SIMBOLISMUL LIMBAJULUI ARHITECTURAL, DE LA SACRU LA PROFAN

7/17/2019 SIMBOLISMUL LIMBAJULUI ARHITECTURAL, DE LA SACRU LA PROFAN

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UNIVERSITATEA AL. I. CUZA

FACULTATEA DE FILOSOFIE

Dizertaie de masterat

SIMBOLISMUL LIMBAJULUIARHITECTURAL,DE LA SACRU LA PROFAN

Coordonator tiinifc:

Profesor Dr.TRAIAN D. STNCIULESCU

Masterand:

ArhitectCODRINA !PURCARU"#RECU

IAI

2008


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un infnit de conexiuni posibile, acolo unde relaia

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f*+-.

Codrina (Purcaru) Grecu

Iai, iunie 2008


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Ca$it%&'& (

DESPRE SIMBOLISMUL FORMELOR

ARHITECTURALE)

REPERE CONCEPTUAL*TEORETICE

Des1re f*1t%# c arhitectura opereaz cu simboluri zidite n

piatr, cteva definitorii consideraii formulm n cele ce urmeaz.

(.(. Ar+itet'ra) de-iii eseia&e

D%1- c%/ s1%"e* Victor


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seco#%#%i * for/%#*tparadigmaunit#ii spirituale a omuluidin toate timpurile i locurile, a c#rei e'presie sintetic#,

solidifcat#, poate f arhitectura, 1osii# $e s%s+i"%t i ,"

ter/e"ii %"%i model semiotic al discursi"it#ii umane97%r* :

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#* i"tersec+i* t%t%ror ti1%ri#or $e $isc%rs.


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#igura $. (n model

integrator al tipurilor de

discurs cogniti"

A* c%/ re6%#t- $i" /o$e#%# 1re6e"t*t ec-r%i* $i"tre

ce#e 1*tr% ti1%ri $e co/1ete"+e co7"iti4e ,i cores1%"$ #i/*e

c% 7r*$e $iferite $e *ritr*riet*te ,"ce13"$ $e #* ce#e

1re1o"$ere"t i"t%iti4e *#e $isc%rs%#%i magic i ritualic, mitic i

iniiatic co"ti"%3"$ c% ce#e $i" ce ," ce /*i *str*cte *#e

$isc%rs%#%i religios, flosofc i tiinifc 1e"tr% * ,"chei* c%ce#e $e1#i" r*+io"*#i6*te *#e $isc%rs%#%i tehnic.

C3te4* co"c#%6ii 1ot $es1ri"se $i" i"ter1ret*re* *cest%i

/o$e#&

Cele opt tipuri ma)ore de discurs pe care modelul le

consemneac-ror* #i se s%or$o"e*6- to*te ce#e#*#te ti1%ri

$e /*"ifest*re %/*"-: 5 i"te7r*te #* "i4e#%# %"%i *# "o%#e* ti1

$e $isc%rs ce# cre*tor 5 se a*# +ntr!o perect# corelaie cu

e"oluia resurselor -io!f&iologice i morologice ale finei

umane& $e64o#t*re* i se1*r*re* ce#or $o%- e/isfere

cerer*#e 1roces $e trecere tre1t*t- $e #* 1re1o"$ere"+*

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e/isferei st3"7i:.

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Istoria omenirii poate f urm#rit# +n succesiunea acestei

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*so#%te ,"tre ce#e $o%- ti1%ri $e $isc%rs co7"iti4 ce# /*i

*$ese* /*"ifest*re* %"%i* 1res%1%"3"$ i 1re6e"+* ce#%i#*#tJ

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ce#e *#e *s1ir*"t%#%i #* teh"o#o7i* $e 43rf.

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integrator 1#*s*t #* i"tersec+i* ce#or 1*tr% ti1%ri $e c%"o*tere

/e"+io"*te este i$e"tic*t c% *ce#* *# discursul creator ,"

7e"ere ,"ce13"$ c% cre*+i* *rtistic- #* o eFtre/- i

,"chei"$ c% cre*+i* teh"ico;tii"+ic- #* ce*#*#t- eFtre/-.

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$isc%rsi4e.

rhitectura, semnul care /st# pentru%

.H. Arhitect%r* %"i4ers *# for/e#or *rheti1*#e

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*ce#e*i osesii * ,"to*rcerii #* ori7i"i #* ori7i"i#e #%/ii

cos/ice *#e "*terii %/*"e 1e tr*se%# %"%i re1etiti4 cic#%&

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cosmogene&a.Pe f%"$*/e"t%# %"ei *t*re e1iste/o#o7ice o"to7e"etice

co"si$er*+ii o i1ote6- ese"+i*#- * cercet-rii "o*stre 1o*te

*c%/ for/%#*t-&

\ +n toate maniest#rile culturale ale omului, cu o

pregnan# mai mult sau mai puin e"ident#, reg#sim pre&ena

constant# a ormelor sim-olice ale cosmogene&eiJ

\ aceste orme sim-olice se su-ordonea unor orme

eseniale 1ret%ti"$e"i 1re6e"te ," #%/e* 6ic- io#o7ic-.

!"cerc3"$ %stic*re* *cestei i1ote6e co"teFt%# $e f*+-

,"7-$%ie $o*r o i"t%iti4- *r7%/e"t*re 1ri" trecere* ," re4ist-

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*/i"tite i 1ri" eFe/1#ic*re* #or c% re1ere *#e cre*+iei %/*"e

9*cor$3"$%;se 1re4*#e"+- for/e#or *rhitect%r*#e:.R*1ort*te *ct%#%i cre*tor *rhitect%r*# for/e#e si/o#ice

*rheti1*#e 1ot rec%1er*te i"t%iti4 $i" OPoe"*r% 200&

9: %imbolismul discursului magico-ritualic

&experienial c*r*cteri6*t 1ri" sit%*+i* ," c*re o/%# *rh*ic

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1eterii cor"i* /%"te#%i etc.: ," for/e s1*+ii $esti"*te %"or

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cos/os%#%i ," s1*+i% $e eFiste"+- 1ot 4-6%te i 1e 4*se

*1*r+i"3"$ C%#t%rii C%c%te"i. 97%r* 2:.

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9terestr% *c4*tic 1iric *eri*": s*% /oti4%# so*re#%i 9*soci*t c%

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1o1o*re#or #%/ii #e;* c%#ti4*t:J

#igura '. Moti"e cosmogonice arhaice 1re6e"te 1e 4*se

*1*r+i"3"$ 1erio*$ei "eo#itice * C%#t%rii C%c%te"i /i#e"i%# III ,.


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9te/1#e #-c*e $e c%#t i $e i"i+iere etc.: c*r*cteri6e*6-

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c*re "% #e *s%/*% ," ter/e"i *"*#itici r*+io"*#i.

!" *cest se"s se c%4i"e */i"tit&

\ si/o#is/%# /itic *# sce"*rii#or cos/o7o"ice 4i63"$

/oti4e#e cre*+iei $e or7*"i6*re * h*os%#%i 1ri" *ct ci"etic 1ri"

7e"e6- o4%#*r- s*% *rtef*ct%*#- 1ri" /o$e#*re etc. ,"

/%#ti1#e#e #or 4*ri*"te et"ice 9cos/o7o"i* ro/3"e*sc-

c%#ti43"$ ,"tr;o /*"ier- si"cretic- to*te *ceste /oti4e:J

\ /oti4%# re#i7ios *# 7e"e6ei 1ri" #%/i"- 1re6e"t ," cre*+i*

i#ic- 1ri" c%43"t%#;#%/i"- ," c*re $%1- %" *"s*/#% $e

/et*/orfo6e #%/i"* #%/ii i1ost*6i*t- $e Iis%s 4*

re1re6e"t*t- 1ri" si/o#%# %"$ei 9*# 1ete#%i: c3t i ," cre*+i*

4e$ic- 1ri" 7er/e"e#e $e *%r 94irania!5ar-ha: $i" c*re#%/e* %r/e*6- * se "*te /oti4 si/o#i6*t $e $i4erse#e

for/e;cos/o7r*/e *#e /*"$*#ei 9*"tr*: %ti#i6*te i/1#icit c*

1#*" *# te/1#e#or orie"t*#e.

*: :

Q


17/105

#igura ).rhetipuri etnice ale sim-olismului cosmogonic& *:

$et*#i% *# 1o*r+ii sc%#1t*te ," #e/" 9?*r*/%re: re1re6e"t3"$ %"

*"s*/#% $e /oti4e *rheti1*#e cos/o7o"iceJ : 1#*" $e te/1#% ,"

for/- $e /*"$*#- re1re6e"t3"$ o cos/o7r*/- 7eo/etri6*t-.

&*( %imbolismul flosofc al unitii lumii ,"ce*rc- s-

%stice r*+io"*# *"*#itic ; ," ter/e"ii %"%i $e* r*"*t homo

sapiens sapiens, res1ecti4 1ri" co"tri%+ii#e %"ei 1#ei*$e

istorice $e #oso /*teri*#iti s*% s1irit%*#iti c3te4*

ese"+i*#e i$ei i *"%/e&

*: unitatea de structur# a lumii res1ecti4 eFiste"+* %"%i

s%str*t 1ri"ci1i% %"ic 1e"tr% to*te for/e#e #%/ii /*teri*#

91rec%/ ce#e 1*tr% e#e/e"te cos/o7o"ice& foc%# *er%# *1*

1-/3"t%#: s*% s1irit%*# 9i$ee* #* P#*to" : i"te7r*tor %"ic*te

$e /o$e#%# ce#or ci"ci e#e/e"te *#e #osoei chi"e6eJ

: unitatea de orm# $ morologic# a lumii $eter/i"*t- $e

*c+i%"e* %"or 1ri"ci1ii #e7i *c+io"*#e %"ice i %"ic*to*rec%/ *r for/* #* Aristote# s*% "o%s;%# #* M*"t #e7i#e

$e4e"irii cre*to*re #*


18/105

#igura +. =/%#;/o$%#or ," 4i6i%"e* Leo"*r$o #%i D* Vi"ci i Le

Cor%sier

&)( %imbolismul discursului experimental $e64o#t*t $e

4i6i%"e* teh"ico;tii"+ic- * #%i homo technicus architeckhton

*"*#itic i $eo1otri4- eF1eri/e"t*# c% 1ri4ire #*& %"i4ers%#

/*crocos/ic * c-r%i 7e"e6- *"7*e*6- for/e#e ese"+i*#e 1e o

i"te7r*to*re s1ir*#- * *1*ri+iei i $is1*ri+iei #or %"i4ers%#

/icrocos/ic i %"i4ers%# %/*" %"$e *rhitect%r* c% * s*

*#chi/ie "%/eric- i "% "%/*i este o/%#%i /-s%r-.

B

B B

Pe 1re6%/+i* %"ei /et*6ice 9o"to:7e"e6e 7eo/etri*

s*cr- * f-c%t 1osii#- /*"ifest*re* for/e#or co"crete *#e

#%/ii. Aceste 1ro1riet-+i c*re 1ot $es1ri"se i"$%cti4 $i"

cercet*re* re*#it-+ii e/1irice i/1%" 1ri" c3te4* se/"e

s1ecice 91ri" orme concrete $e /*"ifest*re: 1re6e"+*

c4*si;%"i4ers*#- * trei ti1%ri $e 1ro1riet-+i c*re 1er/it c* utilul

i rumosul s# se +mpleteasc# +n natur# &

8


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\ simetria ormelor naturale*43"$ c* efect or$i"e* i

st*i#it*te* s1*+i%#%i cos/ic "*t%r*# i %/*" i/1#icitJ

\ pre&ena integratoare a spiralei c* /*"ifest*re

$i"*/ic- 9e4o#%ti4-: * for/e#or *rheti1*#eJ\ e"idenierea proporiei de aur * %"or r*1ort%ri

*r/o"ice co"st*"te c*re *si7%r- for/e#or *rheti1*#e o

1ro1or+io"*#it*te i$e*#-.

5eometria sacr#1%"e ," e4i$e"+- f*1t%# c- si/etri* este %"

1ri"ci1i% $e *si7%r*re * or$i"ii ," s1*+i% cee* ce co"fer-

*cest%i* st*i#it*te i *r/o"ie. Pri" 1ro1riet*te* si/etriei

for/e#e #%/ii for/e#e co"str%ite $e4i" #* r3"$%# #or

fr%/o*se i st*i#e. Cercet*re* *cestei 1ro1riet-+i str%ct%r*#e

1o*te re*#i6*t- /*te/*tic 91ri" criterii "%/erice s*%

7eo/etrice:

OGheor7hi% .


20/105

#igura . N%/-r%# $e *%r re6%#t*t $i" co"str%c+i* 1e"t*7o"%#%i

9Pit*7or*:. (*+*$* P*rthe"o"%#%i ," tr*se% 1e"t*7r*/-

Astfe# ** c%/ *% *r-t*t ,"c- 7eo/etrii Greciei *"ticeto*te str%ct%ri#e #%/ii 6ice i io#o7ice

94e7et*#e *"i/*#e i %/*"e: se 1ot

s%or$o"* %"or re7%#i $e /o$e#*re

"%/eric- 1e $e o 1*rte %"or core#*+ii c%

for/e#e 7eo/etrice *"7%#*re s*% circ%#*re

1e $e *#t- 1*rte.

(*1t%# c- tot%# $e #* /*teri*

cos/ic- #* /*teri* io#o7ic- i

/*teri* soci*#- e4o#%e*6- ,"s1ir*#- 1e %" tr*se% he#icoi$*#

re1re6i"t- %" *$e4-r 1e c*re #;*%

e4i$e"+i*t $eo1otri4- tii"+e#e "*t%rii

i *#e societ-+ii.

Se 1o*te co"chi$e c- s1ir*#* he#icoi$* este o orm#

generatoare de orme sau / orma +n micare.

20


21/105

Di" 1%"ct $e 4e$ere /*te/*tic /-ri/i#e 9r*1ort%ri#e: c*re

7e"ere*6- o spiral# logaritmic# *% $re1t cores1o"$e"t

e/1iric ** "%/it* lege a creterilor organice. Ace*st- #e7e

c*re *re c* s%1ort /*te/*tic ir%# #%i (io""*ci& 2 H 8H 2 HK 8 KK ... 1res%1%"e c- ec*re ter/e" *#

seriei se *[- 1ri" ,"s%/*re* * $oi ter/e"i co"sec%ti4i i*r

r*1ort%# $i"tre $oi ter/e"i co"sec%ti4i se *1ro1ie $e 4*#o*re*

"%/-r%#%i $e *%r 1e /-s%r- ce "%/-r%#

$e ter/e"i *i ir%#%i crete OGh* 8&

H.

2


22/105

?*teri* 4ie 1-stre*6- ," cretere o for/- *rheti1*#- c*re se

tr*"sfor/- 1ri"tr;o co"ser4*re co"st*"t- * 1ro1or+ii#or ei

OSch"ei$er K& 2. Ace*st- for/- c*re se oser4- 1e

cochi#i* /e#c%#%i este o s1ir*#- 1e c*re 7eo/etrii c* s- o$eosee*sc- $e /%#te *#te#e *% "%/it;o spiral# logaritmic#

*ce*st* c% *t3t /*i /%#t c% c3t orice s1ir*#- "*t%r*#- i"$ifere"t

$e efecte#e s*#e este fr%/o*s- ,"tr%c3t res1ect- re7%#*

*rheti1*#- * sec+i%"ii $e *%r.

6egea num#rului de aur*re o se/"ic*+ie

*1*rte. P%te/ s1%"e c% certit%$i"e c-

1ro1or+ii#e "%/-r%#%i $e *%r ,"so+esc

/*"ifest-ri#e cre*ti4e *#e "*t%rii i *#e i"+ei

%/*"e *cor$3"$%;#e *tri%t%# fr%/%se+ii *#

re6iste"+ei str%ct%r*#e i *# ecie"+ei

f%"c+io"*#e.

(*1t%# c- i"+* %/*"- * re6o"*t c% /-s%ri#e "%/-r%#%i $e

*%r *r 1%te* eF1#ic*t 1ri" f*1t%# c- e# ,"s%i o/%# este

co"str%it $%1- *ceste /-s%ri. = $o4e$esc f-r- t-7*$-

22


23/105

/-s%r-tori#e st%$ii#e i ; ," %#ti/- i"st*"+- ; o1ere#e #%i (i$i*s

?iche#*"7e#o s*% Le Cor%sier. D*te i"$ *t*re cores1o"$e"+e

*1*re re*sc- i"te"+i* "o*str- $e * e4i$e"+i* 9i i"ter1ret*:

1re6e"+* #e7ii "%/-r%#%i $e *%r #* "i4e#%# #%/ii cos/ice i%/*"e.

Dei tr*$i+i* *"tic- * fo#osit i/1#icit 1ro1or+i* $e *%r ,"

re1re6e"t-ri#e *rtistice *#e cor1%#%i o/e"esc ," $et*#ii#e

c*1ite#%ri#or s*% * e#e/e"te#or str%ct%r*#e *#e te/1#e#or

7receti ," $i/e"sio"*re* 1ir*/i$e#or e7i1te"e etc. i*r

Re"*tere* * ree4*#%*t;o ," ter/e"ii cre*+iei *rtistice * #%i

Leo"*r$o $* Vi"ci s*% *i c*#c%#e#or #%i Me1#er e1oc* /o$er"- ,i

$*tore*6- estetici*"%#%i 7er/*" Zesi"7 re$esco1erire*

sec+i%"ii $e *%r. !" #%cr*re* s* esthetische 7orschungen

98: *cest* "ot*& Pe"tr% c* %" ,"tre7 ,/1-r+it ," $o%- 1-r+i

i"e7*#e s- *1*r- fr%/os $i" 1%"ct $e 4e$ere *# for/ei tre%ie

c* ,"tre 1*rte* ce* /ic- i ce* /*re s- *4e/ *ce#*i r*1ort c*,"tre 1*rte* ce* /*re i ,"tre7 Ocf. Gh* 8& 2.

Ace*st- sectio aurea $escrii"$ o re#*+ie c% 4*#o*re $e #e7e 5

1e"tr% c- se re7-sete i/1#ic*t- ," for/e#e f%"$*/e"t*#e *#e

#%/ii 4ii i "e4ii 5 f*ce

oiect%# $e i"teres *#

tii"+e#or eF*cte *#

/*te/*ticii ," 1ri/%# r3"$.

#igura . aportul de aur

!" 7eo/etrie *ce*st- 1ro#e/- * t-iet%rii $e *%r 94e6i

-9'ra : este c%"osc%t- s% "%/e#e $e ,/1-r+ire* %"%i

se7/e"t ," /e$i* i eFtre/* r*+ie. =$*t- $e"it- 4*#o*re*

2H


24/105

"%/-r%#%i $e *%r i re#*+i* c*re o 7e"ere*6- "e 1%te/

1ro#e/* re7-sirii s*#e ," for/e#e $e *%r *#e 7eo/etriei.

(-r- *#te i"ter1ret-ri teh"ice este s%cie"t s- 1re6e"t-/ ,"

*cest co"teFt re#*+i* $i"tre 1ro1or+i* $e *%r i cor1%ri#e i$e*#e1e c*re ,"c- P#*to" i Aristote# #e;*% 1%s ," e4i$e"+- 97%r* :.

#igura .5ene&a raportului de aur la fgurile geometrice plane

i "olumetrice 3solide platonice

Pe fo"$%# *cestor re#*+ii s;*% "-sc%t /i/etic for/e#e s*cre

*#e *rhitect%rii %/*"e ,"cor1or3"$ ," c#-$iri 1ro1or+ii re#*+ii i

si/o#%ri *#e 7eo/etriei s*cre o1ti/ *r/o"i6*t- c% i"+-

%/*"-.

2K


25/105

Efecte#e %"ei *t*re

co/1*tii#it-+i se resi/t

$eo1otri4- #* "i4e# i"+ei

%/*"e *t3t 1e s%1ort%# 6ic;io#o7ic c3t i ce# 1sihic;

e/o+io"*#.

#igura /. Si"te6- * *r/o"iei *rhitect%r*#e&Notre D*/e $i"

P*ris

Pri" cre*re* %"%i /e$i% *rhitect%r*# *r/o"ic ," %r

*rhitect%# 1o*te s- i"[%e"+e6e $ecisi4 *r/o"i* st-rii t%t%ror

o*/e"i#or 1e $e o 1*rte 1rec%/ i *r/o"i* re#*+iei o/%#%i c%

cos/os%# 1e $e *#t- 1*rte.

2


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Ca$it%&'&

ARHITECTURA, NTRE SACRU GI PROFAN

.(. As'$ra %e$te&%r de sar' 1i $r%2a)%e=i'i ar+itet%ie

C* ,"tot$e*%"* $e"ire* ter/e"i#or cheie 1e c*re o #%cr*re

*"%/e tret%ie s- ,i $e64o#te i/1%"e ,"to*rcere* #* $ic+io"*r.

Co"for/ DE ter/e"%# $e s0cru ,"se*/"- sf3"t c%

c*r*cter re#i7iosJ 1ri4itor #* re#i7ie c*re *1*r+i"e re#i7iei c*rei"s1ir- se"ti/e"te $e 4e"er*+ie sc%/1 i 4i"e $i" #*ti"esc%#

sacer, !era,it. sacro. 9S%rs*& DE ^8:

C%43"t%# s*cr% 4i"e i $i" #*ti"esc%# sacrum, c*re s;*

referit #* 6ei #* D%/"e6e% #* 1%tere* $i4i"- #* 1reo+i $*r *

fost co"ce1%t i s1*+i*# c* referi"$%;se #* s%1r*f*+* $i" %r%#

%"%i te/1#%* %"%i e$ici% s*cr%.

Deci ori7i"*r S*cr%# tre%ie core#*t Arhitect%r* ,"tr%c3t

este #e7*t $e te/1#% $e o str%ct%r- *"%/e co"str%it-

re6er4*t- *cti4it-+i#or re#i7io*se s*% s1irit%*#e c%/ *r

r%7-ci%"e* i ertf* s*% rit%*#%ri si/i#*re.

Te/1#%# er* s#%it $e c-tre 1reo+i $*r ," *"tichit*te*

e7i1te*"- er* $eo1otri4- s1*+i%# $e i"i+iere ," /istere#e 4ie+ii i

*#e /or+ii 1rec%/ i s1*+i%# 4ie+ii 4e"ice. !" *ce*st- 4i6i%"e4i*+* er* 4-6%t- cic#ic c% 1osii#it*te* re,"to*rcerii ," 1#*"%#

4ie+ii terestre /*teri*#e. De *cee* 1e"tr% * f*ci#it*

,"to*rcere* #* 4i*+- * f*r*o"i#or $ef%"c+i tr%1%ri#e #or er*%

1erfect co"ser4*te 1ri" /%/iere. ?o*rte* er* 4-6%t- c*

s%1re/- 1o*rt- i"i+i*tic- 1ri" c*re o/%# *re *cces #* *$e4-r%#

s%1re/ i"$%;i *cor$*te *te"+ii c% tot%# s1eci*#e re[ect*te ,"

cere/o"i*#%# ,"/or/3"t-rii ," rit%ri#e $e trecere.

2Q
http://dex.infoportal.ro/~cuvant-veneratie.htmlhttp://dex.infoportal.ro/~cuvant-scump.htmlhttp://66.102.9.104/translate_c?hl=ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsacred%2B%2Bwikipedia%26num%3D100%26hl%3Dro%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DGhttp://66.102.9.104/translate_c?hl=ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsacred%2B%2Bwikipedia%26num%3D100%26hl%3Dro%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DGhttp://dex.infoportal.ro/~cuvant-veneratie.htmlhttp://dex.infoportal.ro/~cuvant-scump.htmlhttp://66.102.9.104/translate_c?hl=ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsacred%2B%2Bwikipedia%26num%3D100%26hl%3Dro%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DGhttp://66.102.9.104/translate_c?hl=ro&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsacred%2B%2Bwikipedia%26num%3D100%26hl%3Dro%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG


27/105

!" *"tichit*te* 7reco;ro/*"- i "% "%/*i te/1#e#e er*%

4-6%te c* s1*+ii ," c*re 6eii 1%te*% #oc%i i toto$*t- #oc%# 5

Ce"tr*# 5 1ri" c*re 6eii ** c%/ se ti* $i" ti/1%ri 1reistorice

1%te*% #e7* cer%# $e 1-/3"t ,"te/ei"$ L%/e* i"s-i.C%43"t%# te/1#% c*re $*te*6- $e *1roFi/*ti4 Q000 $e *"i

!


28/105

Cee* ce "e i"terese*6- ," *cest "o% co"teFt r*1ort*t #*

*rhitect%r- "% este re#*+i* $i"tre e#e/e"te#e "er*+io"*#e i

ce#e r*+io"*#e ci s*cr%# ," tot*#it*te* s* ** c%/ este *s%/*t

$e ?irce* E#i*$e.Pri/* $e"i+ie c*re s;*r 1%te* $* s*cr%#%i *r o1%s%#

1rof*"%#%i. Pe"tr% * re$* *ct%# *cestei /*"ifest-ri * s*cr%#%i

ter/e"%# $e hierof*"ie 1ro1%s $e E#i*$e este ce# 1otri4it

$eo*rece e# eF1ri/- cee* ce este c%1ri"s ," co"+i"%t%#

eti/o#o7ic *$ic- ce4* s*cr% c*re se *r*t-. =cci$e"t*#%#

/o$er" se si/te st3"e"it ," f*+* *"%/itor for/e $e

/*"ifest*re * s*cr%#%i "e1%t3"$ cre$e c- *cest* s;*r 1%te*

/*"ifest* ," 1ietre ori ," *rori $ei "% este 4or* $e o

4e"er*re * 1ietrei s*% * co1*c%#%i ," e#e ,"se#e ci 1e"tr% c-

s%"t "ite hierof*"ii *$ic- *r*t- ce4* c*re "% /*i este "ici

1i*tr- i "ici *rore.

=rice hierof*"ie re1re6i"t- %" 1*r*$oF. ?*"ifest3"$ s*cr%#

%" oiect o*rec*re $e4i"e *#tce4* f-r- * ,"cet* s- e e# ,"s%i$eo*rece co"ti"%- s- f*c- 1*rte $i" /e$i%# s-% cos/ic. =

1i*tr- s*cr- este tot o 1i*tr-. !" *1*re"+- $i" 1%"ct $e 4e$ere

1rof*" "i/ic "% o $eoseete $e ce#e#*#te 1ietre. Pe"tr% cei

c-ror* o 1i*tr- #i s;* *r-t*t s*cr- re*#it*te* s* i/e$i*t- se

1reschi/- ," re*#it*te s%1r*"*t%r*#- $eci 1e"tr% cei c*re *%

o eF1erie"+- re#i7io*s- ,"tre*7* N*t%r- se 1o*te ,"f-+i* c*

s*cr*#it*te cos/ic- i*r Cos/os%# ," tot*#it*te* s* 1o*te

$e4e"i o hierof*"ie.

=/%# *rh*ic ti"$e s- tr-i*sc- ," s*cr% s*% ," 1re*/*

oiecte#or co"s*cr*te c3t /*i /%#t ti/1 $eo*rece 1e"tr%

*ceti* s*cr%# ,"se*/"- 1%tere i re*#it*te s*cr%# i"$

s*t%r*t $e i"+- 1ere"it*te i ecie"+-.

=1o6iti* s*cr%;1rof*" este *$ese* ,"+e#e*s- c* o1o6i+ie,"tre re*# i ire*#. Dori"+* o/%#%i re#i7ios $e * $e * f*ce 1*rte

28


29/105

$i" re*#it*te $e * se si/+i s*t%r*t $e 1%tere este 1ri" %r/*re

c3t se 1o*te $e re*sc-. EF1erie"+* s* $e 4i*+- ," r*1ort c%

eF1erie"+* o/%#%i c*re *#e7e s- tr-i*sc- ,"tr;o #%/e

$es*cr*#i6*t- este "et ,/o7-+it- $e se"s%ri.Tre%ie s- *r-t-/ ,"c- $e #* ,"ce1%t c- #%/e* 1rof*"-

Cos/os%# tot*# $es*cr*#i6*t este o $esco1erire rece"t- * /i"+ii

o/e"eti. Des*cr*#i6*re* este 1ro1rie eF1erie"+ei tot*#e *

o/%#%i "ere#i7ios *# societ-+i#or /o$er"e c-r%i* ,i este $i" ce

," ce /*i 7re% s- re7-se*sc- $i/e"si%"i#e eFiste"+i*#e *#e

o/%#%i re#i7ios $i" societ-+i#e *rh*ice. S*cr%# i 1rof*"%# s%"t

$o%- /o$%ri $e * ," #%/e $*r ce#e $o%- /o$*#it-+i $e

eF1erie"+- s%"t se1*r*te 1rec%/ cer%# $e 1-/3"t. !" /o$%#

s*cr% o/%# *rh*ic tr-iete ,"tr;%" s1*+i% co"s*cr*t ,i

co"str%iete rit%*#ic #oc%i"+* 1-/3"te*sc- tr-i"$ ,"tr;o

co"ti"%- *r/o"ie c% N*t%r* i 4i*+* $e4e"it- ," ,"tr7i/e

eF1erie"+- re#i7io*s-. Pe"tr% o/%# /o$er" cet*te* c*s*

N*t%r* %"e#te#e /%"c* /3"c*t%# seF%*#it*te* "% s%"t $ec3t#%cr%ri 1rocese or7*"ice 6io#o7ie 1%r-. S*cr%# i 1rof*"%# s%"t

$o%- /o$*#it-+i $e * ," L%/e $o%- sit%*+ii eFiste"+i*#e

*s%/*te $e c-tre o/ $e;* #%"7%# istoriei s*#e. De *se/e"e*

/o$%# $e 1erce1ere * s1*+i%#%i i * ti/1%#%i s%"t $iferite ,"

ce#e $o%- /o$%ri $e * ," L%/e 1rec%/ i *ce#* $e

i"ter*c+i%"e c% L%/e*.

Pe"tr%# o/%# re#i7ios s1*+i%# "% este o/o7e" ci 1re6i"t-

$isco"ti"%it-+i %"e#e 1or+i%"i i"$ c*#it*ti4 $iferite $e ce#e#*#te.

EFist- %" s1*+i% s*cr% $eci 1%ter"ic se/"ic*ti4 i *#te

s1*+ii "eco"s*cr*te */orfe. Pe"tr% o/%# re#i7ios #i1s* $e

o/o7e"it*te s1*+i*#- se re[ect- ," eF1erie"+* %"ei o1o6i+ii

,"tre s1*+i%# s*cr% si"7%r%# re*# i rest%# s1*+i%#%i *$ic-

,"ti"$ere* i"for/- c*re ,"co"o*r- s1*+i%# s*cr%. EF1erie"+*re#i7io*s- * s1*+i%#%i "eo/o7e" este 1ri/or$i*#- i 1o*te

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o/o#o7*t- %"ei ,"te/eieri * L%/ii o eF1erie"+- re#i7io*s-

1ri/*r- *"terio*r- oric-rei re[ec+ii *s%1r* L%/ii. ?*"ifest*re*

s*cr%#%i ,"te/ei*6- o"to#o7ic L%/e*. !" ,"ti"$ere* o/o7e"- i

"e/-r7i"it- %"$e "% eFist- "ici %" 1%"ct $e re1er i "ici o1osii#it*te $e orie"t*re hierof*"i* $e64-#%ie %" 1%"ct F

*so#%t %" Ce"tr%.

Re4e#*+i* s1*+i%#%i s*cr% *re 1e"tr% o/%# re#i7ios o 4*#o*re

eFiste"+i*#-& "i/ic "% 1o*te ,"ce1e "i/ic "% se 1o*te f*ce f-r-

o orie"t*re 1re*#*i#- i orice orie"t*re 1res%1%"e $o3"$ire*

%"%i 1%"ct F. I*t- $e ce o/%# re#i7ios s;* str-$%it s- se *e6e

," Ce"tr%# L%/ii. C* s- tr-ieti ," L%/e tre%ie /*i ,"t3i s;o

,"te/eie6i i "ici o #%/e "% se 1o*te "*te ," h*os%# s1*+i%#%i

1rof*" c*re este o/o7e" i re#*ti4. Desco1erire* s*% 1roiec+i*

%"%i 1%"ct F 5 Ce"tr%# 5 echi4*#e*6- c% (*cere* L%/ii.

D%1- E#i*$e 1e"tr% eF1erie"+* 1rof*"- s1*+i%# este

$i/1otri4- o/o7e" i co"ti"%%. N% eFist- "ici o r%1t%r- c*re

s- $eter/i"e $eoseiri c*#it*ti4e ,"tre $i4erse#e 1-r+i *#e /*seis*#e. S1*+i%# 7eo/etric 1o*te ,/1-r+it i $e#i/it*t ," orice

$irec+ie $*r str%ct%r* s* "% $eter/i"- "ici o $ifere"+iere

c*#it*ti4- i "ici o orie"t*re. EFiste"+* 1rof*"- "% se ,"t3#"ete

"icio$*t- ," st*re 1%r-. =ric*re *r 7r*$%# $e $es*cr*#i6*re *

L%/ii #* c*re s;* *%"s o/%# c*re * o1t*t 1e"tr% o 4i*+-

1rof*"- "% re%ete s- *o#e*sc- tot*# co/1ort*/e"t%#

re#i7ios. P3"- i eFiste"+* ce* /*i $es*cr*#i6*t- 1-stre*6-

%r/e#e %"ei 4*#ori6-ri re#i7io*se * L%/ii. Co/1*r3"$ ce#e $o%-

eF1erie"+e& ce* * s1*+i%#%i s*cr% i ce* * s1*+i%#%i 1rof*" s;*

4-6%t c- re#e4*re* %"%i s1*+i% s*cr% 1er/ite $o3"$ire* %"%i

Ce"tr% orie"t*re* ," h*os%# o/o7e" ,"te/eiere* L%/ii i

tr-ire* re*#- ," ti/1 ce eF1erie"+* 1rof*"- /e"+i"e

o/o7e"it*te* i $eci re#*ti4it*te* s1*+i%#%i orie"t*re**$e4-r*t- $is1*re $eo*rece 1%"ct%# F "% /*i *re %" st*t%t

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o"to#o7ic %"ic *1-r3"$ i $is1-r3"$ ," f%"c+ie $e "e4oi#e

6i#"ice. De f*1t "% /*i eFist- "ici %" fe# $e L%/e ci $o*r

"ite fr*7/e"te *#e %"%i %"i4ers sf-r3/*t o /*s* */orf-

*#c-t%it- $i"tr;%" "%/-r i""it $e #oc%ri /*i /%#t s*% /*i1%+i" "e%tre ," c*re o/%# se /ic- /3"*t $e o#i7*+ii#e %"ei

eFiste"+e i"te7r*te ,"tr;o societ*te i"$%stri*#-.

i tot%i ," *ce*st- eF1erie"+- * s1*+i%#%i 1rof*" /*i eFist-

#oc%ri 1ri4i#e7i*te c*#it*ti4 $eoseite $e ce#e#*#te& +i"%t%# "*t*#

#oc%# 1ri/ei i%iri etc. To*te *ceste #oc%ri 1-stre*6- chi*r

1e"tr% o/%# ce# /*i "ere#i7ios o c*#it*te %"ic- 1e"tr% c-

re1re6i"t- #oc%ri s"te *#e U"i4ers%#%i s-% 1ri4*t.

Pe"tr% o/%# re#i7ios oi"%it s- se r*1orte6e 1er/*"e"t

L%/ii s*#e /*rc*t- $e Ce"tr% $istr%7ere* %"ei or$i"i

st*i#ite *o#ire* %"ei i/*7i"i *rheti1*#e echi4*#* c% o re7resie

," h*os OE#i*$e 2& K:.

De f*1t to*te tr*$i+ii#e se re4e"$ic- $e #* Ce"tr%#

or$o"*tor *$eseori si/o#i6*t- $e *F%# 4ertic*# *F c*resi/o#i6e*6- $eschi$ere* s1re tr*"sce"$e"t i "% "%/*i

1e"tr% c- ce#e $o%- c*#it-+i *#e Ce"tr%#%i s%"t& $e * or$o"* 1e

ori6o"t*#- #%/e* "o*str- terestr- $%1- chi1%# U"i4ers%#%i i $e

* #e7* 1ri" *F%# s-% 4ertic*# cer%# $e 1-/3"t *$ic- *F%#

%t%c%#%i $e ro*t- %"$e ro*t* e o L%/e.

Ace*st- 4ertic*#- AF- * Ce"tr%#%i!xis mundi, str-*te i

%"ete to*te 1*#iere#e i"ter/e$i*re ,"tre /*crocos/os i

/icrocos/osJ o/%# c*s* or*%# s%"t 1roiec+ii *#e %"i4ers%#%i

i se s%1%" 1ri" %r/*re *ce#or*i #e7i.

!" $i4erse c%#t%ri a'is mundi *r 1%te* %" st3#1 1i#o"

co1*c o sc*r- s*% %" /%"te 1e"tr% c- #oc%# este ce# /*i

*1ro1i*t $e cer. A$eseori o/%# *"tic * co"str%it 6i7%r*t%#

*i#o"i*" s*% 1ir*/i$* c* s%stit%t *# /%"te#%i s*cr%.

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Pri"tr;o s%7esti4- co/1*r*+ie ,"tre si/o#istic* /itic-

orie"t*#- 9i"$i*"-: i ce* ro/3"e*sc- Tr*i*" D. St-"ci%#esc%

OJ 200 e4i$e"+i*6- c- *F* #%/ii er* re1re6e"t*t 1ri"

*ce#e*i *rheti1*#e /oti4e cos/o7o"ice& /-r%# s*% r*$%#/%"te#e s*% +esto*s* ro*t* s*% o%#. To*te *ceste /oti4e 1ot

rec%1er*te her/e"e%tic $i"tr;%" /o$e# cos/o#o7ic %"ic*tor

1e c*re *%tor%# ,# 1ro1%"e $i" 1ers1ecti4* *1ro1ierii i"t%i+ii#or

/ito#o7ice $e ce# *#e #osoei i tii"+ei.

Este s%cie"t * /e$it* #* se"s%ri#e her/e"e%tice *#e

co"ce1t%#%i $e ro*t- 1ri" c*re #%/e* este $e"it- s1re *

,"+e#e7e 5 c* *rhitect 5 c- ro*t* i"4oc*t- "% este $ec3t o

sec+i%"e ori6o"t*#- 1ri" /o$e#%# o4oi$%#%i 7*#*ctic *# o%#%i

cos/ic 1re6e"t*t ," (i7%r* 0.

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#igura $1. epre&enterea unor sim-oluri cosmogonice arhetipale,

comune tradiiei rom1neti i indiene

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2.2. De #* te/1#%# *rhitect%rii cos/ice

#* *rhitect%r* te/1#%#%i %/*"

Pe"tr% o/ *rhitect%r* este o c*#e $e * $esco1eri

%"i4ers%# chi*r /*i /%#t %" /o$e# *# %"i4ers%#%i 1e c*re ,#

1roiecte*6- ," 1ro1ri* s* #%/eJ i c%/ 1o*te ,"ce1e o #%/e

*#tfe# $ec3t 1ri"tr;o cre*+ie_ @D*c- #%/e* tre%ie #oc%it- e*

tre%ie ,"te/ei*t-. OE#i*$e K& Q. Gest%# *rhitect%r*# ,#

re1ro$%ce 1e ce# *# Cre*+iei ** c%/ orice co"str%c+ie este o

1roiec+ie * %"i4ers%#%i i $i" *cest /oti4 re1et*t "eco"te"it

este %" 7est rit%*# ce "% 1o*te iei $i" or$i"e* #%/ii.

(*1t%# c- 7eo/etri* s*cr- * cos/os%#%i * fost

tr*"s1%s- resc ," for/e#e 7eo/etrice *#e *rhitect%rii %/*"e

1o*te echi4*#*t- c% o sacrali&are a geometriei. = *t*re

7eo/etrie * fost $eo1otri4- *1#ic*t- #* re*#i6*re* c*sei i *

isericii #* /oi#*re* 1ri" for/e co"str%ite * s1*+i%#%i #*ic

1rof*" i * s1*+i%#%i s*cr% re#i7ios. Difere"+* ,"tre ce#e $o%-s1*+ii * fost #* ,"ce1%t $o*r %"* si/o#ic- $e $i/e"si%"e

iseric* i"$ /*i i/1o6*"t- $ec3t c*s*. L* ro/3"i $e 1i#$-

iseric* "% este *#tce4* $ec3t o c*s- 1este c*re s;* *e6*t

si/o#ic t%r#* *$-1ost *# c#o1ot%#%i 1ri" * c-r%i s%"et;

frec4e"+- o/%# co/%"ic- c% D%/"e6e%.

Pe"tr% c* tr*"6i+i* $e #* s*cr*#it*te* %"ei geometrii a

naturii #* *cee* * %"ei geometrii a spaiului arhitectural s-

1o*t- tre1t*t *s%/*t- trei 1osii#e ori6o"t%ri rec%1er*torii

s%"t 1ro1%se ," ce#e ce %r/e*6-&

\ o e4i$e"+iere i"t%iti4- * /o$%#%i ," c*re trecere* $e #*

cre*+i* cos/ic- #* cre*+i* %/*"- * fost 1osii# re*#i6*t- 1ri"tr;

o eF1erie"+i*#- rec%1er*re * for/e#or *rheti1*#eJ

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\ o eFe/1#ic*re * /o$%#%i ," c*re 1re6e"+* for/e#or

*rheti1*#e se re7-sete ," istori* *rhitect%rii i"+ei %/*"eJ

\ o rec%1er*re her/e"e%tic- * /o$%#%i ," c*re /oti4e#e

/itice *#e cre*+iei for/e#or #%/ii *% fost tr*"s1%se ," for/e#e*rhitect%rii s*cre re#i7io*se 1e $e o 1*rte ," si/o#istic*

teFte#or i"+i*tice c*re #e;*% ,"so+it f*cere* 1e $e *#t- 1*rte.

S- oser4-/ c- $i"co#o $e orice $isc%rsi4- *"*#itic-

c%"o*tere o/%# * rec%"osc%t $eo1otri4- eF1erie"+i*# i

eF1eri/e"t*# 1re6e"+* 7eo/etriei s*cre ," %"i4ers%# eFiste"+ei

s*#e *$*1t3"$;o "o4*tor #* "e4oi#e 1ro1riei istorii. A/ 4-6%t

$e* c- %" *"s*/#% $e si/o#ice sce"*rii ,"ce13"$ $e #*

ce#e *#e cos/o7o"iei /itice i 13"- #* *ce#e* *#e ,"te/eierii

si/o#ice * #%/ii 91ri" *rheti1*#e co"str%c+ii: *% ,"cerc*t s-

/e$ie6e cores1o"$e"+* $i"tre cre*+i* #%/ii i #%/e*

cre*+iei 1ri" i"ter/e$i%# *rheti1%ri#or s*cre.

(*1t%# c- for/e#e *rheti1*#e c*re rec%1ere*6- so#i$e#e

i$e*#e 1#*to"ice s*% *ristote#ice $e eFe/1#% se re7-sesc ,"$iferite i1ost*6e *#e *rhitect%rii eF1ri/*te s1ecic ," $iferite

sti#%ri $e * co"str%i ,"ce13"$ $e #* ce# 1o1%#*r 13"- #* ce#

c#*sic 5 $e"ot- e f*1t%# c- ,"tr;o *"%/e 1erio*$- o/%# $e

r3"$ * i"tr*t ," 1osesi* %"or c%"oti"+e i"i+i*tice s*% c- o

i"t%i+ie "*ti4- fo*rte 1%ter"ic- i;* ,"7-$%it s- #e $esco1ere

si"7%r i s- #e fo#ose*sc- i/1#icit.

A*$*r istori* *rhitect%rii este i/1#icit %"* * *cces%#%i

o/%#%i #* $iferite#e ier*rhii *#e c%"o*terii si/o#ice i

,"te/eieto*re $e L%/e. S- "e 73"$i/ #* *e6*re* ,"tr;%"

*"%/e #oc #* co"str%c+i* %"%i s*t s*% $o*r * %"ei c*se... To*te

i/1#ic- o hot-r3re $e ce* /*i /*re i/1ort*"+- 1e"tr% c- $e

*ce*st* $e1i"$e ,"s-i eFiste"+* o/%#%i i"$ 4or* $e f*1t

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$e cre*re* 1ro1riei s*#e @#%/i i $e *s%/*re* res1o"s*i#it-+ii

$e * o 1-str* i $e * o re,""oi.

Loc%i"+* "% este %" oiect o @/*i"- $e #oc%it c%/ o

$e"%/e* Cor%sier ci (ni"ersul pe care omul i!l cl#deteimit1nd Creaia e'emplar# a &eilor, cosmogonia. =rice

co"str%c+ie i orice i"*%7%r*re * %"%i e$ici% *rhitect%r*# echi;

4*#e*6- ,"tr;%" fe# c% %" nou +nceput, c% o "o%- 4i*+- i orice

,"ce1%t re1et- *ce# 1ri/or$i*# /o/e"t c3"$ * #%*t "*tere

U"i4ers%#. Chi*r ," societ-+i#e /o$er"e 1%ter"ic $es*cr*#i6*te

ser-ri#e i 1etreceri#e c*re ,"so+esc /%t*re* ,"tr;o #oc%i"+-

"o%- 1-stre*6- ,"c- */i"tire* festi4it-+i#or 67o/oto*se c*re

/*rc*% o$i"io*r- *ce# incipit "ita no"a.

Deo*rece #oc%i"+* este o imago mundi, e* se 7-sete ,"

chi1 si/o#ic ," @Ce"tr%# L%/ii ," co/%"ic*re c%

tr*"sce"$e"t%#. A$eseori 1e"tr% f*ci#it*re* *cestei co"eFi%"i se

1r*ctic*% $eschi$eri ," *co1eri ," $iferite#e ti1%ri $e #oc%i"+e.

Chi*r i s*"ct%*re#e ce#e /*i 4echi *4e*% o $eschi6-t%r- ,"*co1eri @ochi%#%i $o/%#%i c% se/"ic*+ie cos/o7o"ic- i

si/o# *# r%1t%rii $e "i4e# *# co/%"ic-rii c% tr*"sce"$e"t%#.

Arhitect%r* s*cr- "% * f-c%t $ec3t s- rei* i s- $e64o#te

si/o#is/%# cos/o#o7ic c%1ri"s c% /%#t ,"*i"te ," str%ct%r*

#oc%i"+e#or 1ri/iti4e i*r #oc%i"+* o/e"e*sc- f%sese 1rece$*t-

cro"o#o7ic 4ori"$ $e @#oc%# sf3"t 1ro4i6ori% $e s1*+i%#

co"s*cr*t i cos/ici6*t. C% *#te c%4i"te to*te si/o#%ri#e i

to*te rit%*#%ri#e #e7*te $e te/1#e cet-+i c*se $ec%r7 $e f*1t

$i" eF1erie"+* 1ri/iti4- * *cest%i s1*+i% s*cr%.

A1*ri+i* te/1#%#%i * co"stit%it o "o%- et*1- * o/%#%i re#i7ios

$e ,"+e#e7ere * s1*+i%#%i s*cr%. U" te/1#% er* %" imago mundi,

si/o#i63"$ cos/os%# s*cr%# *s%1r* h*os%#%i 1ri/or$i*# er*

c*s* 6ei#or i 1ri" %r/*re te/1#%# s%s+i"e* s*cr*#it*te* #%/ii"o*stre c% $iferite#e "%*"+e $e #* c%#t%r- #* c%#t%r- ," f%"c+ie

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$e 1*rtic%#*rit-+i#e *s%/*te c%#t%r*# $e tr-ire * eF1erie"+ei

s*cr%#%i.

.. S*cr% i 1rof*" ," istori* *rhitect%rii %/*"e

Istori* *rhitect%rii * osci#*t ,"tre %ti#i6*re* for/e#or "*t%r*#e

1re1o"$ere"t c%re i ce#e rect*"7%#*re s1ecice teh"o#o7iei

%/*"e. (*1t%# c- ," /o$ oi"%it "*t%r* "% o1ere*6- c%

%"7hi%ri $re1te * re1re6e"t*t 1e"tr% o/%# *rh*ic *"tic %"

eFe/1#% %" $e %r/*t. C* *t*re ,"tr;o 1ri/- 1erio*$-

istoric- for/e#e s*#e co"str%ite ,"t3i /i/etice *% %r/*t *1oi

/o$e#%# %"ei* $i"tre for/e#e *rheti1*#e& o 1ir*/i$- i"$ $e

eFe/1#% %" /%"te. A* c%/ s;* ,"t3/1#*t c% orice for/- $e

#i/* si/o#ic i lim-a)ul arhitecturii a trecut treptat de la

natura ormelor moti"ate 3arhetipale la cultura ormelor

nemoti"ate, din ce +n ce mai ar-itrare.

!" co"se"s c% ce#e s1%se /*i s%s 1%te/ *1reci* c-1ro$%se#e *rhitect%rii *% e4o#%*t tre1t*t $e #* s*tisf*cere* %"or

f%"c+ii 1ri" eFce#e"+- "*t%r*#e 9*$-1ostire* ," 1ri/%# r3"$: ,"

s1*+i%# %"ei *rhitect%ri c*re 1ri" for+* #%cr%ri#or i/it*

*$-1ost%ri#e "*t%r*#e 91eter* $e eFe/1#%: ,"tr;o 1ri/- et*1-

istoric- c-tre co"str%c+ii ," c*re f%"c+ii#e %ti#it-+i#e *% ,"ce1%t

s- se r*"e6e c%#t%r*# i/1%"3"$ for/e tot /*i co/1#ic*te tot

/*i ,"$e1-rt*te $e "*t%r- ,"tr;o et*1- istoric- $e* /o$er"-.

Di" 1%"ct $e 4e$ere 1r*ctic *ce*st- trecere $e #* "*t%r*# #*

*rtici*# * ,"se/"*t ," s1*+i%# *rhitect%rii co"fr%"t*re*

o/%#%i c% $o%- re*#it-+i o1%se OPoe"*r% 200&

1e $e o 1*rte 1ier$ere* co"t*ct%#%i c% "*t%r* * ,"se/"*t

re"%"+*re* #* 1r*ctici#e co"str%cti4e ," c*re /*teri*#e#e

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"*t%r*#e i for/e#e *rheti1*#e s*"o7e"e er*% c%

1re1o"$ere"+- i"t%iti4- %ti#i6*teJ

1e $e *#t- *1*ri+i* "oi#or str*te7ii co"str%cti4e "oi#or

/*teri*#e i co"ce1+ii 1#*"i/etrice etc. * "%*"+*t for/e /%#t/*i co"fort*i#e /*i $eschise #%/i"ii i sti/%#i#or "*t%r*#i.

'.*.$. %im-olismul templului $ -isericii:

de la tradiie la ino"aie

!" /o$ oi"%it 1ri" *rhitect%r- s*cr- se ,"+e#e7e

siste/%# $e co"str%c+ii $esti"*te /*"ifest-ri#or $e c%#t re#i7ios

tre6irii i creterii s1irit%*#e * i"+ei %/*"e. Pri" %r/*re o serie

$e 1*rtic%#*rit-+i co"str%cti4e c*r*cteri6e*6- *ceste oiecti4e

*rhitecto"ice 1res%1%"3"$ "%/ero*se *s1ecte c*re se c%4i" *

#%*te ," se*/-.

Pri/e#e *s1ecte s%"t ce#e 4i63"$& */1#*s*/e"t%# ," sit

orie"t*re* ," r*1ort c% 1%"cte#e c*r$i"*#e c% $eter/i"-ri#e

*str*#e st*i#ire* %"ei corecte re#*+ii c% $eter/i"-ri#e i"4i6ii#e9c3/1 /*7"etic re+e* e"er7etic- * 1-/3"t%#%i re#*+i* $e

re6o"*"+- c% *#te oiecte $e *rhitect%r- etc.:J re*#i6*re*

*cestor i/1er*ti4e 1res%1%" o tii"+- s*cr- * co"str%c+iei

,"ce13"$ $e #* co/1ete"+* r*$ieste6ic- 13"- #* *stro#o7ie etc.

A#te *s1ecte s%"t ce#e c*re 4i6e*6- c%"o*tere*

siste/%#%i $e "or/e s1irit%*#e ti1%# $e rit%*# *fere"t c%#t%#%i

$e referi"+- et*1e#e ser4ici%#%i re#i7ios 7e"er*re* 1#*"%#%i

e$ici%#%i re#i7ios ," f%"c+ie $e "ecesit-+i#e *cestor*

c%"o*tere* co$%ri#or si/o#ice *#e $ecor*+ii#or re#i7io*se

s1ecice etc.

N% ," ce#e $i" %r/- 4o/ /e"+io"* *s1ecte#e 1r*7/*tice

c*re +i" $e& i"ser+i* re#*+ii#or s%iecti4e $i"tre o/ i for/e#e

s1*+i%#%i co"str%it $e 1erce1+i* s%iecti4- * *cest%i* ,"

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f%"c+ie $e st*re* $e s-"-t*te 6ic- i /e"t*#- $e

$i/e"sio"*re* *cest%i* ," r*1ort c% st-ri#e c*re se 4or

sti/%#*te $e 4*#o*re* c*"tit*ti4- i c*#it*ti4- * res%rse#or

*#oc*te * /*teri*#e#or %ti#i6*te i * str*te7iei $ecor*ti4e etc.(or/%#*re* *cestor 7e"er*#e *s1ecte i so#%+io"*re* #or

1ri"tr;o core#*t- *s%/*re * re1re6e"t*t 1e"tr% co"str%ctor%# $e

te/1#e iserici $i" to*te ti/1%ri#e ce* $i"t3i 1reoc%1*re 1e

c*re *ct%# 1roiect-rii ,"s%i #;* i/1%s c% "ecesit*te.

Res1ect*re* %"or re7%#i fo*rte stricte c% 1ri4ire #* so#%+io"*re*

*s1ecte#or /e"+io"*te * f-c%t c* *rhitect%r* re#i7io*s- s*cr-

s- *ie o co/1o"e"t- $o7/*tic- c*re * ,"7r-$it;o 1e $e

o 1*rte $*r c*re i;* 1-str*t 1este ti/1 4*#o*re* %"or "or/e

*#e s*cr*#it-+ii co"str%cti4e 1e $e *#t- 1*rte.

U"* $i"tre ce#e /*i t%#%r-to*re tr*$i+ii *#e *rhitect%rii s*cre

este f*1t%# $e * reiter*t ,"tr;o for/- s*% *#t* 1ri" ,"s-i

for/* s* 4o#%/etric- i 1#*"i/etric- re1ere *#e cos/o7o"iei

*#e f*cerii #%/ii. Ace*st* ,"tr%c3t&]iseric* este c*s* #%i D%/"e6e% cre*tor%# #%/ii. C* *t*re

este resc c* o *stfe# $e c*s- s- e $ecor*t- c% se/"e *#e

o1erei $i4i"e ,"*i"te $e to*te. =r $i" *"s*/#%# *cestor

re*#i6-ri /*i i/1ort*"t- $ec3t to*te este cre*+i* ,"s-i * #%/ii.

Str%ct%r* s1*+i%#%i co"str%it este *stfe# co"ce1%t- ,"c3t s-

1re6i"te /o/e"te#e cheie *#e cos/o7e"e6ei ** c%/ o

tr*$i+ie re#i7io*s- s*% *#t* ,"c- o 1-stre*6-. S1re eFe/1#%

f*1t%# c- to*te iserici#e creti"e *% o o#t- s% c*re se *[-

*#t*r%# s%7ere*6- cre*+i* i"i+i*#- * cer%#%i i * 1-/3"t%#%i& L*

,"ce1%t * f-c%t D%/"e6e% cer%ri#e i 1-/3"t%#. Tr*$i+i* /*i

/%#tor cer%ri * ier*rhii#or $i4i"e se s%7ere*6- $e 1i#$- ,"

/o$%# $e co"str%c+ie * o#tei re*#i6*t- $i" *rce s%1r*1%se 1e

"i4e#e $i" ce ," ce /*i restr3"se. To*te e#e/e"te#e

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co"str%cti4e se s%or$o"e*6- *stfe# %"or se/"ic*+ii 1e c*re

$o7/* re#i7io*s- "% #e schi/-. I*t- $e ce oiecte#e

*rhitect%rii re#i7io*se se*/-"- 1ri"ci1i*# %"e#e c% *#te#e c3"$

*1*r+i" *ce#ei*i c%#t%ri $*r "% "%/*i. !" *#t- or$i"e $e i$ei to*te *tri%te#e 1%terii $i4i"e se

re7-sesc s%7er*te ,"tr;o for/- s*% *#t* ," str%ct%r* e$ici%#%i

re#i7ios. Astfe# 1e chei* $e o#t- ce* /*i ,"*#t- se re1re6i"t-

si/o#%# re#i7ios /*or chi1%# #%i D%/"e6e% *# tri1#%#%i i1ost*s

etc. ," re#i7i* creti"- s*% o i/*7i"e *str*ct- o /*"$*#- ,"

s1irit%*#it*te* orie"t*#- etc. Se/"ic*+ii *#e cos/o7o"iei se

re7-sesc *stfe# s1ecic *t3t ," for/e#e /*ore *#e e$ici%#%i

c3t i ," e#e/e"te#e co"str%cti4e s%o$o"*te. Se e4i$e"+i*6-

*stfe# #oc%# *#t*r%#%i $e eFe/1#% $eschis s*% ,"chis

e"ori*i#or ," f%"c+ie $e /o$%# ," c*re se st*i#ete c%#t%r*#

re#*+i* c% $i4i"it*te*.

Pr*ctic "*t%r* *cestei re#*+ii este $e #* %" ,"ce1%t $e"it-

," f%"c+ie $e r*1ort%# o/%#%i c% $i4i"it*te*. Este ti%t f*1t%# c-tr*$i+i* orto$oF- c%#ti4- o re#*+ie /*i c*#$- c% %" D%/"e6e%

1erso*"- *te"t #* to*te "e4oi#e i"+ei %/*"e. ]iseric* 4* ;

i"$e1e"$e"t $e $i/e"si%"e* s* ; /*i c*#$- 1ri" chi*r "*t%r*

for/e#or s*#e& c%1o#- i*r "% t%r#- 1rec%/ ," tr*$i+i* c*to#ic-. =

c*te$r*#- 7otic- $e eFe/1#% i/1%"e 1ri4itor%#%i 1ri"

,"-#+i/e* s* i 1ri" 1ier$ere* ochi%#%i ,"tr;%" 1%"ct $e f%7-

fo*rte ,"$e1-rt*t ,"*#t o st*re $e stri4ire * 1erso"*#it-+ii $e

i/1#icit- "i/ic"icie * o/%#%i ," r*1ort c% /-re+i* $i4i"it-+ii.

(*1t%# c- ," %"e#e c%#t%ri c%/ *r ce* 7re*c- D%/"e6e%

Ze%# 1%te* i 4-6%t $%1- c%/ ," *#te tr*$i+ii 1rec%/ ce*

er*ic- D%/"e6e% "% 1%te* $ec-t *%6it for/e#e sti#%ri#e $e

* re*#i6* %" e$ici% s%fer- *"%/ite 1*rtic%#*ri6-ri $i"co#o $e

c*re se re7-sesc ,"s- i"4*ri*"t /oti4e#e *rheti1*#e 1ri"

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c*re c#-$ire* #oc*%#%i $e c%#t se s%stit%ie cos/os%#%i ,"s%i

cre*t%rii $i4i"e. De *ici c% si7%r*"+- i s%7esti4* *ser+i%"e *

#%i A#ice ]*i#e&

L%/e* c* o c*te$r*#- i*t- ce s%7er* *%to*re*i"i+ierii so#*re co"si$er3"$ c- o *t*re si"t*7/- este 4*#*i#-

1e"tr% to*te c%#t%ri#e cre$i"+e#e ,/1ietrite ," 6i$%ri $e

c*te$r*#- . Di" eFe/1#e#e /*i os co"se/"*te se $es1ri"$e

i$ee* c- %"ic3"$ /ito#o7i* c% tr*$i+i* 1r*ctic- * co"str%c+iei

*rhitect%r*#e mitul +ntemeierii $ construciei m1n#stirii $

catedralei 9Ar7e%#%i: OSt-"ci%#esc% 8& Q st- c* %"

*$/ir*i# te/ei 1e"tr% recuperarea istoriei arhitecturii din

arhitectura lumii +ns#i.

'.*.$.$.2emplul3 program al arhitecturii sacre

!" /*ri#e ci4i#i6*+ii orie"t*#e \ ,"ce13"$ c% ?eso1ot*/i*

i E7i1t%# i sf3ri"$ c% Chi"* i I"$i* \ Te/1#%# c%"o*te o"o%- i i/1ort*"t- 4*#ori6*re& "% /*i este $o*r o imago

mundi, ci i o re1ro$%cere 1-/3"te*sc- * %"%i /o$e#

tr*"sce"$e"t. I%$*is/%# * /ote"it co"ce1+i* 1*#eo;orie"t*#- *

Te/1#%#%i co"si$er*t co1i* %"%i *rheti1 ceresc. Ace*st- i$ee

este 1ro*i# %"* $i"tre %#ti/e#e i"ter1ret-ri 1e c*re o/%#

re#i7ios #e;* $*t eF1erie"+ei 1ri/*re * s1*+i%#%i s*cr% ," o1o;

6i+ie c% s1*+i%# 1rof*". Se c%4i"e s- st-r%i/ 1%+i" *s%1r* 1ers;

1ecti4e#or $eschise $e "o%* co"ce1+ie re#i7io*s-.

$. 4onsideraii generale. S- */i"ti/ /*i ,"t3i ese"+*

1ro#e/ei& Te/1#%# este o imago mundi 1e"tr% c- L%/e* c*

#%cr*re * 6ei#or este s*cr-. !"s- str%ct%r* cos/o#o7ic- *

Te/1#%#%i $%ce #* o "o%- 4*#ori6*re re#i7io*s-& #oc sf3"t 1ri"eFce#e"+- c*s- * 6ei#or Te/1#%# res*"ctic- ," 1er/*"e"+-

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L%/e* 1e"tr% c- o re1re6i"t- i ," *ce#*i ti/1 o co"+i"e. De

f*1t L%/e* este res*"ctic*t- ," ,"tre7i/e $*torit- Te/1#%#%i.

=ric*re *r 7r*$%# s-% $e i/1%rit*te L%/e* este co"ti"%%

1%ric*t- $e s"+e"i* s*"ct%*re#or.Deoseire* o"to#o7ic- $i" ce ," ce /*i #i/1e$e $i"tre

Cosmos i imaginea sa sanctifcat#, Te/1#%# /*i *r*t- i c-

s"+e"i* Te/1#%#%i este #* *$-1ost $e orice cor%1+ie 1-;

/3"te*sc- 1e"tr% c* 1#*"%# *rhitect%r*# *# Te/1#%#%i este

#%cr*re* 6ei#or i se 7-sete **$*r fo*rte *1ro*1e $e 6ei ,"

Cer. ?o$e#e#e tr*"sce"$e"te *#e Te/1#e#or se %c%r- $e o

eFiste"+- s1irit%*#- i"cor%1tii#- cere*sc-. Pri" /i#* 6ei#or

o/%# *%"7e #* 4i6i%"e* f%#7%r*"t- * *cestor /o$e#e 1e c*re

se str-$%iete *1oi s- #e re1ro$%c- 1e P-/3"t.

Ier%s*#i/%# ceresc * fost cre*t $e D%/"e6e% o $*t- c%

P*r*$is%# $eci in aeternum. =r*%# Ier%s*#i/ "% er* *#tce4*

$ec3t co1i* *1roFi/*ti4- * /o$e#%#%i tr*"sce"$e"t& e# 1%te*

13"7-rit $e o/ ,"s- /o$e#%# "% 1e"tr% c- "% f-ce* 1*rte $i"Ti/1. ]*6i#ic* creti"- i /*i t3r6i% c*te$r*#* 1rei*% i 1re;

#%"7esc *ceste siste/e $e si/o#%ri. Pe $e o 1*rte iseric*

este 73"$it- ,"c- $i" A"tichit*te* creti"- c* o co1ie *

Ier%s*#i/%#%i cerescJ 1e $e *#t- 1*rte e* re1ro$%ce P*r*$is%#

s*% #%/e* cere*sc-.

(*1t%# c- te/1#%# este %"%# $i" 1ro7r*/e#e $e *rhitect%r-

ce#e /*i i"e re1re6e"t*te ," *"tichit*te "% este $e#oc

,"t3/1#-tor $*c- ,"+e#e7e/ ro#%# s-% ,"te/eietor $e L%/e i

$eci 7e"er*tor $e Cos/os. Ce"tre *#e ci4i#i6*+iei

/eso1ot*/ie"e Ur% Ur Ni11%r etc. se $e64o#t- ," %r%# %"or

*stfe# $e te/1#e. Zi7%r*t%# s%stit%t *# /%"te#%i *rheti1*#

te/1#%# $%#% *# #%i N*""*r i Ni"7*# $i" Ur 9?eso1ot*/i*:

te/1#%# $%#% *# 6ei#or A""% i A$$*$ 9Re7*t%# *siri*": s*%Te/1#%# #%i ?*r$% i 6i7%r*t%# Ete/e"*"si 9T%r"%# ]*e#:

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$i" *"tichit*te* Re7*t%#%i No% ]*i#o"i*" ,"chi"*te $iferite#or

6eit-+i i ," c*re se $er%#*% 1rocesi%"i re#i7io*se s1ecice

eFist*% c* eF1resie * "e4oii $e s*cr% i co"s*cr*re * 4ie+ii i

s1*+i%#%i.L* e7i1te"i te/1#e#e s%"t $e$ic*te $e *se/e"e*

$iferite#or 6eit-+i $*r /o$%# $e co/1%"ere * *cestor* se

/o$ic- ," r*1ort $e o /%#tit%$i"e $e f*ctori %"%# $i"tre

*ceti* i"$ 4i6i%"e* tr*"sfor/-rii

i"i+i*tice * $isci1o#%#%i ," c*$r%#

te/1#%#%i /oti4 1e"tr% c*re *ceste*

er*% *#c-t%ite $i"tr;o s%ccesi%"e $e c%r+i

s*% s-#i ,"chise i/1%"-to*re $is1%se ,"

#%"7%# %"ei *Fe $e si/etrie. S-#i#e

1rece$*te $e %" $ro/os i $e o i"tr*re

/o"%/e"t*#- 91#o": *4e*% #* c*1-t%#

*Fei o %#ti/- ,"c-1ere s*"ct%*r%#

*ccesii# "%/*i i"i+i*+i#or.

Te/1#%# Phi#*e

?*teri*#%# $o/i"*"t $i" c*re er*% re*#i6*te 1i*tr* er*

eF1resi* ce* /*i 1otri4it- 1e"tr% o co"str%c+ie c*re s;* $orit *

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/*si4- $%r*i#- *se/e"e* /%"te#%i $*r i /o$%#%i $e

rece1t*re tr-ire * s*cr%#%i.

N%;/i 1ro1%" s- i*% ," $isc%+ie s%/e$e"ii#e $e ti1%ri $e

te/1#e $i" $iferite c%#t%ri i ci4i#i6*+ii /o$%# $e *#c-t%ire *1*rti%#%i *rhitect%r*# *s1ect eFterior ci $oresc s- e4i$e"+ie6

tr-s-t%r* co/%"- * te/1#e#or *cee* $e s1*+ii s1eci*# cre*te

1e"tr% s*cr% i tr-ire* #%i i*r ," c*#it*te $e *rhitect 4oi *#e7e

%" si"7%r 1*r*/etr% i"te7r*tor #%/i"* c% tri/itere #*

/o/e"t%# 1ri/ *# Ge"e6ei 1ri" c*re tr-ire* s*cr%#%i

i1ost*6i*t- so#i$ic*t *rhitect%r*# $e4i"e 1osii#-.

(iec*re c#-$ire ,i /o$%#e*6- eF1resi4it*te* c% tot%# $iferit

1ri" re#ief%# *"4e#o1*"tei s*#e #%/i"* "*t%r*#- $*t- #%/i"- c%

i"te"sit-+i 4*ri*i#e ," $iferite#e re7i%"i *"oti/1%ri ore *#e 6i#ei.

Acee*i #%/i"- ," E7i1t c%1ri"63"$ 1ir*/i$e#e *cee*i ,"

Acro1o#e#e Greciei 1e c*re


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1%ter"ic- tr*"*"t- c*re $%ce* %"eori #* to1ire*

co"t%r%ri#or f*1t *$ese* #%*t ," se*/- i *%st*t $e *rhitec+i

1ri" corec+ii#e o1tice *$%se ,"c- $i" 1roiect*re. Acest ti1 $e

#%/i"- co"fer- co/1o6i+iei *rhitect%r*#e o "ot- $e $r*/*tico "ot- $e /*Fi/- c#*rit*te $e o1+i%"e c* o Le7e C*#e $e

%r/*t.

Arhitect%# fr*"ce6 *# Re4o#%+iei ]o%##ee scri* ,"tr;%"

co/e"t*ri% teoretic c- 1e"tr% 1ri/* o*r- i;* c#*ric*t

*s1ir*+ii#e ," cee* ce 1ri4ete $istri%ire* #%/i"ii i * %/rei ,"

/*se#e *rhitecto"ice 1ri4i"$ c#-$iri#e #* #%/i"* #%"ii c*re #e

f*ce s- *1*r- /*i /o"%/e"t*#e i c% co"t%r%ri#e #or /*i

i"sesi6*i#e i /*i /isterio*se.

?o$%# ," c*re co"str%c+ii#e $i" $iferite e1oci i $i" $iferite

1ro7r*/e ,i /o$ic- #%/i"* "*t%r*#- * fost eF*/i"*t $o*r

*r*reoriJ st%$ii $e *cest 7e" *r 1%te* $%ce c% si7%r*"+- c-tre

"oi $eschi$eri... S- "e */i"ti/ "%/*i $e o7#i"$ire*

i"te"+io"*t- * c#-$iri#or ," s%1r*fe+e $e *1e 5 ]e#4e$ere $i"Vie"* 5 1e"tr% * "e $* se*/* $e re#*+i* 1rof%"$- i i"te"s-

cre*t- ,"tre c#-$ire #%/i"- i 1ri4itor ce se co"stit%ie ,"tr;o

tri*$- i"se1*r*i#-.

Arhitect%r* *re "%/ero*se 1osii#it-+i

$e * eF1#o*t* /o$ic* i co"$%ce

#%/i"* "*t%r*#- eFiste"t- 1e"tr%

7e"er*re* %"or sce"*rii c*1*i#e s-s%s+i"- i$ee* $e s*cr%. E* 1o*te

orie"t*t- 1recis ," i"terior%# s1*+ii#or

co"str%ite 1e"tr% * cre* efecte

7e"er*to*re $e tr-iri se"ti/e"te 4i*+-

s1irit%*#- *%te"tic-.

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Pri/%# e#e/e"t *$%c-tor $e #%/i"- $*r i $e /es* i"i+i*tic

* fost c% si7%r*"+- %* 1o*rt* s1*+i%# $e trecere $e #*

ce4* #* *#tce4* $e #* eFterior #* i"terior $e #* pro!ane #*

s*cr%. L%/i"* c*re i"tr- 1ri" $eschi6-t%ri o1er*te ," *co1eri 5c* #* P*"theo" 5 cree*6- c% %%ri"+- ," s1*+ii #i1site $e

ferestre i/1resi* $e te#%ric $e /ister s*% chi*r $e 1#*" o1%s

ce#%i $i4i".

(ere*str* *%te"tic- este o i"4e"+ie c% 4irt%+i si/o#ice *#

c-rei r*1ort c% #%/i"* este e4i$e"t. To*t- *t/osfer* %"%i

i"terior este s%s+i"%t- $e #%/i"- i*r /%#tit%$i"e* ferestre#or

%i#or f*ce 1osii#- i#%/i"*re* $i" /*i /%#te $irec+ii re7istre$e ,"-#+i/e i c%#o*re. . Este e4i$e"t c- o fere*str- orie"t*t-

c-tre cer 1#*s*t- $eci #* ,"-#+i/e c% tri/iteri c#*re c-tre i$ee*

$e $i4i"it*te cree*6- o *#t- re#*+ie c% #%/i"* $ec3t %"*

$o/i"*"t orie"t*t- $i" #*ter*# $e eFe/1#%.

(or/* */r*6%rii ferestrei 1er/ite o /o$%#*re * c*#it-+ii#%/i"ii c* i 7ri#*%# $e 1i*tr- *# ferestrei ti1%# $e ,"c%ietori

fo#osit i*r *t%"ci c3"$ ,"tre7%# 1erete se tr*"sfor/- ,"tr;o

%"ic- fere*str- 5 c* #* S*i"te;Ch*1e##e 9P*ris: s*% c3"$ 1ere+ii

%"or s1*+ii i"terio*re s%"t 1r*ctic $i" stic#- $i4ers co#or*t- se

re*#i6e*6- o i#%/i"*re /*7istr*#- * *cestor s1*+ii.

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!" istori* *rhitect%rii 1ro#e/e#e *ceste* s%"t tr*t*te $e

/%#te ori s% tit#%#& Diri*re* #%/i"ii $%1- ce s1*+i%# ,"s%i *

fost *"*#i6*t f-r- 4reo referire #* #%/i"- $*r *$e4-r*t%# /ir*co#

este $o*r #%/i"* i 1ro#e/*tic* ei /*i *#es ," s1*+ii#eco"si$er*te s*cre %"$e #%/i"* "% 1o*te i "% tre%ie

"icio$*t- s- r-/3"- %" *cci$e"t ci ,"tr;

%" *"%/it se"s tre%ie s- co"stit%ie e*

,"s-i "*t%r* s%#i/- i"tri"sec- s%[%#

4i% *# i$eii $e $i4i" s1ecic *$e4-r*tei

*rhitect%ri s*cre c-ci "%/*i **

fe"o/e"%# 1ri" c*re 7e"e6* i tr-ire*

s*cr%#%i $e4i" 1osii#e.

!" *f*r* i#%/i"-rii "*t%r*#e eFist- i#%/i"*re* *rtici*#- c*re

* fost i"i+i*# %" e#e/e"t *# c%#te#or /*7ice /istere#or

s-r-tori#or "oct%r"eJ i/*7i"i#e 6oo/orfe $i" 1eteri#e

1*#eo#itic%#%i *% fost cre*te #* #%/i"* f-c#ii#or. !" s1*+ii#e $e

c%#te r%1estre *#e /istere#or #%i ?ithr*s este #%/i"- *rtici*#-

c*re re1ro$%ce #%/i"* $e $i"co#o $i4i"- s%1r*"*t%r*#-

/ic-to*re h*#%ci"*"t- c*1*i#- $e reiter*re * /o/e"t%#%i

%"ic ori7i"*r.

!" to*te c%#t%ri#e 4echi 13"- ," seco#%# I /i#oc%# $e

i#%/i"*re *% fost f-c#i* #%/3"*re* i #*/1* $e %#ei c*re to*te$*% o #%/i"- /*i /%#t s*% /*i 1%+i" /ic*t- f*1t c*re

7e"ere*6- i s%s+i"e "ot* $e 4i% /ister i f*ce 1osii#- /%t*+i*

eFterior ; i"terior s1ecic- fe"o/e"%#%i $e rec%#e7ere

i"teriori6*re /e$it*+ie i r%7-ci%"e c* 1ri/e tre1te i"i+i*tice

1e s%#i/%# $r%/ *# ,"-#+-rii i $e4e"irii s1irit%*#e 1e"tr% c-

tr-ire* s*cr%#%i 4i*+* s1irit%*#- * co"stit%it +e#%# oric-rei re#i7ii

/-r7-rit*r%# ce# /*i 4*#oros ce# /*i r34"it *# c%#ti4-rii

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s1irit%#%i %/*". N% ,"t3/1#-tor i$eii $e s*cr% i s;* *soci*t $i"

ce#e /*i 4echi ti/1%ri i$ee* $e 1re+ios i "ot* $e 1re+io6it*te *

,"so+it orice 1%"ere ," o1er- * %"%i te/1#% s*% c#-$ire $e c%#t.

= #%/i"- "*t%r*#- s*% *rtici*#- $*t- este /ere%/o$ic*t- *si/i#*t- ,"tr;%" fe# *"%/e $e /*crore#ief%#

o1ere#or $e *rt- *s%1r* c-ror* c*$e i*r fe"o/e"%# *cest* se

,"t3/1#- ," /icrore#ief%# s%1r*fe+e#or $i4erse#or teFt%ri. Se

c%"osc "e"%/-r*te teh"ici c*re $*% s*% f*c #%ci%# s%1r*fe+e#or

"%*"+3"$ #* i""it re#*+i* c% #%/i"*. Astfe# #%str%ire* 1ietrei

#-c%ire* #e/"%#%i 4er"is*re* stofe#or *%rire* s/-#+%ire* etc.

co"c%r- #* *cce"t%*re* i$eii $e #%/i"- i"tri"sec- so#i$ic*t-

i"c#%s- ," s%1ort%# /*teri*# "e/*i4ori"$ $es1re c*6%ri#e ,"

c*re e$icii *rhitect%r*#e ,"tre7i se *co1er- #* s%1r*f*+*

*"4e#o1*"tei c% *%r 1i*tr- str-#%citor #%str%it- 1i*tr- *%rit-

#e/" #$e i *#te /*teri*#e tr*t*te si/i#*r tr-$3"$ ti1%# $e

re#*+ie i"stit%it- c% $i4i"it*te* i *s%/*t* c%#t%r*#. A%r%# este

1ri" %r/*re ce# /*i $es *#es c* 4ehic%# 1%rt-tor $e #%/i"- c%to*te co"ot*+ii#e i $e"ot*+ii#e ei. Pe"tr% ec*re c%#t%r- *r

tre%i st%$i*t oc%# $e re#*+ii *# *"s*/#%#%i /*teri*#e#or

#%/i"o*se 1rec%/ i /o$%# ," c*re se co/i"- c% *#te

4ehic%#e #%/i"o*se stic#* $e eFe/1#% c*re 1ri" tr*"s1*re"+-

1o*rt- $iferit /es*%# #%/i"ii s%7er3"$ *cces%# c-tre ier*rhii

1ro7resi4 i "%*"+*t.

De *se/e"e* este $e re/*rc*t *sociere* /*teri*#%#%i

#%/i"os c% o ,"tre*7- si/o#istic- * so*re#%i s*% chi*r c*

s%stit%t *# so*re#%i re1re6e"t*t- 1ri" or"*/e"t*+ie "-

circ%#*r- i s1ir*#*t- cerc%# i s1ir*#* i"$%it*i# /oti4e *#e

si/o#isticii so#*re. Si/o# so#*r este i ro*t* c*r%#%i...9C*re#e

c%#tice 1reistorice c% /oti4%# so*re#%i 5 cre*te 1e"tr% * i/it*

/ic*re* *cest%i *str% 5 s%"t 1ro*i# 1rototi1%ri#e c*re#or1rof*"e:.

K8


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Di" tot$e*%"* so*re#e * eFercit*t o *$e4-r*t- 4r*- 1e

c*#e* $r%/%#%i i"i+i*ticJ * fost re1re6e"t*t 1ri" cerc i"te7r*t ,"

1#*"%# circ%#*r *# 4re%"%i *"s*/#% 9* se 4e$e* Sto"ehe"7e

S*r/ise7et%s*: i"c#%$ere* #%/i"ii ," *cest *"s*/#% 1ri"*se"+* 1ere+i#or co/1*c+i i eFiste"+* c*$r%#%i $eschis

9cerc%# eFti"s: c*re #*s- s- tre*c- #%/i"*. !" *#te co"teFte

i$ee* 1or+ii so#*re * c-1-t*t for/- *rhitect%r*#- $i" E7i1t 13"-

," Per% ," /%#te $i" c%#t%ri#e ,"te/ei*te 1e co"str%c+ii

/e7*#itice.

A$eseori ," c%#t%ri#e 4echi ,"*i"te $e


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'. 2567898 :6989; din


51/105

(i7%r* 0. I/*7i"i *#e 1or+i#or $e i"tr*re& @Po*rt* so*re#%i i

@Po*rt* #%"ii

EFist- 6ic c% ro# i"i+i*tic i "% "%/*i o Poart# a 9oarelui o

Poart# a 6unii * errei * pei * (ni"ersului. E#e/e"t%# oc

este *si/i#*t So*re#%i i*r re[eF%# *cest%i* L%/i"* este #i*"t *

tot i * to*te e#e/e"t c*re se f*ce resi/+it ," orice %"7hi i ,"

oric*re $i" ,"c-1eri#e */i"tite. S%1r*fe+e#e 4itr*te */i"tesc $e

/*"$*#e s*"scrite i*r "e"%/-r*te#e si/o#%ri 1re6e"te f*ctri/iteri c-tre ,"tre*7* se/"ic*+ie /et*6ic- * #%/i"ii ,"

"e"%/-r*te#e ei i1ost*6e& #%/i"* c* 1ri"ci1i% or7*"i6*tor c*

si/o# *# Ge"e6ei *rheti1%# (*cerii i 1re6e"+ei $i4i"e.

B

Te/1#%# este o *1*ri+ie *rheti1*#- * or$i"ii $i" $e6or$i"e

i *re c* si/o#%ri $i" *rhitect%r* /itic- *rheti1%ri co"si$er*te

f%"$*/e"t*#e& o%# cos/ic *rore#e cos/ic ro*t* 1ir*/i$*


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94*ri*"t* /%"te#%i: si/o#%ri #e7*te $e Ce"tr%# s*cr% *# L%/ii

f%"c+ie 1e c*re te/1#%# iseric* /-"-stire* o reitere*6-.

I"ter1ret*re* 1res%1%"e $o%- ti1%ri $e *c+i%"i co$ic*to*re&

. #* "i4e#%# for/e#or 4i6%*#e *ccesii#e *"*#i6ei $irectese"6ori*#e

2. #* "i4e#%# se/"ic*+ii#or co"ot*ti4e i $e"ot*ti4e.

Po*rt* So*re#%i 1ri" ,"s-i i$ee* $e poart# s%7ere*6-

$eschi$ere* #%/i"ii c-tre #%/e i$ee* cre*+iei cos/ice i *

%"it-+ii co"tr*rii#or. So*re#e *"7 este 1ri"ci1i%# cre*tor

s%7esti* este e4i$e"t- i*r 1o6i+io"*re* 1e 4ertic*#- ," 1#*"%#

co/1o6i+io"*# "% este ,"t3/1#-to*re& este c*"*# este co#o*"-

$e #%/i"- este i""it%# r3"c%i*". Tri%"7hi%# $i" 1#*"%#

s%1erior este si/o#%# co"tie"ti6-rii este #oc%# co"4ersiei

c*#it*ti4e #oc%# *#chi/ic %"$e ce4* trece ," *#tce4* este

si"te6* /*Fi/- * /it%#%i c#e1si$rei c*re s%7ere*6-

tr*"sfor/*re* 1ri"ci1i%#%i /*sc%#i" ," 1ri"ci1i% fe/i"i" i

i"4ers 1rec%/ i coeFiste"+* *cestor* c* eF1resie * %"%ico"ti"%%/ i""it. Chi*r ," $ese"%# 4itr*#i%#%i 1%te/ 4e$e* i"e

s%7er*t c%/ %"%# ,# co"+i"e 1e ce#-#*#t c* ," ce#er* *"tr- `i";

*"7.

So*re#e este s%7er*t chi*r ," ce"tr%# 1ri"ci1i%#%i /*sc%#i"

si/o#i63"$ c* i ," Coloana lui ;r1ncui $e4e"ire* rit/%# 4i%

cic#%# c*re se ,"chi$e 1e"tr% * se $eschi$e ," *#t- re*#it*te ,"

*#t- $i/e"si%"e& C-ci to+i se "*sc s1re * /%ri i /or s1re * se

"*te este ,"chi$ere* c*re se $eschi$e 9Noic*:.

!" 9ala +nelepilor *1* *#t e#e/e"t cheie s%7ere*6-

"*tere* #%/i"ii $i" *1e#e 1ri/or$i*#e *1* 5 1ri"ci1i% $%*# c*re

co"+i"e *t3t 1e ce# *# $e6or$i"ii "o"#%/i"ii 9h*os%#%i: c3t i 1e

ce# *# or$i"ii 9#%/i"*: i*r ," 1ict%r* /%r*#- se re1re6i"t-

toc/*i trecere* $e #* *1* h*otic- 1e c*re cei $oi /o"tri*c4*tici o s%7ere*6- #* 1ri"ci1i%# or$i"ii s%7er*t 1ri" 1re6e"t*

2


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%"%i $ese" $i" ce ," ce /*i c#*r i /*i i"e str%ct%r*t c*re

re*/i"tesc 1re6e"+* %/*"-.

I$ee* Cre*+iei este i"$%s- i $e %ti#i6*re* c%#ori#or

*#*str%;4er$e 1e"tr% /o"str%# orc 1e"tr% c* *1oi s- setre*c- 1ro7resi4 c-tre %" *#*str% cer%#e%/ c*re s%7ere*6- o

1ri/- or$i"e ce#est- c*re se 1roiecte*6- 1este or$i"e*

tote/ic- * 1-/3"t%#%i.

S%"t o1er*te ier*rhii *#e #%/i"ii& $e*s%1r* oce*"%#%i se

*[- c%1o#* tr*"s1*re"t- c*re s%7ere*6- f*1t%# c- $e*s%1r*

t%t%ror se *[- 1ri"ci1i%# or$o"*tor *# #%/i"ii c% for+* s*

cre*to*re.

Si/o#%# %/*" se re7-sete ," si/o#%# foc%#%i s*cr%

1-str*t ," ri$e#e $i" 1erete#e te/1#%#%i s%7er3"$ #%/i"*

4it*#- foc%# s*cr% 1ro/eteic.

Deschi$ere* 5 ua; este 1ri"ci1i% 7e"er*tor *# t%t%ror

#%/i#or. =ric-rei %i ,i 4* %r/* o *#t* i o *#t* c% *#te c%4i"te se

1re7%re*6- /o$e#%# %"i4ers%#%i ciorchi"e.?*"$*#* "e re*/i"tete si"tetic i $e `i"; *"7 i $e

tri"it*te. Toto$*t- tri%"7hi%# "e re*/i"tete $e eFiste"+* %"%i

1ri"ci1i% ce#est c*re se $eschi$e c-tre Terr*. Po*rt* L%"ii

`i" rei* /oti4%# 7e"e6ei 1e *#t fo"$ $e 1%tere& 1ri"ci1i%#

fe/i"i" c*re se #*s- 1-tr%"s. N% ,"t3/1#-tor #%/i"* #%"ii este

si"7%r* #%/i"- 4ie& #%/i"* 1o#*ri6*t-. L* "i4e#%# rece1t-rii

fe/i"i"e str%ct%ri#e "*terii s%"t 1re6e"te i s%7er*te 1ri"

str%ct%ri or$o"*te i re1etiti4e.

H


54/105

A4e/ *1oi s*#* r-orilor 9acri c*re "e re*/i"tesc $e

co#o*"* r3"c%i*"- 1rec%/ i $e

1re6e"+* co"tr*rii#or orie"t*te %"%#

c*tre ce#-#*#t. Astfe# Cer%# se o1%"eP-/3"t%#%i /*sc%#i"%# 1*ter" ;

fe/i"i"%#%i /*ter" etc. S%s

$esco1eri/ ," *r*esc%ri tri/iteri

c-tre i$ee* $e i%ire $i4i"- 1%r-

"eco"$i+io"*t- 1rec%/ i s%7esti*

i%irii 4-6%t- c* 1roces *#

re6o"*"+ei f%"$*/e"t*#e

%"i4ers*#e.

C%1o#* f*ce tri/iteri c-tre str%ct%r*re* cer%#%i i

,/1-r+ire* #%i ," c*se *#e cer%#%i c*re se ,"chi$ ," cerc&$e4e"ire* i ,"to*rcere* #* ,"ce1%t%ri. (i7%r* . C%1o#*

te/1#%#%i

C%1o#* eF1resie * for/e#or $e #%/i"- *si7%r- #tr*re*

#%/i"ii #* "i4e#%ri crist*#i"e c*re 1er/it 4ie+ii s- se /*"ifeste.

S%"t i"tro$%se 1ri" /o$%# $e ,/1-r+ire s%7estii #e7*te $e

1ri"ci1i%# /%#ti1#%#%i $e 1*tr% 9c*se#e #%/i#or;6o$ii#e: $*r i ce#

%"it-+ii i *# /%#ti1#%#%i $e %"% co"co/ite"t c% tri/iteri #*

1ri"ci1i%# /%#ti1#ic-rii $i" *1ro*1e ," *1ro*1e.

9ala erra *re 6o"* 4itr*t- $is1%s- 1e 4ertic*#- c* o

co#o*"- c*re se ,"chi$e ," 1#*" s%1erior ," tri%"7hi s%7er3"$

ochi%# s%1r*4e7here* 1ri6* $e co"tii"+-. Cro/*tic* este

c*#$- $istri%it- c* i%ire* 1este tot ce este cre*+ie ," #%/e.

Pa"imentuleste c% certit%$i"e i1ost*6* ,"to*rs- * Cer%#%i c*re

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,i tr-iete 1e P-/3"t o *#t- /o$*#it*te $e eFiste"+- %" *#t

/o$ $e * /*i $%r i /*i $e"s ," /*terie $%1- o c% tot%#

*#t- or$i"e $*r re[eF *# ce#ei $i"t3i.

St3#1ii P-/3"t%#%i s1rii"-Cer%#. !" str%ct%r* /oti4e#or

1*4i/e"t%#%i $esco1eri/ o

si/o#istic- r*"*t- i"tro$%s-

$e "%/ere 1rec%/

HK82 $e Sec+i%"e* #%i

Pit*7or* i $e Sec+i%"e* $e

A%r ec*re "i4e# c%1ri"63"$%;#

1e ce#-#*#t ," cee* ce oi"%i/

s- "%/i/ continuum infnit

s*% 1rec%/ ," Cer ** i 1e

P-/3"t

(i7%r* 2. ?*"$*#*&

#e7-t%r* c% for+*1-/3"t%#%i

!" co"c#%6ie se 1o*te *r/* c- 1ri" 1re6e"+* *rheti1*#- *

#%/i"ii ,"tr;o str%ct%r- *rhitect%r*#- co"ce1%t- 1e te/ei%#

1ri"ci1ii#or tii"+ei her/etice s*cre $e o$i"io*r- se i/1#i"esc

," ter/e"ii ce#ei /*i /o$e"e teh"o#o7ii co"str%cti4e 1ri"ci1ii#e

%"ei "oi AR


56/105

Pe"tr% * $o4e$i c- o *t*re se/iotic- s%stit%+ie este 1e

$e1#i" %stic*t- 4* s%cie"t s- %r/-ri/ $o*r 1ri"ci1i*# ,"

c*$r%# $e f*+- re#*+i* se/iotic- her/e"e%tic- $e

cores1o"$e"+- $i"tre ce#e c3te4* sec4e"+e *#e "*terii #%/ii

cos/ice 91otri4it %"%i* $i"tre c%"osc%te#e /it%ri cos/o7o"ice

ro/3"eti: OV%#c-"esc% 8 i ce#e *#e ,"te/eierii /3"-stirii

9cre*+i* *rhitect%r*#- s*cr-:.

Cores1o"$e"+* ,"tre et*1e#e /it%#%i cos/o7o"ic i

/oti4e#e si/o#ice *#e %"ei #e7e"$*re ,"te/eieri $e /3"-stire

este $escri1tii# i 1ri" c*re s1irit%# cre*tor *#e ro/3"i#or *

tr*"s1%s resc e#e/e"te#e si/o#ice *#e cos/o7o"iei ," ce#e *#e

#e7e"$ei $e ,"te/eiere OA%7%sti" Q& 8;.

Astfe# ," c%"osc%t* #e7e"$a * ?eter%#%i ?*"o#e $e

,"te/eiere * ?-"-stirii Ar7e%#%i *rheti1%# %/*" *# cre*tor%#%i

$i4i" ?*"o#e;Arhitect%# se co"fr%"ta c% o1t si/o#%ri

,"te/eieto*re 4i63"$ tot *t3te* re#*+ii *rheti1*#e ,"tre for/* i

co"+i"%t%# *ct%#%i cre*tor OSt-"ci%#esc% 8& Q& &idul p#r#sit se/"%# *1*re"t 1ier$%t *# #oc%#%i $e

,"te/eiere si/o#i6e*6- h*os%# $i" * c-r%i "esf3rire o 9"o%-:

for/- cos/ic- este s%sce1tii#- $e "*tereJ

surparea &idurilor si/o# *# 4e"icei 9re:,"to*rceri

4i63"$ st*re* $e i"s%cie"t- *r/o"ieJ

"isul oracular si/o# *# re4e#*+iei $i4i"e 1ri" c*re se

tr*"s/ite corect /*trice* co"ce1t%*#- * cre*tor%#%i

9co"+i"%t%# 1roiect%#%i s-% /e"t*#:J

su*etul &idit si/o# *# co"fr%"t-rii o/%#%i c% $esti"%#

e4i$e"+i*6- "ecesit*te* 1roiec+iei ," for/- * %"%i co"+i"%t

$-r%it $e* c% 4i*+-J

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&idirea treptat# si/o# *# tr*"sfer%#%i 4it*# 1res%1%"e

1%"ere* @s%[et%#%i $-r%ire* */1e"t*re* e"er7etic- *

cre*tor%#%i ," for/- co"str%it-J

con*ictul si/o# *# chi1%#%i cio1#it 1res%1%"e*1*ri+i* %"%i f*ctor 1ert%r*tor c*re co"$%ce #* "ecesit*te*

$estr-/-rii siste/%#%iJ

&-orul si/o# *# *s1ir*+iei s1re 1erfec+i%"e 1ri" c*re

se 1re7-tete trecere* ," *#t s1*+i% $e re*#it*te s*% chi*r

trecere* $e #* 1rof*" #* s*cr%J

1nt1na si/o# *# cre*+iei eter"e *# re"*terii

1er1et%e ,"tr;o *#t- re*#it*te cre*to*re.

Fi9'ra .M#n#stirea Curtea de rge i detaliu de interior

Ur/-ri"$ sce"*ri%# cre*+iei $i" 1ers1ecti4* /o/e"te#or;

cheie *#e $e/ers%#%i cos/o7o"ic $es#%i/ i/1#icit *rheti1%ri#e

1ro1rii oric-r%i ti1 $e cre*+ie %/*"- 9*rhitect%r*#- i/1#icit: i

*"%/e&

\ pree'istena unui arhetippotenial 91*tter" *sc%"s

,"tr;o i""it*te $e *#ter"*ti4e: c-r%i* cre*tor%# tre%ie s- i se


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r*1orte6e 1e"tr% * 7e"er* ce4* "o% 91reeFiste"+*

*c%/%#*re* 1re1*r*re* e/er7e"+* 7er/e"%#%i cre*tor:J

< tensiunea intern# a creatorului 9te"si%"e* #*te"t-:

$eter/i"*t- $e *ct%# 7er/i"-rii %"ei i$ei *# c-%t-rii cre*to*rei"co"tie"teJ

\ +nelegerea9i#%/i"*re re4e#*+ie: $esco1rire* *1*re"t

s1o"t*"- * so#%+iei cre*to*reJ

\ alegerea 9$eci6i* i se#ec+i*: ,"tre * s*% * "%

cre*tor $e"ire* str*te7ii#or i co"7%r*re* *c+i%"i#or

4iito*reJ

\ actul acerii 9/o$e#*re* 1ro1ri%;6is-: 1res%1%"3"$

tr*"sfor/*re* i$eii ," o1er-J

\ integrarea oiect%#%i cre*t ," c%#t%r- 1res%1%","$

9*%to:e4*#%*re* o1erei ," r*1ort c% st*"$*r$e#e 1reeFiste"teJ

\ detaarea cre*tor%#%i $e o1er- /*rc3"$ i"ser+i*

o1erei ," 4i*+* soci*#- i r-s1%"s%# *$ec4*t *# rece1tor%#%iJ

\ reconfgurarea operei i re,"ce1ere* cic#%#%i cre*tor,"tr;o *#t- circ%/st*"+-.

Toc/*i s%ccesi%"e* 7"oseo;#o7ic- * *cestor /o/e"te

$e4i"e %" c*$r% 7e"er*tor 1e"tr% co"stit%ire* o"to#o7ic-

9/orfo;#o7ic-: * o1erei ," * c-rei str%ct%r- */ 1%te*

re$esco1eri f-r- * i"tr* ," $et*#ii#e %"ei 1osii#e *"*#i6e

her/e"e%tice se/iotice re1ere#e si"t*ctice;cheie *#e

/o$e#%#%i %"it-+ii ese"+i*#e&

\ s%7esti* ce#or 1*tr% e#e/e"te cos/o7o"ice 9/*rc*te

$e ce#e 1*tr% t%r"%ri *#e e$ici%#%i: s*% * ce#or 1*tr% /*ri

$irec+ii ," ori6o"t%# L%/iiJ

\ co"7%r*re* 4o#%/e#or co"str%ite 1ri" *c+i%"e* #e7i#or

7e"er*#e *#e $e4e"irii s1irit%*#e i "% "%/*i tr*"s1%se

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*rhitect%r*# ,"& o1o6i+i* i co"ti"%it*te* for/e#or re#%*re*

re4e"ire* cic#ic- * #or etc.J

\ 1re6e"+* t%t%ror for/e#or *rheti1*#e ," str%ct%r*

e$ici%#%i *rhitect%r*# ,"ce13"$ $e #* /*cro4o#%/e 13"- #*re1re6e"t-ri#e $ecor*ti4e.

S%ccesi%"e* #o7ic;*rhitect%r*#- * *cestor et*1e 1er/ite

for/%#*re* i1ote6ei c- ,"tr;o for/- co/1ri/*t- cosmogene&a

se a*# cuprins# +n orice act constructi" 3arhitectural al lumii.

Po*te $i" *cest /oti4 /it%# cre*+iei er* reiter*t si/o#ic

,"*i"te* oric-r%i *ct ese"+i*# *# i"+ei %/*"e ,"ce13"$ $e #*

co"str%c+i* %"ei c*se s*% * %"%i re7*t OE#i*$e 8.

Cores1o"$e"+* si/o#ic- $i"tre #e7e"$* cos/o7o"ie i

istori* oiecti4- * /3"-stirii *re %" sco1 1r*7/*tic c3t se

1o*te $e c#*r&

*ce#* $e * *soci* %"or o1ere $e *rhitect%r- $e referi"+-

1e"tr% o *"%/e 1erio*$- istoric- o *%r- $e /ister /e"it- s-

s1ore*sc- f*i/* si/o#ic- * e$ici%#%iJ $e * tr*"sfor/* e$ici%# ,"tr;%" si/o#ic Ce"tr% *#

L%/ii $e 4re/e ce reitere*6- cos/o7o"i* ,"s-iJ 1ri" *ce*st*

/-"-stire* $e4i"e o *#ter"*ti4- co"str%it- ," 1i*tr- * /it%#%i

cos/o7o"ic ,"s%iJ

$e * %/*"i6* si/o#ic %" oiect $e *rhitect%r- 1ri"

,"cor1or*re* ," 6i$%ri#e s*#e * %"%i s%[et o/e"escJ

$e * s%7er* c- o1er* $e 4*#o*re /erit- orice s*crici%

*# cre*tor%#%i i"c#%si4 1e *ce#* s%1re/ *# 4ie+ii.

Pri" *ceste i/1#icite f%"c+ii si/o#ice *rhitect%r* s*cr-

$o3"$ete ro# $e c*rte $e ,"4-+-t%r- ," c*re 4*#o*re*

o"to#o7ic- i estetic- * #-c*%#%i $e c%#t 5 i"$ifere"t c%/ #;*/

"%/i ]ISERIC) s*% ]ASILIC) TE?PLU s*% CATEDRAL) este


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$%#*t- $e %"* *rheti1*#- ," c*re istori* ,"s-i * #%/ii se *[-

,"scris-.

B

B B

4:=489>;;. !" si"te6- se 1o*te s1%"e c- 5 $ei ";*/

cit*t $i" /ii#e $e eFe/1#e *[*te #* ,"$e/3"* istoric%#%i

re#i7ii#or $ec3t %" "%/-r fo*rte restr3"s 5 este s%cie"t 1e"tr%

* i#%str* 4*riet*te* eF1erie"+ei re#i7io*se * s1*+i%#%i. A/ *#es

eFe/1#e $i" c%#t%ri i e1oci $iferite s1re * 1re6e"t* ce# 1%+i"

eF1resii#e /ito#o7ice i sce"*rii#e rit%*#e ce#e /*i i/1ort*"tec*re +i" $e eF1erie"+* s1*+i%#%i s*cr%. De;* #%"7%# istoriei o/%#

re#i7ios * 4*#ori6*t ," chi1 $iferit *ce*st- eF1erie"+-

f%"$*/e"t*#-. Deo*rece 4i*+* re#i7io*s- * o/e"irii se

$esf-o*r- ," Istorie eF1resii#e s*#e s%"t i/1#icit co"$i+io"*te

$e /o/e"te#e istorice i $e sti#%ri#e c%#t%r*#eJ i*t- %" tr%is/

*s%1r* c-r%i* "% *re rost s- st-r%i/. Tot%i cee* ce "e

i"terese*6- "% este 4*riet*te* i""it- * eF1erie"+e#orre#i7io*se *#e s1*+i%#%i ci $i/1otri4- e#e/e"te#e #or co/%"e

$e %"it*te. A%"7e s- co"fr%"t-/ co/1ort*/e"t%# %"%i o/

"ere#i7ios f*+- $e s1*+i%# ," c*re tr-iete c% co/1ort*/e"t%#

o/%#%i re#i7ios f*+* $e s1*+i%# s*cr% c* s- "e $-/ se*/*

i/e$i*t $e $eoseire* $e str%ct%r- $i"tre e#e.

D*c- *r s- 1re6e"t-/ 1e sc%rt re6%#t*t%# * cee* ce */

*r-t*t 13"- *c%/ */ s1%"e c- eF1erie"+* s1*+i%#%i s*cr% 1er;/ite @,"te/eiere* L%/iib& *co#o %"$e s*cr%# se /*"ifest- ,"

s1*+i% %"$e se de&"#luie realul i L%/e* ,"ce1e s- eFiste. !"s-

i4ire* s*cr%#%i "% 1roiecte*6- $o*r %" 1%"ct F ," /i#oc%#

[%i$it-+ii */orfe * s1*+i%#%i 1rof*" %" @Ce"tr%b ," @


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*#t%#. Ace*st- r%1t%r- ," s1*+i%# 1rof*" etero7e" cree*6- @Ce";

tr%#b 1ri" c*re se 1o*te co/%"ic* c% @tr*"sce"$e"t%#bJ r%1t%r*

,"te/ei*6- $eci @L%/e*b Ce"tr%# f-c3"$ 1osii#- orientatio.

?*"ifest*re* s*cr%#%i ," s1*+i% *re $eci o 4*#e"+- cos/o#o7ic-&orice hierof*"ie s1*+i*#- orice co"s*cr*re * %"%i s1*+i%

echi4*#e*6- c% o @cos/o7o"ieb.

= 1ri/- co"c#%6ie *r c- L%/e* 1o*te 1erce1%t- c*

#%/e ori Cos/os ," /-s%r* ," c*re se ,"f-+ie*6- c* #%/e

s*cr-. I*r *t%"ci c3"$ *ce*st- @#%/e $e4i"e 1rof*"-

,"se*/"- c- e* * $e4e"it %" s1*+i% *# #%cr%ri#or co/%"e *#

4ie+ii $e to*te 6i#e $er%#*t ," 1re*/* #oc%i"+ei * c*sei. C% *#tec%4i"te&

4osmosul devine cas, iar casa devine cosmos.

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'.*.'. %imbolismul locuinei, de la sacru la proan

Co"st*t-/ **$*r 5 ," co"se"s c% (#ori" ]ici%c- O2000&

Q;8 5f*1t%# c- imago mundi, c* i @Ce"tr%#b se re1et- ,"i"terior%# #%/ii #oc%ite. P*#esti"* Ier%s*#i/%# i te/1#%# $i"

Ier%s*#i/ re1re6i"t- ec*re i to*te #*o#*#t- i/*7i"e*

U"i4ers%#%i i Ce"tr%# L%/ii. Ace*st- /%#+i/e $e @Ce"tre i

*ce*st- re1et*re * i/*7i"ii L%/ii #* sc-ri $i" ce i" re /*i

/o$este se "%/-r- 1ri"tre tr-s-t%ri#e s1ecice *#e societ-+i#or

tr*$i+io"*#e.

*

Tre%ie s- s%#i"ie/ $e #* %" ,"ce1%t $eoseire*

r*$ic*#- $i"tre ce#e $o%- co/1ort*/e"te 5 @tr*$i+io"*#b i

@/o$er" 5 f*+- $e #oc%i"+* o/e"e*sc-. N% *re rost s- /*i

st-r%i/ *s%1r* 4*#orii i f%"c+iei #oc%i"+ei ," societ-+i#e i"$%s;

tri*#e $eo*rece e#e s%"t ,"$eote c%"osc%te. D%1- %" /*re

*rhitect co"te/1or*" Le Cor%sier c*s* este @o /*i"- $e#oc%itb. E* f*ce 1*rte **$*r $i" "e"%/-r*te#e /*i"i 1ro;

$%se ," serie ," societ-+i#e i"$%stri*#e. !" #%/e* /o$er"- c*s*

i$e*#- tre%ie s- e /*i ,"t3i $e to*te f%"c+io"*#- *$ic- s- #e

1er/it- o*/e"i#or s- /%"ce*sc- i s- se o$ih"e*sc- 1e"tr%

c* *1oi s- 1o*t- $i" "o% /%"ci. @?*i"* $e #oc%itb 1o*te

schi/*t- tot *t3t $e $es c* i icic#et* fri7i$er%# *%to;

/oi#%#. De *se/e"e* o/%# 1o*te 1#ec* $i" or*%# s*% $i"

+i"%t%# ," c*re s;* "-sc%t f-r- *#t i"co"4e"ie"t $ec3t ce# i/1%s

$e *$*1t*re* #* *#t- c#i/-.

N% "e 1ro1%"e/ s- scrie/ istori* $es*cr*#i6-rii tre1t*te *

#oc%i"+ei o/e"eti. Acest 1roces f*ce 1*rte i"te7r*"t- $i"

%ri** tr*"sfor/*re * L%/ii *s%/*t- $e societ-+i#e i"$%stri*#e

i ,"#es"it- $e $es*cr*#i6*re* Cos/os%#%i 1ri" *c+i%"e* 73"$irii

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tii"+ice i /*i *#es * r-s%"-to*re#or $esco1eriri *#e 6icii i

chi/iei. Ne 4o/ 1%te* ,"tre* /*i t3r6i% $*c- *ce*st-

sec%#*ri6*re * N*t%rii este ,"tr;*$e4-r $e"iti4- $*c- o/%#

/o$er" "% /*i *re "ici o 1osii#it*te $e * re7-si $i/e"si%"e*s*cr- * eFiste"+ei ," L%/e. D%1- c%/ */ 4-6%t i $%1- c%/

4o/ 1%te* 4e$e* i /*i #i/1e$e ," ce#e ce %r/e*6- *"%/ite

i/*7i"i tr*$i+io"*#e *"%/ite %r/e *#e co/1ort*/e"t%#%i o/%;

#%i 1re/o$er" se /*i 1-stre*6- ,"c- /*i @s%1r*4ie+%iescb

chi*r ," societ-+i#e ce#e /*i i"$%stri*#i6*te. Deoc*/$*t- "e

i"terese*6- s- *r-t-/ c*re este ," st*re 1%r-

co/1ort*/e"t%# tr*$i+io"*# f*+- $e #oc%i"+- i s- $es1ri"$e/

*ce# =eltanschauung 1e c*re o i/1#ic- *cest co/1ort*/e"t.

Ae6*re* ,"tr;%" teritori% co"str%ire* %"ei #oc%i"+e 1re;

s%1%" s1%"e*/ o hot-r3re 4it*#- *t3t 1e"tr% ,"tre*7* co/%;

"it*te c3t i 1e"tr% i"$i4i$. Este 4or* de f*1t $e asumarea

cre#rii ,,lumii> in care am ales s# locuim. A* c%/ /e"+io"*

E#i*$e 5 ," @As1ecte *#e /it%#%i O8 5 tre%ie $eci i/it*t-#%cr*re* 6ei#or cos/o7o"i*. N% este #%cr% %or 1e"tr% c-

eFist- i cos/o7o"iis3"7ero*se& i*r 1e"tr% c- i/it- 7est%ri#e

$i4i"e o/%# tre%ie s- #e re1ete. D*c- 6eii *% fost "e4oi+i s-

$oo*re %" ?o"str% /*ri" s*% o (ii"+- 1ri/or$i*#- c* s-

*#c-t%i*sc- *1oi #%/e* o/%# tre%ie #* r3"$%# s-% s-;i i/ite

*t%"ci c3"$ ,i c#-$ete o #%/e * #%i o cet*te ori o c*s-.

Co"str%c+ii#e cer **$*r ertfe s3"7ero*se ori si/o#ice $es1re

c*re se c%4i" s1%se c3te4* c%4i"te.

=ric*re *r str%ct%r* %"ei societ-+i tr*$i+io"*#e e e*

*#c-t%it- $i" 43"-tori;1-stori $i" *7ric%#tori s*% *%"s- ,"

st*$i%# ci4i#i6*+iei %r*"e #oc%i"+* este ,"tot$e*%"*

s*"ctic*t- 1e"tr% c- este o ?imago mundi, i*r #%/e* este o

cre*+ie $i4i"-. EFist- ,"s- /*i /%#te fe#%ri $e o/o#o7*re *#oc%i"+ei c% Cos/os%# toc/*i 1e"tr% c- eFist- /*i /%#te ti1%ri

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$e cos/o7o"ii. Ne 4o/ /-r7i"i ," *cest st*$i% s- */i"ti/

$o*r $o%- /i#o*ce 1ri" c*re #oc%i"+* 9,"+e#e73"$ 1ri" *ce*st*

*t3t teritori%# c3t i c*s*: este tr*"sfor/*t- ," Cos/os i

c*1-t- *stfe# 4*#o*re $e imago mundi: *: *si/i#*re* c%Cos/os%# 1ri" 1roiec+i* ce#or 1*tr% 6-ri 1or"i"$ $e #* %" 1%"ct

ce"tr*# ," c*6%# %"%i s*t s*% 1ri" *e6*re* si/o#ic- * unui

'is mundi,," c*6%# #oc%i"+ei f*/i#i*#eJ : 1ri" re1et*re* ,"tr;

%" rit%*# $e co"str%c+ie * *ct%#%i eFe/1#*r *# 6ei#or ," %r/*

c-r%i* * #%*t "*tere L%/e* $i" cor1%# %"%i Dr*7o" /*ri" s*%

*# %"%i Uri* 1ri/or$i*# Cee* ce "e i"terese*6- ," c*$r%#

*cestei cercet-ri este f*1t%# c- ," to*te c%#t%ri#e tr*$i+io"*#e

#oc%i"+* co/1ort- %" *s1ect s*cr% i"$ *stfe# o re[ect*re *

L%/ii.

!"tr;*$e4-r #oc%i"+* 1o1%#*+ii#or 1ri/iti4e *rctice "or$;

*/eric*"e i "or$;*si*tice c%1ri"$e %" st3#1 ce"tr*# *si/i#*t

cu 'is mundi, c% St3#1%# cos/ic s*% c% Arore#e L%/ii c*re

f*c #e7-t%r* $%1- c%/ */ 4-6%t /*i ,"*i"te $i"tre P-/3"t iCer. 9im-olismul cosmic este cuprins +n structura +ns#i a

locuinei L* fe# c* st3#1%# 3'is mumii, co1*c%# c% cre"7i#e

t-i*te *# c-r%i 43rf iese 1ri" $eschi6-t%r* $i" *co1eri%# i%rtei

9i c*re si/o#i6e*6- Arore#e cos/ic: re1re6i"t- o sc*r- ce

$%ce #* Cer i 1e c*re %rc- */*"ii ," c-#-tori* #or c-tre ,"*#t

#%3"$%;i 6or%# 1ri" *ce* $eschi6-t%r- c#i" *co1eri. St3#1%#

s*cr% *[*t ," /i#oc%# #oc%i"+ei se /*i ,"t3#"ete ," Afric* ... !"

co"c#%6ie orice #oc%i"+* se *[- *e6*t- #3"7- 'is mundi,

1e"tr% c- o/%# re#i7ios $orete s- tr-i*sc- ," @Ce"tr%# L%/iib

c% *#te c%4i"te ," real.

C* s- $%re6e o co"str%c+ie 9c*s- te/1#%: tre%ie s- e

,"s%[e+it- s- c*1ete ," *ce#*i ti/1 o 4i*+- i %" s%[et. Este

s%cie"t s- re*/i"ti/ ," *cest /it%# #e7e"$* ?-"-stiriiAr7e%#%i 1e"tr% * ,"+e#e7e c- @tr*"sfer%#b s%[et%#%i "% se 1o*te

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f*ce *#tfe# $ec3t 1ri"tr;o ertf- $e s3"7e. Istori* re#i7ii#or

et"o#o7i* fo#c#or%# c%"osc "e"%/-r*te for/e $e s*cricii $e

co"str%c+ie $e ertfe s3"7ero*se ori si/o#ice s1re i"e#e %"ei

co"str%c+ii. !" s%$;est%# E%ro1ei *ceste rit%ri i cre$i"+e *% $*t"*tere %"or /i"%"*te *#*$e 1o1%#*re c*re ,"f-+ie*6- ertf*

so+iei /eter%#%i 6i$*r f-r- $e c*re co"str%c+i* "% 1o*te $%s-

#* %" sf3rit 9cf. *#*$e#e 1o$%#%i $e #* Art* $i" Greci* *

/-"-stirii Ar7e $i" Ro/3"i* * cet-+ii Sc%t*ri $i" I%7os#*4i*

etc.:.

Chi*r $*c- "% */ st-r%it 1re* /%#t *s%1r* se/"ic*+iei

re#i7io*se * #oc%i"+ei o/e"eti c3te4* co"c#%6ii se i/1%" $e #*

si"e. C* i cet*te* ori s*"ct%*r%# c*s* este s*"ctic*t- ,"

1*rte s*% ," ,"tre7i/e 1ri"tr;%" si/o#is/ ori %" rit%*# cos;

/o7o"ic. Ae6*re* ,"tr;%" *"%/e #oc co"str%c+i* %"%i s*t s*%

$o*r * %"ei c*se i/1#ic- **$*r o hot-r3re $e ce* /*i /*re

i/1ort*"+- 1e"tr% c- *ce*st* 1ri4ete eFiste"+* ,"s-i *

o/%#%i& este 4or* $e f*1t $e cre*re* 1ro1riei @#%/ib i $e*s%/*re* res1o"s*i#it-+ii $e * o 1-str* i $e * o re,""oi.

Ni/e"i "%;i schi/- #oc%i"+* f-r- o str3"7ere $e i"i/- 1e";

tr% c- "% este %or s-;+i 1-r-seti @#%/e*b. Loc%i"+* "% este %"

oiect o @/*i"- $e #oc%itb ci (ni"ersul pe care omul i!l

cl#dete imit1nd Creaia e'emplar# a &eilor, cosmogonia. =rice

co"str%c+ie i orice i"*%7%r*re * %"ei #oc%i"+e "oi echi4*#e*6-

,"tr;%" fe# c% %" nou +nceput, c% o "o%- 4i*+-. i orice ,"ce1%t

re1et* *ce# ,"ce1%t 1ri/or$i*# c3"$ * #%*t "*tere U"i4ers%#.

Chi*r ," societ-+i#e /o$er"e *t3t $e 1%ter"ic $es*cr*#i6*te

ser-ri#e i 1etreceri#e c*re ,"so+esc /%t*re* ,"tr;o #oc%i"+-

"o%- /*i 1-stre*6- ,"c- */i"tire* festi4it-+i#or 67o/oto*se

c*re /*rc*% o$i"io*r- *ce# incipit "ita no"a.

Deo*rece #oc%i"+* este o imago mundi, e* se 7-sete ,"chi1 si/o#ic ," @Ce"tr%# L%/iib. ?%#+i/e* chi*r i""it*te*

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Ce"tre#or L%/ii "% ,/1o4-re*6- c% "i/ic 73"$ire* re#i7io*s-.

Pe"tr% c- "% este 4or* $e %" s1*+i% 7eo/etric ci $e %" s1*+i%

eFiste"+i*# i s*cr% c*re 1re6i"t- o str%ct%r- c% tot%# $eoseit-

ce 1er/ite o i""it*te $e r%1t%ri i $eci $e co/%"ic-ri c%tr*"sce"$e"t%#. A/ 4-6%t se/"ic*+i* cos/o#o7ic- i ro#%#

rit%*# *# $eschi6-t%rii $i" *co1eri ," $iferite#e ti1%ri $e

#oc%i"+e. !" *#te c%#t%ri *ceste se/"ic*+ii cos/o#o7ice i

f%"c+ii rit%*#e s%"t 1re#%*te $e hor" 97%r- $e f%/: i $e 1*rte*

$i" *co1eri c*re se 7-sete $e*s%1r* @%"7hi%#%i s*cr%b i c*re

este ,"#-t%r*t- s*% chi*r s1*rt- ," c*6 $e *7o"ie 1re#%"7it-. !"

cee* ce 1ri4ete o/o#o7*re* Cos/os;C*s-;Cor1 o/e"esc 4o/

*r-t* ," ce#e ce %r/e*6- 1rof%"$* se/"ic*+ie * @*co1eri%#%i

s1*rtb. S- */i"ti/ $eoc*/$*t- c- s*"ct%*re#e ce#e /*i 4echi

*4e*% o $eschi6-t%r- ," *co1eri @ochi%#%i $o/%#%ib si/o# *#

r%1t%rii $e "i4e# *# co/%"ic-rii c% tr*"sce"$e"t%#.

rhitectura sacr# nu a #cut dec1t s# reia i s# de&"olte

sim-olismul cosmologic cuprins cu mult +nainte +n structuralocuinelor primiti"e. L* r3"$%# s-%

SIMBOLISMUL LIMBAJULUI ARHITECTURAL, DE LA SACRU LA PROFAN

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