irigarea porum

7/30/2019 irigarea porum

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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE IMEDICIN VETERINAR CLUJ-NAPOCA

FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

Ing. GHEORGHE ERBAN

CERCETRI PRIVIND TEHNOLOGIA I REGIMUL DE IRIGARE LACULTURA DE PORUMB N CONDIIILE DIN CMPIA

TRANSILVANIEI

REZUMAT

Conductor tiinific:Prof. univ. dr. Emil LUCA

CLUJ-NAPOCA2009


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Gheorgheerban Tez de doctorat

232

INTRODUCERE

Porumbul este una din plantele care acioneaz foarte favorabil la irigare.

Prin tematica abordat ne-am propus s aducem o contribuie la optimizarea unorelemente de tehnologie a culturii porumbului pentru boabe la patru hibrizi Pioneer recent

introdui n cultur, n privina densitii i regimului de irigare n condiiile specifice

zonei colinare subumede a Transilvaniei i a unei eficiene economice maxime.

CARACTERIZAREA CONDIIILOR PEDOCLIMATICE N CARE AU AVUT LOC

CERCETRILE

Condiiile fizico-naturale

Cercetrile au avut loc n perioada 2005-2008 n localitatea Jucu, situat n lunca

cursului mijlociu al Someului Mic, ru ce delimiteaz Podiul Somean de Cmpia

Transilvaniei.

Clima

Dup Atlasul Academiei Romne (1974), localitatea Jucu se ncadreaz climatic n

sectorul de clim transcarpatic, cu o temperatur medie anual de 8,3C, un maxim n

iulie, un minim n ianuarie i 612,7 mm precipitaii anuale. Suma temperaturilor n

perioada de vegetaie (aprilie-septembrie) este aproximativ 2800C.

Experienele au fost amplasate pe un teren plan din lunca Someului Mic, n zona

de contact cu dealurile Podiului Transilvaniei, la o altitudine de 297 m.

Solul pe care s-au amplasat experienele este tipic zonei i anume cernoziom

argilic avnd ca roc mam argile, cu ap freatic la peste 2 m adncime,-specific

Cmpiei Transilvaniei, argilo-lutos, bogat n humus i elemente nutritive cu excepia

fosforului (vezi tabelele 3.1 i 3.2).

Din punct de vedere al temperaturilor i precipitaiilor nregistrate, cel mai secetos

an a fost anul 2008, iar cel mai apropiat de normal a fost anul 2006, din acest punct de

vedere anul 2007 a fost unul intermediar, demn de menionat fiind faptul c au existat n

decursul experimentrilor perioade secetoase, astfel c irigarea porumbului a dus la


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obinerea unor sporuri semnificative de producie (vezi tabelele 3.3-3.8 i figurile 3.1-

3.6).

n concluzie, n decursul celor trei ani de experimentare condiiile climatice

ntlnite au permis desfurarea experimentrilor n condiii diverse de temperatur iprecipitaii, cei trei ani agricoli fiind foarte diferii din acest punct de vedere.

SURSA DE AP PENTRU IRIGAIE

Ca surs de ap pentru irigaie s-a folosit rul Someul Mic, iar apa a fost adus pe

canalele existente care au fost construite n anii 70 ce aveau dublu scop i anume de

irigare/desecare. Pentru transportul apei s-a folosit motopomp i aripi de udare cuconducte de aluminiu i metoda prin aspersiune.

MATERIALUL CERCETAT I METODA DE LUCRU

Obiectivul de baz al amelioratorilor de porumb, l constituie nivelul ct mai

ridicat al produciilor de boabe. Tot mai mult ns, acest caracter prioritar este dependent

de elementele de tehnologie, care la rndul lor sunt n continu perfecionare.

MATERIALUL CERCETAT

Hibrizii Pioneer care au ntrunit cele mai multe dintre condiii pentru a fi

recomandai testrilor n condiii de irigare la Cluj-Napoca, au fost:

1. Hibridul PR39D81 - hibridul simplu cel mai timpuriu, rezistent la secet, cu ocapacitate mare de producie.

2. Hibridul PR39K09-LIPESSA - hibrid simplu timpuriu cu potenial de producieridicat.

3. Hibridul PR3893-CLARICA - hibrid simplu, timpuriu.4. Martor - hibridul MONALISA - hibrid simplu, timpuriu, cu potenial de

producie ridicat.


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METODA DE LUCRU

Experiena a fost aezat dup metoda parcelelor subdivizate, trifactoriale, factorii

experimentali fiind urmtorii :I. Factorul A - REGIMUL DE IRIGARE, cu gradurile:

a1- neirigat

a2-irigat la 50% din intervalul umuditii active (I.U.A)

II. Factorul B - HIBRIDUL CULTIVAT, cu gradurile:

b1- hibridul PR39D81

b2- hibridul PR39K09-LIPESSA

b3- hibridul 3893-CLARICAb4- martor MONALISA

III. Factorul C - DESIMEA DE SEMANAT, cu gradurile:

c1- 60.000 plante/hectar



Udrile au fost efectuate n momentele n care umiditatea de cmp s-a apropiat de

plafonul minim, n anul 2006 a fost necesar o singur udare, iar n anii 2007 i 2008,

datorit condiiilor climatice, au fost necesare cte dou udri (vezi tabelul 4.1).

Pentru a cunoate relaiile existente ntre caracterele i nsuirile studiate a

materialului biologic s-au calculat coeficienii de corelaie simpl, pariali multipl, la

cele mai reprezentative, determinndu-se i ecuaiile de regresie i reprezentarea grafic a

acestora.

Estimarea eficienei economice la cultura porumbului pentru cele dou regimuri deirigare: neirigat, respectiv irigat 50% din I.U.A, s-a calculat lund n considerare preurile

de pe pia utilizate, principalii indicatori economici luai n considerare au fost: Profitul

(lei/kg), Rata profitului(%) i Productivitatea muncii (kg/zile om).


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CONSUMUL DE AP LA CULTURA DE PORUMB

Consumul total de ap la porumbul boabe neirigat, n condiiile de la Jucu, n anul

2006, a fost de 4303 m

3

ap/ha, iar la varianta irigat a fost de 4708 m

3

ap/ha.n anul 2007, la varianta neirigat s-a nregistrat un consum total de doar 3927 m3

ap/ha, iar la varianta irigat de 4432 m3 ap/ha, n schimb consumul total de ap la

porumbul boabe neirigat, n condiiile de la Jucu, n anul 2008, a ajuns la doar 3726 m3

ap/ha, iar la varianta irigat a fost de 4185 m3 ap/ha.

O analiz riguroas privind modul n care s-a realizat acoperirea consumului de

api gradul de participare a diferitelor surse la aprovizionarea culturii de porumb cu ap

a scos n eviden, n primul rnd, ponderea ridicat a precipitaiilor n comparaie cucelelalte surse, n condiiile Cmpiei Transilvaniei

Pe ansamblul experienelor, E.V.A.a nregistrat valori ridicate n toi cei trei ani de

experimentare, cu o maxim de 68,38 kg/mm ap /ha n anul 2008 i o minim de 23,80

kg/mm ap /ha n anul 2006

Modul n care reflect materialul biologic experimentat influena regimului de

irigaie, este, la rndul lui diferit n raport cu hibrizii cultivai i cu specificul anilor

experimentali, observndu-se valorile cele mai ridicate ale coeficientului E.V.A n cazul

hibrizilor PR39D81, PR39K09 n anul 2008 cu valori de 82,98 i respectiv 72,11 kg/mm

ap/ha.

REZULTATE OBINUTE I CONCLUZII

Irigarea n medie pe 3 ani (2006-2008) aduce un spor de producie de 34% (vezi

tabelul 5.22).

Hibrizii cultivai s-au comportat diferit n privina produciei de boabe realizate n

cei trei ani. Astfel, cel mai productiv s-a dovedit a fi hibridul PR39D81, iar cel mai slab

productiv a fost Monalisa (vezi tabelul 5.23).

n medie pe trei ani desimea de semnat optim s-a dovedit a fi cea de 70.000

plante/hectar, desime care a asigurat un spor de producie foarte semnificativ (vezi tabelul

5.24).


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Din studiul interaciunii factorilor Regim de irigare x Desimea de semnat (vezi

tabelul 5.25) rezult c sporul cel mai mare de producie se obine n cazul irigrii la 50%

din intervalul umiditii active cu desimea de 70.000 plante/ha, spor foarte semnificativ

pozitiv (vezi fig. 5.10).Analiznd influena interaciunii factorilor Hibridul cultivat x Desimea de

semnat, se constat c n medie pe trei ani cea mai mare producie se obine prin

cultivarea hibridului PR39D81 cu o desime de 70.000 plante/ha (vezi tabelul 5.26).

Lund n considerare influena interaciunii hibrizi x desimea plantelor asupra

produciei de tiulei substan uscat (vezi figura 5.11) se constat c producia cea mai

mare de tiulei se obine n cazul cultivrii hibridului PR39D81 cu o desime de 70.000

plante la hectar. Aceeai densitate (70.000 plante la hectar) i acelai hibrid (PR39D81)

induce obinerea n medie pe trei ani a celei mai mari producii de biomas la hectar

plant ntreag-substan uscat (vezi figura 5.12), biomas care este rspunztoare de

formarea produciei de porumb boabe.

Lund n considerare influena interaciunii celor 3 factori studiai asupra

produciei de porumb boabe (vezi tabelul 5.26) se constat c rezultatele cele mai bune

(media 2006-2008) se obin n cazul irigrii la 50% din intervalul umiditii active icultivarea Hibridului PR39D81 cu o desime de 70.000 plante/ha la semnat (vezi figura

5.11).

Din studiul corelaiei ntre producia de porumb boabe i greutatea tiuleilor la

recoltare (vezi tabelul 5.28), se constat o corelaie pozitiv distinct semnificativ,

variaia produciei de porumb fiind influenat n proporie de 98% de variaia greutii

tiuleilor la recoltare (vezi figura 5.16).

EFICIENA ECONOMIC A IRIGRII CULTURII DE PORUMB

Analiznd rezultatele obinute n medie pe cei trei ani de studiu se constat c

profitul cel mai mare la kilogramul de porumb boabe se obine prin cultivarea hibridului

PR39D81 n regim neirigat (vezi tabelul 6.28), ns profitul maxim la hectarul cultivat cu

porumb s-a determinat n cazul cultivrii hibridului PR39D81 n regim de irigare la 50%

din I.U.A. acesta fiind de peste 1.316 lei/ha (vezi figura 6.4).


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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE IMEDICIN VETERINAR CLUJ-NAPOCA

FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

Ing. GHEORGHE ERBAN

CERCETRI PRIVIND TEHNOLOGIA I REGIMUL DE IRIGARE LACULTURA DE PORUMB N CONDIIILE DIN CMPIA

TRANSILVANIEI

Research regarding the technology and the irrigation regimen at corn culturein conditions from Transylvania Plain

Summary of PhD Thesis

Conductor tiinific:Prof. univ. dr. Emil LUCA

CLUJ-NAPOCA2009


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INTRODUCTION

The corn is one of the plants that reacts advantageously upon irrigation.

Through approached themes, we intended to bring a contribution in orderoptimize some elements of the corn culture technology, on corn grains of four Pioneer

hybrids recently introduced in culture, relating to density and irrigation regimen. The

research was effectuated in specific conditions of the underwet hilly zone in Transylvania

and regarding a maximum economic efficiency.

THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN WHICH

THE RESEARCHES TOOK PLACE

Physical-natural conditions

The researches took place in 2005-2008, in Jucu village, located in the meadow

middle course of Little Somes, a river that delimits Somes Plateau of Transylvania Plain.

According to Romanian Academys Atlas (1974), Jucu village fits climatically in

the domain of transcarpathian climate, with an annual average temperature of 8,3C, a

maximum in July, a minimum in January and 612,7 mm annual rainfalls. The sum of

temperatures in the vegetation period (april-september) is about 2800C.

The experiences were located on plane land in a meadow of Little Somes, in

contact area with Transylvanian Plateau hills, at an altitude of 297m.

The soil where the experiences were located is typical for the area, namely

cernoziom clay, with the mother rock clay, with phreatic water at over 2 m deep aspecific feature of Plain Transylvania argilo-clayey, rich in humus and nutrients,

excepting phosphorus (see tables 3.1 and 3.2).

From the point of view of the recorded temperatures and precipitations, the driest

year was 2008, and the nearest to normal was the agricultural year 2006, so from this

point of view the agricultural year 2007 was an intermediate one. Worthy of being

mentioned here is the fact that during the experiments there were dry periods, so the


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irrigation of corn led to obtain significant production increase (see tables 3.3-3.8 and

figures 3.1-3.6).

In conclusion, during the three years of experimentation, the climatic conditions

encountered have allowed the unfolding of experiments in various conditions oftemperature and precipitation, the three agricultural years being different from this

perspective.

THE IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE

Little Somes was used as the source of water for irrigation. The water was brought

on existing channels that have been built in the 70s and had double purpose, namely

irrigation/draining. For the transport of water, motopump was used, together with

irrigation wings of aluminum pipes and the method by affusion.

MATERIAL AND METHOD OF WORKING

The basic objective of the corn breeder is the very high level of corn grainproduction. But more and more, this priority depends on the elements of technology,

which in turn are constantly perfecting.

THE MATERIAL FOR WORK

The Pioneer hybrids that met most of the conditions to be recommended for tests

in irrigation conditions in Cluj-Napoca, were:

5. The hybrid PR39D81 - the most simple early hybrid,resistant to drought, with ahigh production capacity.

6. The hybrid PR39K09-LIPESSA - early simple hybrid with high potential ofproduction.

7. The hybrid PR3893-CLARICA - simple, early hybrid.8. Witness-The hybrid MONALISA - simple early,hybrid, with high potential of

production.


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METHOD OF WORKING

The experience has been placed according to the method of subdivided parcels,

the experimental factors being the following:I. The A factor - THE IRRIGATION REGIMEN, with the graduations:

a1- nonirrigated

a2- irrigated at 50% from the humidity assets (I.U.A)

II. The B factor - CULTIVATED HYBRID, with the graduations:

b1- the hybrid PR39D81

b2- the hybrid PR39K09-LIPESSA

b3- the hybrid 3893-CLARICA

b4- witness MONALISA

III. The C factor - THE SOWING DENSITY, with the graduations:

c1- 60.000 plants/hectare



The irrigation has been made at moments in which the field humidity was closeto the minimum ceiling. In 2006 one irrigation was necessary, and in 2007 and 2008,

because of weather conditions, two irrigations were necessary (see table 4).

In order to know the relationship between the studied characters and traits of the

biological material, coefficients of simple, partial and multiple correlation were

calculated for the most representative, and the regression equations and the graphical

representation for them were determined.

The estimation of economic efficiency on corn crop for the two irrigation schemes

(non-irrigated, respectively 50% irrigated of I.U.A), was calculated taking into account

the used market prices, and the considered key economic indicators were: The profit

(lei/kg), The profit rate (%) and The labor productivity (kg/human days).


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THE WATER CONSUMPTION AT CORN CULTURE

The total water consumption for the non-irrigated corn, within the conditions from

Jucu, in 2006, was of 4303 m3 water/hectare, and for the irrigated corn was of 4708 m3

water/hectare.

In 2007, for the non-irrigated version, a total consumption of only 3927 m3

water/hectare was registered, and for the irrigated version, one of 4432 m3 water/hectare.

In return, in 2008, the total water consumption for the non-irrigated corn, within the

conditions from Jucu, reached only 3726 m3 water/hectare, and for the irrigated version it

reached 4185 m3 water/hectare.

A rigorous analysis of how the water consumption was effectuated and of the

participation degree of the different sources in supplying corn culture with water has

highlighted, first, the high rate of precipitations compared with other sources, within the

conditions from the Transylvania Plain

On the whole experiences, E.V.A. registered high values in all three years of

experimentation, with a maximum of 68,38 kg/mm water/hectare in 2008 and a minimum

of 23,80 kg/mm water /hectare in 2006.The way in which the experienced biological material reflects the influence of the

irrigation regimen is in his turn different compared with the cultivated hybrids and the

specific of the experimental years, the highest values of E.V.A coefficient being observed

in the case of the hybrids PR39D81, PR39K09, in the year 2008, with values of 82,98

and 72,11 kg/mm water/hectare.


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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

MEDIUM RESULTS OBTAINED DURING 2006-2008

The irrigation average during 3 years (2006-2008), brings a growth of production

of 34% (see table 5.22).

Grown hybrids have behaved differently with regard to the grain production

achieved in the three years. So the most productive proved to be the hybrid PR39D81and

the weakest production was that of Monalisa (see table 5.23).

In three years the average density of optimum sowing, has proved to be the 70 000

plants/hectare, density that has ensured a very significant increase in production (seetable 5.24).

By studying the interaction of the factors Irrigation regimen X Sowing density

(see table 5.25), it results that the largest production increase is obtained in the case of

irrigation at 50% from the active humidity interval, with the density of 70 000

plants/hectare, increase that is very significantly positive (see figure 5.10).

By analyzing the influence of the interaction between the factors Cultivated hybrid

X Sowing density, it is found that on average for the three years, the highest production is

achieved by cultivating the hybrid PR39D81, with a density of 70 000 plants/hectare (see

table 5.26).

By taking into account the influence of the interaction hybrids X plants density on

the production of dry corn cobs (see figure 5.11), it is found that the highest production

of corn cobs is obtained by cultivating hybrid PR39D81 with a density of 70 000 plants

per hectare. The same density (70 000 plans per hectare) and the same hybrid(PR39D81), induce the obtaining, on average for three years, of the highest production of

biomass per hectare, of whole plant-dry substance (see figure 5.12), biomass which is

responsible for the formation of the corn grain production.

By taking into consideration the influence of the interaction of the 3 studied

factors on corn grain production (see table 5.26), it is found that the best results (the

average 2006-2008) are obtained in case of irrigation at 50% from the active humidity


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interval, and of the cultivation of the hybrid PR39D81, with a density of 70 000

plants/hectare at sowing (see figure 5.11).

By studying the corelation between the corn grain production and the corn cobs

weight at harvest (see table 5.28), there is a positive correlation that is distinctlysignificant, the variation of the corn production being influenced in proportion of 98% by

the variations in the cob weight at harvest (see figure 5.16).

The work of irrigation culture of corn for grains and the cobs weight at harvest in

pedoclimatic conditions from Transylvania can make significant profits in the use of

hybrid corn performance and optimize the technological elements.

The analysis of data on economic efficiency at hybrid PR39D81 as non-irrigated-

year 2006 (see table 6.1), shows a cost of production of 0.40 lei/kg, a profit of 0,10 lei /kg

and a profit rate of 24,21%. Labor productivity has been registered as 755,55 kg/zo, and

the costs of production equivalent product was 6.279,90 kg/ha, while at the same hybrid

in irrigation regimen (see table 6.5), the profit rate was similar (24,28%) instead the total

profit per hectare of cultivated land was higher with 198.88 lei.

At hybrid PR39K09 (see table 6.2), unit cost of production was 10,39 lei /kg,

profit rate 26,73%, a total profit of 826,68 lei /hectare and the costs of productionequivalent product were 6.184,64 kg/hectare, instead under irrigation (see table 6.6) a

similar cost of production has been achieved (0,41 lei /kg),but a higher total profit of

854,69 lei /ha.

In the case of hybrid PR3893, in non-irrigated regimen-in 2006 (see table 6.3) the

unit cost of production was recorded as 0,43 lei /kg, the profit of 0,07 lei /kg, a profit rate

of 16,57% and a total profit of 538,82 lei/hectare, comparative, during the irrigation

regimen the economic indicators were similar, with a slight superiority profit which was

552.937 lei/hectare (see table 6.7).

Taking into account the results obtained in the agricultural year 2006at the four

studied hybrids (see table 6.9), it is found that the maximum profit at a kilo of product in

the non-irrigation conditions was obtained in the case of the hybrid PR39K09

(0,11lei/kg), and in the irrigation conditions the maximum total profit is achieved when it

is irrigated 50% of the IUA and cultivating the hybrid PR 39D81, it reached more than

966 lei per hectare of cultivated corn (see figure 6.1).


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Analyzing the economic indicators obtained in 2007 in non-irrigated regimen, at

hybrid PR39D81 (see table 6.10) it is found a unit cost of production of 0.41 lei/kg, a

profit rate of 0,14% and a total profit of 961,51 lei/hectare, while in irrigation conditions

have been obtained the same economic indicators, except that the total profit was higherwith 436.55 lei/hectare (see table 6.14).

In the case of corn hybrid PR39K09, economic indicators obtained in 2007 were

0,47 lei/kg regarding the cost of production, of 0,08% regarding the profit rate and of

479,03 lei/hectare the total profit in non-irrigation regimen (see table 6.11), respectively

with a unit cost of production of 0,49 lei /kg, a profit rate of 0,06% and a total profit

higher with 64,32 lei/hectare in irrigation regimen (see table 6.15).

At corn hybrid PR3893 in 2007 in non-irrigation regimen was calculated a cost of

production of 0,48 lei/kg, a profit rate of 13,56% and a total profit of 380,93 lei /hectare

(see table 6.12), while in the irrigation regimen the unit cost of production was of 0,493

lei /kg, the profit rate of 11,61% and a total profit higher with 97,77 lei /hectare than in

the case of non-irrigated regimen (see table 6.15).

Taking into question the economic indicators obtained at witness Monalisa in

2007 in non-irrigated regimen (see table 6.13) a unit cost of production of 0,48 lei/kgcorn grain is observed, a profit rate of 12,561% and a total profit of 409,90 lei/hectare,

and the irrigation regimen is found a total profit higher than that in the non-irrigation

regimen, other economic indicators are similar in the two irrigation schemes (see table

6.17).

In the year 2007 the largest profit both in the non-irrigation regimen and in

irrigation conditions was obtained in case of hybrid PR39D81(see table 6.18), and the

maximum total profit achievedwas in the case of 50% irrigation of I.U.A. and cultivating

the hybrid PR 39D81, so it reached over 1398 lei per hectare of corn cultivated (see

figure 6.2).

In 2008 at the hybrid PR39D81 in non-irrigation regimen (see table 6.19), a unit

cost of production of 0,416 lei/kg was calculated, a profit rate of 44,14% and a total profit

of 1.102,44 lei/hectare, instead at the same hybrid in irrigation regimen, the unit cost of

production was something bigger (0,44 lei/kg),profit rate was of 36,41%, and the total

profit was over 482 lei /hectare more than in non-irrigated regimen (see table 6.23).


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Regarding the hybrid PR39K09 the unit cost of production and the profit rate were

similar around 0,50 lei/kg respectively about 21% in the 2 irrigation regimens (see table

6.20), instead total profit in irrigation regimen was higher than in the non-irrigation

regimen with more than 300 lei/hectare (see table 6.24).At hybrid PR3893 in 2008 the economic indicators defined in the non-irrigation

regimen (see table 6.21) were inferior to those in irrigation regimen, with all this the total

profit in this last case was more than 246 lei/hectare higher (see table 6.25).

In case of witness Monalisa in 2008 (see table 6.22) in non-irrigation regimen the

unit cost of production was of 0,662 lei/kg, but instead of a profit there has been

registered-a loss of 265,17 lei /hectare, unlike the irrigation regimen where the total profit

was of 340,68 lei /hectare (see table 6.26).

Also in the year 2008 the largest profit was determined in the case of cultivated

hybrid PR39D81, it should be noted that in the conditions of this year was obtained a

negative profit in the case of witness Monalisa (see table 6.27), and the maximum total

profit was obtained in the 50% irrigation of I.U.A. and by cultivating the hybrid PR

39D81, reaching over 1585 lei per hectare of cultivated corn (see figure 6.3).

By analzying the obtained results averaged over the three years of study it wasfound that the largest profit on the corn grains kilogram is obtained by cutivating the

hybrid PR39D81 in non-irrigation regimen (see table 6.28). But the maximum profit on

one corn culture hectare was determined by cultivating the hybrid PR39D81 with

irrigation at 50% of I.U.A., being of over 1.316 lei/hectare (see figure 6.4).

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