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CELII DIN TRANSILVANIA I COMUNITILEINDIGENE NORD-BALCANICE.*SCHIMBURI CULTURALE I MOBILITATE INDIVIDUAL

Aurel Rustoiu

Cuvinte cheie: celi, comuniti indigene, mobilitate individual, schimburi culturaleKeywords: celts, indigenous communities, individual mobility, cultural exchanges

Latnizarea zonei de rsrit a bazinului carpatic a fost rezultatul unei colonizripetrecute la nceputul celei de a doua vrste a fierului. Primele grupuri celtice au naintat dinTransdanubia spre rsrit n partea nordic a marii cmpii maghiare, pn n zona Tisei superioare. De acolo s-au ndreptat spre sud de-a lungul Carpailor apuseni, ulteriorptrunznd i n Transilvania. Aceast naintare este documentat de o serie de necropoleealonate de-a lungul rutei menionate (fig. 1). Unele dintre acestea i ncep existena la sfritul LT B1 i nceputul subfazei LT B2. Alte necropole evolueaz numai din LT B2, ceeace sugereaz faptul c naintarea s-a fcut lent, n etape diferite, pe parcursul celei de a douajumti a sec. IV a. Chr. i pn la nceputul veacului urmtor. Interaciunea dintre grupurileceltice i comunitile locale ntlnite n zonele colonizate poate fi surprins i arheologic.Modul de manifestare al acestor interaciuni este ns diferit de la o zon la alta, datoritcaracterului cultural mixt al acestor comuniti. Spre exemplu, n necropola de la Muhi Kocsmadomb, n Ungaria, s-a constatat faptul c celii i populaia scitic ntlnit nregiunearespectivdectrenoiiveniiaufostnmormntainaceeaiarie,elementelederiti

1ritual funerar conservndu-se pentru fiecare grup n parte . La Picolt, n nord-vestulRomniei, au fost depistate morminte de incineraie care pstreaz caracteristicile funerare

2anterioare venirii celilor (ex.morminteleM 198, M 203 . Pentru orizontul de nmormntri3pre-celtic, vezi necropola de la Sanislu ). n schimb la Fntnele, n Transilvania, dei 80 la

sut dintre mormintele datate n LT B2 conin n inventare ceramic local, elementele de riti ritual funerar sunt caracteristice grupului celtic, fapt care indic o integrare rapid aautohtonilor. Dar, n ciuda acestor diferene regionale, aspectul general al necropolelor dinaria estic a bazinului carpatic este diferit fa de manifestrile funerare ale populaiilor din

*

NOT:Acestarticol a fost realizat n cadrul grantului CNCSIS nr. 1256/20072008.1HELLEBRANDT1999,233236,fig.192.2NMETI1989,62.3NMETI1982.

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS,XVIII, 2008, p. 2544

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regiunea nord-balcanic. Acest fapt permite, n anumite cazuri concrete, identificarea unorinteraciunintreacestegrupuridepopulaie.

Curnd dup ptrunderea celilor n zona rsritean a bazinului Carpatic, n arianord-balcanic au aprut o serie de artefacte de factur LT. Este vorba n special de piese

metalice (fibule, brri etc.), mai rar vase ceramice, descoperite n mediul local. n anii 70,4 5Z. Woniak i V. Zirra , atrgnd atenia asupra acestor piese ori complexe arheologice dinmediul tracic, datate n LT B2-C1, considerau c ele constituie expresia unor contactesporadice ntre cele dou grupuri de populaie (poate ca urmare a unor legturi comerciale,poate vehiculate cu ocazia unor raiduri sau a invaziilor de la nceputul sec. III a. Chr.).Descoperirile ulterioare din zona nord-balcanic nu au modificat fundamental aspectulgeneral al dispersrii artefactelor de tip LT n mediul local tracic. Cu excepia materialelormetalice i ceramice descoperite n unele regiuni din estul Bulgariei actuale, care ar putea fi

6puse n conexiune cu Regatul de la Tylis , artefactele i complexele LT B2-C1 au rmas puin

numeroasecomparativcuceledinzonelepopulatedegrupurilecelticedinbazinulcarpatic.n acelai timp, o serie de piese sudice au fost descoperite n mediul LT dinTransilvania i Banat. Printre acestea se numr fibule de tip tracic descoperite izolat n

7complexe celtice . O astfel de fibul a fost gsit ntr-un mormnt de inhumaie aparinndunei femei din necropola de la Fntnele (fig. 2). Inventarul funerar cuprinde o bogatgarnitur de podoabe, un cuit de fier cu lama curb (fig. 2/30) i dou vase ceramice (uncastron tronconic i o can, ambele lucrate cu mna fig. 2/3132). Podoabele suntreprezentate de trei brri de bronz (dou pereche i a treia de alt tip fig. 2/2729), douinele, unul de argint (fig. 2/24) i unul de bronz (fig. 2/20), doi cercei din bronz (fig.

2/1819), ase fibule de fier aflate ntr-o stare de conservare foarte proast, care nu au maiputut fi reconstituite (foarte probabil ele formau trei perechi), o fibul de bronz de tip Pauken(fig. 2/25) i o fibul tracic (fig. 2/26), de asemenea de bronz. n sfrit, garnitura depodoabe a defunctei a fost completat de un colier format din cinci mrgele din caolin (fig. 2/1), dou mrgele de sticl de culoare verde deschis (fig. 2/1011), patru mrgele de sticl,de forme i dimensiuni diferite, de culoare albastr (fig. 2/6, 12, 1415), apte mrgele realizatedinsrmsautabldebronz(fig.2/25,79),unpandantivdebronz(fig.2/17),omrgicnform de amfor din past de sticl de culoare glbuie-translucid (fig. 2/13) i o mrgic dinchihlimbar (fig. 2/16). Dou verigi simple de bronz (fig. 2/2122) i una de fier (fig. 2/23) au

putut face parte din acelai colier, dac nu cumva este vorba de accesorii vestimentare de altnatur. Garnitura de podoabe la care m-am referit este caracteristic mediului LT, nansamblul ei fiind incluse elemente ornamentale sudice: fibula tracic i mrgica n formde amfor. Conform schemei tipologice a fibulelor tracice, realizat de V. V. Zirra (care

8ncadreaz ns greit fibula de la Fntnele n subvarianta Ic) , exemplarul n discuie aparinesubvariantei IIIb, datat n prima jumtate a sec. III a. Chr. Restul podoabelor cu care seasociaz permite o restrngere a datrii mormntului spre nceputul sec. III a. Chr. n ceea ce

4WONIAK1974,7074,fig.6;1976,389,fig.3.5ZIRRA1971,223226,fig.23;1976,175177,fig.1.6VeziANASSTASOV2006;LAZAROV2006.7ZIRRA19961998,34,4244,fig.78.8ZIRRA19961998,38.

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privetemrgica n form de amfor, piese similare au fost importate n bazinul carpatic din9aria mediteraneean n a doua jumtate a sec. IV i la nceputul sec. III a. Chr. Exemplarul de

la Fntnele a ajuns probabil n Transilvania prin intermediul comunitilor indigene de lasud de Carpai, unde astfel de mrgele s-au bucurat de popularitate (vezi, de exemplu, o pies

10

dinnecropolade la Zimnicea ).Toate aceste artefacte ilustreaz existena unor contacte ntre grupurile LT din ariaintra-carpatic i comunitile din zona nord-balcanic. Aceste legturi nu au constituit doarrezultatul unor simple schimburi comerciale, mecanismele prin care artefactele au fost

11vehiculate dintr-o regiune n alta fiind mult mai complexe i diverse . Relaiile comercialesusinute reflect, de obicei, orientarea unor interese economice spre anumite spaii geo-culturale. Schimburile de aceast natur sunt vizibile uneori arheologic prin concentrareaunor produse caracteristice n zonele de desfacere ale mrfurilor. n multe cazuri ns, pieseleimportate se gsesc izolat n medii culturale strine, fapt care sugereaz c nu a fost vorba de un

comer sistematic i susinut. Un rol important n difuzarea unor artefacte specifice pe ariilargi l-a avutmobilitatea individual.Schimburile de daruri ntre efii politici i militari ai unor comuniti diferite

constituie una dinmodalitile prin care o serie de artefacte au putut fi vehiculate dintr-o ariecultural n alta. Este posibil ca celebrul torques de aur de la Gorni Tsibar din Bulgaria sconstituie expresia unui astfel de schimb realizat n urma unor negocieri politice ntre un grup

12de celi i un lider al tribalilor din nord-vestul Bulgariei de astzi .O zbal de fier descoperitn aria necropolei LT de la Ciumeti, n nord-vestul Romniei, datat dup al doilea sfert al

13sec.IIIa. Chr. , ar putea sugera acelai gen de relaii diplomatice ntre comuniti din bazinulcarpatic i grupuri nord-balcanice. Astfel de piese sunt documentate n mediul tracic de pe

14teritoriul actual al Bulgariei, datate n sec. VIV a. Chr. . Dou exemplare descoperite n15Oltenia , foarte apropiate morfologic de piesa de la Ciumeti, sunt mai trzii i indic faptul

c astfel de piese de harnaament au fost utilizate o perioad ndelungat de timp. Adeseanegocierile i tratativele diplomatice se ncheiau prin schimburi de daruri, printre acesteanumrndu-se frecvent cai cu ntregul lor harnaament. Titus Livius (XLIII, 5) relateazfaptul c o solie celtic la Roma a primit n dar, printre altele, doi cai mpodobii cu phalere,mpreun cu slujitorii lor (alte exemple la Xenophon,Anabasis, I, 2; Tacitus, Germania, XV,2). De aceea, nu ar fi exclus ca piesa de la Ciumeti s ilustreze perfectarea unor nelegeri ntreocomunitatecelticialtatracic.

Un rol important, ca factor de mobilitate, l-au avut rzboinicii antrenai n campaniimilitare spre sud i mercenarii care au acionat n bazinul est-mediteraneean. Cunoscutulmormnt cu coif din necropola de la Ciumeti, datat n LT C1, a aparinut foarte probabilunui rzboinic celt angajat ca mercenar pe teatrele de operaiuni din sud. Mormntul

9POPOVI1997.10ALEXANDRESCU1980,fig.52/6.11 n legtur cu contactele dintre comuniti diferite i formele acestor contacte vezi VENCLOV 2002,

7274.12

THEODOSSIEV2005,8586.13BADER1984,8590;RUSTOIU2006a,4344,64,fig.2/7.14WERNER1988,3436.15WERNER1988,35,nr.116117.

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respectiv a fost descoperit ntmpltor, iar inventarul su a fost recuperat n mai multe etape(fig. 3). Acesta din urm era compus din dou vase ceramice, un lan de fier, o fibulfragmentar, un vrf de suli, o cma de zale, un coif de fier ornamentat pe calot cu o

16pasre de prad realizat n manier realist i dou cnemide din bronz . Cnemidele, realizate

ntr-un atelier grecesc, nu au fost simple obiecte de import. Realizarea lor presupunearespectarea dimensiunilor i caracteristicilor anatomice ale celor care le utilizau, iar acestedetalii nu puteau fi msurate dect de meterul care le confeciona. De aceea, este depresupus c rzboinicul de la Ciumeti a comandat i i s-au confecionat cnemidele ntr-unatelier grecesc din aria mediteraneean. Iar pentru ca acest lucru s fie posibil, este evident crzboiniculrespectivtrebuiasseafleacolo.

Dar rzboinicii nu au fost singurii responsabili ai vehiculrii unor artefacte n spaiimai ndeprtate fa de zona lor de origine. Recent, Betina Arnold a atras atenia asupramobilitii femeilor n societile epocii fierului, aceast mobilitate manifestndu-se ntr-o

serie de cazuri sub foma unor aliane matrimoniale ntre comuniti aflate uneori la distanemari unele de altele. Aceeai cercettoare era de prere c mobilitatea femeilor ca rezultat alcstoriilor poate fi uneori vizibil arheologic, printre altele, dac elementele generale decostum sunt diferite ntre comunitatea de origine i noul grup i dac subiecta i pstreaz

17caracteristicile de vestimentaie n noua ei patrie .Un exemplu concret al unei astfel de situaii este constituit de un mormnt descoperit

18n necropola de la Remetea Mare n Banat (fig. 4). Cimitirul respectiv a cunoscut o evoluiescurtpeparcursulLTB2ilanceputulLTC1.Princaracteristicilesalederitiritualfunerar,necropola de la Remetea Mare ilustreaz mixtura cultural care caracterizeaz necropolele

celtice din rsritul bazinului carpatic. Cu o singur excepie, mormintele sunt deincineraie i prezint inventare tipice LT. Excepia menionat se refer la un mormntfeminin de inhumaie, avnd n inventar o strachin lucrat cu mna (fig. 4/6), un vas micbitronconic executat la roat (fig. 4/7), o penset (?) de fier de care, n momentul descoperirii,mai erau nc prinse fragmente de estur de la mbrcmintea defunctei (fig. 4/5), o fibul de bronz de tip tracic (fig. 4/3) i un segment de centur cu astragale, reutilizat capandantiv(fig.4/4).

Att ritul funerar (unic n ansamblul necropolei), ct i inventarul, sugereaz faptul cdefuncta a aparinut unei alte comuniti dect aceea n care i-a gsit sfritul i a fost

nmormtat. Centurile cu astragale au cunoscut o evoluie ndelungat n nord-vestul19Peninsulei Balcanice, ncepnd din prima vrst a fierului . Fragmentul de centur de la20Remetea Mare aparine unui tip ntlnit n mediul scordisc: tipul Osijek . Astfel de piese au

fost descoperite n morminte datate n LT C, dar este posibil ca ele s fi fost utilizate deja dinLT B2. Elementul de centur de laRemeteaMare a fost folosit ca pandantiv. Reutilizarea unorpri de centur ntr-un mod similar a fost constatat i n alte cazuri. Astfel, ntr-un mormntde la Mahrevii, n Bosnia-Hertzegovina a fost descoperit un pandantiv realizat dintr-un

16VezipelargRUSTOIU2006acutoatbibliografiamaiveche.17ARNOLD2005.18MEDELEmss;RUSTOIU2006b,215216,fig.68.19 JOVANOVI1998.20BOI1982.

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21element provenit de la o centur emailat de tip ungar . n ceea ce privete fibula de tip22tracic, aceasta aparine variantei IIb i a fost datat n prima parte a sec. III a. Chr. Fibulele

aparinnd variantei menionate sunt rspndite n special n nord-vestul Bulgariei i sudulRomniei (la Zimnicea i Bzdna), dar i n sudul Banatului (Banatska Palanka) sau n zona

23

Porilor de Fier ale Dunrii . Recent, R. Vasi observa apariia unor fibule de tip tracic nzona vest-balcanic. Cercettorul srb remarca faptul c astfel de piese se concentreaz, printrealtele, n aria rsritean a spaiului scordisc i n zona Porilor de Fier unde unele piese au

24rmas n uz o perioad mai ndelungat . De altfel, nu este ntmpltor faptul c n aceeaiarieauaprutiexemplarehibride,adicpiesetracicemixatecufibuledetipLT.

Avnd n vedere elementele de costum, este de presupus c mormntul de la RemeteaMare a aparinut unei femei provenite dintr-o comunitate de la sud de Dunre situat ntr-ozon de contact ntre lumea tracic i cea scordisco-ilir unde se practica, cel puin parial,dac nu n totalitate, ritul inhumaiei. Ea a putut ajunge n comunitatea LT de la Remetea

Mare n urma unei aliane matrimoniale, stabilite cndva n prima jumtate a sec. III a. Chr.,ntreceliidinBanatiungrupsud-dunrean.Aceste schimburi matrimoniale s-au manifestat ns i n sens invers. Un complex

funerar de incineraie n groap, descoperit ntmpltor n 1977 la Teleti n Oltenia, pare s25sugereze acest lucru (fig. 5). Inventarul era compus dintr-o centur de bronz fragmentar,

dou fibule de bronz fragmentare (probabil pereche; una dintre ele distrus datorit treceriiprin foc), patru mrgele de sticl, fragmentele unei brri de sticl albastr (topit n urmaarderii pe rug), o zbal de fier, un cui n form de T i un altul fragmentar din care se maipstreaz doar partea superioar, foarte probabil elemente ale unui car ceremonial. ntregul

ansamblu care formeaz garnitura de podoabe i de costum sunt specificemediului LT n sub-faza C1 (a doua jumtate a sec. III a. Chr. i nceputul veacului urmtor). Centura de bronz26aparine tipului ungar i cunoate o rspndire cu predilecie n zona Dunriimijlocii (fig. 6).

Prin urmare, complexul funerar de la Teleti reprezint o descoperire izolat ntr-o regiuneocupat de gei n care importurile LT sunt puine. De aceea, prezena n acea zon a uneifemei celte purtnd un costum specific bogat ornamentat constituie, foarte probabil, urmareaunei aliane matrimoniale. Att centura, ct i elementele vestimentare n ansamblul lor,indic faptul c defuncta provine din mediul celtic, fie din cel de la Dunrea mijlocie, fie dinTransilvania,fiedinspaiulscordisc.

Prezena unor astfel de morminte n medii culturale strine ridic o serie de alte probleme de interpretare. Defunctele au fost nmormntate cu costumul specific i dupprescripiile de rit i ritual caracteristice zonei de origine. Conservarea elementelor depodoab i costum indic faptul c ele au avut un statut privilegiat n noile lor comuniti, iaroriginea lor nu a fost ascuns n spatele unor elemente vestimentare locale. De asemenea,

21TRUHELKA1912,21,fig.12;GUTIN1984,340,n.106.22ZIRRA19961998,41,fig.4/5undedesenulfibuleidelaRemeteaMarenuestecorect.23ZIRRA19961998,fig.10.24VASI2000.25VezipelargRUSTOIU20042005.26 Pentru acest tip de centuri vezi STANCSIK,VADAY 1971; JOVANOVI 1983;RUSTOIU 20042005,

5455, 6768, fig. 3 harta dedistribuie.


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pentru ca nmormntarea s se desfoare corect din punct de vedere ritual, era necesar cafemeile respective s fi fost nsoite de un numr de persoane (o suit) care au aplicat corectprescripiile tradiionale din vechea patrie. Prin urmare, o alian matrimonial implica, fiei numai temporar pe durata vieii femeii angajate n actul respectiv, mobilitatea unui numr

maimaredeindivizi.Mobilitatea individual a favorizat schimburile culturale dintre regiuni diferite,vizibile uneori prin rspndirea unor materiale arheologice. Dar n afar de aceste artefacteconcrete, mobilitatea indivizilor a asigurat i ceea ce Natalie Venclov definea ca schimb

27invizibil, adic vehicularea unor elemente de cunoatere, de comportament i de ideologie .Circulaia unor astfel de valori a fost posibil i datorit faptului c mobilitatea individual aconstituit, n general, apanajul unor elite. n ciuda absenei unor materiale arheologicenumeroase, este posibil ca legturile dintre comunitile Celticii orientale i lumea nord-balcanic s fi fost mai puternice dect par. n sfrit, astfel de contacte invizibile ar putea fi

rspunztoare de intermedierea unor influene est-mediteraneene i balcanice n cultura icivilizaiacelticdinbazinulcarpatic,precumiaaltoransensinvers.

Aurel RustoiuInstitutul de Arheologie i Istoria Artei

Cluj-Napoca, [email protected]

APPENDIX

1. LISTA NECROPOLELOR CARE I NCEP EXISTENA

N LT B1/B2 (X) I N LT B2(vezi fig. 1)UNGARIA

1. Aszd:HELLEBRANDT1999, 11.2. Bercel:HELLEBRANDT1999, 147.3. Csvr:HELLEBRANDT1999, 1521.4. Felsmra:KOTIGOROKO1995, fig. 15; SZAB 2006, 102, fig.3, nr. 30.5. Gyoma (X):MARZ1977, p. 61, fig. 3, 5.6. Hatvan-Boldog:PETRES, SZAB 1986.7. Hatvan-Bajpuszta (X):HELLEBRANDT1997, 69, fig. 1.8. Hort: HELLEBRANDT1999, 168.9. Kistokaj-Kltelkek (X):HELLEBRANDT1999, 199215.10. Kosd: SZAB, PETRES 1992, 9193, cat. Nr. 2737; SZAB 1995, 63, fig. 8.11. Ludas: SZAB,TANK2006.12. Magyarts:MARZ1977, 61, fig. 4/4.13. Muhi-Kocsmadomb (X):HELLEBRANDT 1999, 215236.14. Ngrdmarcal:HELLEBRANDT1999, 148149.15. Novajidrny-Srvr (X):HELLEBRANDT 1997, 7071, fig. 67.16. Penc:HELLEBRANDT 1999, 3135.17. Radostyn:HELLEBRANDT 1999, 239251.18. Rozvgy: SZAB 2006, 102, fig. 3, nr. 16.

27VENCLOV2002,7475.

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19. Szentes:MARZ1977, 62.20. Szreg:MARZ1977, 62.21. Tiszard: SZAB 2006, 102, fig. 3, nr. 15.22. Vc (X):HELLEBRANDT1999, 55102.

SLOVACIA

23. Cejkov: SZAB 2006, 102, fig.3, nr. 14.

ROMNIA

24. Arad-Ceala:CRIAN 1974, 3839.25. Arad-Gai (X): CRIAN 1974, 3940.26. AraduNou (X): CRIAN 1974, 4044.27. Archiud:DNIL 19731974, 479;VAIDA2006, 299300.

28. Cepari:VAIDA2006, 300 (cu bibliografia).29. CopaMic:ZIRRA1971,fig.3/12.30. Curtuiueni:CHIDIOAN,SIANU1982.31. Dezmir: CRIAN 1964, 91100.32. Diosig (X): NMETI 1988, 72, fig. 11/59.33. Dipa: HOREDT 19411944, 196200;VAIDA2006, 300301, fig. 5.34. FntneleDealuPopii: INEDIT.35. Fntnele La Ga: VAIDA 2006, 302, fig. 1012.36. Media (X?):NESTOR 19371940, 16216337. Pecica (X): CRIAN 1974, 4448; ZIRRA1971, fig. 1/1, 2/1.

38. Peelca: CRIAN 1973b, 5152.39. Picolt (X): NMETI 1988; 1989; 1992; 1993.40. Pruni:CRIAN,RUSTOIU, PALK1995.41. RemeteaMare:RUSTOIU 2006b, 215216, fig. 68.42. Sanislu: ZIRRA 1972;NMETI 1975, 245248.43. Scuieni:NMETI 1989, 113.44. Slacea: NMETI 1989, 113.45. eicaMic:CRIAN 1973b, 5254.46. Trian:CHIDIOAN, IGNAT1972.47. Toarcla:HOREDT 19411944, 189194.

48. Turda (X): CRIAN 1973a,4647;RUSTOIU 2005a,58, fig. 3.49. Vurpr: HOREDT 19411944, 189; FERENCZ1998, 215.

SERBIA

50. Pecine: JOVANOVI 1984; JACANOVI1992.

2. LISTA CENTURILOR DE TIP UNGAR(vezi fig. 6)

UNGARIA

1. Arka:STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr.1.2. Bonyhd: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 3.3. Blcske Madocsahegy: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 4.


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4. Cece: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 5.5. Cskberny: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 6.6. Dunafdvr: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 7.7. Farmos (dou exemplare n mormintele nr. 5 i 6):HELLEBRANDT1999, 2627, pl. 810.8. Jszberny: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 10.

9. Kajdacs: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 11.10. Karancslapujt:STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 21, nr. 44.11. Kiskunflegyhza: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 18,nr. 12.12. Lengyel: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 18, nr. 13.13. Regly:STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 18, nr. 16.14. Srosd: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 19, nr. 17.15. Srszentlrincz: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 19, nr. 18.16. Somlvsrhely: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 19, nr. 19.17. Szzhalombatta:STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 20, nr. 21.18. Szentes: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 20, nr. 22.

19. Szennyespuszta: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 20, nr. 23.20. Tpifarmos: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 20, nr. 24.21. Tengelic: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 20, nr. 25.22. Trkszentmiks-Surjn: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971,20, 2324, nr. 27.23. Vc Gravel pit: HELLEBRANDT1999, 60, pl. 27.24. Vezseny: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 712, 20, nr. 29.

Loc dedescoperire necunoscut Komitat Fejr: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 17, nr. 8.LocdedescoperirenecunoscutKomitatTolna:STANCZIK,VADAY1971,20,nr.26.Loc de descoperire necunoscut Ungaria (Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum 12 piese): STANCZIK,VADAY1971,2021,nr.3243).

AUSTRIA

25. Raggendorf: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 18,nr. 15.

SLOVACIA

26. Holiare: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 17, nr. 9.27. Surny:STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 19, nr. 20.

UCRAINATRANSCARPATIC

28. Mukaevo: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 21, nr. 4546.

SERBIA

29. Belgrad-Rospiuprija: JOVANOVI1983,46.30. Boljevci:MAJNARI-PANDI 1970, pl. 1/1.31. Hrtkovci-Gomolava: JOVANOVI1983,4751.32. Mitrovica: STANCZIK,VADAY 1971, 18, nr. 14.

33. NoviBanovci: JOVANOVI 1983, 45.34. Peka Bara: JOVANOVI 1983, 51.35. Sombor-BakiMonotor: JOVANOVI 1983, 47.36. Umari: POPOVI2002, 350, pl. 1/2 (variant).

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37. Zemun-Beljarica: JOVANOVI 1983, 46.38. Zemun-Surin: JOVANOVI 1983, 46.

CROATIA

39. Osijek: JOVANOVI 1983, 47.40. Vukovar:MAJNARI-PANDI1970, pl. 7/5.

SLOVENIA

41. Valina vas:TERAN 1973, pl. 12/6.

BOSNIA-HERTZEGOVINA

42. Mahrevii:TRUHELKA1912, 21, fig. 12 (segment reutilizat ca pandantiv).

ROMNIA Transilvania

43. Ciumeti: ZIRRA1967, 29, fig.14.44. Turda:RSKA 1944, 71, nr. 134, fig. 51.45. Valea luiMihai: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 21,nr. 47.46. Veel: STANCZIK,VADAY1971, 18;RUSTOIU 2005b, fig. 9/2.

ROMNIAOltenia

47. Teleti: RUSTOIU 20042005, 5657, fig. 1/613.

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THE CELTS FROM TRANSYLVANIA AND THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIESFROM NORTHERN BALKANS.

CULTURAL EXCHANGES AND INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY

(Abstract)

The so-called 'Latnisation' of eastern Carpathian Basin resulted from a process of colonisation, at thebeginning of the Second Iron Age. The first Celtic groups advanced from Transdanubia towards east, in thenorthern part of the Great Hungarian Plain and on the Upper Tisa Basin. Further advance continued towardssouth, along the Carpathian Apuseni Mountains, and some groups settled in Transylvania later on. Thesegradual movements are attested by a series of cemeteries that mark the above-mentioned route (Fig. 1). Earliercemeteries start at the end of LT B1 and the beginning of LT B2 sub-phase, while others were established onlyfrom LT B2 onwards, which may suggest a slow advance, in successive stages, covering a period between the

th rdsecond half of the 4 century and the beginning of the 3 centuryBC.First LT artefacts appeared in northern Balkans shortly after the establishment of the Celtic groups in

eastern Carpathian Basin. They usually consist of metallic pieces, like brooches or bracelets, and less of ceramicvessels, all recovered from indigenous contexts. At the same time, a series of southern artefacts have beendiscoveredinLTcontextsfromTransylvaniaandBanat.

All above-mentioned artefacts illustrate the existence of some contacts between the LT communitiesfrom inner Carpathians territory and those from northern Balkans. Many finds may have not been the result ofcommercial exchanges, since the mechanisms through whichmaterial culture circulates across wide areas can be

diverse.Regular commercial connections usually underline a more general orientation of the economic intereststowards certain geo-cultural areas. Therefore, such exchanges are often archaeologically visible through theconcentration of specific artefacts in distinct areas of distribution and consumption. On the other hand, someimported artefacts appear as isolated finds in foreign cultural environments, which may suggest that they wereless likely the subject of constant and consistent commercial exchanges. In such cases, the individual mobilitymust have played an important role in the distribution of culturally specific artefacts overwider areas.

The practice of gift exchange between political and military leaders of different communities represents another way through which some artefacts may have travelled from a cultural space to another. Forexample, the well-known golden torques from Gorni Tsibar, in Bulgaria, might have been the materialexpression of certain political relationships established by a Celtic group with a chieftain of the Triballi fromnowadays north-western Bulgaria. An iron horse-bit found in the LT cemetery fromCiumeti, in north-western

rdRomania, dated after the second quarter of the 3 century BC, may suggest similar diplomatic connectionsbetweenCelticcommunitiesfromtheCarpathianBasinandpopulationsfromnorthernBalkans.

The Celtic warriors, who participated in the military campaigns in southern Balkans and later wererecruited as mercenaries in eastern Mediterranean, constituted another important factor of mobility. The well-known grave from Ciumeti, containing a helmet and dating from LT C1, very probably belonged to a Celticchieftainwhofought asmercenary in theHellenistic south.

The warriorswere not the only responsible for the circulation of various artefacts far from their originalarea of consumption. Very recently, Bettina Arnold has brought into discussion the mobility of the womenwithin Iron Age societies, mostly as a consequence of matrimonial alliances between different communities,sometimes over long distances. The author considers that such mobility, resulting from distant marriages, maybe archaeologically visible when the women's dressing accessories were highly differentiated and if the newcomers preserved their native costume and jewellery in the adoptive community. A grave discovered atRemetea Mare in Banat is a significant example for this possible interpretation. Taking into consideration thecomposition of jewellery and garment accessories, it may be presumed that the grave from Remetea Mare


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belonged to a woman who came from a community settled to the south of the Danube. Nevertheless, similarmatrimonial relationships must have had opposite effects, and some Celtic women entered into ethnicallydifferent communities. An isolated incineration grave, discovered by chance in 1977 at Teleti in Oltenia, suggests thisphenomenon.

The presence of such funerary assemblages in foreign cultural environments raises some questions

concerning the status of the deceased within the receiving communities. In the above-mentioned cases, thedeceased were buried with their specific costume and following the rite and ritual of their community of origin.Therefore, the careful display of all personal jewellery and costume accessories, which were not hidden behindlocal garment elements, might suggest a privileged status within their adoptive community, perhaps enforced bythe diplomatic nature of their marriage. At the same time, the careful observance of the funerary ritual mightsuggest the presence of a suite, which probably came together with the bride, and was aware of and able toperform all traditional prescriptions. As a consequence, such matrimonial alliances required, even temporary,themovementof a significantnumber of individuals from a community to another.

The individual mobility facilitated the cultural exchanges between different populations, often visiblethrough the distribution of various archaeological artefacts.However, besides the circulation of material culture,the movement of people over long distances also facilitated, according toNatalieVenclova, less visible exchanges

of knowledge, ideology and cultural practices. The above mentioned examples may suggest that the individualmobilitywas a social practicewhich characterisedmainly the IronAgeeliteand less other social groups.

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Fig. 1. Necropole care i ncep existena n LT B1/B2 (cercuri albe) sau n LT B2 (puncte negre) i direciile denaintare alegrupurilorcelticespreparteade rsritabazinuluiCarpatic.Vezilista1 .

Cemeteries that begin in the LT B1/B2 (white circles), or in the LT B2 (black dots), and the Celtic advancetowardseasternCarpathianBasin(List1) .


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Fig. 3. Piese din inventarul mormntului cu coif de la Ciumeti (dup Rusu 1969). 3 bronz, restul fier. Scridiferite.Artefacts from the grave with helmet from Ciumeti (after Rusu 1969). 3 bronze; others iron.Differentscales.

12

3 4


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Fig.4. Mormntul nr. 3 din necropola de la Remetea Mare (dup Medele mss; Rustoiu 2006b). 34 bronz,

5 fier.35Scara1:1.67Scara1:4.The grave no. 3 from the cemetery at Remetea Mare (after Medele mss; Rustoiu 2006b). 34 bronze, 5 iron. 35 scale 1:1. 67 scale 1:4.

1

2

3

4

5

0

0

5 cm

12 cm

6

No. 35

No. 67

7

M3

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Fig. 5. Mormntul de la Teleti (inventar selectiv, dup Rustoiu 20042005). 14 past de sticl, restul bronz.The grave from Teleti (selective inventory, after Rustoiu 20042005). 14 glass; others iron.

1

23 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

543210


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Fig. 6. Harta de rspndire a centurilor de tip ungar(dupRustoiu20042005).Vezilista2.Distribution of the belts ofHungarian type (after Rustoiu 20042005) (List2).

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