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Modificarile organismului matern
in sarcinaConf. Dr. Bernad Elena
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Dupa fecundatie: nou echilibru functional = HOMEOSTAZIA de sarcina:
- activitate crescuta a sistemelor si aparatelor- acumularea rezervelor pentru fat si mama
Sarcina = stare fiziologica
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MODIFICARILE SISTEMULUI REPRODUCTIV
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OVAR:- ascensioneaza (ax longitudinal orizontal din vertical)- hiperemie- corpul galben gestativ – prin actiunea HCG (sincitiotrofoblast) pana la 16 sapta., apoi functii preluate de placenta- foliculii ovarieni: - ovulatie stopata
- foliculi atretici- stroma – reactie deciduala (epiteliu catifelat, plisat, sangerand la atingere)
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Functiile ovariene:
- primele 10 sapt corp galben gestativ (estrogeni, progesteron, relaxina)
- apoi placenta- uneori persista corpul galben – ca
element de siguranta
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TROMPE:
- ascensioneaza verticale- hiperemie- hipertrofia musculaturii, celulelor neciliate- discreta transformare deciduala
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UTER
Scopul modificarilor:- adapostirea produsului de conceptie- protejarea
- expulzia produsului de conceptie la
nastere
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Dimensiunile de la 8/4/2,5 28/24/21- capacitatea 4 ml 4000 ml- grosimea 8 mm 25 mm in sapt. 12
5-10 mm in sapt. 40- greutatea 30 g 1000 g prin hipertrofie,
hiperplazie
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Forma - la inceput: piriform- 8 sapt: globulos- 12-16 sapt:rotund- apoi: ovoid- dupa sapt. 20: cilindricMarimea - mandarina 4 sapt.
- portocala 8 sapt.- grape-fruit 12 sapt.- cap de copil 16 sapt.
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Pozitia - la inceput: anteversie - flexie- sapt. 12: depaseste pelvisul abdomen- peretele abdominal cu tonus:
• Bun => axul uterului este in spatele ax pelvin • Relativ => axele coincid • Scazut => ax uter inaintea ax pelvin
- in decubit dorsal compresie pe vena cava inferioara: sd. POSSEIRO
- rotatie: dextrodeviatie (atentie la cezariana pericol de sectiune a pediculului vascular stang)
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Raporturile uterului gravid la termen:- anterior - perete abdominal
- vezica urinara (la polul inferior)
- posterior - coloana vertebrala - aorta - vena cava inferioara - mezenter - ansele intestinului subtire - rect, sacru si promontoriu
(la polul inferior)
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- fundul uterin: - ficat- colonul transvers si mezoul sau- stomac- apendice xifoid, false coaste
- margini: - intestinul gros (superior) - vasele iliace, uretere, muschii
psoas iliac (inferior)
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Structura – intereseaza: - seroasa (peritoneul visceral)- musculara (miometrul)- mucoasa (decidua)
Seroasa: prin hipertrofie hiperplazie
- la segmentul inferior: lax decolare usoara
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Musculara - 3 - strat extern – longitudinal
supravascular (4 planuri musculare) intern – benzi circulare (strat
subvascular) – benzi spre col si trompe mijlocii – plexiform
(contractia vaselor) – mijlociu cu fibre musculare ce se intretaieMucoasa (endometrul) se transforma in caduca (decidua) ce se elimina dupa nastere.
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In sarcina: 3 caduci bazala (interutero-placentara) ovulara (reflectata) parietala (adevarata)
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- in primele 4 luni:- strat superficial = caduca (celule
cu protoplasma spumoasa)- strat profund spongios (din care
regenereaza mucoasa)- sfarsitul lunii a IV-a – sudarea caducilor
(reflectata, adevarata)- atrofiere progresiva a caducii: 1 mm
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Istmul uterin = uneste col – corp
- in sarcina: ramolire (s. Hegar)
- la termen = segment inferior – fibre spiralate ce se lungesc longitudinal = transmisie
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- forma de calota sferica- 6-8 mm- limite: inferior = orificiu intern col
superior = peritoneul aderent= vena circulara= inel Bandl
- grefarea oului aici placenta praevia
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Col - hipertrofie- ramolire, catifelare (vascularizatie,
edem)- situatie: - normal – la inceput
- ascensiune – in luna a III-a- Douglas – la termen
- orificiu extern: - inchis in I-a parte- deschis in a II-a parte
- “Dop gelatinos”
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Modificarile fiziologice ale uterului gravid:
- acumularea potentialului energetic- scade tonusul bazal- creste continutul de proteine contractile (Actomiozina)- acumulare donatori ATP- creste continutul in glicogen, lipide
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Modificarile fiziologice ale uterului gravid:
- modificarea echilibrului membranar- dilatare vasculara- creste progresiv excitabilitatea, contractibilitatea- sensibilitatea uterina creste- contractilitate dau tonus bazal- retractibilitate- elasticitate- excitabilitatea
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SISTEMUL LIGAMENTAR
- hipertrofie- lax, elastic
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VAGIN- bine vascularizat- violet pal-purpuriu- leucoreea - cremos albicioasa
- pH acid- hipertrofie- elastic
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VULVA + PERINEU- creste vascularizatia- imbibitie seroasa
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SANII estrogeni dezvoltarea canalelor progesteron dezvoltarea acinilor - Factor mamogen I si II (hipofiza) - modificari morfologice:
- pigmentarea areolei - areola secundara
- tuberculii Montgomery- vascularizatie bogata: retea venoasa Haller
- inbibitie seroasa (400 g) - secretia glandei in sarcina inhibata de E+P
colostru
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MODIFICARI GENERALE
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SISTEMUL NERVOS SI ORGANELE DE SIMT
- iritabilitate sau somnolenta- modificari - gust
- miros- in trim. II echilibru
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SISTEMUL OSOS
- creste vascularizatia (maduvei osoase)- decalcifiere ( h paratiroidian)- lordoza
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SISTEMUL ARTICULAR
- relaxina (corp galben gestativ)- inbibitie ligamentara – mai ales a centurii pelvine
SISTEMUL MUSCULAR
- eventratie “fiziologica”- tonusul musculaturii - striate creste
- netede scade
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SISTEMUL CUTANAT- hiperemie- glandele sebacee, sudoripare activitate crescuta- hipertricoza- grasime subcutanata- pigmentarea (hormon melanocitotrop):
- cloasma- linia alba- vulva- sani
- vergeturi - ruperea fibrelor elastice- modificarea colagenului
- imbibitie seroasa – retentie hidro-salina– E, P, cortizon, h. antidiuretic
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Cloasma gravidica
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SISTEMUL EXCRETOR
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RINICHII:- hipertrofiati, congestionati- creste irigatia renala- creste fluxul sanguin renal- creste filtratia glomerulara (cu peste 50%)- diureza marita- proteinurie, glicozurie “fiziologice” la valori de 5% respectiv 2%
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RINICHII:Sistemul Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosteron- creste activitatea reninei – pana la sapt 20- trim III scadeBazinete si uretere - dilatate- hipotonieVezica urinara- congestie- compresie
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SISTEMUL DIGESTIV
GINGIE- subtiri - sangereaza- gingivite caderea dintilor- sialoreeSTOMAC- deplasat in sus si stanga- pirozis, arsura gastrica (hernie hiatala)- scade aciditatea, motilitatea- constipatie
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FICAT- creste activitatea hepatica- “hepatism” (teleangiectazii, fosfataza alcalina, lipemia)
VEZICA BILIARA- atonie- calculi- colecistopatiePANCREAS- hipertrofie- cresc functiile exocrina si endocrina
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SISTEMUL RESPIRATOR
Anatomic- ridicarea custii toracice- orizontalizarea falselor coaste- creste volumul respirator- creste consumul de O2- creste ventilatia pulmonaraTip de respiratie: - superior
- bazal
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SISTEMUL CIRCULATOR
- creste consumul de O2 cu 15-25%- creste metabolismul bazal cu 5-25% creste debitul cardiac:
- accelerarea vitezei de circulatie- creste volumul sanguin circulant
- hipervolemie in sarcina anemie aparenta- sunt arterio-venos placentar- uneori dispnee de effort
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TA - mai mare in ortostatism- mai mica in decubit dorsal- si mai mica in decubit lateral
TA sistolica - mica la inceput - creste la sfarsitul sarcinii
Rezistenta vasculara periferica: - mica la mijlocul sarcinii- creste la termen
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Presiunea venoasa: - membre superioare – normala- membre inferioare crescuta- compresiune pe vena cava- compresiune pe vase uliace
- presiune din uter- presiunea venoasa scade
brusc dupa golirea uterului- sindromul de hipotensive de
decubit dorsal
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Varicele membrelor inferioare
Presiunea venoasa in circulatia pulmonara – aspect de “vascularizatie crescuta”.
Timpul de circulatie = viteza de circulatie redusa numai la membrele inferioare.
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Dimensiunea inimii - largirea umbrei cardiace la Rx creste - umplerea diastolica a atriilor- debitul bataie
Pozitia inimii - ascensionare- rotatie- EKG – deviatie la stanga a axului- aplatizarea undei T
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Modificarea circulatiei regionale:
- uter: circulatie preferentiala- interauterin: - P = 80 – 100 mm Hg
- scalda vilozitatile- in – contractie = vene colabate- in relaxare = aspira
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Compozitia sangelui:volumul plasmatic creste cu aprox. 1250 mlnumarul eritrocite
- scad 3,7 milioane in sapt. 30- creste spre termen
- hematocrit = scade 33% la sfarsitul sarcinii- anemia fiziologica
- volemie- mecanisme fetale
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- leucocitoza – 7.00 -10.000- trombocite – cresc- coagularea
- cresc factorii de coagulare- TC, TS se mentin normale
- Proteine totale scazute- VSH crescut- lipide serice crescute- Colesterol crescut
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Vitaminele:- B12 scade prin:
- stimularea eritropezei materne- transfer fat
- B6 carenta catre sfarsitul sarcinii- C intervine in sinteza
- colagen- proteica- oaselor- dentina
- Acid folic- scade- transfer mama – fat- necesar de 10 ori mai mare
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SISTEMUL ENDOCRIN
Intreg sistemul endocrin este mult solicitat.
Glande noi: - corp gestativ - placenta = glanda endocrina complexa
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Hormoni specifici:- gomadotrop carionic HCG- hormon lactogen placentar- tireotrofina carionica umana- relaxina- hormoni steroizi
- estrogeni- progesteron- androgeni- corticosteroizi