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7/24/2019 Limbi Indo Europene
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Limbi indo-europene
Distribuia limbilor indo-europene (IE) pe glob. rile coloratenportocaliu au o populaie majoritar vorbitoare a unei lim-bi IE, iar rile colorate ngalben au doar minoriti a crorlimb IE are statut oficial. n restul de ri, dei exist populaiisemnificative de vorbitori ai unei limbi IE, aceasta nu are statutoficial.
Kashubian
Revived Manx
INDO-IRANIAN
IRANIAN
INDO-ARYAN
WESTERNEASTERN
WESTERNINDIC
Gandhari
CENTRAL INDIC
Maharashtri
Sindhi
Konkani
GoraniBalochi
Kurdish
Parthian
Talysh
Gilaki
Scythian
Sarmatian
Alanic
CELTIC
Manx GaelicIrish Gaelic
Cornish
Breton
GOIDELIC BRYTHONIC
Galatian
Celtiberian
TOCHARIAN
ARMENIAN
ANATOLIAN
ALBANIAN
GERMANIC
EAST
Gothic
Vandalic
Burgundian
Dutch
Afrikaans
Icelandic
Faroese
Norwegian
Norn
Swedish
Danish
Old Norse BALTO-SLAVIC
BALTIC SLAVIC
WE ST E AS T
SOUTH
Old West Slavic
ITALIC
Galindan
Prussian
Sudovian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Selonian
Semigallian
Belorussian
Russian
Rusyn
Bulgarian
Macedonian
Czech
SlovakPomeranian
LATINO-FALISCAN
Latin
Faliscan
SABELLIC
ClassicalLatin
Vulgar Latin
EASTERN
Romanian
DalmatianAromanian
ITALO-WESTERN
ITALO-DALMATIAN
IBERIAN
Italian
Astur-Leonese
Galician-Portuguese
INDO-EUROPEAN
HittiteLuwian
Lycian
Carian
Palaic
Lydian
PAHARI
Dogri Garhwali
DARDIC
Kashmiri
Pashayi
Magahi
Bhojpuri
Maithili
Oriya
Magadhi
Dhivehi
Avestan
Bactrian Sogdian
Yaghnobi
Tat
Old Persian
Persian
Tajik Juhuru
Aequian
Marsian
Oscan
Sardinian
Logudorese
Campidanese
EcclesiasticalLatin
Gaulish
Lepontic
Noric
Old West Norse Old East Norse
Standard German
Old High German
Flemish
Yiddish
Old Frisian Old English
ANGLO-FRISIAN
Scots
English
Turfanian
Kuchean
INSULAR
CONTINENTAL
Armenian
Albanian
ROMANCE
Sinhalese
Vedda
Vedic Sanskrit
H in di U rd u
Dakhini
Rekhta
Mozarabic
Aragonese
Walloon
Emilian
Rhaetian
Friulian
HELLENIC
Aegean
MycenaeanDORIAN
Northwest Greek
Doric Attic
Arcado
Cypriot
Ionic
EpicGreek
ClassicalGreek
Koine Greek
Greek
Tsakonian
LowGerman
Cumbric
Welsh
Scots Gaelic
Gallo
Volscian
Umbrian
Saka
Ossetian
PashtoPamiri
Bengali
Bhil
Marathi
Shina
Kumaoni
WEST
Prakrit
INSULARINDIC
Potwari
Punjabi
Domari
Waziri
Y idgha S hughni
Vanji
Sarikoli
Khotanese
Khwarezmian
Median
Mazanderani
Shahmirzadi
CASPIAN
Zazaki
Zaza-Gorani
Middle Persian
Bukhori
Dari
Lurish
Bakhtiari
Old East Slavic
Ukrainian
Ruthenian
Old Novgorod
Old Church Slavonic
Church Slavonic
Serbo-Croatian
LECHITIC
Sorbian
Polish
Ivernic
Pictish
British
Hazaragi
Deilami
Greenlandic
Old Gutnish
Pisidian
Old Saxon
Old Dutch
Yola
Assamese
WEST EA S T
CENTRAL GERMAN
Limburgish
Old East LowFranconian
SOUTH
NORTH
Niya
Shauraseni
Nuristani
HINDUSTANI
BIHARI
ACHAEAN
AEOLIC
Beotian
Thessalian
EAST
Yazgulami
NORTHSOUTH
Nepali
Palpa
Halbi Chittagonian
NORTH CENTRAL EASTERN
Lahnda
Paisaci
Haryanvi
Luxembourgish
Ripuarian
Thuringian
Kumzari
Alemannic
Austro-Bavarian
Cimbrian
Istriot
Sassarese
Neapolitan
Sicilian
GALLO-IBERIAN
OCCITAN
GALLIC
CISALPINE
Spanish Portuguese
Galician
Catalan
OccitanLigurian
Lombard
Piedmontese
Venetian
Arpitan
Romansh
UPPERGERMAN
Swiss German
Old Polish
Romani
Gujarati
Rajasthani
Norman
French
Revived Cornish
Pali
Sanskrit
Asturian
Leonese
Mirandese
Slovene
Serbian
Croatian
Bosnian
WESTERN
EASTERN
Knaanic
Czech-Slovak
Polabian
Silesian
Fala
LadinoExtremaduran
Old Spanish
Ladin
Corsican
Istro-Romanian
Megleno-Romanian
LANGUED'OL
Crimean Gothic
North Frisian
Saterland Frisian
West Frisian
Elfdalian
LOWFRANCONIAN
Eonavian
WEST
Limbile indo-europene
Limbile indo-europenesunt o familie delimbivorbitecalimbi maternede aproximativ jumtate din populaiaplanetei, n special n Europa, nordul i sudul Asiei, cele 2AmericiiAustralia, precum i pe arii nsemnate din ce-lelalte zone. Urmtoarelefamilii de limbi, n privina nu-mrului de vorbitori, suntlimbile sino-tibetaneilimbileafro-asiatice. Lingvitii estimeaz c exist peste 400 delimbi idialecteindo-europene (443 potrivit bazei de da-teSIL).
Numele de limbi indo-europene le-a fost atribuit pentru
a reflecta rspndirea acestor limbi, n special nIndiaiEuropa, dei trebuie subliniat att faptul c nu toate et-niile de aici vorbesc o limb indo-european, precum i
faptul c limbile indo-europene se vorbesc i n alte priale globului. Ortografia corect a numelui este aceea cucratim.
Dintre limbile indo-europene, urmtoarele sunt cele mairspndite, fiind vorbite calimb maternde peste 100de milioane de oameni:
Hindi: 432.000.000;
Spaniol: 390.000.000;
Englez: 341.000.000;
Portughez: 210.000.000;
Bengali(angla): 171.000.000;
Rus: 145.000.000.
Majoritatea limbilor vorbite nEuropaaparin superfa-miliei indo-europene. Fac excepielimbile fino-ugrice(maghiara, estonianai finlandeza), limbile caucaziene,
basca, malteza (derivat n mare parte dinarab) - i turcaaparinndlimbilor turcice.
1 Istorie
Ipoteza nrudirii limbilor indo-europene, formulat pri-ma dat, n 1647, de nvatul olandezMarcus Zueriusvan Boxhorn, care a observat c o serie de limbi europenese aseamn cupersanai a naintat ideea c toate acestelimbi se nrudesc cu limbasciilor. Aceast descoperire armas ns fr ecou n preocuprile tiinifice ale vremii
i a fost reluat n 1786 de filologul britanic Sir Willi-am Jonesn lucrarea sa The Sanscrit Language (Lim-ba sanscrit), unde observa asemnri ntre 4 dintre celemai vechi limbi cunoscute n vremea lui:sanscrita,latina,greacaipersana. Iat mai jos un celebru citat dintr-o lu-crare a sa aprut n 1798:
Comparaia sistematic ale acestor limbi nrudite i altorlimbi vechi, realizat deFranz Boppn prima jumtate asecolului al XIX-lea, a susinut aceast teorie; iar lucrareasa, publicat ntre 1833 i 1852 i intitulat Vergleichen-de Grammatik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinis-chen, Litauischen, Gotischen und Deutschen (Gramatic
comparativ a limbilor sanscrit, zend, greac, latin, li-tuanian, gotic i german) este considerat nceputulstudiilor indo-europene ca disciplin academic.
1
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(filolog)https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_persan%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_sino-tibetanehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Bopphttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_persan%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sanscrit%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(filolog)https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(filolog)https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C8%9Bihttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_persan%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Zuerius_van_Boxhornhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Zuerius_van_Boxhornhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_turcicehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_turc%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_maltez%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_basc%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_caucazienehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_finlandez%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_estonian%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_maghiar%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_fino-ugricehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_angl%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_bengalihttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_portughez%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_spaniol%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hindihttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_matern%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratim%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SILhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_afro-asiaticehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_afro-asiaticehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_sino-tibetanehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie_de_limbihttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_matern%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83 -
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2 3 LEGTURI EXTERNE
Limba comun din care s-au dezvoltat toate aceste limbise numete limba proto-indo-european (PIE);esteolim-b teoretic n sensul c tot ce se tie despre aceast limbizvorte din analiza limbilor moderne i a acelora disp-rute care s-au pstrat n form scris. Locul geografic dincare a aprutproto-indo-europeanaeste controversat, dar
cel mai probabil pare s fi fost regiunea din jurul MriiNegre, n teritoriile actuale aleArmeniei,RomnieisauUcrainei.
Coloana de hri alturat reprezint una dintre variantelede istorie veche a limbilor indo-europene, numitipotezaKurgan, care, n prezent, este cea mai larg acceptat delingviti. nrus,kurgan(cuvnt de origineturc) n-seamntumulus, o ridictur de pmnt i pietre deasu-pra unui mormnt.
S-a propus i ipoteza c limba proto-indo-european araparine uneisuperfamilii, a limbilor numitenostratice,
dar din lips de argumente suficient de solide aceast te-orie este controversat.
2 Clasificare
Familia de limbi indo-europene se compune dinmai mul-tesubfamilii:
Limbile anatoliene: disprute;
Limbile indo-iraniene;
Limba greac i alte limbi nrudite care au disprut; Limbile italice: ntre carelimba latin;
Limbile romanice: descendentelelimbii latine, n-tre care ilimba romn;
Limbile celtice;
Limbile germanice;
Limbile traco-frigiene: singura rmas estelimbaarmean;
Limbile toharice: disprute;
Limbile slave;
Limbile baltice: probabil nrudite culimbile slave;
Limbile traco-ilire: singura rmas estelimba al-banez. Printre ele probabil c se numr: limbadacilimba trac;
Limbile gaelice;
Tabelul de mai jos cuprinde o list extins de limbi indo-europene, organizat pe subfamilii, grupe i subgrupe.Limbile disprute sunt nsemnate cu cte un asterisc (*).
Acest tabel reflect numai una dintre divizrile posibile,adesea relaiile de nrudire nefiind suficient de precis cu-noscute.
3 Legturi externe
Tabel cu limbile indo-europene, la Yahoo! Educa-tion(lb. englez)
Limbile indo-europene, laEthnologue.com
ProtoIndoeuropean Language
A fost identificat zona din care se trag toate limbileindoeuropene, inclusiv romna (VIDEO), 24 august2012,Descoper
A fost descoperit mama tuturor limbilor europe-ne?, 8 mai 2013,Descoper
Limbile pierdute ale Europei, 25 iunie 2013, NicuPrlog,Descoper
http://www.descopera.ro/cultura/11000718-limbile-pierdute-ale-europeihttp://www.descopera.ro/dnews/10857938-a-fost-descoperita-mama-tuturor-limbilor-europenehttp://www.descopera.ro/dnews/10857938-a-fost-descoperita-mama-tuturor-limbilor-europenehttp://www.descopera.ro/dnews/9976762-a-fost-identificata-zona-din-care-se-trag-toate-limbile-indoeuropene-inclusiv-romana-videohttp://www.descopera.ro/dnews/9976762-a-fost-identificata-zona-din-care-se-trag-toate-limbile-indoeuropene-inclusiv-romana-videohttp://colfa.utsa.edu/drinka/pie/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90017http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/IndEurTABLEhttp://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/IndEurTABLEhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_gaelicehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_trac%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_dac%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_dac%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_albanez%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_albanez%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_traco-ilirehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_slavehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_balticehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_slavehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_toharicehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_armean%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_armean%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_traco-frigienehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_germanicehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_celticehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_romanicehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_italicehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_indo-iranienehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_anatolienehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamiliehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_nostraticehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfamiliehttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulushttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_turc%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoteza_Kurganhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoteza_Kurganhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2niahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_proto-indo-european%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIEhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_proto-indo-european%C4%83 -
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4 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
4.1 Text
Limbi indo-europeneSource:http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi%20indo-europene?oldid=8839575Contributors:Vladd, Ronline, Bo-gdan, Danutz, Robbot, , GangleriBot, AdiJapan, Chobot, RobotQuistnix, Anclation, Remigiu, Andrei Stroe, Strainubot,Laur2ro, NeaNita, Cornel Grad, GEO, JAnDbot, Afil, Minisarm, CommonsDelinker, JdeJ, Amator linguarum, Cezarika1, Mycomp,VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, SieBot, Synthebot, Lucian GAVRILA, Idioma-bot, Loveless, AlleborgoBot, Byrialbot, RadufanBot, PipepBot,Asybaris01, DragonBot, Nicolae Coman, Ark25, BodhisattvaBot, Purbo T, SilvonenBot, Alecs.bot, Numbo3-bot, Luckas-bot, MystBot,Ptbotgourou, Jotterbot, Rubinbot, ArthurBot, Alex.sladaru, Xqbot, RedBot, Carismagic, GhalyBot, SassoBot, RibotBOT, TobeBot, Zen-zor, Dinamik-bot, TjBot, EmausBot, ZroBot, WikitanvirBot, ChuispastonBot, FoxBot, Kasirbot, MerlIwBot, Tolea93, AvocatoBot, Da-rafshBot, GT, Addbot, AndreicaGabriel, XXN-bot i Anonymous: 15
4.2 Images
Fiier:IE1500BP.pngSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/IE1500BP.pngLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-tors:? Original artist:?
Fiier:IE2500BP.pngSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/IE2500BP.pngLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-tors:? Original artist:?
Fiier:IE3500BP.pngSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/IE3500BP.pngLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-
tors:? Original artist:? Fiier:IE4500BP.pngSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/IE4500BP.pngLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-
tors:? Original artist:?
Fiier:IE5500BP.pngSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/IE5500BP.pngLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-tors:? Original artist:?
Fiier:IE_countries.pngSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/IE_countries.pngLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Con-tributors:? Original artist:?
Fiier:IE_expansion.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/IE_expansion.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Oper proprieOriginal artist:Dbachmann(Discuie contribuii)
Fiier:IndoEuropeanTree.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Original workOriginal artist:Multiple authors
Fiier:Question_book-4.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Question_book-4.svgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Originally based onImage:Question book.pngcreated byUser:Equazcion.Original artist:Tkgd2007
4.3 Content license
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