Ion_eduard_ladaru Camera Superioara a Parlamentului Francez

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 3/2009

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series, Issue 3/2009

211

ALEGEREA I FUNCIONAREA

CAMEREI SUPERIOARE A

PARLAMENTULUI FRANCEZ

Ion Eduard LDARU,Universitatea Constantin Brncui din

Trgu-Jiu

AbstractSenatul este ales (potrivit art. 24 din

Constituie) prin vot indirect. El asigur reprezentarea

colectivitilor teritoriale al Republicii. Franceziistabilii n afara Franei sunt reprezentai n Senat.

Cuvinte cheie:camera superioara, Senat, votindirect, biroul permanent.

Senatul este Camera Superioar aParlamentului, dispune de un statut propriu.

Spre deosebire de Adunarea naional,Senatul este ales (potrivit art. 24 dinConstituie) prin vot indirect. El asigur

reprezentarea colectivitilor teritoriale alRepublicii. Francezii stabilii n afara Franeisunt reprezentai n Senat.

Senatorii sunt alei prin sufragiuuniversal indirect de ctre un colegiu deelectori.

Pentru a putea candida la funcia desenator trebuie ndeplinite urmtoarelecondiii: a) s aib cetenie francez; b) saib vrsta de cel puin 30 de ani; b) s fisatisfcut toate obligaiile prevzute de Codul

Serviciului Naional.Reforma electoral a prevzut ocretere gradual a numrului de mandatesenatoriale. Astfel n anul 2008 SenatulFranei are 341 de locuri, urmnd ca n anul2011 Parlamentul saib346 de locuri pentrusenatori.

Biroul Permanent. La deschidereaprimei edine, dup fiecare rennoire aSenatului, cel mai n vrstmembru dintre cei

prezeni ocup funcia de preedinte pn la

alegerea noului preedinte.

SUPERIOR CHAMBER OF THE

FRENCH PARLIAMENT. ELECTION

AND FUNCTIONING

Ion Eduard LDARU,Constantin Brncui University of Trgu-

Jiu

AbstractThe Senate is elected (according to art. 24 from theConstitution) by indirect vote. It insures the

representation of the Republic territorial collectivities.The French that are established outside France arerepresented in the Senate.

Key words: superior chamber, the Senate, indirectvote, the permanent office

The Senate is the Superior Chamber of theParliament, disposes of its own status.Unlike the National Assembly, the Senate iselected (according to art. 24 from theConstitution) by indirect vote. It insures therepresentation of the Republic territorialcollectivities. The French that are establishedoutside France are represented in the Senate.The senators are elected by indirect universalsuffrage by the College of Electors.In order to candidate for the position ofsenator, the following conditions must beaccomplished: a) to have French citizenship

b) to be at least 30 years old; c) to haveaccomplished all the obligations from the

Code of the National Service.The Election Reform forecasted a gradualgrowth of the number of senatorial mandates.Therefore, in the year 2008, the FrenchSenate has 341 occupied positions, and in2011 the Parliament will have 346 positionsfor senators.The Permanent Office. At the opening ofthe first meeting, after each renewal of theSenate, the oldest from the present membersoccupies the position of president until the

election of a new one.


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fie respectat reprezentarea proporional aGrupurilor. Lista este naintat PreedinteluiSenatului pentru afiare.

Timp de o or dup afiare se poate

face opoziie la list pentru nerespectareaproporionalitii. Pentru a fi acceptatopoziia trebuie s fie redactat n scris isemnat de treizeci de senatori, sau cel puinde ctre un preedinte de Grup; Opoziia sedepune la Preedintele Senatului.

Dac nu s-a formulat opoziie, listacandidailor este ratificat de ctre Senat iPreedintele Senatului procedeaz la numireasecretarilor.

Dup alegerea Biroului Permanent,

Preedintele Senatului aduce la cunotinPreedintelui Republicii i al Adunrii

Naionale, faptul cSenatul este constituit.Senatorii se organizeaz pe grupuri n

funcie de apartenena lor politic. Nimeni nupoate face parte din mai multe grupuri. Fiecaregrup are cel puin 15 membri.

Comisiile Permanente. Senatul arease comisii permanente: 1) Comisia pentruafaceri culturale cuprinde 56 de membri;2)Comisia pentru afaceri economice i

planificare cuprinde 77 de membri; 3)Comisia pentru afaceri externe, aprare iforele armate cuprinde 56 de membri; 4)Comisia pentru afaceri sociale cuprinde 56de membri; 5) Comisia de finane, control

bugetar i conturi economice ale naiunii cuprinde 48 de membri;6) Comisia pentru legiconstituionale, legislaie, sufragiu universal,

pentru reglementarea administraiei generale cuprinde 48 de membri.

Alegerea senatorilor. Senatorii suntalei prin sufragiu universal indirect, de ctreun Colegiu electoral compus din reprezentaniiai acestei circumscripii: deputai, consilieriregionali, consilieri generali, consilierimunicipali, alei prin sufragiu universal.

n momentul de fa Senatul francezare un numr de 343 de locuri, urmnd ca nanul 2011 saib348 de locuri.

Pnn anul 2003 senatorii alei aveauun mandat de 9 ani. Iar rennoirea parial

Senatului era la fiecare trei ani i se rennoia o

proportionality was not respected. In order toaccept this opposition, it must be written andsigned by thirty senators, or at least by a

president of a Group; the Opposition is given

to the Senates President.If the opposition was not formulated, the listof candidates is rectified by the Senate andthe Senates president proceeds at naming thesecretaries.After the election of the Permanent Office,The Senates President announces thePresident of the republic and the NationalAssembly that the Senate is constitute.Senators organize themselves in groupsaccording to their political affiliation. No one

can be part of more than one group. Eachgroup has at least 15 members.Permanent Commissions. The Senate hassix permanent commissions: 1) Thecommission for cultural business has 56members; 2) The commission for economicaland planning business- has 77 members; 3)The commission for extern, defense and army

business - has 56 members; 4) Thecommission for social business- has 56members; 5) The finance, budget control and

the nations economic accounts commission has 48 members; 6) The commission forconstitutional laws, legislation, universalsuffrage, for the regulation of the generaladministration has 48 members.The election of the senators. The senatorsare elected by indirect universal suffrage, byan election College made up ofrepresentatives of the same circumscription;deputizes, regional consuls, general consuls,district consuls, elected by universal suffrage.At this moment, the French Senate has anumber of 343 341 occupied positions, and in2011 the Parliament will have 348 positions.Until the year 2003, the elected senators hada mandate of nine years. The partial renewalof the Senate happened once every threeyears and a third of the senators positionswere renewed.Along with the adopted reform form July2003, the senators are elected by the same

college, for a six year mandate. Partial


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treime din locurile de senatori.Odat cu reforma adoptat n iulie

2003, senatorii sunt alei de ctre acelaicolegiu, pentru un mandat de 6 ani. Rennoirea

parialare loc tot la fiecare trei ani, numai cde aceast dat se rennoiete jumtate dinlocurile de senatori.

Mandatul senatorial. nvestii prinsufragiu universal indirect, senatorii sunt aleide ctre un Colegiu electoral dinaproximativ 150.000 de mari electori: 577deputai; 1870 consilieri regionali; 4000consilieri generali; 142.000 delegai aiconsiliilor municipale.

Este vorba de un colegiu electoral

compus n fiecare departament: a) deputaii,consilierii generali i consilierii regionali; b)delegaii consiliilor municipale; acetiareprezint95% din Colegiul electoral.

Dup cum se poate observa senatoriisunt alei esenial de ctre consilieriimunicipali.

Numrul de delegai alei de ctreconsiliile municipale, variaz n funcie de

populaie: a) ntre 1 i 15 delegai nlocalitile care au mai puin de 9.000 de

locuitori; b) toi consilierii municipali (ntre29 i 69) n localitile care au ntre 9.000i30.000 de locuitori; c) pentru localitile cu

peste 30.000 de locuitori toi consilieriimunicipali plus ncun delegat pentru fiecaremie de locuitori peste 30.000.Modul de alegere al senatorilor: a) Prinscrutin majoritar n 2 tururi n departamentelecare aleg 3 senatori sau mai puin i nteritoriile de peste mri; b) Prin reprezentare

proporional urmnd regula celei mai marimedii n departamentele n care sunt alei 4sau mai muli senatori.

O caracteristic esenial a alegerilorpentru Senat este coexistena a dou tipuri dealegeri: scrutin majoritar i reprezentare

proporional.Scrutinul majoritar. Aceast metod de voteste specificn departamentele metropolitanei n cele de peste mare ca i n celelaltecolectiviti de peste mare crora le sunt

atribuite unul, dou sau trei mandate de

renewal takes place once every three years,but this time half of the senators positionsare renewed.Senatorial mandate. Invested by indirect

universal suffrage, senators are elected by anElection College made up of almost150.000 great electors: 577 deputes; 1870regional consuls; 4000 general consuls;142.000 delegates of the districts of thecouncils.We are dealing with a composed electioncollege in each department: a) deputies,general and regional consuls; b) delegates ofthe districts councils; they represent 95%from the election college.

As you can see senators are elected,essentially by the districts councils.The number of delegates, elected by thedistricts councils vary according to

population:a) between 1 and 15 delegates in the

localities that have less then 9000inhabitants;

b) all districts consuls ( between 29 and 69 )in the localities where they are between9000 and 30000 inhabitants;

c)

for the localities with over 30000inhabitants all districts consuls plusanother delegate for every 1000 ofinhabitants over the figure of 30000.

The way in which senators are being elected:a) through a majority voting in 2 tours in thedepartments which choose 3 senators or lessin the territories over seas; b) by proportionalrepresentation, following the rule of the

biggest mark in the departments where 4 ormore senators are elected.An essential feature of the elections for theSenate is the co-existence of two types ofelections: majority voting and proportionalrepresentation.Majority voting.This voting method in twotours, in which in order for a candidate to beelected, he must obtain absolute majorityfrom the expressed suffrages. In order toobtain absolute majority, the candidate mustfulfill two conditions, cumulatively: a) The

candidate must obtain half plus one from the


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senatori.Este vorba despre un scrutin majoritar

n doutururi, n care pentru ca un candidat sfie ales, trebuie sobinmajoritatea absolut

din sufragiile exprimate. Pentru a obinemajoritate absolut candidatul trebuie sndeplineasc dou condiii, cumulativ:a) Candidatul trebuie s obin jumtate plusunu din voturile exprimate; b) Candidatultrebuie sobinun numr de voturi care sfiecel puin egal cu numrul a un sfert dinalegtorii nscrii pe listele electorale.

n cazul n care niciunul dintrecandidai nu obine majoritatea absolut, se

procedeaz la un al doilea tur de scrutin. n

acest caz, candidatul care obine majoritatearelativ este desemnat ctigtor. n caz deegalitate ntre doi candidai, cel mai n vrsteste declarat ctigtor.

Votul pentru alegerea senatorilor esteuninominal dac departamentul estereprezentat de ctre un singur senator. Atuncicnd departamentului i sunt alocate mai multelocuri, votul nu este un vot de list, dar este unscrutin plurinominal care se caracterizeaz nfelul urmtor: a) candidaturile pot fi izolate; b)

listele nu sunt blocate alegtorii avndposibilitatea de a elimina nume, de a aduganume, amestecndu-le n mai multe liste; c) lasfritul scrutinului, numrarea voturilor nu seface pe liste, ci pe nume.

Scrutinul proporional. Acest mod descrutin se aplic n departamentele crora lesunt atribuite patru sau mai multe mandate desenatori.

Principiul de baz al scrutinuluiproporional este c asigur o reprezentare adiferitelor tendine politice n fiecarecircumscripie, n proporie exactcu voturileobinute. Reprezentarea proporional

presupune astfel votul de list care oferposibilitatea atribuirii de mandate i majoritiii minoritii.

n ceea ce privete aceste alegerisenatoriale, este vorba de liste blocate, fr

posibilitatea de a amesteca listele i frposibilitatea de vot preferenial.

n departamentele n care se aplic

expressed votes; b) The candidate shouldobtain a number of votes which is at leastequal to the number of a quarter of the listedelectors on the electoral lists.

In case none of the candidates receivesabsolute majority, they proceed to a secondtour of election. In this case, the candidatewho obtains a relative majority is the winner.In case of equality between the twocandidates, the older one is considered awinner.The vote for the election of the senators isuninominal if the department is represented

by a single senator. When the department hasmore places, the vote is not a vote list, it is a

multi-member election which has thefollowing features: a) applications can beisolated; b) the lists are not blocked theelectors have the possibility to eliminate, toadd a name, mixing them on more lists; c) theend of the election, counting the votes is notmade on the lists, but according to names.Proportional voting. This way of votingapplies in the departments to which areattributed four or more senators mandates.The basis principle of the proportional

election is that it ensures a representation ofthe different political tendencies in everycircumscription, in an exact proportion withthe obtained votes. Therefore, proportionalrepresentation means the vote on the listwhich offers the possibility to attributemandates and majorities and minorities.Regarding the senatorial elections, we aredealing with blocked lists, without the

possibility of mixing the lists and making apreferential vote.In the departments where the voting systemof proportional representation is applied andfor the election of senators who represent theFrench people who stay outside France, eachlist of candidates must comprise with twomore names.The Senates Functions: As well as the

National Assembly, the Senate has twofunctions: a) the legislative function; b) The

parliament control function.

The Legislative function. The Senate


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sistemul de vot al reprezentrii proporionalei pentru alegerea senatorilor reprezentani aifrancezilor stabilii n afara Franei, fiecarelistde candidai trebuie scuprindcu dou

nume mai mult.Funciile Senatului. La fel caAdunarea Naional, Senatul ndeplinete doufuncii: a) Funcia legislativ; b) Funcia decontrol parlamentar

Funcia legislativ. Senatul dezbate iadoptlegi ordinare i legi speciale.

n cazul n care un text de al unuiproiect de lege este prezentat senatorilor,acesta poate proveni din mai multe sursediferite: 1) un proiect de lege depus de ctre

Guvern n faa Adunrii Naionale, votat dectre aceastcamer i trimis la Senat; 2) un

proiect de lege depus de ctre Guvern la Senat;3) o propunere de lege ca urmare a iniiativei aunuia sau mai multor senatori; 4) o propunerede lege depus de ctre unul sau mai mulideputai, votat de ctre Adunarea Naionaliapoi trimis ctre Senat.

Textul depus este totodat nregistrat,tiprit i distribuit astfel nct s fie adus lacunotina tuturor senatorilor. Acest text va fi

dezbtut de ctre Comisia permanentcare arecompeten, sau, foarte rar, este trimis spredezbatere unei comisii care este constituitspecial pentru examinarea textului.

nainte de a fi examinate n plen, toateproiectele sau toate propunerile de lege sunttransmise obligatoriu ctre o comisie care aresarcina de a le studia i de a propunemodificri.

Odat adoptat de ctre comisie, textulde lege n proiect este discutat i votat de ctresenatori n edin public. Dezbaterea nedin urmeaz o procedur foarte exact ncare intervin un numr de actori politici alcror rol este foarte bine definit. Persoanele

participante sunt: a) reprezentantulGuvernului, care poate fi ministrul sau unsecretar de stat al crui resort este afectat detextul n cauz. Rolul lor este acela de a

preciza punctul de vedere al Guvernului; b)raportorul desemnat de ctre comisie

persoan foarte important al crui rol este

debates and adopts ordinary and special laws.In the case in which a text of a certain law

project is presented to the senators, this cancame from different sources: 1) a law project

submitted by the Government in front of theNational assembly, voted by this chamberand sent to the Senate; 2) a law projectsubmitted by the Government at the Senate;3) a law proposal as a result of the initiativeof one or more senators; 4) a law proposalmade by one or more deputes, voted by the

National Assembly and then sent to theSenate.The submitted text is also registered, printedand distributed because it should be known

by all senators. This text will be debated bythe permanent Commission which has thecompetence, or, very rare, is sent for debateto a commission which is speciallyconstituted for the examination of the text.Before they are examined in the plenary, all

projects or law proposals are obligatorytransmitted to a commission which has theduty to study them and proposemodifications.Once it is adopted by the commission the law

text in the project is discussed and voted bythe senators in public meeting. The debate in

public meeting follows a very exactprocedure in which a number of politicalactors intervene and have a much definedrole.The persons who participate are: a) thegovernment representative, who can be theminister or the secretary of state whose resortis affected by the given text. Their role is thatto tell the governments point of view; b) thespeaker elected by the commission a veryimportant person whose role is fundamentalduring the debate; c) if it is the case, thespeakers elected by the commission who wasasked for opinions; d) the senators who wishto express their point of view; e) finally , the

president of the meeting who is also thepresident of the senate , or one of the vicepresidents.This one (the president of the meeting) leads

the debates, reads the text, gives the word and


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fundamental pe toat perioada dezbaterii; c)dac este cazul, raportorii desemnai de ctrecomisia creia i s-au solicitat avizele; d)senatorii care doresc s i expunpunctul de

vedere; e) n sfrit, preedintele de edincare este Preedintele Senatului sau unul dintreVicepreedini. Acesta (preedintele deedin) conduce dezbaterile, citete textul, dcuvntul i ndeplinete procedura de vot.

Guvernul, reprezentat de ministrul deresort, prezint proiectul pe care l propune.Raportorul rezum principalele idei aletextului luat n discuie, prezintelementele denoutate aduse de el i expune poziia comisiei.

La aceast etap de discuii, fiecare

senator n special n cazul unei propunerilegislative autorul acesteia are dreptul de ainterveni pentru a face cunoscut propria saopinie.

Chiar dacteoretic orice senator poatelua cuvntul n timpul dezbaterii, n practica

parlamentarregula este cfiecare grup politicdeleagunul dintre membrii si pentru a facecunoscut poziia celorlali senatori care fac

parte din grupul parlamentar respectiv.La finalul discuiei generale se trece la

dezbaterea textului n sine. Obiectulamendamentelor propuse este expus de ctreautorii acestora. Ulterior acestei proceduri setrece la vot. Fiecare senator poate s voteze

pentru, mpotriv sau se poate abine.Secretarii de edinalei dintre senatori, suntcei care numr voturile. n consecin

preedintele de edindeclaramendamentulpropus adoptat sau respins.

Dup dezbaterea amendamentelorurmeaz actul final, i anume votul asuprantregului text al proiectului de lege, cumodificrile deja adoptate.

Funcia de control a Senatului.Senatul are are atribuii de control nurmtoarele situaii :1) Controlul exercitat de ctre Senat asupraGuvernului. Controlul asupra Guvernului seefectueazprin: dezbateri ale Senatului asupradeclaraiilor Guvernului; dezbateri de controlla iniiativa Senatului; ntrebri orale.

2) Controlul permanent exercitat de ctre

fulfils the voting procedure.The government, represented by the ministerof resort, presents the project which it

proposes.

The speaker sums up the main ideas of thetext which is discussed, presents the newelements and exposes the position of thecommission.At this level of discussion, each senator especially in the case of a legislative proposal

the author has the right to intervene in orderto make public his opinion.Even if, theoretical any senator can speakduring the debate, in the parliament practice,the rule is that each political group sends one

of its members to make public the position ofthe other senators who are part of that group.At the end of the general discussion they passto the debate of the text itself. The object ofthe proposed amendments is exposed by itsauthors. Then, after this procedure, they vote.Each senator can vote for or against or hemay refrain. The meeting secretaries electedfrom the senators, are the ones who count thevotes. In conclusion, the president of themeeting declares the proposed amendment

adopted or rejected.After the debate of the amendments, the finalact follows and that is the vote of the entiretext of the law project, with the modificationswhich are already adopted.The control function of the Senate. TheSenate has control attributes in the followingsituations:1) The control of the senate over the

government. The control over thegovernment is made through: debates ofthe senate on governments declarations;debates of control at the senatesinitiative; oral questions.

2) The permanent control of the senatethrough commissions. This control ismanifested like: constituting someinvestigation commissions for differentsituations; budget control of the financecommission; informing missions;informing reports; hearings made by

permanent commissions.


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Senat prin comisii. Acest control este semanifest prin: constituirea unor comisii deanchet pentru diverse situaii; controlul

bugetar al Comisiei de finane; misiuni de

informare; rapoarte de informare; audierileefectuate de ctre comisiile permanente.3) Controlul asupra aplicrii legii votate de

Parlament Acest control presupune: raportulanual asupra aplicrii legii; stadiul de puneren aplicare pentru fiecare lege promulgat4) Controlul exercitat asupra Uniunii

Europene. Se realizeaz prin: comisia deafaceri europene; raportul de informare cu

privire la Europa.

Bibliografie1. Alexandru Ioan, Gilia Claudia, Ivanof

Ivan-Vasile, Sisteme politico-administrative europene, Ediia a II-a,revzut i adugit, Ed. Hamangiu,Bucureti, 2008.

2. Alexandru Ioan, Drept administrativcomparat, ed. a II-a revzut iadugit, Ed. Lumina Lex, Bucureti,2003.

3. Bourdeau Georges, Droit

constitutionnel et institutionspolitiques, LGDJ, Paris, 1966.

4. Coman-Kund Liviu, Sistemeadministrative europene, ed. a II-a,revzut i actualizat, Casa de Presi EditurTribuna, Sibiu, 2003.

5. Filip Gheorghe, SistemeAdministrative Comparate, Ed.Sedcom Libris, Iai, 2000.

6. Ionescu Cristian, Regimuri politicecontemporane, Ed. All Beck,Bucureti, 2004.

7. Ionescu Cristian, Drept constituionalcomparat, Ed. CH Beck, Bucureti,2008.

8. Constituia Franei9. www.assemblee-nationale.fr10.www.senat.fr11.www.elysee.fr12.www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr13.www.conseil-etat.fr

14.

www.legifrance.gouv.fr

3) The control over the application of thelaw voted by the parliament. This controlmeans: the annual report regarding theapplication of the law; the stage of

application for each voted law.4) The control over the European Union. Itis made through: European businesscommissions; informing report regardingEurope.

Bibliography

1. Alexandru Ioan, Gilia Claudia, IvanofIvan-Vasile, Sisteme politico-

administrative europene, Ediia a II-a,revzut i adugit, Ed. Hamangiu,Bucureti, 2008.

2. Alexandru Ioan, Drept administrativcomparat, ed. a II-a revzut iadugit, Ed. Lumina Lex, Bucureti,2003.

3. Bourdeau Georges, Droitconstitutionnel et institutions

politiques, LGDJ, Paris, 1966.4. Coman-Kund Liviu, Sisteme

administrative europene, ed. a II-a,revzuti actualizat, Casa de Presi EditurTribuna, Sibiu, 2003.

5. Filip Gheorghe, SistemeAdministrative Comparate, Ed.Sedcom Libris, Iai, 2000.

6. Ionescu Cristian, Regimuri politicecontemporane, Ed. All Beck,Bucureti, 2004.

7. Ionescu Cristian, Drept constituionalcomparat, Ed. CH Beck, Bucureti,2008.

8. Constituia Franei9. www.assemblee-nationale.fr10.www.senat.fr11.www.elysee.fr12.www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr13.www.conseil-etat.fr14.www.legifrance.gouv.fr


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