (dar se poate alege i alt stil de citare) utilizarea stiluluide citare Chicago Manual of Style (avei mai jos modele de citare attpentru notele de subsol sau text, ct i pentru bibliografie)http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html


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N footnote (note de subsol)B bibliography (bibliografie)T text (not de text)R reference (referine - adic tot bibliografie, doar c n englez se numete diferit n funcie detipul de note utilizate)

BookOne authorN: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.B: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

T: (Doniger 1999, 65)R: Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Two authorsN: 6. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 2000), 1047.B: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 2000.

T: (Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000, 1047)R: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate conservation biology.Chicago: University ofChicago Press.

Four or more authorsN: 13. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the UnitedStates(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.B: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social

Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States.Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1994.T: (Laumann et al. 1994, 262)R: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. 1994. Thesocial organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of authorN: 4. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951),9192.B: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

T: (Lattimore 1951, 9192)R: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to authorN: 16. Yves Bonnefoy,New and Selected Poems,ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1995), 22.B: Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

T: (Bonnefoy 1995, 22)R: Bonnefoy, Yves. 1995. New and selected poems. Ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chapter or other part of a book


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N: 5. Andrew Wiese, The House I Live In: Race, Class, and African American SuburbanDreams in the Postwar United States, in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and

Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 1012.B: Wiese, Andrew. The House I Live In: Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreamsin the Postwar United States. In The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and

Thomas J. Sugrue, 99119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.T: (Wiese 2006, 1012)R: Wiese, Andrew. 2006. The house I live in: Race, class, and African American suburbandreams in the postwar United States. In The new suburban history,ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas

J. Sugrue, 99119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)N: 8. Quintus Tullius Cicero. Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship, in Rome: LateRepublic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of ChicagoReadings in Western Civilization,ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1986), 35.

B: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship. In Rome: Late Republicand Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of ChicagoReadings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 3346. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., TheLetters of Cicero,vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

T: (Cicero 1986, 35)R: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. Handbook on canvassing for the consulship. In Rome: Laterepublic and principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University ofChicago readings in western civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 3346. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The letters ofCicero,vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a bookN: 17. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary

Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xxxxi.B: Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus,by Mary WollstonecraftShelley, xixxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

T: (Rieger 1982, xxxxi)R: Rieger, James. 1982. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The modern Prometheus, by Mary

Wollstonecraft Shelley, xixxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, you should cite the version you consulted, but youmay also list the other formats, as in the second example below. If an access date is required byyour publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the firstexample below.N: 2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution(Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1987), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed June 27, 2006).B: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders Constitution.Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. Also available in print form andas a CD-ROM.

T: (Kurland and Lerner 1987)R: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The founders Constitution.Chicago: University

of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.


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Journal articleArticle in a print journalN: 8. John Maynard Smith, The Origin of Altruism,Nature393 (1998): 639.B: Smith, John Maynard. The Origin of Altruism.Nature393 (1998): 63940.

T: (Smith 1998, 639)

R: Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism.Nature393: 63940.Article in an online journalIf an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end ofthe citation, as in the fourth example below.

N: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in PostmenopausalWomen after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/ProgestinReplacement Study (HERS) Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002),http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley.

"Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after ReceivingHormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS)Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.

T: (Hlatky et al. 2002)R: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley.2002. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receivinghormone therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS)trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).

Popular magazine articleN: 29. Steve Martin, Sports-Interview Shocker,New Yorker,May 6, 2002, 84.B: Martin, Steve. Sports-Interview Shocker.New Yorker,May 6, 2002.

T: (Martin 2002, 84)R: Martin, Steve. 2002. Sports-interview shocker.New Yorker,May 6.

Newspaper articleNewspaper articles may be cited in running text (As William Niederkorn noted in a New YorkTimes article on June 20, 2002, . . . ) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they arecommonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples showthe more formal versions of the citations.

N: 10. William S. Niederkorn, A Scholar Recants on His Shakespeare Discovery, New YorkTimes,June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.B: Niederkorn, William S. A Scholar Recants on His Shakespeare Discovery.New York Times,

June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.T: (Niederkorn 2002)R: Niederkorn, William S. 2002. A scholar recants on his Shakespeare discovery. New YorkTimes,June 20, Arts section, Midwest edition.

Book reviewN: 1. James Gorman, Endangered Species, review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth

Gilbert,New York Times Book Review,June 2, 2002, 16.


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B: Gorman, James. Endangered Species. Review of The Last American Man, by ElizabethGilbert.New York Times Book Review,June 2, 2002.

T: (Gorman 2002, 16)R: Gorman, James. 2002. Endangered species. Review of The last American man, by ElizabethGilbert.New York Times Book Review,June 2.

Thesis or dissertationN: 22. M. Amundin, Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from theHarbour Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991), 2229, 35.B: Amundin, M. Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the HarbourPorpoise, Phocoena phocoena. PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991.

T: (Amundin 1991, 2229, 35)R: Amundin, M. 1991. Click repetition rate patterns in communicative sounds from the harbourporpoise, Phocoena phocoena. PhD diss., Stockholm University.

Paper presented at a meeting or conference

N: 13. Brian Doyle, Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59 (paper presentedat the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June1922, 2002).B: Doyle, Brian. Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59. Paper presented atthe annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 1922, 2002.

T: (Doyle 2002)R: Doyle, Brian. 2002. Howling like dogs: Metaphorical language in Psalm 59. Paper presented atthe annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, June 1922, in Berlin,Germany.

Web siteWeb sites may be cited in running text (On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board ofTrustees states . . .) instead of in an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from abibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions ofthe citations. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parentheticallyat the end of the citation, as in the second example below.

N: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,20002010: A Decade of Outreach, Evanston Public Library,http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000

2010: A Decade of Outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).T: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)R: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 20002010: A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.

Weblog entry or commentWeblog entries or comments may be cited in running text (In a comment posted to the Becker-Posner Blog on March 6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted . . .) instead of in a note or an in-textcitation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The

following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If an access date is required


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by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the firstexample below.

N: 8. Peter Pearson, comment on The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration, TheBecker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, http://www.becker-posner-

blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (accessed March 28, 2006).B: Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/.T: (Peter Pearson, The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006)R: Becker-Posner blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/.

E-mail messageE-mail messages may be cited in running text (In an e-mail message to the author on October31, 2005, John Doe revealed . . .) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are rarelylisted in a bibliography or reference list. The following example shows the more formal versionof a note.

N: 2. John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31, 2005.Item in online database

Journal articles published in online databases should be cited as shown above, under Article inan online journal. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include itparenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below.

N: 7. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History,ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, in the Perseus DigitalLibrary, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (accessedNovember 17, 2005).B: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.

T: (Pliny the Elder, Perseus Digital Library)R: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.

III. Alte remarci importante

- NU plagiai (adic nu copiai) orice tentativ de acest gen va fi sancionat cueliminarea din licen

- Orice paragraf are ntre 3 i 6-7 fraze nu scriei paragrafe interminabile sauparagrafe mult prea scurte; practic, un paragraf conine discuia despre o idee

(asta nu nseamn c o idee important nu poate fi discutat n mai multeparagrafe dac acest lucru este necesar)

- Atenie la modul n care sunt formulate ipotezele2. Dac avei o cercetare exclusivcalitativ (care foloseste metode calitative), atunci e suficient dac enunaintrebri de cercetare, nu i ipoteze (de obicei, o cercetare calitativ nu poate avea

2O ipotez pune n relaie dou sau mai multe variabile, dintre care una este obligatoriu variabil dependent, iarcelelalte sunt variabile indepedente. ntr-o anumit msur, o ipotez este un rpuns foarte specific la o ntrebare decercetare deja formulat. Spre exemplu, pentru ntrebarea Care este impactul reclamelor asupra consumatorului?, oposibil ipotez ar putea fi Reclamele televizate au un impact mai mare asupra femeilor dect asupra brbailor dect

reclamele outdoor. Avem n aceast ipotez dou variabile: tipul de reclame (televizate, print, outdoor etc.) i genulconsumatorului. O variabil, pentru a fi variabil, trebuie s varieze, adic s aib mai multe categorii. n concluzie, oipotez pune n relaie nite variabile i indic sensul acestei relaii.


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rezultate generalizabile i, din aceast cauz, nu poate stabili n mod general valabilo relaie ntre mai multe variabile aa cum este cazul unei cercetri cantitative).Dac avei o cercetare cantitativ (care utilizeaz exclusiv metode cantitative),atunci sunt necesare att ntrebri de cercetare ct i ipoteze

- Partea original a lucrrii este partea metodologic. De aceea, n patea teoreticredai ceea ce au spus alii despre subiectul pe care l abordai i voi- Utilizai un limbaj academic, srac n figuri de stil, clar i concis- Evitai concepte cotidiene (ex. chestiune etc.)- Recomand, n scrierea lucrrii, folosirea unui stil neutru: NU eu consider c ...,

CI aceast lucrare/cercetare accentueaz faptul c... (oricum, nici unul dintrestiluri nu este gresit: stilul neutru la persoana a III-a singular, stilul la persoana Isingular sau stilul la persoana I plural)

- Folosii diacritice (caractere romneti) sugerez, chiar dac nu ai mai scris astfelpn acum, s scriei de la bun nceput cu diacritice (v vei obinui destul deuor); e mult mai uor aa (ia mult mai puin timp) dect s le nlocuii la final,cnd lucrarea e deja scris.

- Sugerez s NU utilizai liniue sau bullet-uri pot fi interpretate fie ca o absen aabilitii de formulare i exprimare, fie ca o nevoie de a mri intenionat numrulde pagini. Formulai totul n proproziie/fraz

- De obicei, citatele se pun ntre ghilimele i se scriu cu italicpentru a se evidenia.Dac avei un citat ntr-o alt limb, el trebuie tradus n romn n text i scris nforma sa original (n limba respectiv) la nota de subsol

- Fiecare tabel, figur, poz etc. are un titlul i o surs (n cazul n care nu esterealizat/ exlusiv de ctre voi). Titlul se scrie de obicei n partea de sus, iar sursa npartea de jos. Avei un exemplu mai jos:

Figura nr.1:Factorii care influeneaz participarea electoral

ResurseMotivaie

Capacitate dea fi mobilizat

Disponibilitateapentru acel tipde participare

Sursa:Gabriel Bdescu, Participare politic i capital social n Romnia, Editura Accent 2001, p.183.

Actparticipativ

Structura unei lucrari de licenta_sugestii.pdf

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