Hidratii Carbon

8/4/2019 Hidratii Carbon

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WDJXG[]JQCQGC QGNDJM C BI@AIXGJ

Hcmw`qcqgc Qgndi`ifjg j Bcdcfgbgdq

d Jdaw}q{jc C`jbgdqc{

Mcqga{c Mnjbjg

Nja{cjj ag mc{kid mibpidgdj p{jdmjpc`j cj

`gbdw`wj

Diqg ag mw{}

MnjjdwW$Q$B$

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3


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_{gugdqg`g diqg ag mw{} `c aj}mjp`jdc Mnjbjc `gbdw`wj }dq

ag}qjdcqg }qwagdjì{ }pgmjc`jqjj 71=$3, Qgndiìfjc p{g`wm{{jj

`gbdw`wj j c`qi{ }pgmjc`jqj ajd jdaw}q{jc bcqg{jc`gì{ ag mid}q{wmjg,

`c }gmjc ag uj j mw h{gmxgd {gaw}$ ]dq g`cki{cqg d midhi{bjqcqg

mw p{if{cbw` ag dxbdq `c Mnjbjc `gbdw`wj$ d `wm{c{g }wdq

g`wmjacqg c}pgmqg`g }q{wmqw{jj, p{ip{jgqj`g hjujmi"mnjbjmg c`g

mg`wìugj j ngbjmg`wìugì{ mc{g }g mid}jag{ mibpidgdqg mnjbjmg

p{jdmjpc`g c`g `gbdw`wj

G`cki{c{g5 midh$wdjx$ , a{$ Bjncj` Fngjw

[gacmqi{ {g}pid}ckj`5 midh$ wdjx$, a{$ Cdc Xg{gecd

[gmgdugdq5 midh$ wdjx$ a{$ @c{j}c Ucai{iedj

[gacmqi{5 G`xj{c Fngi{fnjqgcdw

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Kwd ag qjpc{ 3>$?8$?6 Hi{bcqw` 8? ^ >1 3)38$N{qjg ih}gq$ Qjpc{ [j}i$ Qj{cew` 3?? g~$Mi`j ag qjpc{ >,;7 Mibcdac d{$3?=

;??1, Mnjjdw, ka$ qghcd mg` Bc{g,38>]gmjc [gacmqc{g j Gajqc{g c W$Q$B$

BA";?8>, Mnjjdw, }q{$ ]qwagdjì{, :):

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3/133

W$Q$B$, ;??6

Mibpidgdjj mnjbjmj p{jdmjpc`j cj `gbdw`wj }dq5

mg`wìuc, ngbjmg`wìug`g j `jfdjdc$ Ajdq{g cmgqjc mg`wìuc jngbjmg`wìug`g p{gujdq ajd pwdmq ag xgag{g mnjbjm djqg

pi`jucnc{jag mc{g `c {daw` ì{ hcm pc{qg ajd f{wpc nja{cjì{ ag

mc{kid$ j `jfdjdc, mw qicqg m p{gujdq wd pi`jbg{ ag dcqw{

c{ibcqjm, g}qg }jdqgqjucq d p`cdqg qiq ajd nja{cj ag mc{kid$

3$ Nja{cjj ag mc{kidNja{cjj ag mc{kid }dq p{iawj dcqw{c`j ag jbpi{qcd xjqc`

pgdq{w p`cdqg j cdjbc`g$ _`cdqg`g, d cmg`cj qjbp j c{ki{jj,}jdqgqjugcu nja{cj ag mc{kid ajd MI; j N;I$ [gcmjc g}qg mcqc`jucqag mì{ihj` j dgmg}jq gdg{fjg }i`c{5

8MI; , 8N;I M8.N;I*8 , 8I;wbjd

mi{ihj

Agdwbj{gc ag nja{cj ag mc{kid p{ixjdg dm ag pg x{gbgcmda }q{wmqw{c ì{ dw g{c mwdi}mwq, acqi{jq hcpqw`wj m `c p{jbjjmibpwj jui`cj d }qc{g pw{ }"c f}jq cmg`cj {cpi{q dq{g i~jfgd jnja{ifgd mc j d bi`gmw`c ag cp$ Cmgc}q agdwbj{g }"c aixgajq mg}qg jbp{ip{jg pgdq{w m w`qg{ji{ }"cw ag}mipg{jq nja{cj ag mc{kid dmc{g {cpi{qw` ajdq{g nja{ifgd j i~jfgd g}qg ajhg{jq ag mg` ajd cp, agg~gbp`w ag}i~j{jkiuc c{g mibpiujjc5 M7N3?I1$ Mibj}jc

jdqg{dcjidc` pgdq{w dibgdm`cqw{ d mnjbjg c p{ipw} agdwbj{gc agf`wmjag, ag `c f`wmiu, mc{g g}qg wdw` ajdq{g {gp{gugdqcdjj mgj bcjjbpi{qcdj cj cmg}qgj m`c}g ag mibpwj$ Cmgc}q agdwbj{g g}qgwqj`jucq bcj bw`q d kjimnjbjg, acqi{jq hcpqw`wj m f`wmiuc eicm wd{i` jbpi{qcdq d p{img}g`g kjimnjbjmg$ d mnjbjg }g bgdjdg dmidqjdwc{g qg{bgdw` ag nja{cj ag mc{kid, hjjda hiì}jq j agdwbj{gcag ucnc{w{j, bcj c`g} d jdaw}q{jc p{g`wm{qic{g, mc{g p{ixjdg ag `cucnc{iu, ag c}gbgdgc wd {gp{gugdqcdq jbpi{qcdq c` cmg}qgj m`c}g$

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3$3$ M`c}jhjmc{gcNja{cjj ag mc{kid }g bpc{q d bidiucnc{jag,

i`jfiucnc{jag j pi`jucnc{jag$ I`jfi" j pi jucnc{jag`g

nja{i`jugcu }wk cmjwdgc cmjujì{ bjdg{c`j }cw c wdi{ gdujbg,q{cd}hi{bdaw"}g d bidiucnc{jag$ Bidiucnc{jag`g dwnja{i`jucu `c mibpidgdqg bcj }jbp`g$ G`g mid}qjqwjg wdjqj`g agkcu c`g i`jfi" j pi`jucnc{jagì{$ I`jfiucnc{jag`g acw `c nja{i`juaiw pd `c c}g bi`gmw`g ag bidiucnc{jag .i`jfi}" pwjd*, pg mda pi`jucnc{jag`g }dq mibpw}g ajdq{"wd dwb{ bc{g ag {g}qw{j agbidiucnc{jag$ Cqq d i`jfi" mq j d pi`jucnc{jag, bidiucnc{jag`g}g `gcf dq{g g`g p{jd g`jbjdc{gc wdgj bi`gmw`g ag cp ag `c aiw

f{wp{j nja{i~j`jmg$ C}qhg` {g}qw{j`g ag bidiucnc{jag }g wdg}m p{jdjdqg{bgajw` wdwj cqib ag i~jfgd$Bidiucnc{jag`g cw d mibpiujjc bi`gmw`gj }c`g f{wpc

mc{kidj` 4M2 I$ Gc picqg hj càgnjajm MN2 I }cw mgqidjm[MI[$ Awp mwb f{wpc{gc mc{kidj jm g}qg càgnjajm }cwmgqidjm, bidiucnc{jag`g }g m`c}jhjm d càiug j mgqiug$ d hwdmjgag dwb{w` cqibjì{ ag mc{kid ajd bi`gmw` g`g piq hj q{jiug,qgq{iug, pgdqiug, ng~iug gqm$ d cmg}q bia }g aj}qjdf5

mw M= càiq{jiug j mgqiq{jiug< mw M1 càiqgq{iug j mgqiqgq{iug< mw M7 càipgdqiug j mgqipgdqiug< mw M8 càing~iug j mgqing~iug, gqm$

Mda }g c`mqwg}m agdwbj{j`g ag{jxcjì{, dwbg{iqc{gc cqibjì{ag mc{kid }g hcmg d cc hg` mc f{wpc{gc mc{kidj`jm } cjk mjh{c mgcbcj bjm$ Mg`g bcj {}pdajqg bidiucnc{jag }dq pgdqiug`g j

ng~iug`g, mc{g }g f}g}m d dcqw{ `jkg{g }cw mibkjdcqg j cwagdwbj{j dg}j}qgbcqjmg$

3$;$ ]q{wmqw{c bidiucnc{jagì{_g kcuc cdc`jugj g`gbgdqc{g mcdqjqcqjxg j c bc}gj

bi`gmw`c{g }"c }qckj`jq mpgdqiug`g cw hi{bw`c bi`gmw`c{ M7N3?I7,jc{ ng~iug`g M8N3;I8$ G`g midjd i mcqgd di{bc`, mggc mg }"c

aixgajq p{jd {gawmg{gc ì{ mw NJ$ @c qgbpg{cqw{j {jajmcqg ajd ng~iug

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p{jd {gawmg{g }g ikjdg .MN="MN;"MN;"MN;"MNJ"MN=* ;"jiaing~cd" }wk}qcd mw mcqgd di{bc`, dg{cbjhjmcq$

G~j}qgdc f{wpgì{ nja{i~j`jmg j dwb{w` ì{ }"c agqg{bjdcqp{jd {gcmjj ag g}qg{jhjmc{g j gqg{jhjmc{g$ @c q{cqc{gc ng~iugì{ mwcdnja{ja cmgqjm }cw mì{w{ ag cmgqj` c {guw`qcq wd ag{jxcqpgdqccmgqj`cq, mggc mg c pw} d gxjagd p{gugdc c mjdmj f{wpg IN5M8N3;I8 , 7 .MN=MI*;I M8N6I.IMIMN=*7 , 7MN=MIING~j}qgdc mgì{ mjdmj f{wpg IN d ng~iug }"c midhj{bcq j p{jdbgqj`c{gc cmg}qi{c, d bgajw c`mc`jd, mda }"c ikjdwq wd ag{jxcqpgdqcbgqj`cq$ Hjgmc{g nja{i~j` ajd bi`gmw`c nja{cqw`wj ag mc{kid g}qg`gfcq mw mqg wd cqib ag mc{kid, dw piq g~j}qc aiw f{wpg IN `c

cmg`cj mc{kid .{gfw`c G{`gdbgzg{*$Hcpqw` m pgdqiug`g j ng~iug`g cajjidgcu cmjamjcdnja{jm, acw i~jbg, hgdj`nja{cuidg j }dq i~jacqg ag }i`wjcHgn`jdfj i~jaw` ag c{fjdq cbidjcmc` .{gcmqjxw` Qi``gd}* c midaw}`c midm`wujc m cmg}qgc midjd i f{wpc{g mc{kidj`jm$

Gbj` Hj}mng{ c p{ipw} pgdq{w bidiucnc{jag i }q{wmqw{cmjm`jm, pgdq{w m cmg}qgc acw cp{icpg qicqg {gcmjj`g }pgmjhjmgf{wp{jj mc{kidj`jmg5

caing~iu

MN; MN MN MN MN

ININ INININ

MIN

mgqing~iu

MN; MN MN MN M MN;INININININ I

Awp mwb pwqgb ik}g{xc, dq{"i bi`gmw` ag bidiucnc{ja}dq p{gugdqg f{wpc mc{kidj` j f{wpg nja{i~j`$ Cmg}qgc, hjjda `caj}qcd cp{ipjcq wdc ag c`qc, piq {gcmjidc, hi{bda }gbjcmgqc`,

midhi{b }mngbgj5

[ INMIN

[ , [ MNIN

I[

f{wp }gbjcmgqcjm

}gbjcmgqc

d mcuw` bidiucnc{jagì{, iacq mw hi{bc{gc }gbjcmgqc`w`wj, jcdcqg{g i diw `gfqw{ mnjbjm M"I, mc{g dmnjag wd mjm`w ajd 8 }cw

7 cqibj .mjm`w{j }qckj`g*5

7


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nja{i~j

}gbjcmgqcjm}cw fjmiujajm

caing~iuc.hi{bc nja{i~jmc{kidj jm*

I

M M

MM

M

N

MN;IN

N

N N

N

IN IN

INNI

caing~iuc.hi{bc mjm jm }gbjcmgqcjm*

I

M

MM

M

N

MN;IN

N

N NIN IN

NI N

5$$

MI

N

d }q{wmqw{c mjm`jm f{wpc{gc mc{kidj` g}qg bc}mcq, d `imw`gj cpc{g i f{wpc{g IN, agdwbjq nja{i~j }gbjcmgqc`jm }cwf`jmiujajm$

Ag ikjmgj bidiucnc{jag`g dmnja wd mjm`w ajd c}g }cw mjdmjcqibj .{g}pgmqjx 7 cqibj ag mc{kid j wdw` ag i~jfgd }cw 1 ag mc{kidj wdw` ag i~jfgd*$ Mjm`w` ajd c}g cqibj g}qg agdwbjq pj{cdiujm,agdwbj{gc p{ixjdg ag `c ngqg{imjm`w` pj{cd, jc{mg` ajd mjdmj cqibjg}qg agdwbjq hw{cdiujm, ag `c ngqg{imjm`w` hw{cd5

pj{cd

I I

qgq{cnja{ipj{cd

I

hw{cd

I

qgq{cnja{ihw{cdd }i`wjc wdgj ng~iug }cw pgdqiug g~j}q wd gmnj`jk{w dq{g

hi{bc hw{cdiujm j mgc pj{cdiujm, q{gmg{gc ag `c i hi{b `c c`qc hmdaw"}g p{jd jdqg{bgajw` hi{bgj mc{kidj`jmg$ Gmnj`jk{w` g}qgagp`c}cq }p{g hi{bc pj{cdiujm, midmgdq{cjc hi{bgj mc{kidj jmghjjda hic{qg bjm$

hw{cdiu

.hi{bc mjm jm }gbjcmgqcjm*

I

M M

MMN

N N

N

IN IN

IN

pj{cdiu

.hi{bc mjm jm }gbjcmgqcjm*

I

M M

MM

M

N

MN;IN

N

N N

N

IN IN

INNI

IN

MNNI

MN;

caing~iu.hi{bc nja{i~jmc{kidj jm*MN;IN .MNIN*1 M

IN

8


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d }qc{g m{j}qc`jd bidiucnc{jag`g cw i }q{wmqw{ mjm`jm,hi{bc pj{cdiujm hjjda ag bw`qg i{j bcj }qckj` agmq mgchw{cdiujm$ Ag bgdjidcq m h{wmqiuc d mibpwjj }j dcqw{c`j g}qgp{gugdq d hi{bc }c hw{cdiujm$

_gdq{w c dg`gfg xc{jgqcqgc nja{cjì{ ag mc{kid g}qg dgmg}c{ }`wb mwdiqjd ag hgdibgdw` juibg{jg$

3$=$ Juibg{jc mibpwjì{ i{fcdjmj]g dwbg}m juibg{j aiw }cw bcj bw`qg }wk}qcdg c m{i{

mibpiujjg g}qg jagdqjm .bi`gmw`g`g ì{ }dq c`mqwjqg ajd cmg`cjdwb{ j cmg`cj hg` ag cqibj*, ac{ mc{g cw p{ip{jgqj hjujmg j

mnjbjmg agi}gkjqg, mc w{bc{g c agi}gkj{jì{ }q{wmqw{c`g$Dw g f{gw ag xuwq m hi{bw`gj bi`gmw`c{g M;N8I j mi{g}pwda}q{wmqw{j`g c aij mibpwj ajhg{jj5

cmii gqj jm .p$ h$ ,6>iM*

MN= MN; INajbgqj "gqg{ .p$ h$ ";7

iM*

MN= I MN=

Agic{gmg cbkjj mibpwj cw cmggcj mibpiujjg, ac{ p{gujdqp{ip{jgqj hjujmg j mnjbjmg ajhg{jqg, gj }dq juibg{j$ Mw m{gqg{gcdwb{w`wj ag cqibj ajd bi`gmw`g m{gqg j dwb{w` ag juibg{jpi}jkj`j$

G~j}q bcj bw`qg qjpw{j ag juibg{jg$ Mc i p{jb m`c}jhjmc{g }gbgdjidgcu5 juibg{jc ag }q{wmqw{ j juibg{jc }pcjc`$

3$=$3$ Juibg{jc ag }q{wmqw{

@c juibg{jc ag }q{wmqw{, juibg{jj }g agi}gkg}m d mggc mgp{jxgqg }q{wmqw{c ì{, bcj g~cmq }q{wmqw{c ì{ p{jxjq d p`cd$ ]g piqagi}gkj bcj bw`qg qjpw{j ag c}gbgdgc juibg{jg5

Juibg{jc ag mcqgd g}qg cmggc d mc{g juibg{jj ajhg{ p{jdbiaw` ag `gfc{g c` cqibjì{ mg hi{bgcu }q{wmqw{c g}gdjc` c}wk}qcdgj$ Cmg}q qjp ag juibg{jg picqg hj j`w}q{cq p{jd g~gbp`w`5pgdqcd, juipgdqcd, dgipgdqcd, qij cxda hi{bw` k{wq M7N3; 5

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pgdqcd

MN= MN; MN; MN; MN=

juipgdqcd

MN= MN MN; MN=MN=

dgipgdqcd

MN= M MN=

MN=

MN=

Juibg{jj ag mcqgd }g agi}gkg}m {g`cqjx pwjd dq{g gj d mggc mgp{jxgqg p{ip{jgqj`g hjujmg j mnjbjmg$

Juibg{jc ag piujjg g}qg hi{bc ag juibg{jg ag }q{wmqw{ d mc{gjuibg{jj }g agi}gkg}m p{jd piujjc imwpcq ag `gfqw{c bw`qjp` }cwag wd }wk}qjqwgdq, i{j p{jd piujjj`g {g`cqjxg c aij }cw bcj bw`j}wk}qjqwgdj$ Mc g~gbp`w }g c{cq juibg{jc dq{g 3 kwqgd j

;kwqgd5

MN; MN MN; MN=kwqgd3

MN MN=MNMN=kwqgd;

}cw dq{g mì{w{j`g ag p{ipj` j juip{ipj`5

m i{w{ ag p{ipj` m i{w{ ag juip{ipj`

MN= M`MN; MN;

MN=

M`

MN=

MN

}cw juibg{jc dq{g i{qi, bgqc,pc{cajbgqj`kgdugd5

MN=

MN=i{qi ajbgqj`kgdugd

MN=

MN=bgqc ajbgqj`kgdugd

MN=N=M

pc{c ajbgqj`kgdugd

d mcuw` juibg{jì{ ag piujjg, p{ip{jgqj`g ì{ mnjbjmg }gagi}gkg}m bcj bw`q agmq d mcuw` juibg{jì{ ag mcqgd$

Juibg{jc ag hwdmjwdg g}qg hi{bc ag juibg{jg ag }q{wmqw{d mc{g juibg{jj cw hwdmjwdj mnjbjmg ajhg{jqg$ Mc g~gbp`w }g c{cqjuibg{jc dq{g c`mii`w` c`j`jm, p{ipcdc` j cmgqid, M=N8I5

MN; MN MN; INcmii c j jm

MN= MN; MIN

p{ipcdc cmgqid

MN=MN= MI

>


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3$=$; Juibg{jc }pcjc` .}qg{gijuibg{jc*

Hi{bw`g`g m`c}jmg ag }q{wmqw{ c{cq biaw` d mc{g }dq `gfcjcqibjj dq{"i bi`gmw`, ac{ dw acw djmj i jdajmcjg c}wp{c cgu{jj

{g`cqjxg c cqibjì{ d }pcjw, cajm c}wp{c midhjfw{cjgj bi`gmw`gì{$]qg{gimnjbjc mibp`gqgcu mwdiqjdg`g ag}p{g }q{wmqw{cmibkjdcjjì{ i{fcdjmg p{jd hcpqw` m jdajm g`gbgdqg`g fgibgq{jmg{g`cqjxg `c bi`gmw`, hi{bc, }jbgq{jc j ajbgd}jwdj`g gj< gc g~p`jmg~j}qgdc juibg{jgj }pcjc`g }cw c }qg{gijuibg{jgj$

Juibg{jc }pcjc` g}qg i hi{b ag juibg{jg `c mc{g aiw}wk}qcdg cxda cmggcj mibpiujjg j }q{wmqw{, ajhg{ p{jd piujjj`g{g`cqjxg d }pcjw c`g wdi{ cqibj mid}qjqwgdj .}cw f{wpg mid}qjqwgdqg*

ajd bi`gmw`$ Juibg{jc }pcjc` g}qg ag aiw qjpw{j5 juibg{jcfgibgq{jm j juibg{jc ipqjm$

3$=$;$3$ Juibg{jc fgibgq{jm .mj}"q{cd}*

Mda d bi`gmw`c wdgj mibkjdcjj mnjbjmg aij cqibj ag mc{kid}dq wdjj p{jdq{"i `gfqw{ awk`, }j}qgbw` agxjdg pc{jc` {jfja, mggcmg c{g a{gpq w{bc{g bpjgajmc{gc {iqcjgj `jkg{g$ C}qhg`, pgdq{w aij}wk}qjqwgdj `c cqibjj ag mc{kid mw awk` `gfqw{, agxjd pi}jkj`gaiw piujjj " mda gj }g xi{ ch`c ag cmggcj pc{qg c p`cdw`wj `gfqw{jjawk`g " agmj `c aj}qcd bjdjb wdw` ag c`qw` .juibg{w` mj}"* }cwmda }g xi{ ch`c d p{j ipw}g " `c aj}qcd bc~jb .juibg{w`q{cd}"*$

Wd g~gbp`w ag }wk}qcd mc{g c{g aij juibg{j, wdw` mj}" jc`qw` q{cd}", g}qg 3,;"ajmì{igqj`gdc, MNM`2 MNM`5

M

M

N

N

M`

M`

juibg{ mj}

M

M

N

N

M`

M`

juibg{ q{cd}

Cmg}q hg` ag }qg{gijuibg{jg g}qg agdwbjq juibg{jgfgibgq{jm }cw juibg{jg mj}"q{cd}.Kcgzg{, 3>>>*$

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3$=$;$;$ Juibg{jc ag midhi{bcjg

Juibg{jc ag midhi{bcjg g}qg wd qjp ag }qg{gijuibg{jg mc{gcpc{g d mcuw{j`g mibkjdcjjì{ i{fcdjmg j mc{g p{gujdq cmggcj

midhjfw{cjg, ac{ }g ajhg{gdjcu p{jd piujjc }wk}qjqwgdjì{ d ew{w`wdi{ `gfqw{j $ Juibg{jj }g dwbg}m midhi{bg{j }cw {iqcbg{j$_{jd midhi{bg{j }g dg`gf ajhg{jqg`g piujjj }pcjc`g c`g cqibjì{dq{"i bi`gmw` i{fcdjm mc{g, p{jd {iqcjg d ew{w` wdgj }jbp`g`gfqw{j, piq hj q{gmwqg wdc d ìmw` c`qgjc$ Acqi{jq hcpqw`wj mwdfnjw` ag {iqcjg .qi{}jwdg*, mg` pwjd qgi{gqjm, picqg cxgc i{jmgxcìc{g mwp{jd} dq{g ? j =8?, pgdq{w bi`gmw`c acq, g~j}q wddwb{ p{cmqjm dg`jbjqcq ag midhi{bg{j$ Gdg{fjc jdqg{d c cmg}qi{c

g}qg d} ajhg{jq, agic{gmg midhi{bg{jj }g agi}gkg}m p{jd aj}qcdg`gjdqg{cqibjmg j wdfnjw{j`g ag qi{}jwdg$ d hwdmjg ag cmg}qg wdfnjw{j,midhi{bg{jj piq hj m`c}jhjmcj d aiw mcqgfi{jj bc{j5 midhi{bg{jjdqg{mc`cj j gm`jp}cj$ Midhi{bg{jj gm`jp}cj cw wdfnjw{j ag qi{}jwdgag ?, 3;? }cw ;1? j cw qij }wk}qjqwgdjj cqibjì{ ag mc{kid mw}jbp` `gfqw{ `c aj}qcd bjdjb {gmjp{im$ Mc g~gbp`g piq }g{xjmidhi{bcjj`g gm`jp}cqg c 3,;"ajk{ibi"3,;"ajmì{igqcdw`wj .hjf$ 3$3*5

Hjf$ 3$3$ Midhi{bcjj gm jp}cqg$

M` hi{bwcpg{}pgmqjxjm

hi{bwc

Dgvbcd

N

N

K{

K{

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K{K{

M`M` N

N

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}i`wjj c`mc`jdg midmgdq{cqg }mnjbk hi{bc {}wmjq c cmg}qi{cagxgdjda cp{icpg a{gpqg$ d cmg}q mcu `wbgdw` mc{cmqg{j}qjmaj}pc{g mibp`gq$ d w{bc wdwj c}qhg` ag q{cqcbgdq hjk{c agkwbkcm }g }mw{qgcu, jc{ ajcbgq{w` }g b{gqg mi{g}pwduqi{$ Gcmcpq d cmg`cj qjbp wd `wmjw bq}i} acqi{jq {gh`g~jgj bcjpwqg{djmg c `wbjdjj pg }wp{chcc cmg}qgjc$

Cmg}qg biajhjm{j c`g hjk{gj ag kwbkcm }wk cmjwdgc}i`wjjì{ ag nja{i~ja ag }iajw cxda midmgdq{cjj mwp{jd}g dq{g

3>";7 ' cw hi}q {gc`jucqg pgdq{w p{jbc acq d cdw` 3>11 ag mq{gmg{mgqqi{w` gdf`gu Bg{mg{$ _{imgagw` ag q{cqc{g c g}qw{jì{ agkwbkcm j c c`qi{ bcqg{jc`g mg`wìujmg mw }i`wjj midmgdq{cqgc`mc`jdg }g dwbgqg bg{mg{juc{g$

@c qgbpg{cqw{j j p{g}jwdj {jajmcqg d}, c`mc`jj`g cw icmjwdg dw dwbcj ag }i`wkj`juc{g c}wp{c mg`wìugj, mj j agag}mibpwdg{g c cmg}qgjc$ C}qhg`, p{jd dmùj{gc mg`wìugj mw i}i`wjg ag nja{i~ja ag }iajw ag ;? ' pd `c qgbpg{cqw{c ag;7?IM, cmgc}qc }g ag}mibpwdg bcj dqj d A"f`wmiu, mc{g cpij}g q{cd}hi{b dq{"wd cbg}qgm ag cmjuj hi{bjm, cmgqjm j `cmqjm$Cmjwdj c}gbdqic{g, bcj bw`q }cw bcj pwjd jdqgd}g c}wp{cmg`wìugj cw j c`j nja{i~juj, mwb c{ hj5 @jIN, LIN, Mc.IN*;,gqm$

Agj p{img}w` ag q{cqc{g c mg`wìugj mw nja{i~juj jp{iaw}g`g ikjdwqg }dq }qwajcqg bcj kjdg ag 31? cdj, qiqwj d

p{gugdq mibpiujjj`g j }q{wmqw{j`g ì{ dw }dq pg agp`jd g`wmjacqg$

>=


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=$;$ _{ip{jgqj mnjbjmg

[gcmjj`g mnjbjmg c`g mg`w`iugj }g piq m`c}jhjmc midhi{bw{bqic{g`i{ aiw m{jqg{jj ag kcu5

" awp dcqw{c bgajw`wj d mc{g }g ag}hic{1


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" {gcmjj ag }wk}qjqwjg$

=$;$3$ [gcmjj ag c}imjg{g

Cmg}qg {gcmjj }g ag}hic{ mw hi{bc{gc wdi{ mibpwj}pgmjhjmj ag cajjg c mg`wìugj$ Agj d }q{wmqw{c mcqgdgì{bcm{ibi`gmw`c{g ag mg`wìu dw }g f}g}m `gfqw{j awk`g }cwq{jp`g, mg`wìuc picqg ac qiqwj i }g{jg ag {gcmjj mnjbjmg ag cajjgc wdi{ cmjuj bjdg{c`j$ Cmg}q qjp ag q{cd}hi{b{j c hi}q mc{cmqg{jucqag_hgjhhg{$ G`g }g ag}hic{ p{jd cdcìfjg mw {gcmjc ag c}imjg{gc wdi{ cmjuj bjdg{c`j `c c`mii`w` gqj`jm j, {g}pgmqjx, `c cp$ C}qhgàg {gcmjj mnjbjmg c{ pwqgc hj mid}jag{cqg bcj mw{da djqg

c}imjcjj bi`gmw`c{g ag qjpw`5 M;N7INNM` }cw N;INM`$Hi{bw`g ag cmg}q qjp cw hi}q cq{jkwjqg }p{g g~gbp`w wdi{ mibpwjag cajjg cj cmjujì{ bjdg{c`j `c mg`wìu, mwb c{ hj5.M8N3?I7NM`*d< .M8N3?I7NDI=*d< .;M8N3?I7NMÌ1*d6


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.M8N3?I7*d,N;I

NM`M8N3;I8d

mgwiu A"f`wmiu

d }mngbc mg w{bgcu }g mibpc{ p{iaw}g`g jdqg{bgajc{g ag

{gcmjg ikjdwqg p{jd nja{i`juc mgì{ aiw pi`jucnc{jag jbpi{qcdqgp{gugdqg d {gfdw` xgfgqc`, {g}pgmqjx5 mg`wìuc j cbjaidw`5Mgwiu Mgiag~q{jdg I jfiucnc{jag .}g{jc* Mgikjiu

Cbjaid Ag~q{jdg I jfiucnc{jag .}g{jc* BcqiuA"fwmiu

[gcmjc ag nja{i`ju c mg`wìugj picqg cxgc ìm p{cmqjm }wkcmjwdgc cmjujì{ bjdg{c`j .NM`, N;]I1, NDI=, N=_I1* j .}cw*i{fcdjmj .NMIIN, MN=MIIN* aj`wcj }cw midmgdq{cj, ac{ dwbcj dp{gugdc cpgj, `c qgbpg{cqw{j dc`qg j .}cw* }wk cmjwdgc wdi{ gdujbg}pgmjhjmg$

]qwajjda p{img}w` ag nja{i`ju cmja c mg`wìugj d hwdmjg agqjbp, X$J$c{mix j mi`cki{cqi{jj c{cq m xjqguc cmg}qgj {gcmjj,mc{cmqg{jucq p{jd }mag{gc f{caw`wj ag pi`jbg{juc{g, m{gqg {cpja `cdmgpwq awp mc{g gc }mcag k{w}m$ Cmgc}q mid}qcqc{g c aw} `cmidm`wujc m i cdwbjq h{cmjwdg ajd mg`wìu }g nja{i`jugcu hic{qg

wi{, jc{ i c`q h{cmjwdg }g nja{i`jugcu bw`q bcj f{gw$ Wd c}gbgdgcbia ag mibpi{qc{g c mg`wìugj }g g~p`jm p{jd hcpqw` m mg`wìuc g}qgi }wk}qcd gqg{ifgd, cajm gc g}qg hi{bcq ajd mcqgdgbcm{ibi`gmw`c{g mc{g }g agi}gkg}m dq{g g`g awp f{caw` ag pi`jbg{juc{g$ Xjqgug`g ag nja{i`ju ajhg{jqg c`g mg`wìugj cw ìmacqi{jq }qckj`jqjj `gfqw{jì{ M3"M1 "f`jmiujajmg, p{gmwb jhcpqw`wj m cmgc}qc midjdg cqq {gfjwdj m{j}qc`jdg mq j cbi{hg$ d{gfjwdj`g cbi{hg cfgdqw` ag nja{i`ju ajhwugcu bw`q bcj {gpgag

agmq d mg`g m{j}qc`jdg j mc w{bc{g {gcmjc ag nja{i`ju c{g ìm `cdmgpwq mw xjqgu bc{g$ d {gfjwdj`g m{j}qc`jdg d} ajhwujc cfgdqw`wjag nja{i`ju g}qg bw`q bcj bjm$

=$;$=$ [gcmjj ag i~jac{g

d qicqg p{img}g`g ag p{iawmjg kcucqg pg p{g`wm{c{gc mg`wìugj}cw c bcqg{jc`gì{ xgfgqc`g mg`wìujmg, cmgc}qc g}qg }wpw} bcj bw`q>>


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}cw bcj pwjd wdwj p{img} ag i~jac{g }wk cmjwdgc ajhg{jjì{ cfgdjmnjbjmj$ G`g mid}qcw p{cmqjm d i~jac{gc wdi{ f{wpg hwdmjidc`g`jkg{g g~j}qgdqg ag"c `wdfw` mcqgdgì{ bcm{ibi`gmw`c{g ag mg`wìu$_{iaw}g`g ikjdwqg p{jd cmjwdgc ajxg{jì{ cfgdj i~jacdj c}wp{cmg`wìugj }g dwbg}m i~jmg`wìug$ Qg{bgdw` ag i~jmg`wìu g}qg idijwdg qgndjm, cq{jkwjq wdi{ mibkjdcjj mibp`g~g j dgibifgdg,hi{bcqg ajdq{"wd cbg}qgm ag mg`wìu dgbiajhjmcq j ajhg{jqg`g gjp{iaw}g ag i~jac{g j agf{cac{g$

_{img}w` ag i~jac{g c mg`wìugj {gp{gujdq i {gcmjg d mc{g piq pc{qjmjpc p{cmqjm qicqg f{wpg`g hwdmjidc`g c`g cmg}qgjc5 f{wpg`gnja{i~j` c`mii`jmg p{jbc{g, }gmwdac{g, f{wpg`g ag qjp càgnja

{gawmqic{g ajd wdjqj`g g`gbgdqc{g ag cdnja{i" "A"f`wmipj{cdiuch`cqg `c mcpgqg`g mcqgdgì{ bcm{ibi`gmw`c{g, p{gmwb j pwdj`g agi~jfgd$

d hwdmjg ag dcqw{c cfgdqw`wj i~jacdq, }g picqg {gc`juc wdp{img} ag i~jac{g }g`gmqjx c mg`wìugj$ Ajdq{g cfgdjj ag i~jac{g}g`gmqjx, mgj bcj wqj`jucj }dq5

" aji~jaw` ag cuiq, DI;$ G` g}qg mcpckj` } i~jagug f{wpg`gc`mii`jmg p{jbc{g ag `c cqibw` ag M8 aj{gmq `c f{wpg mc{ki~j` ."

MIIN*, {guw`qda c}qhg` wd p{iaw} agdwbjq bidimc{ki~jmg`wìu


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Hjk{g`g ag qjp xj}miu j mgìhcdw` midjd bcm{ibi`gmw`g agmg`wìu {gfgdg{cq mw i bc{g xc{jgqcqg ag bc}g bi`gmw`c{g dmibpc{cjg mw mg`g ajd mg`wìuc jdjjc` acqi{jq agf{ca{jj `c q{cqc{gcmw DcIN$

Ajdq{g g}qg{jj ag dcqw{ i{fcdjm mgj bcj jbpi{qcdj }dq5hi{bjcjj, cmgqcjj, p{ipjidcjj j kwqj{cjj ag mg`wìu$

Hi{bjcqjj ag mg`wìu$ Gj }g piq ikjdg p{jd cmjwdgccmjaw`wj hi{bjm midmgdq{cq c}wp{c mg`wìugj, d p{gugdcmcqc`jucqi{jì{ .N;]I1, N=_I1, UdM`;*, `c qgbpg{cqw{j {jajmcqg,midhi{b gmwcjgj5

mg`wìubidihi{bjcq ag mg`wìu

M8N6I;.IN*=d , M8N6I;.IN*;I"M d

N;]I1

UdM`;

,dN;IdN"M

I

IN N

I

Hi{bjcqw` ag mg`wìu }g p{gujdq }wk hi{bc wdgj pw`kg{j c`kg,}i`wkj` dwbcj d cmja hi}hi{jm midmgdq{cq, pj{jajd j cmja cmgqjm7?'$ G` g}qg wqj`jucq pgdq{w ikjdg{gc hj`bgì{ jbpg{bgckj`g$

Cmgqcjj ag mg`wìu$ ]g piq ikjdg ajd mg`wìu p{jdw{bqic{g`g {gcmjj5

c$ Q{cqc{gc mg`wìugj mw cdnja{ja cmgqjm d p{gugdc ag N;]I1j UdM`; a{gpq mcqc`jucqi{j5

mg`wìuM8N6I;.IN*=d

,N;]I1

UdM`;=d.MN=MI*;I

,M8N6I;.IMIMN=*=d =dMN=MIIN

q{jcmgqcq ag mg`wìu

k$ Q{cqc{gc mg`wìugj mw mì{w{ ag cmgqj` d p{gugdc ag N;]I1j UdM`; a{gpq mcqc`jucqi{j5

mg`wìuM8N6I;.IN*=d

, =dMN=MIM`N;]I1

UdM`; q{jcmgqcq ag mg`wìu

M8N6I;.IMIMN=*=d ,=dNM`

d bcei{jqcqgc mcuw{jì{, {gcmjj`g ag cmgqj`c{g }g ag}x{g}mp{jd jdq{iawmg{gc mgì{ q{gj f{wpg cmgqj` d hjgmc{g wdjqcqg g`gbgdqc{ag cdnja{i" "A"f`wmipj{cdiu, {guw`qda c}qhg` q{jcmgqcqw` ag

mg`wìu, agdwbjq d qgndjm j cmgqcq p{jbc{$ Cxda i }i`wkj`jqcqg

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{gaw} d }i`xgdj ikjdwjj, cmg}qc }g dq{gkwjdgcu bcj pwjd d p{cmqjm$ Bw`q bcj hiì}jq g}qg ajcmgqcqw` ag mg`wìu, agdwbjqcmgqcq }gmwdac{ }cw mg`jq$ Cmg}qc }g wqj`jugcu `c hck{jmc{gc bqc}gjc{qjhjmjc`g, c bc}gj p`c}qjmg qjp mgìd j c hj`bgì{ g`gmq{ijui`cdqg gqm$Cmgqcjj ag mg`wìu p{gujdq cxcdqcew` wdgj }qckj`jqj {jajmcqg `c`wbjd$ Gj }dq f{gw jdh`cbckj`j j bcj pwjd g~pìujkj`j mibpc{cqjxmw djq{cjj ag mg`wìu, cxda d fgdg{c` wd p{g ag mi}q bcj {gaw}$

=$;$8$ [gcmjj ag gqg{jhjmc{g

Gqg{jj mg`wìugj }g ikjd ag {gfw` p{jd cmjwdgc ncìfgdw{jì{ag c`mnj` j, {g}pgmqjx, c }w`hcjì{ ag c`mnj` c}wp{c mg`wìugj }cw

c`mc`jmg`wìugj, d p{gugdc ag c`mc`jj, `c qgbpg{cqw{j mwp{jd}g dq{g >? 37?iM$ Gqg{jj mg`wìugj }dq }qckj`j `c màw{ j h{jf$ Gj }dq }i`wkj`jd }i`xgdj i{fcdjmj ikjdwjj, jc{ wdjj }dq }i`wkj`j mnjc{ d cp$Ajdq{g gqg{jj mg`wìugj mgj bcj jbpi{qcdj }dq5 bgqj`mg`wìuc jgqj`mg`wìuc$

Bgqj`mg`wìuc, diqcq p{g}mw{qcq BM, }g ikjdg p{jd q{cqc{gcc`mc`jmg`wìugj }cw c mg`wìugj mw mì{w{ ag bgqj` d bgajw c`mc`jd,midhi{b gmwcjgj5

mgwiuM8N6I;.IN*=d

, =dMN=M` , =dDcIN

=dN;I,=dDcM`

q{jbgqjmgwiuM8N6I;.IMN=*=d

,

Acq hjjda }i`wkj`jqcqgc d cp {gmg j c`mc`jj aj`wcqg, q{jbgqj`mg`wìucg}qg wqj`jucq mc }wk}qcd ag dm`gjg{g d jdaw}q{jc qg~qj`, d hi{cew`pgq{i`jg{, d mi}bgqjm j jdaw}q{jc c`jbgdqc{$

Gqj`mg`wìuc, diqcq p{g}mw{qcq GM, }g ikjdg p{jd cmjwdgcmì{w{jj ag gqj` }cw c }w`hcqw`wj ag gqj` c}wp{c mg`wìugj d bgajw kcujm}cw c c`mc`jmg`wìugj, midhi{b gmwcjgj5

mgwiuM8N6I;.IN*=d

, =d.M;N7*;]I1 , 8dDcIN

=dN;I,=dDc;]I1q{jgqjmgwiu

,M8N6I;.IM;N7*=d

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