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2 LIMBA ENGLEZĂ Curs practic Anul I
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LIMBA ENGLEZ
Curs practic
Anul I
CUPRINS
SEMESTRUL 1
CUM SALUTM/GREETINGS ............................................................................................ 4
ARTICOLUL............................................................................................................................ 7
Articolul hotrt THE: .......................................................................................................... 7
Articolul nehotrt A / AN .................................................................................................... 8
Articolul zero......................................................................................................................... 9
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 10
SUBSTANTIVUL ................................................................................................................... 11
Tipuri de substantive ........................................................................................................... 11
Genul substantivelor............................................................................................................ 11
Numrul substantivelor ....................................................................................................... 12
Substantive compuse ........................................................................................................... 15
Exerciii: ................................................................................................................................... 16
ADJECTIVUL ........................................................................................................................ 17
Tipuri de adjective............................................................................................................... 17
Adjectivul demonstrativ ...................................................................................................... 17
Adjectivul posesiv ............................................................................................................... 18
Comparativul adjectivelor ................................................................................................... 19
Superlativul adjectivelor ..................................................................................................... 20
Comparative i superlative neregulate ................................................................................ 21
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 22
PRONUMELE ........................................................................................................................ 23
Pronumele personal ............................................................................................................. 23
Pronumele reflexive i de ntrire ....................................................................................... 25
Pronumele demonstrativ...................................................................................................... 25
Pronumele posesive............................................................................................................. 26
Pronumele nehotrt............................................................................................................ 26
Pronumele relativ ................................................................................................................ 26
Pronumele interogativ ......................................................................................................... 27
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 28
NUMERALUL........................................................................................................................ 29
Numeralul cardinal .............................................................................................................. 29
Numeralul ordinal ............................................................................................................... 30
Alte numerale ........................................................................................................................... 32
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 33
VERBUL ................................................................................................................................. 34
Verbele auxiliare ................................................................................................................. 34
Modurile verbale ................................................................................................................. 34
Verbele frazale .................................................................................................................... 35
Verbul auxiliar "to be" - a fi ................................................................................................ 36
Verbul auxiliar "to have" - a avea ....................................................................................... 37
Verbul auxiliar "to do" - a face ........................................................................................... 38
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 39
PREZENTUL SIMPLU ........................................................................................................... 40
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 44
PREZENTUL CONTINUU ..................................................................................................... 47
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 50
TRECUTUL SIMPLU ............................................................................................................. 54
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 55
TRECUTUL CONTINUU ....................................................................................................... 59
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 61
PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU ......................................................................................... 63
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 65
PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU ................................................................................... 68
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................... 70
LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE ..................................................................................... 73
VERBELE MODALE .............................................................................................................. 84
RSPUNSURI LA EXERCIII ........................................................................................... 86
Articolul ................................................................................................................................... 86
Substantivul .............................................................................................................................. 87
Adjectivul ................................................................................................................................. 88
Pronumele................................................................................................................................. 89
Numeralul ................................................................................................................................. 90
Verbul....................................................................................................................................... 91
Prezentul simplu ....................................................................................................................... 92
Prezentul continuu.................................................................................................................... 97
Trecutul simplu ...................................................................................................................... 100
Trecutul continuu ................................................................................................................... 102
Prezentul perfect simplu ......................................................................................................... 104
Prezentul perfect continuu...................................................................................................... 106
TEME DE DISCUIE pentru semestrul I.............................................................................. 109
SEMESTRUL 2
ADVERBUL ......................................................................................................................... 113
Adverbul de mod ............................................................................................................... 113
Adverbul de loc ................................................................................................................. 113
Adverbul de timp............................................................................................................... 113
Adverbul de durat ............................................................................................................ 114
Adverbul de comparaie .................................................................................................... 114
Adverbul de frecven ....................................................................................................... 114
Adverbul de probabilitate.................................................................................................. 114
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................. 115
PREPOZIIA ....................................................................................................................... 117
Prepoziia de micare ........................................................................................................ 117
Prepoziia de loc ................................................................................................................ 118
Prepoziia de timp.............................................................................................................. 118
Prepoziii cu substantive, adjective i verbe...................................................................... 120
Exerciii .................................................................................................................................. 122
ORDINEA CUVINTELOR N PROPOZIIE ................................................................. 123
EXPRESII IDIOMATICE/IDIOMS .................................................................................. 125
RSPUNSURI ...................................................................................................................... 142
Adverbul................................................................................................................................. 142
Prepoziia................................................................................................................................ 143
TEME DE DISCUIE pentru semestrul II ....................................................................... 145
TEST DE EVALUARE A CUNOTINELOR ............................................................... 148
PROBLEME PSIHOLOGICE ASTZI............................................................................ 153
SEMESTRUL 1
GREETINGS
The usual way of greeting someone is to say Hello. You can add
How are you? or another comment or question.
Modul obinuit de a saluta pe cineva este de a spune Hello. Poi s
adaugi How are you? sau alt comentariu sau ntrebare.
Note that the greeting How do you do? is used only by people who met each other for the first time.
De remarcat este c forma de salut How do you do? este folosit doar de ctre oamenii care se ntlnesc pentru prima dat.
A more informal way of greeting someone is to say Hi or Hiya.
O forma mai neoficial de a saluta pe cineva este de a spune Hi sau
Hiya.
If you meet someone in a place where you do not expect to see, you can say Fancy seeing you here.
Dac ntlneti pe cineva ntr-un loc n care nu te atepi s-l vezi, poi s
spui Fancy seeing you here.
When you greet someone formally, the greeting depends on the time of the day. You say Good morning until about one oclock, Good afternoon from about one oclock until six oclock and Good evening after six oclock. You can make these expressions less formal by writing
Good. You say Good night only when you are leaving someone in the evening or you are going to bed. You do not use Good night to greet someone. Good day is formal and old-fashioned in British English, but more common in American English and Australian English. Welcome used to greet someone who has just arrived is quite formal.
Cnd salui formal pe cineva, salutul depinde de momentul zilei. Spui Good morning pn la ora unu, Good afternoon ncepnd cu ora unu i pn la ora ase. Poi s faci aceste expresii mai puin formale scriind Good. Spui Good night doar atunci cnd pleci de la cineva seara sau dac te duci la culcare. Nu foloseti Good night pentru a saluta pe cineva. Good day este formal sau demodat n engleza britanic, dar este mai obinuit n engleza american i australian. Welcome folosit pentru a saluta pe cineva care tocmai a aprut este ct se poate de formal.
There are particular expressions used to give someone good wishes on special occasions. At Christmas you say : Merry Christmas or Happy Christmas, at New Year, Happy New Year, at Easter, Happy Easter. You reply by repeating the greeting, or saying something like And a happy Easter to you too or And you!. If it is someones birthday, you can say Happy Birthday or Many Happy Returns. When someone says this, you can reply by saying Thank you.
Sunt expresii specifice folosite pentru a ura cuiva toate cele bune la ocazii speciale. La Crciun spui Merry Christmas sau HappyChristmas, la Anul Nou, Happy New Year, la Pati ,Happy Easter. Rspunzi repetnd salutul, sau spunnd ceva de genul And a happy Easter to you too sau And you!. Dac este ziua cuiva, poi s spui Happy Birthday sau Many Happy Returns.
You say Good bye to someone when you are leaving. If you expect to meet the other person again soon , you can say things like See you, See you soon, See you around, or Ill be seeing you. Some people say So long, Take care, Take care of yourself, or Look after yourself, when saying good bye to a friend or relative. Many speakers of American English use the expression Have a nice day to say good bye to people they do not know as friends. Cheers and cheerio are used by speakers of
British English. When you are saying good bye to someone you do not know very well, you can use a more formall expression such as I look forward to seeing you again soon or It was nice meeting you.
Spui cuiva Good bye atunci cnd pleci. Dac te astepi s ntlneti cealalt persoan curnd, poi s spui lucruri (expresii) ca: See you, See you soon, See you around sau Ill be seeing you.Unii oameni spun So long, Take care, Take care of yourself, sau Look after yourself, atunci cnd i iau rmas bun de la un prieten sau de la o ruda. Muli vorbitori de engleza american folosesc expresia Have a nice day pentru a-i lua la revedere de la oameni pe care nu-i cunosc ca i prieteni. Cheers i cheerio sunt folosite de vorbitorii de engleza britanic. Cnd i iei rmas bun de la cineva pe care nu-l cunoti foarte bine, poi s foloseti o expresie mult mai formal ca de exemplu I look forward to seeing you again soon sau It was nice meeting you.
ARTICOLUL
Definiie: - reprezint un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea nelesului unui substantiv ntr-o propoziie.
Tipuri de articole: Articolul hotrt - THE Articolul nehotrt - A / AN
Articolul zero (forma implicit sau neexprimat)
Articolul hotrt THE:
Cnd folosim articolul hotrt?
- naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost menionat n textul respectiv: Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father.
- naintea substantivelor care sunt unice:
Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air
- naintea numeralelor ordinale:
Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth
- n realizarea superlativului:
Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest
- naintea substantivelor care reprezint nume de colectiviti i instituii:
Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament
- naintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc):
Exemplu: the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand
Hotel, the New York Times, the Beatles
- naintea substantivelor care indic nume de locuri geografice, muni, fluvii, oceane, mri etc:
Exemplu: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the
Sahara
Articolul nehotrt A / AN
Utilizm articolul nehotrt A:
naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoan:
Exemple: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom
Utilizm articolul nehotrt AN:
naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocal (a, e, i, o, u):
Exemple: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action
Articolul nehotrt - excepii:
- Folosim articolul nehotrt AN naintea unui substantiv care ncepe cu litera
"h", doar atunci cnd este vorba despre un "h mut".
Exemple: an hour, an honour
- Folosim articolul nehotrt A naintea unui substantiv care ncepe cu litera "u" sau grupul de litere "eu", doar atunci cnd acestea se pronun ca "you" Exemple: a European, a university, a unit
Cand folosim articolul nehotrt A/AN?
- naintea unui substantiv concret nedeterminat i numrabil:
Exemple: A boy entered into the classroom. The reporter took an interview.
- naintea unui substantiv concret cu funcia de nume predicativ:
Exemplu: She is a teacher. Ronnie is an elephant.
Articolul zero
Nu folosim articolul n urmtoarele situaii:
- naintea substantivelor care indic nume proprii la singular:
Exemplu: Paul is going to school.
- naintea substantivelor care indic nume de ri, orae i limba acestora:
Exemple: France is a European country. You speak English fluently.
Bucharest is the capital of Romania.
- n unele expresii invariabile:
Exemplu: by car, at school, in church, by train
- naintea substantivelor abstracte, care indic nume de culori, tiine, arte, materii etc:
Exemplu: beauty, health, dinner, lunch, breakfast, truth, green, gold, silver, mathematics, physics
Exerciii
1. Completai cu a / an / the acolo unde este cazul:
woman
unit
United States of America
Johnsons
elephant
beauty
hour
Thames
2. Completai propoziiile din textul de mai jos cu a/an:
a) old woman laughed at him.
b) cat and dog were in the kitchen. c) I saw elephant at the zoo.
d) It was excellent movie. e) She watched TV show
3. Completai cu a / an / the acolo unde este cazul:
Daniel is teacher. He likes Physics very much. He teaches at Theoretical Highschool from Bucharest. pupils like him very much. One day, he decided to take children to see laboratory from another highschool. There, they made experiment. All children considered experiment most interesting they have ever made.
SUBSTANTIVUL
A. Tipuri de substantive
1. Substantive comune
2. Substantive proprii
1. Substantivele comune desemneaz fiine (oameni, animale) i obiecte /
lucruri. Exemple:
- fiine: man, woman, grandmother, teacher, brother, pupil, doctor, nurse
- obiecte (lucruri): pencil, school, car, hotel, medicine, shop, power, health
2. Substantivele proprii desemneaz nume de familie i prenume, nume de muni, orae, ri, ape etc.
Exemple:
- nume de familie i prenume: Ewing, Brown, Sawyer, John, Mary, Helen
- nume de muni: Alps, Himalaya, Everest
- nume de orae: Bucharest, Paris, Venice
- nume de ri: France, Italy, Croatia
- nume de ape: Mississippi, Danube, Thames
B. Genul substantivelor
1. Genul masculin (care se nlocuiesc cu pronumele personal he) Exemple: man, doctor, driver, father, boy2.
2. Genul feminin (care se nlocuiesc cu pronumele personal she)
Exemple: woman, mother, girl, actress, sister.
3. Genul neutru (nume de lucruri, obiecte i animale; se nlocuiesc cu pronumele personal it)
Exemple: cat, dog, pencil, butterfly, car, notebook.
C. Numrul substantivelor
Substantivele pot fi la singular sau la plural. Formarea pluralului:
a) pluralul cu -s
Exemple:
a dog ---> two dogs
a school ---> two schools a car ---> two cars
a book ---> two books
b) pluralul cu "-es" (pentru substantivele care au terminaia n -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh) Exemple:
a bus ---> two buses a fax ---> two faxes
a church ---> two churches
Atenie:
a tomato ---> two tomatoes a potato ---> two potatoes
dar
radio ---> radios photo ---> photos
c) pluralul cu "-ies" (pentru substantivele care au terminaia n -y) Exemple:
lady ---> ladies baby ---> babies fly ---> flies
dar:
day ---> days boy ---> boys
Reguli:
- pentru substantivele care se termin n y precedat de o consoan, pluralul se va face n -ies
- pentru substantivele care se termin n y precedat de o vocal, pluralul se va face n -s
d) pluralul cu "-ves" (pentru substantivele care au terminaia n -f sau -fe) Exemple:
leaf ---> leaves calf ---> calves shelf ---> shelves wife ---> wives wolf ---> wolves
Excepii:
chief ---> chiefs proof ---> proofs belief ---> beliefs
e) pluralele neregulate
Exemple:
child ---> children man ---> men woman ---> women foot ---> feet
goose ---> geese mouse ---> mice tooth ---> teeth
f) substantive invariabile care nu primesc -s
Exemple: deer (cerb) duck (rata) sheep (oaie) trout (pastrav) fish (peste) fruit (fructe)
g) substantivele cu sens colectiv care nu au form de plural
Exemple: advice (sfat) baggage (bagaj)
luggage (bagaje) information (informaii) furniture (mobil) people (oameni)
crowd (mulime)
police (poliie)
h) pluralul substantivelor proprii
Exemple: the Browns the Johnsons
the Thompsons
D. Substantive compuse
Exemple: classroom schoolboy schoolgirl blackboard dining-room breakfast
Exerciii:
1. Alctuii pluralul urmtoarelor substantive:
table ---> clock ---> leaf --->
gentleman --->
baby ---> tooth ---> friend ---> city ---> life ---> chief --->
2. nlocuii substantivele urmtoare cu pronumele personal potrivit:
the girl --- the dog --- the actor ---
the schoolboy --- the pencil ---
the grandmother ---
3. Alctuii ct mai multe substantive compuse cu ajutorul urmtoarelor cuvinte:
dining, bird, school, class, kinder, mate, room, boy, father, black, book, girl, board, living, garden, note, exercise, parents, grand.
ADJECTIVUL
Adjectivele n limba englez au urmtoarele caracteristici:
a) nu variaz dup gen i numr
b) se aeaz naintea substantivelor
Exemplu:
a good cake ---> two good cakes
A. Tipuri de adjective
opinion adjectives (adjective de opinie): descriu ceea ce credem despre cineva sau ceva.
Exemple: beautiful, great, nice, expensive, cheap, ugly etc.
fact adjectives (adjective de fapt): descriu ceea ce fiinele sau obiectele determinate sunt cu adevrat
Exemple: short, large, long, green, round etc.
! Adjectivele de opinie stau naintea adjectivelor de fapt
B. Adjectivul demonstrativ
Desemneaz fiine sau lucruri pe care le artm preciznd n acelai timp apropierea sau deprtarea n timp sau spaiu.
Forme:
singular:
- this (acesta, aceasta)
- that (acela, aceea)
plural:
- these (acetia, acestea)
- those (aceia, acelea)
Exemple:
This man is a doctor. That girl is a pupil.
These children are small.
Those boys are playing in the scoolyard.
C. Adjectivul posesiv
Desemneaz raportul de posesie dintre un posesor i ceea ce acesta poseda:
Forme:
singular:
- my (meu, mea, mei, mele)
- your (tu, ta, ti, tale)
- his (lui, su, sa, si, sale)
- her (ei, su, sa, si, sale)
- its (lui, ei, su, sa, si, sale)
plural:
- our (nostru, noastr, notri, noastre)
- your (vostru, voastr, votri, voastre)
- their (lor)
Exemple:
This is my house. It is his car.
That is our shop. Those are your books.
D. Comparativul adjectivelor
a) Comparativul de egalitate / inferioritate:
"as ... as" (tot att de / la fel de)
"not as ... as" (nu att de / nu la fel de) "not so ... as" (nu att de / nu la fel de)
Exemple:
She is as pretty as her mother. He is not as tall as his brother.
b) Comparativ de superioritate:
- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adaug terminaia -er la finalul adjectivului respectiv
- pentru adjective lungi, acestea sunt precedate de adverbul more
Exemple:
tall ---> taller
(nalt ---> mai nalt)
slim ---> slimmer
(slab ---> mai slab)
fast ---> faster
(rapid ---> mai rapid)
big ---> bigger
(mare ---> mai mare)
beautiful ---> more beautiful
(frumos ---> mai frumos)
interesting ---> more interesting
(interesant ---> mai interesant)
difficult ---> more difficult
(dificil ---> mai dificil)
E. Superlativul adjectivelor
- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adaug terminaia -est la adjectivul precedat de the
- pentru adjective lungi, acestea vor fi precedate de the most
Exemple:
the tallest (cel mai nalt)
the slimmest (cel mai slab) the fastest (cel mai rapid) the biggest (cel mai mare)
the most beautiful (cel mai frumos)
the most interesting (cel mai interesant)
the most difficult (cel mai dificil)
F. Comparative i superlative neregulate
bad good far much old
worse better
farther (further)
more older (elder)
the worst the best
the farthest (the furthest)
the most
the oldest (the eldest)
ru bun ndeprtat mult btrn
Exerciii:
1. Traducei n limba englez urmtoarele propoziii:
a) Aceast main este roie.
b) Acele fete sunt n clasa nti. c) Acei brbai sunt doctori.
d) Aceasta este clasa mea. e) Acela este cinele ei.
f) Acestea sunt caietele noastre.
2. Completai spaiile libere de mai jos, cu forma corect a adjectivelor, la gradul de comparaie indicat:
Adjectiv
Comparativ
Superlativ
bad fast good cheap
beautiful thin
fat
3. Potrivii adjectivele la substantivele respective:
.---> weather
---> blouse
---> girl
---> hair
---> food
---> dance
PRONUMELE
1. Pronumele personal
a) cu funcie de subiect
b) cu funcie de complement
a) Forma pronumelui personal cu funcie de subiect:
I --- eu
You --- tu, dumneata, dumneavoastr
He --- el
She --- ea
It --- el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animale
We --- noi
You --- voi, dumneavoastr
They --- ei, ele, dumnealor
Exemple: I am a big girl.
He lives near the school.
We like chocolate very much. Do you like football?
b) Forma pronumelui personal cu funcie de complement:
me
- mie, mi, mi (complement indirect)
- pe mine, m, m (complement direct)
you
- ie, i, i, dumitale, dumneavoastr (complement indirect)
- pe tine, te, pe dumneata, pe dumneavoastr (complement direct)
him
- lui, i, i (complement indirect)
- pe el, l (complement direct)
her
- ei, i, i (complement indirect)
- pe ea, o (complement direct)
it
- lui, ei, i, i (complement indirect)
- pe el, l, pe ea, o (complement direct)
us
- nou, ne, ni (complement indirect)
- pe noi, ne (complement direct)
you
- vou, v, vi, dumneavoastr (complement indirect)
- pe voi, v, pe dumneavoastr (complement direct)
them
- lor, le, li (complement indirect)
- pe ei, i, i (complement direct)
Exemple:
I watch my brother playing tennis. You gave me a nice gift.
Give them a kiss from me!
2. Pronumele reflexive i de ntrire
myself --- m, nsumi, nsmi yourself --- te, nsui, nsi himself --- se, nsui
herself --- se, nsei
itself --- se, nsui, nsi (neutru) ourselves --- ne, nine, nsene yourselves --- v, niv, nsev themselves --- se, nii, nsei
Exemple:
I found myself very smart.
We did ourselves all the exercises.
3. Pronumele demonstrative
this --- acesta, aceasta that --- acela, aceea
these --- acestea, acetia those --- acelea, aceia
Exemple:
This is my brother.
Those are his parents.
4. Pronumele posesive
mine --- al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele yours --- al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale
his --- al su (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai si (ai lui), ale sale (ale lui)
hers --- al su (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai si (ai ei), ale sale (ale ei)
its --- al su, a sa, ai si, ale sale (neutru)
ours --- al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, ale noastre yours --- al vostru, a voastr, ai votri, ale voastre their --- al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor
Exemple:
My brother is tall, but yours is taller. His car is old, but hers is older.
I lost my pencil, can you lend me yours?
5. Pronumele nehotrt
some + body, one, thing any + body, one, thing no + body, one, thing Exemple:
I want something from you.
She didn't find anything in the fridge. There was noone in the room.
6. Pronumele relativ
who --- care whom/who --- pe care
whose --- al (a, ai, ale) crui, careia, carora what --- ce, ceea ce
which --- care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...)
that --- care
Exemple:
My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Bucharest.
Tom, whose car was stolen, bought another one last week. I found a cat that was lost.
I didn't like what I saw.
7. Pronumele interogativ
who? --- cine?
whom? who? --- pe cine? whose? --- al (a, ai, ale) cui? what? --- care?, pe care,ce? which? --- (pe) care dintre?
Exemple:
Whom did you see last Sunday?
Whose shoes are those? What are you doing? Which do you like more?
Exerciii:
1. Completai propoziiile urmtoare cu forma corect a pronumelui reflexiv:
1) I enjoyed at the party
2) My father didn't buy the book for
3) The dog cut while running in the street.
4) Help with some fruit, John and Mary.
5) We saw in the snow.
2. Completai propoziiile de mai jos cu forma corect a pronumelui posesiv:
1) This is my cat. It is
2) That is his lamp. It is
3) These are our maps. They are
4) Those are their shoes. They are
5) This is her shirt. It is
3. Completai corect spaiile goale cu unul dintre pronumele din paranteze:
1) I saw Mr. Thompson is John's father. (that, who, which)
2) did you meet last week, John or Steve? (which, who, whose)
3) Puffy, is a big cat, is very lazy. (which, who, whose)
4) are you doing? (whom, what, that)
5) is going with you at the theatre? (who, that, whom)
NUMERALUL
Numeralul cardinal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
1000
10000
One two three four five six seven eight nine ten
thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
one hundred two hundred one thousand ten thousand
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
.......
31
32
33
34
.......
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty
twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four
.......
thirty-one thirty-two thirty-three thirty-four
.......
153one hundred and fifty-three
198one hundred and ninety-eight
203two hundred and three
405four hundred and fifty
1,000,000one million
12,000,000twelve million
13,632,521 thirteen million six hundred thirty-two thousand five hundred and twenty-one
Atenie!
- se folosete cratima ntre numeralul zecilor i cel al unitilor
Exemple: 21 twenty-one; 99 ninety-nine
- se pune virgula dup fiecare grup care indic miile
Exemplu: 1,222,351
- menionarea conjunciei and este obligatorie naintea grupului zecilor i unitatea final
Exemplu: 2,532 - two thousand five hundred and thirty-two
- cifrele zecimale se citesc astfel:
2.4832 - two point four eight three two
Numeralul ordinal
1st- first- primul
2nd- second-al doilea
3rd- third-
4th- fourth
5th- fifth
6th- sixth
7th- seventh
8th- eighth
9th- ninth
10th- tenth
11th- eleventh
12th- twelfth
13th- thirteenth
14th- fourteenth
15th- fifteenth
16th- sixteenth
17th- seventeenth
18th- eighteenth
19th- nineteenth
20th- twentieth
21st- twenty-first
22nd- twenty-second
23rd- twenty-third
.......- .......
30th- thirtieth
40th- fortieth
.......- .......
100th- hundredth
1.000th- thousandth
1.000.000th- millionth
Mod de formare:
- prin adugarea terminaiei th la numeralul cardinal corespunztor
Excepii:
one --- first (1st )
two --- second (2nd )
three --- third (3rd )
five i nine, la care se suprim -e final, fifth (5th ) i ninth (9th )
zecile la care -y final se transform n -ie
forty --- fortieth (40th )
Alte numerale
Data: n Marea Britanie se folosete ntotdeauna forma unui numeral ordinal pentru a indica data.
Exemple:
21st July (the twenty-first of July) June 4th (the fourth of June)
23 April, 1989 (the twenty-third of April nineteen eighty-nine) December 29 (the twenty-ninth of December)
Fracii:
1/2 se citete one half
3/4 se citete three quarters
7/8 se citete seven eights
Ora:
ten to one (unu fr zece)
half past six (ase i jumtate)
twelve and a quarter (dousprezece i un sfert)
a quarter to two (dou fr un sfert)
Exerciii:
1. Scriei n litere urmtoarele cifre:
123 -
1,450 -
58 -
33 -
1,024 -
985 -
24 -
48 -
2. Traducei n limba englez:
a) Ziua mea de natere este pe data de 22 mai. b) Am ajuns n Bucureti pe data de 14 iunie. c) John este al patrulea elev din clas.
d) 4 iulie este ziua naional a Americii.
e) Primul autobuz din parcare este al nostru. f) Sunt 14 elevi n aceast clas.
3. Scriei n litere urmtoarele ore:
10:45 -
11:25 -
12:40 -
13:30 -
14:05 -
VERBUL Verbele auxiliare - be, have, do
Verbele auxiliare be, have, do se utilizeaz n formarea timpurilor verbale, a
formelornegativeiinterogative. Ex.:Heisplanningtogetmarriedsoon. I haven't seen Peter since last night.
Modul verbal se refer la una dintre cele trei atitudini pe care le poate avea un vorbitor fa de coninutul mesajului exprimat.
Modul indicativ se folosete pentru a face o afirmaie sau a pune o ntrebare.
Modul imperativ se folosete pentru a da instruciuni, ordine, directive, sugestii cu caracterpronunat. Ex.:Getyourhomeworkdonebeforeyouwatchtelevisiontonight! Pleaseincludecashpaymentwithyourorder form.Get out of town! Se observ c nu exist niciun subiect n aceste propoziii. Pronumele you (singularsauplural) estesubiectul implicitalpropoziiilor imperative. Majoritatea propoziiilor imperative vor avea deci subiectul la persoana II. Excepie: construcieimperativcareinclude unsubiectlapersoanaI. Ex.: Let's (or Let us) work on these things together!
Modul subjonctiv se folosete n propoziiile subordonate n urmtoarele scopuri:
1. expresia unei dorine;
2. fraze condiionale care ncep cu if i exprim o condiie ireal
3. fraze introduse prin as if sau as though i descriu speculaii sau condiii ireale
4. fraze introduse prin that i care exprim cereri, sugestii, solicitri.
Ex.: She wishes her boyfriend were here.
If Juan were more aggressive, he'd be a better hockey player. We would have passed if we had studied harder.
He acted as if he were guilty.
I requested that he be present at the hearing.
Subjonctivul nu este un mod important n limba englez cum este n alte limbi, de exemplu n francez sau spaniol. n multe situaii care n alte limbi cer subjonctivul, n limba englez sunt folosite formele numeroaselor verbe auxiliare.
Verbele frazale
O alt particularitate a limbii engleze o reprezint verbele frazale. Verbele frazale sunt formate dintr-un verb i un alt cuvnt, de obicei o prepoziie. Ele au luat natere n vorbirea de zi cu zi.
Verbele frazale au sensuri mai greu de ghicit la prima vedere i pot avea mai multe astfel de nelesuri, de multe ori diferite. Te exemplu, to come out are 18 nelesuri diferite!
Verbele pot fi combinate cu prepoziii sau alte cuvinte pentru a obine noi entiti.
Ex.: stand out, stand up, stand in, stand off, stand by, stand fast, stand down.
Mai mult, verbul i prepoziia sa par a nu avea nicio legtur n contextul respective.
Ex.:Fillthisout!Filloutthisform.(acompletaunformular) Three masked men held up the Security Bank this afternoon. (a jefui) You left out the part about the police chase down Asylum Avenue. (a omite) The lawyers looked over the papers carefully before questioning the witness. (a examina)
Verbul "TO BE" - a fi
Forma afirmativ:
I am (I'm) - Eu sunt
You are (You're) - Tu eti
He is (He's) - El este She is (She's) - Ea este It is (It's) - El/Ea este
We are (We're) - Noi suntem You are (You're) - Voi suntei They are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt Forma interogativ:
Am I? - Sunt eu? Are you? - Eti tu? Is he? - Este el?
Is she? - Este ea? Is it? - Este el/ea?
Are we? - Suntem noi? Are you? - Suntei voi? Are they? - Sunt ei/ele? Forma negativ:
I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt
You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu eti
He is not (He isn't) - El nu este She is not (She isn't) - Ea nu este It is not (It isn't) - El/Ea nu este
We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu suntei They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt
Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea
Forma afirmativ:
I have (I've) - Eu am
You have (You've) - Tu ai
He has (He's) - El are She has (She's) - Ea are It has (It's) - El/Ea are
We have (We've) - Noi avem You have (You've) - Voi avei They have (They've) - Ei/Ele au Forma interogativ:
Have I? - Am eu? Have you? - Ai tu? Has he? - Are el? Has she? - Are ea? Has it? - Are el/ea?
Have we? - Avem noi? Have you? - Avei voi? Have they? - Au ei/ele? Forma negativ:
I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu am
You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai
He has not (He hasn't) - El nu are She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are It has not (It hasn't) - El/Ea nu are
We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu avei They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au
Verbul "TO DO" - a face
Forma afirmativ: I do - Eu fac
You do - Tu faci He does - El face She does - Ea face It does - El/Ea face We do - Noi facem You do - Voi facei
They do - Ei/Ele fac Forma interogativ: Do I? - Fac eu?
Do you? - Faci tu? Does he? - Face el? Does she? - Face ea? Does it? - Face el/ea? Do we? - Facem noi? Do you? - Facei voi? Do they? - Fac ei/ele? Forma negativ:
I do not (I don't) - Eu nu fac
You do not (You don't) - Tu nu faci He does not (He doesn't) - El nu face She does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu face It does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu face We do not (We don't) - Noi nu facem You do not (You don't) - Voi nu facei
They do not (They don't) - Ei/Ele nu fac
Exerciii:
1. Completai spaiile goale cu forma corect a verbului TO BE:
a) Forma afirmativ:
I in the classroom. He in the garden. They in the house
b) Forma negativ:
You in the office. She in the bathroom. We in the restaurant.
2. Traducei n limba englez:
1. Eu am 12 ani.
2. Tu eti n cas cu tatl tu.
3. Noi avem 2 buchete de flori.
4. Voi suntei n clasa a patra.
5 El are un mr i dou portocale.
6. Ea este n curtea colii cu prietena ei.
3. Completai spaiile goale cu forma interogativ a verbului TO BE:
1. you a good friend?
2. he your father?
3. they your colleagues?
4. she in the living room?
5. we in the courtyard?
Cele 4 forme verbale de baz sunt importante deoarece cu aceste forme i cu
ajutorul verbelor auxiliare se formeaz timpurile n limba englez:
Numele verbului
Forma de baz
Forma de trecut
Participiul prezent
Participiul trecut
to work
I can work. I work.
I worked.
I am working.
I have worked.
to write
I can write. I write.
I wroted.
I am writing.
I have written.
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
A. Mod de formare
Afirmativ:
Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv
(la persoana a III-a singular se adaug terminaia -s" sau -es")
Exemple:
1. I go to school every day.
2. He reads a book every month.
3. She lives in Bucharest.
Interogativ:
Do / Does (pers.III, sg.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv
Exemple:
1. Do you go to school every day?
2. Does he read a book every month?
3. Does she live in Bucharest?
Negativ:
Subiect + do / does (pers.III, sg.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv
Se folosesc adesea contraciile don't (do + not) i doesn't (does + not)
Exemple:
1. I don't go to school every day.
2. He doesn't read a book every month.
3. She doesn't live in Bucharest.
B. Reguli pentru adugarea terminaiei -s" sau -es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular
! La majoritatea verbelor se adaug terminaia -s" la persoana a III-a singular la afirmativ
Exemple:
I talk He talks
I work He works
I sleep He sleeps
! Verbelelor care se termin n ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o li se adaug terminaia -es" Exemple:
I kiss He kisses
I wish He wishes
I catch He catches
I mix He mixes
I go He goes
! La verbele care se termin n litera y precedat de o consoan, se nlocuiete litera y cu litera i, iar apoi se adaug terminaia -es"
Exemple:
I fly He flies
I study He studies
I cry He cries
! La verbele care se termin n litera y precedat de o vocal, se adaug
terminaia -s" Exemple:
I pay He pays
I stay He stays
I play He plays
C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru:
activiti zilnice, sptmnale, lunare, anuale
Exemple:
I go to the mountains every month.
We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning.
obiceiuri, hobby-uri
Exemple:
She plays tennis in her free time.
In the summer, they go to the seaside.
situaii permanente
Exemplu:
He lives in Paris. I work as a manager.
a exprima aciuni care respect un anumit program
Exemple:
The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday. I have Maths Friday at 11.30.
situaii emoionale
Exemple:
I love my girlfriend very much. He hates cats.
adevruri generale
Exemple:
The earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100C.
D. Expresii cu care se folosete adesea Prezentul Simplu:
every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always, sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc. Exemple:
1. He goes to the gim every day.
2. I play football every week.
3. We go to the dentist every year.
4. She watches TV every evening.
5. She usually studies hard for her exams.
6. I always do my homework.
7. He sometimes goes shopping.
8. I often play pool with my friends.
9. She never go to school by bus.
10. In the evening we play Monopoly.
Exerciii:
1. Punei propoziiile urmtoare la persoana a III-a singular. Consultai mai nti exemplul:
Exemplu:
They live in Craiova. (He) He lives in Craiova, too.
1. I fly from Bucharest to Rome every week. (Mary)
2. We usually play in the park. (John)
3. They like their jobs very much. (He)
4. I want a new car. (She)
5. You wake up at 7 o'oclock. (Paul)
6. You always wash the dishes. (Angela)
7. We watch TV every afternoon. (Tom)
8. I go to school by bus. (My brother)
9. You cook every Saturday. (My mother)
10. We study hard for our exams. (Mark)
2. Scriei forma interogativ a urmtoarelor propoziii:
Exemplu:
You like swimming.
Do you like swimming?
1. He lives in Bucharest.
2. You wear an uniform at school.
3. My father drives very well.
4. Mr. Smith teaches English.
5. You like pizza and hamburgers.
6. My neighbour works as an engineer.
7. Your father repairs the car every month.
8. We drink coffee every morning.
9. Mary pays her bills every month.
10. He goes to bed very early every evening.
3. Folosii forma negativ pentru propoziiile urmtoare, folosind cuvintele din paranteze, la fel ca n exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
I like Maths. (Physics)
I like Maths, but I don't like Physics
1. Mary writes postcards. (letters)
2. I go to the cinema. (theatre)
3. They read newspapers. (books)
4. You study French. (English)
5. Mr. Brown works in an office. (at home)
6. I like football. (rugby)
7. He drives a car. (a lorry)
8. Dan and John travel by train. (plane)
9. We drink tea. (coffee)
10. She plays chess every day. (tennis)
4. Formulai propoziii folosind conjuncia but:
Exemple:
I watch TV every evening. (John)
I watch TV every evening, but John doesn't. He doesn't speak French. (they)
He doesn't speak French, but they do.
1. Julia washes the dishes. (I)
2. He doesn't want to go to the seaside. (his girlfriend)
3. I go to the cinema every week. (they)
4. She doesn't swim. (her sister)
5. We have breakfast early in the morning. (Paul)
6. I don't play football. (my best friend)
7. Me and my brother play on the computer. (Michael)
8. John doesn't read the newspaper every day. (we)
9. My mother likes to go shopping. (I)
10. You don't travel by plane. (she)
5. Adaug propoziiilor de mai jos adverbele din paranteze:
Exemplu:
I have lunch at 12 o'clock. (always) I always have lunch at 12 o'clock.
1. My sister gets up at 10 o'clock. (usually)
2. We play football on Sundays. (sometimes)
3. I go out with a stranger. (never)
4. She listens to music in the evening. (always)
5. He goes to school by bus. (often)
6. I eat a hamburger in the morning. (never)
7. I read the newspaper in the evening. (usually)
8. In the morning I play on the computer. (sometimes)
9. Mother washes the dishes in the evening. (always)
10. They go skiing in the winter. (often)
PREZENTUL CONTINUU
A. Mod de formare
Afirmativ:
Subiect + to be (conjugat n funcie de persoan) + Verbul la infinitiv +
terminaia "-ing"
Exemple:
1. I'm writing an article now.
2. They are playing football.
3. She is having lunch at this moment.
Interogativ:
To be (conjugat n funcie de persoan) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv +
terminaia "-ing"
Exemple:
1. Am I writing an article now?
2. Are they playing football?
3. Is she having lunch at this moment?
Negativ:
Subiect + to be (conjugat n funcie de persoan) + not + Verbul la infinitiv +
terminaia "-ing"
Se folosesc adesea contraciile isn't (is + not) i aren't (are + not)
Exemple:
1. I'm not writing an article now.
2. They aren't playing football now.
3. She isn't having lunch at this moment.
B. Reguli pentru adugarea terminaiei -s" sau -es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular
! La majoritatea verbelor se adaug terminaia -ing" fr nicio modificare: Exemple:
play playing try trying
drink drinking sing - singing
go - going
draw - drawing cook - cooking learn - learning send - sending wash - washing
! La verbele care se termin n litera e precedat de o consoan, se renun la litera e i se adaug terminaia "-ing"
Exemple:
make making come coming leave leaving
! La verbele formate dintr-o singur silab (monosilabice) care se termin ntr-o consoan precedat de o vocal, se dubleaz consoana i apoi se adaug terminaia "-ing"
Exemple:
get getting sit sitting hit hitting
C. Folosim Prezentul Continuu pentru:
activiti care se petrec n momentul vorbirii
Exemple:
She is watching TV now.
Mother is washing the dishes at this moment.
aciuni care se desfoar pe o perioad mai mare de timp, incluznd i momentul vorbirii
Exemple:
John is studying Maths for his exam. My brother is writing a book.
a vorbi despre o ntlnire sau despre un aranjament din viitorul apropiat
Exemple:
He is flying to New York next week. I'm meeting Susan next Sunday.
D. Expresii cu care se folosete adesea Prezentul continuu:
now, at this moment, these days, this week, today, tonight etc.
Exemple:
1. Paul is repairing his car now.
2. I'm having lunch at this moment.
3. He is working hard for a project these days.
4. They are going to the basketball game this week.
5. I'm writing a letter today.
6. I'm watching TV tonight.
Exerciii:
1. Punei verbele din paranteze la timpul Prezentul Continuu:
Exemplu:
Diana (play) with Tim now. Diana is playing with Tim now.
1. Everybody (wear) blue T-shirts today.
2. I (listen) to classic music at this moment.
3. What (do) mother in the kitchen?
4. We (organize) a study trip this week.
5. Our colleagues (plan) a surprise party for John's birthday these days.
6. I (meet) with my best friend at the cinema tonight.
7. My father (work) in the garage now.
8. This week, you (go) to the theatre with your geography teacher.
9. At this moment, in Bucharest, it (rain).
10. My friends (travel) to Egypt this week.
2. Corectai afirmaiile false ca n exemplul urmtor:
Exemplu:
Jim is playing basketball. (watch TV)
No, Jim is not playing basketball. Jim is watching TV.
1. Mother is cooking at this moment. (iron)
2. My brother is learning English now. (study French)
3. All my colleagues are working hard for their final exams these days. (plan their holiday)
4. The cat is climbing the tree now. (eat a mouse)
5. I am taking some photos for my album. (read a book)
6. You are drinking Coke Cola now. (drink a coffee)
7. Joana is swimming in the pool. (play voleyball on the beach)
8. I am making an apple-pie now. (do my homeworks)
9. It is raining today. (snow)
10. We are riding by bycicle to school. (go by bus)
3. Scriei forma interogativ a urmtoarelor propoziii:
Exemplu:
I am having lunch at this moment. Am I having lunch at this moment?
1. We are playing cards.
2. Mother is washing dishes.
3. My brother is reading a newspaper.
4. We are serving breakfast.
5. They are decorating the Christmas tree.
6. My family is planning a trip to Maldive Islands these days.
7. Father is sleeping in the bedroom.
8. You are watching a horror movie.
9. Your sister is doing her homeworks.
10. I am sending a postcard in France now.
4. Alegei varianta corect la Prezentul Continuu:
1. We ............... basketball in the schoolyard. a) play; b) prepare; c) ski
2. They ............... a movie in the dining-room. a) watch; b) play; c) eat
3. My friends and I ............... some flowers in the garden. a) read; b) water; c) travel
4. I ............... my homeworks at Maths. a) do; b) make; c) give
5. You ............... a novel to your little brother. a) read; b) create; c) put
6. The poet ............... a poem about love at this moment. a) create; b) give; c) look
7. I ............... after my lost cat. a) look; b) search; c) spend
8. ........ we ............... to the cinema tonight?
a) go; b) watch; c) eat
9. The sun ............... brightly. a) show; b) shine; c) rain
10. My friends ............... on a picnic without me. a) go; b) play; c) read
5. Corectai forma greit a verbului:
1. I am makeing an apple-pie.
2. Mary is comeing from Italy today.
3. We are siting in the living-room.
4. He is geting off the bus at the first station.
5. My brother isn't writeing poems.
6. You aren't plaing with kids.
7. They are leaveing Bucharest tomorrow evening.
8. He is comeing tonight to see me.
9. She is haveing lunch at this moment.
10. Are you flyng to New York next week?
TRECUTUL SIMPLU
A. Mod de formare
Afirmativ:
Subiect + Vb.II (terminaia "-ed" pentru verbele regulate)
Exemple:
1. I wrote a book last year.
2. He went to a football game last week.
3. We played in the park yesterday.
Interogativ:
Did + Subiect + Vb.I?
Exemple:
1. Did you write a book last year?
2. Did he go to a football game last week?
3. Did you play in the park yesterday?
Negativ:
Subiect + didn't + Vb.I
Exemple:
1. I didn't write a book last year.
2. He didn't go to a football game last week.
3. We didn't play in the park yesterday.
B. Folosim Trecutul Simplu pentru:
activiti terminate care s-au petrecut n trecut
Exemple:
She was in France 2 years ago.
We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago.
aciuni ncheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat n trecut
Exemple:
They were in England in 1981. I left Bucharest in April 1994.
C. Expresii cu care se folosete adesea Trecutul Simplu:
Yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago, last year, last week, the day before yesterday
Exemple:
1. Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago.
2. I was having lunch at this time yesterday.
3. They played football 2 hours ago.
4. Paul taught English and French 3 months ago.
5. She left town the day before yesterday.
Exerciii:
1. Scriei forma corect a verbului din parantez la Trecutul Simplu:
1. I (watch) a horror movie yesterday evening.
2. Mary (play) in the garden with her dog yesterday morning.
3. Two days ago, John (go) with his mother at the doctor.
4. Mary (talk) a lot during the French lesson.
5. My mother (wash) many clothes yesterday evening.
6. I (do not enjoy) the movie from last night.
7. I (solve) the Math problem very quickly.
8. I (prepare) my luggage yesterday.
9. I (be) at school when you called me.
10. When you were young, you (live) in the countryside.
2. Folosii cuvintele din paranteze pentru a realiza propoziii negative precum n exemplu:
Exemplu:
Mary liked the apple pie. (the soup)
Mary liked the apple pie, but she didn't like the soup.
1. I played in the schoolyard. (in the garden)
2. My friend went to the mountain. (to the seaside)
3. I travelled abroad 2 days ago. (1 month ago)
4. Yesterday I visited Mr. Peterson. (Mrs Smith)
5. During lunch, I listened a football game on the radio. (music)
6. You called me at 10 o'clock a.m. (12 o'clock)
7. I arrived at home early in the morning. (in the afternoon)
8. You received a computer on your birthday. (a car)
9. It rained 2 days ago. (last week)
10. Mike repaired his car. (bicycle)
3. Trecei la Trecutul Simplu verbele neregulate de mai jos, precum n exemplu:
Exemplu:
I leave school at 2 o'clock yesterday. I left school at 2 o'clock yesterday.
1. I eat a delicious soup at the restaurant 2 days ago.
2. My family buy a new car 3 months ago.
3. I read a very interesting novel yesterday evening.
4. Mary speak with her English teacher last week, about her exams.
5. Last Monday, John write to his mother a letter.
6. Last winter, I make a beautiful snowman in front of the house.
7. You give your sister a necklace for her birthday.
8. Last year, Tim become a doctor.
9. Mrs. Thompson teach Spanish and English every Monday and Wednesday.
10. Father come from the office late at noon.
4. Trecei urmtoarele verbe la Trecutul Simplu:
Exemple: I see
I saw
I watch
I watched
1. I sleep
2. He plays
3. He run
4. You speak
5. They don't read
6. He doesn't feel
7. I meet
8.He catches
9. You wake up
10. They leave
5. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri conform precizrilor din paranteze
(vezi exemplu)
Exemplu:
When did she leave Bucharest? (2 years ago) She left Bucharest 2 years ago.
1. Where did you sleep last night? (at Cathy's)
2. When did you read this book? (3 weeks ago)
3. When did you find out about Susan's problems? (last Monday)
4. Where did you meet your friends? (in the park)
5. When did she study French (2 years ago)
6. Where did he work last year (in a bank)
7. When did they divorce? (4 years ago)
8. How did she die? (in a train accident)
9. Who was Mihai Eminescu? (a Romanian poet)
10. When was he born? (in 1973)
TRECUTUL CONTINUU
A. Mod de formare
Afirmativ:
Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + Verbul la infinitiv +
terminatia "-ing"
Exemple:
1. I was learning a poem at this time yesterday.
2. You were watering the flowers at this time yesterday.
3.They were mending the radio at this time yesterday.
Interogativ:
Was (pers.I/III sg) / Were (restul pers.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv +
terminaia "-ing"
Exemple:
1. Was I learning a poem at this time yesterday?
2. Were you watering the flowers at this time yesterday?
3. Were they mending the radio at this time yesterday?
Negativ:
Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv +
terminaia "-ing"
Se folosesc adesea contraciile wasn't (was + not) i weren't (were + not)
Exemple:
1. I wasn't learning a poem at this time yesterday.
2. You weren't watering the flowers at this time yesterday.
3.They weren't mending the radio at this time yesterday.
B. Folosim Trecutul Continuu pentru:
a exprima o aciune n desfurare ce a avut loc n trecut
Exemple:
She was playing in her room at this time yesterday. They were listening music at this time last Saturday.
a exprima o aciune repetat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp
Exemple:
Did she ask any questions?
Oh, she was asking questions all the time. Did he buy any sweets?.
Oh, he was buying sweets all the time.
C. Expresii cu care se folosete adesea Trecutul Continuu:
at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day, for ...
Exemple:
1. Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday .
2. She was playing quitar from 6 to 8 o'clock.
3. They were laughing all day.
4. She was living in an old building for 6 years.
Exerciii:
1. Spune ce fcea fiecare pe vremea aceasta, marea trecuta:
Exemplu:
Father was in the living-room. (watch) Father was watching TV.
1. My mother was in the kitchen. (cook)
2. Daniel was in the garden. (water flowers)
3. Grandma was in the bedroom. (sleep)
4. Their friends were at the disco. (dance)
5. Aunt Mary and uncle John were in the garage. (repair car)
2. Ieri dimineaa, toi elevii din clasa a asea erau n clas i se pregteau pentru testul de la matematic. Spune ce fcea fiecare cand a intrat profesorul.
Exemplu:
Ana and Mary / clean the blackboard.
Ana and Mary were cleaning the blackboard.
1. Christian / talk to his deskmate.
2. Victor / repeat some geometry formulas.
3. Diana and Helen / look at some exercises.
4. George / read the math lesson.
5. Andreea / write her homework.
3. Trecei verbele la Trecutul Continuu:
Exemplu:
We are reading Shakespeare now.
We were reading Shakespeare at this time yesterday, too.
1. Father is fixing the car in the garage.
2. Timothy is painting the wall now.
3. Granpa and Grandma are watching a movie now.
4. Students are learning new Spanish words now.
5. The boys are trying to fix a bicycle now.
4. Trecei verbele din paranteze la Trecutul Continuu:
Exemplu:
She (sing) for 2 hours yesterday.
She was singing for 2 hours yesterday.
1. Tom (practice) in the language lab from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. yesterday.
2. Mother (cook) all day yesterday.
3. My friends (watch) TV for 6 hours yesterday.
4. Pupils (study) Spanish from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m..
5. From 3 to 5 I (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.
5. Trecei verbele din paranteze la Trecutul Continuu. Aceste verbe exprim o aciune trecut care a avut loc o perioad mai lung de timp. Exemplu:
I (work) in a restaurant in the centre of the city.
I was working in a restaurant in the centre of the city.
1. I (live) in an old building.
2. Mother (visit) me twice a week.
3. I (share) my room with 2 girls.
4. I (work) on Saturdays twice a month.
5. I had a very good friend, Tom, and he (work) in the same restaurant with me.
PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU
A. Mod de formare
Afirmativ:
Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la forma a III-a
Exemple:
1. I have washed her blouse.
2. He has written his homework.
3. We have learnt our English lesson.
Interogativ:
Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + vb. la forma a III-a
Exemple:
1. Have I washed her blouse?
2. Has he written his homework?
3. Have we learnt our English lesson?
Negativ:
Subiect + have/has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la forma a III-a
Se folosesc adesea contraciile haven't (have + not) i hasn't (has + not)
Exemple:
1. I haven't washed her blouse.
2. He hasn't written his homework.
3. We haven't learnt our English lesson.
B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru:
a exprima o aciune ncheiat de curnd, dar nu se cunoate cu exactitate momentul ncheierii acesteia
Exemple:
I have cooked a delicious steak.
They have finished their homeworks.
a exprima o aciune nceput n trecut care se continu i n prezent; efectele aciunii se resimt i n prezent
Exemple:
I have lived here since 1994.
We have started classes for 3 hours.
C. Expresii cu care se folosete adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:
already, just, yet
Exemple:
1. He has already finished his classes.
2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.
3. They haven't written the exercise yet. never, ever, often
Exemple:
1. I have never heard such a thing.
2. Have you ever read this news?
3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside.
ever and before
Exemplu:
Have you ever heard this song before?
for and since
Exemple:
1. I've had my own car for four years.
2. She has been ill since yesterday.
until now, so far, up to now
Exemple:
1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now.
2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage.
3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.
Exerciii:
1. Pune verbele din paranteza la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca n exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework. Tom has just written his homework.
1. I .......... (fix) .......... my car.
2. Father .......... (leave) .......... home.
3. They .......... (arrive) .......... to the theatre.
4. We .......... (see) .......... our Math teacher.
5. He .......... (begin) .......... to cry.
2. Construiete propoziii la timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu, cu ajutorul expresiilor din parantez, ca in exemplele de mai jos:
Exemple:
I .......... arrive .......... home. (just)
I have just arrived home.
He .......... paint .......... this picture. (never) He has never painted this picture.
They .......... do .......... their homeworks. (yet) They haven't done their homeworks yet.
1. Mary .......... cook .......... the soup. (already)
2. John and Tom .......... watch .......... TV. (just)
3. We .......... close .......... this window. (never)
4. Pupils .......... miss .......... the English class. (never)
5. You .......... lie .......... to your mother. (often)
3. Rspunde la urmtoarele ntrebri folosind timpul Prezent Perfect
Simplu, ca n exemplele de mai jos:
Exemple:
Have you ever heard this song before? (never) We have never heard this song before.
Have you ever eaten this food before? (often) We have often eaten this food.
1. Has he ever spoken to his cousin before? (never)
2. Have they ever played football? (often)
3. Have you ever lied to your mother? (never)
4. Has she ever skated before? (often)
5. Have you ever drunk whisky? (never)
4. Construiete ntrebri i rspunsuri ca n exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
drive the car
Have you driven the car yet?
I'm afraid I haven't driven it yet.
1. have breakfast
2. buy the buster
3. send the letter
4. clean the bathroom
5. wash the dishes
5. Completeaz urmtoarele propoziii ca n exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu:
Exemplu:
This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see) This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
1. That is the most interesting movie he .......... (see)
2. This is the best book she .......... (read)
3. This is the biggest mall they .......... (visit)
4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they .......... (buy)
5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they .......... (see)
PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU A. Mod de formare
Afirmativ:
Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"
Exemple:
1. I have been waiting for your reply since yesterday.
2. He has been sending me letters for 3 months.
3. We have been crying for 3 hours.
Interogativ:
Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + been + vb. la infinitiv + terminaia
"-ing"
Exemple:
1. Have I been waiting for your reply since yesterday?
2. Has he been sending me letters for 3 months?
3. Have we been crying for 3 hours?
Negativ:
Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la infinitiv + terminaia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contraciile haven't (have + not) i hasn't (has + not)
Exemple:
1. I haven't been waiting for your reply since yesterday.
2. He hasn't been sending me letters for 3 months.
3. We haven't been crying for 3 hours.
B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Continuu pentru:
a exprima o aciune nceput n trecut i care nu s-a ncheiat nc
Exemple:
She has been eating for ten minutes.
They have been working for several hours.
a descrie stri sau sentimente care au nceput n trecut i au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp i sunt nc prezente n momentul vorbirii Exemple:
I have lived here since 1994.
We have started classes for 3 hours.
C. Expresii cu care se folosete adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu:
since
Exemplu:
You have been living in Paris since 1996.
for
Exemplu:
They have been watching TV for 3 hours. so far
Exemplu:
So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London.
ever
Exemplu:
Have you ever been listening to the radio?
never
Exemplu:
I have never been travelling to France until now.
Exerciii:
1. Pune verbele din parantez la timpul Prezentul Perfect Continuu, ca n exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
I (travel) abroad for 2 weeks.
I have been travelling abroad for 2 weeks.
1. He (write) poems since 1997.
2. The children (draw) this map for half an hour.
3. The pupil (recite) the poem for ten minutes.
4. I (study) English for 4 years.
5. Sarah (do) her homework for 2 hours.
2. Reformuleaz urmtoarele propoziii folosind FOR + the last + Prezentul
Perfect Continuu, ca n exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
He began watching TV 2 hours ago.
He has been watching TV for the last 2 hours.
1. We began watering the flowers 2 days ago.
2. Paul and Jim began writing their homework half an hour ago.
3. Mother began going to the doctor 3 months ago.
4. Father began cooking for his family 10 minutes ago.
5. The poet began composing that poem 1 month ago.
3. Pune la forma interogativ a timpului Prezent Perfect Continuu, propoziiile de mai jos:
Exemplu:
He has been listening to the radio for 1 hour. Has he been listening to the radio for 1 hour?
1. Children have been staying in the bus for 10 hours.
2. Pupils have been playing in the schoolgarden since noon.
3. The detective has been investigating this case since 2000.
4. The theatre show has been starting for 3 hours.
5. I have been watching "Young & Restless" since 2001.
4. Completeaz spaiile goale cu "FOR" i "SINCE". Pune verbele din parantez la Prezentul Perfect Continuu:
Exemplu:
Helen (study) English .......... last summer.
Heleng has been studying English since last summer.
1. We (talk) about that horrible accident .......... half an hour.
2. She (cook) a chicken soup .......... 1 hour.
3. They (phone) the manager .......... the last five minutes.
4. Mary (live) in Manhattan .......... June 1998.
5. It (rain) .......... morning.
5. Reformuleaz urmtoarele propoziii folosind "SINCE" i Prezentul
Perfect Simplu, ca n exemplul urmtor:
Exemplu:
It is raining. It started on Wednesday.
It has been raining since Wednesday.
1. He is crying. He began at noon.
2. Father is sleeping. He went to bed at 9 o'clock in the evening.
3. We are travelling by train. We left Bucharest yesterday evening.
4. The artist is drawing. He started his work in January.
5. We are watching the football game. It began at 8 o'clock.
LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE
Infinitiv
Trecut
Participiu trecut
Traducere
to abide
abode
abode
a atepta, a sta, a locui
to arise
arose
arisen
a se ridica
to awake
awoke
awoke
a se trezi
to be
was, were
been
a fi
to bear
bore
born
a se nate
to beat
beat
beaten
a bate
to become
became
become
a deveni
to begi
began
begun
a ncepe
to behold
beheld
beheld
a zri, a vedea
to bend
bent
bent
a ndoi
to beseech
besought
besought
a implora
to bear
bore
born
a se nate
to bet
bet
bet
a paria
to bid
bade
bidden
a oferi, a licita
to bind
bound
bound
a lega
to bite
bit
bitten
a muca
to bleed
bled
bled
a sngera
to bless
blest
blest
a binecuvnta
to blow
blew
blown
a sulfa
to break
broke
broken
a sparge
to breed
bred
bred
a crete
to bring
brought
brought
a aduce
to broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
a transmite prin radio
to burn
burnt (burned)
burnt (burned)
a arde
to burst
burst
burst
a izbucni
to buy
bought
bought
a cumpra
to can
could
been able to
a putea, a fi posibil
to cast
cast
cast
a arunca
to catch
caught
caught
a prinde
to choose
chose
chosen
a allege
to cleave
cleft
cleft
a despica
to cling
clung
clung
a se lipi
to come
came
come
a veni
to cost
cost
cost
a costa
to creep
crept
crept
a se tr
to cut
cut
cut
a tia
to deal
dealt
dealt
a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig
dug
dug
a spa
to do
did
done
a face
to draw
drew
drawn
a desena
to dream
dreamt
(dreamed)
dreamt
(dreamed)
a visa
to drink
drank
drunk
a bea
to drive
drove
driven
a conduce maina
to dwell
dwelt
dwelt
a locui, a rmne, a insista
to eat
ate
eaten
a mnca
to fall
fell
fallen
a cdea
to feed
fed
fed
a hrni
to feel
felt
felt
a simi
to fight
fought
fought
a lupta
to find
found
found
a gsi
to fly
flew
flown
a zbura
to forbid
forbade
forbidden
a interzice
to forecast
forecast
forecast
a prevedea
to foresee
foresaw
foreseen
a prevedea
to foretell
foretold
foretold
a prezice
to forget
forgot
forgotten
a uita
to forgive
forgave
forgiven
a ierta
to forgo
forwent
forgone
a renuna la, a da uitrii
forsake
forsook
forsaken
a prsi
to freeze
froze
frozen
a nghea
to get
got
got
a primi
to give
gave
given
a da
to go
went
gone
a merge
to grind
ground
ground
a mcina
to grow
grew
grown
a crete
to hang
hung (hanged)
hung (hanged)
a spnzura
to have
had
had
a avea
to hear
heard
heard
a auzi
to hide
hid
hidden
a ascunde
to hit
hit
hit
a lovi
to hold
held
held
a ine
to hurt
hurt
hurt
a rni
to keep
kept
kept
a pstra
to kneel
knelt
knelt
a ngenunchia
to knit
knit
knit
A tricota
to know
knew
known
a ti, a cunoate
to lay
laid
laid
a aeza
to lead
led
led
a conduce
to lean
leant
leant
a se sprijini de
to learn
learnt
(learned)
learnt
(learned)
a nva
to leave
left
left
a lsa, a prsi
to lend
lent
lent
a mprumuta (cuiva)
to let
let
let
a permite
to lie
lay
lain
a fi culcat
to light
lit
lit
a aprinde
to lose
lost
lost
a pierde
to make
made
made
a face
to mean
meant
meant
a nsemna
to meet
met
met
a ntlni
to misgive
misgave
misgiven
a inspira nencredere
to mislead
misled
misled
a induce n eroare
to mistake
mistook
mistaken
a nelege greit
to outdo
outdid
outdone
a ntrece
to
overcame
overcome
a nvinge
overcome
to overdo
overdid
overdone
a face exces
to pay
paid
paid
a plti
to put
put
put
a pune
to read
read
read
a citi
to rend
rent
rent
a sfia, a rupe
to ride
rode
ridden
a clri
to ring
rang
rung
a suna
to rise
rose
risen
a se ridica
to run
ran
run
a alerga
to say
said
said
a spune
to see
saw
seen
a vedea
to seek
sought
sought
a cuta
to sell
sold
sold
a vinde
to send
sent
sent
a trimite
to set
set
set
a fixa, a regla
to sew
sewed
sewn (sewed)
a coase
to shake
shook
shaken
a scutura, a cltina
to shave
shaved
shaven
a se brbieri
to shed
shed
shed
a vrsa (lacrimi)
to shine
shone
shone
a strluci
to shoe
shod
shod
a ncla, a potcovi
to shoot
shot
shot
a mpuca
to show
showed
shown
a arta
to shrink
shrank
shrunk
a se strnge
to shut
shut
shut
a nchide
to sing
sang
sung
a cnta
to sink
sank
sunk
a se scufunda
to sit
sat
sat
a sta (pe scaun)
to slay
slew
slain
a ucide
to sleep
slept
slept
a dormi
to slide
slid
slid
a aluneca
to sling
slung
slung
a azvrli
to slit
slit
slit
a crpa,
a despica
to smell
smelt
(smelled)
smelt
(smelled)
a mirosi
to smite
smote
smitten
a lovi
to sow
sowed
sown
a semna
to speak
spoke
spoken
a vorbi
to speed
sped
sped
a accelera, a goni
to spell
spelt (spelled)
spelt (spelled)
a pronuna liter cu liter
to spend
spent
spent
a petrece, a cheltui
to spill
spilt
spilt
a vrsa
to spin
spun
spun
a toarce, a se roti
to spit
spat
spat
a scuipa
to split
split
split
a despica
to spoil
spoilt
spoilt
a strica
to spread
spread
spread
a ntinde
to spring
sprang
sprung
a sri, a ni
to stand
stood
stodd
a sta n picioare
to steal
stole
stolen
a fura
to stick
stuck
stuck
a nfige, a se lipi
to sting
stung
stung
a nepa
to stink
stank
stunk
a mirosi urt
to strike
struck
struck
a lovi
to string
strung
strung
a nira, a ncorda
to strive
strove
striven
a se strdui
to swear
swore
sworn
a jura
to sweep
swept
swept
a mtura
to swim
swam
swum
a nota
to swing
swung
swung
a se legna
to take
took
taken
a lua
to teach
taught
taught
a nva, a preda
to tear
tore
torn
a rupe, a sfia
to tell
told
told
a spune
to think
thought
thought
a gndi, a crede
to throw
threw
thrown
a arunca
to thrust
thrust
thrust
a mbrnci
to tread
trod
trodden
a clca
to underlie
underlay
underlain
a susine
to understand
understood
understood
a nelge
to upset
upset
upset
a supra
to wake
woke
woken
a se trezi
to wear
wore
worn
a purta
to weave
wove
woven
a ese
to wet
wet
wet
a uda
to win
won
won
a ctiga
to wind
wound
wound
a se rsuci
to write
wrote
written
a scrie
VERBELE MODALE
Verbele modale can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought to, would, dare, need au urmtoarele caracteristici:
1. au infinitiv scurt, fr to
2. au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele (nu se adaug s sau es la persoana a 3-a singular, prezent, afirmativ he can)
3. fac interogativul prin inversare (may I?)
4. fac negativul cu not (they must not)
5. dupa verbele modale verbul urmtor se pune la infinitiv scurt (I can read)
6. sunt defective de unele moduri i timpuri, i pentru a putea fi folosite se nlocuiesc cu:
CAN be able to
MAY to be allowed to
MUST to have to
7. can i may au i forme de trecut:
can could may might
8. cteodat dare, need i help sunt folosite ca verbe modale: I dare say it you dare not say it
I need do that you need not do that
I help you do it Ill get you to help serve
Ill help you cut this grass.
9. SHALL i SHOULD la persoana a 2-a si a 3-a (uneori i la persoana I) au nelesul de trebuie (sfat).
10.Ordinea descrescend a verbului must:
You must learn tu trebuie s nvei (imperativ)
You have to learn tu trebuie s nvei (nu neaprat imperativ)
You have got to learn tu trebuie s nvei (mai slab) You should learn ar trebui s nvei (sfat)
You ought to learn s-ar cuveni s nvei (sfat facultativ) You are to learn urmeaza s nvei (viitor apropiat)
You are due to learn eti planificat s nvei (n viitor)
11.Aspectul continuu al verbelor modale: se adaug be dup verbul modal
i se adaug ing la sfritul verbului care se pune dup verbul modal: I can go I can be going
I could go I could be going
I may go I may be going
I might go I might be going
I must go I must be going
RSPUNSURI LA EXERCIII Articolul
1. Completai cu a / an / the acolo unde este cazul:
a woman an unit
The United States of America
The Johnsons an elephant beauty
an hour
The Thames
2. Completai propoziiile din textul de mai jos cu a/an:
a) An old woman laughed at him.
b) A cat and a dog were in the kitchen. c) I saw an elephant at the zoo.
d) It was an excellent movie. e) She watched a TV show.
3. Completai cu a / an / the acolo unde este cazul:
Daniel is a teacher. He likes Physics very much. He teaches at a Theoretical Highschool from the Bucharest. The pupils like him very much. One day, he decided to take the children to see a laboratory from another highschool. There, they made an experiment. All the children considered the experiment the most interesting they have ever made.
Substantivul
1. Alctuii pluralul urmtoarelor substantive:
table ---> tables clock ---> clocks leaf ---> leaves
gentleman ---> gentlemen baby ---> babies
tooth ---> teeth friend ---> friends city ---> cities
life ---> lives chief ---> chiefs
2. nlocuii substantivele urmtoare cu pronumele personal potrivit:
the girl --- she the dog --- it the actor --- he
the schoolboy --- he the pencil --- it
the grandmother --- she
3. Alctuii ct mai multe substantive compuse cu ajutorul urmtoarelor cuvinte:
dining, bird, school, class, kinder, mate, room, boy, father, black, book, girl, board, living, garden, note, exercise, parents, grand.
dining-room; schoolgirl; classmate; kinder-garden; blackboard; grandfather;
living-room; notebook; grandparents; schoolboy
Adjectivul
1. Traducei n limba englez urmtoarele propoziii:
a) Aceast main este roie. This car is red.
b) Acele fete sunt n clasa nti. Those girls are in the first grade. c) Acei brbai sunt doctori. Those men are doctors.
d) Aceasta este clasa mea. This is my classroom.
e) Acela este cinele ei. That is her dog.
f) Acestea sunt caietele noastre. These are our notebooks.
2. Completai spaiile libere de mai jos cu forma corect a adjectivelor, la gradul de comparaie indicat:
Adjectiv
Comparativ
Superlativ
bad
worse
the worst
fast
faster
the fastest
good
better
the best
cheap
cheaper
the cheapest
beautiful
more beautiful
the most beautiful
thin
thinner
the thinnest
fat
fatter
the fattest
3. Potrivii adjectivele la substantivele respective:
cold ---> weather nice ---> blouse beautiful ---> girl long ---> hair delicious ---> food traditional ---> dance
Pronumele
1. Completai propoziiile urmtoare cu forma corect a pronumelui reflexiv:
1) I enjoyed myself at the party
2) My father didn't buy the book for himself
3) The dog cut itself while running in the street.
4) Help yourselves with some fruit, John and Mary.
5) We saw ourselves in the snow.
2. Completai propoziiile de mai jos cu forma corect a pronumelui posesiv:
1) This is my cat. It is mine
2) That is his lamp. It is his
3) These are our maps. They are ours
4) Those are their shoes. They are their
5) This is her shirt. It is hers
3. Completai corect spaiile goale cu unul dintre pronumele din paranteze:
1) I saw Mr. Thompson who is John's father. (that, who, which)
2) Who did you meet last week, John or Steve? (which, who, whose)
3) Puffy, which is a big cat, is very lazy. (which, who, whose)
4) What are you doing? (whom, what, that)
5) Who is going with you at the theatre? (who, that, whom)
Numeralul
1. Scriei n litere urmtoarele cifre:
123 - one hundred and twenty-three
1,450 - one thousand four hundred and fifty
58 - fifty-eight
33 - thirty-three
1,024 - one thou
