curs de engleza incepatori

7/29/2019 curs de engleza incepatori

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How Are You? Beginning English with the Verb "ToBe"

Read the conversations below:

Introductions

(At a party)

Peter: Hello.Jane: Hi!

Peter: My name is Peter. What's your name?Jane: My name is Jane. Nice to meet you.

Peter: It's a pleasure. This is a great party!Jane: Yes, it is. Where are you from?

Peter: I'm from Amsterdam.Jane: Amsterdam? Really, are you German?

Peter: NO, I'm not German. I'm Dutch.Jane: Oh, you're Dutch. Sorry about that.

Peter: That's OK. Where are you from?Jane: I'm from London, but I'm not British.

Peter: No, what are you?Jane: Well, my parents were Spanish, so I'm Spanish, too.

Peter: That's very interesting. Spain is a beautiful country.Jane: Thank you. It IS a wonderful place.

Ken: Hello, My name's Ken. What's your name?Jack: Jack. How are you?Ken: I'm fine, and you?Jack: Great. Where are you from?

Ken: I'm from Seattle.

Ken: Where is that girl from?

Jack: She's from JapanKen: How old is she?Jack: She's twenty-six

Complete the conversation. Click on the arrow to see the answer.


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Mary: Hello. My Mary. What's name?Peter: Peter. How you?Mary: I'm and you?Peter: OK, you from?Mary: from Ireland.

The above conversations used the verb "to be". Look at the conjugation charts of the verb "tobe"

Positive

I am from Seattle.

HeShe

It

is from Toronto.

WeYou

They

are from Japan.

Negative

I am not (I'm not) from Seattle.

HeShe

It

is not (isn't) from Toronto.

We

YouThey

are not (aren't) from Japan.

Questions

Where am I from?

Where is heshe

it

from

Where are we

youthey

from?

Read the text below

My name is Ken Beare and I'm a teacher. My address is Green Street, 19 and my telephonenumber is . I'm 39 years old and I'm married. My daughter, Katherine, is two and half yearsold. My wife, Barbara, is Italian. She is a bank teller.

Fill in the gaps in this paragraph. Click on the arrow to see the answer.


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My name Mario and a doctor. My is York Avenue, 23 and my . 45 years and I'm married. Myson, Peter, ten . My wife, Giorgia, is American. She a lawyer.

Write a short paragraph about you!

There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce strangers.

(name), I don't think you've met (name).I don't think you know (name)

May I introduce you to (name)(name), do you know (name)?(name), I'd like you to meet (name)

When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person with "How do youdo?" the correct response is "How do you do." Here is a short introductory conversation:

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.Peter: How do you do?Mary: How do you do.Ken: Mary works for ...

A variation is also "It's a pleasure to meet you." or "Pleased to meet you."

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you.Mary: How do you do.Ken: Mary works for ...

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.Peter: How do you do?Mary: Pleased to meet you.Ken: Mary works for ...

In informal situations, especially in North America, introductions are also made simply saying:"This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello" as a response in this informalsetting.

Ken: Peter, this is Mary.Peter: How do you do?Mary: Pleased to meet you.Ken: Mary works for ...

It is also quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. After the initial introduction,hand shaking generally takes place in more formal, business situations. Otherwise, people justsay "Hi."

Greetings - Social Language


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Once you have been introduced to someone, the next time you see that person it is importantto greet them. We also greet people as we leave people. In English (as in all languages), thereare different ways to greet people in formal and informal situations.

Formal Greetings: Arriving

Good morning / afternoon / evening.Hello (name), how are you?Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)

Informal Greetings: Arriving

Hi / HelloHow are you?What's up? (very informal)How are you doing? (very informal)

It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't necessaryneed a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:

Very well, thank you. And you? (formal)Fine / Great (informal)

Formal Greetings: Departing

Good morning / afternoon / evening.It was a pleasure seeing you.Goodbye.Note: After 8 p.m. - Good night.

Informal Greetings: Departing

Goodbye / Bye.See you (later).

Later (very informal

It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidaysand other special occasions. Here are some of the most common:

Birthdays

Happy birthday!Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!Many happy returns!

Wedding / Anniversary
http://esl.about.com/od/beginnerpronunciation/a/intros.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/beginnerpronunciation/a/intros.htm


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Congratulations!Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)

Special Holidays

Merry Christmas!Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.

When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is alsocommon to ask them what they received:

Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you?

Special Occasions

Congratulations on your promotion!

All the best for your ...

I'm so proud of you!

Speaking to Strangers - Social Language

Here are a number of polite phrases used when trying to get the attention or help frompeople. The use of more formal language is common when speaking to someone you do notknow:

Interrupting

It is common to first apologize before interrupting another person, or asking for help if you donot know the person.

Excuse me, could I ...Sorry, do you think I could ...

Excuse me, do you know ...I beg your pardon, could you help me? (formal)

Asking Someone to Repeat

When asking for information you may have a hard time understanding in public places whichcan be very noisy (train stations, restaurants, stores, etc.). Here are phrases commonly usedto ask someone to repeat what he has said:


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Excuse me, I'm afraid I didn't understand. Could you repeat that? (formal)I'm sorry, I didn't catch that. (informal)What? (very informal!)I beg your pardon.

Travel Greetings - Social Language

Here are a number of phrases used when saying goodbye to friends or family as the depart ontrips, both short and long.

Long Trips, Vacations, etc. American English

Have a good trip.Enjoy your vacation.Have a good time in (destination)

Long Trips, Vacations, etc. British English

Have a good journey.Enjoy your holidays.Have a good time in (destination)

Short Outings

Enjoy! (American English)Have a good time at (destination place such as a restaurant)Have a good time in (destination city)

When your friends or family return home it is common to use one of the following phrases:

How was your vacation? (holiday in British English)Did you enjoy your time in (destination)How was your journey / flight / trip?

Beginner Dialogue: A Busy Day

A Busy Day

(two friends speaking in a park when they meet each other jogging)

Barbara: Hi, Katherine, how are you today?Katherine: I'm great and you?

Barbara: VERY busy! I'm jogging now, but later I have to do a lot!Katherine: What do you have to do?

Barbara: Well, first of all, I have to do the shopping. We don't have anything to eat at home.Katherine: ... and then?


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Barbara: Little Johnny has a basketball game this afternoon. I'm driving him to the game.Katherine: Oh, how is his team doing?

Barbara: They're doing very well. Next week, they're travelling to Toronto for a tournament.Katherine: That's impressive.

Barbara: Well, Johnny likes playing basketball. I'm happy he's enjoying it. What are youdoing today?Katherine: I'm not doing much. I'm meeting some friends for lunch, but, other than that, Idon't have much to do today.

Barbara: You're so lucky!Katherine: No, you're the lucky one. I'd like to have so many things to do.

Beginner Dialogue: Weekend Sports

A Great Workout

(Two friends at the gym)

Janet: Wow, this gym is great! What a fantastic workout!Susan: Yes, I like coming here very much. What other sports can you do?

Janet: Well, I can play tennis, I can do a little karate and I go windsurfing in the summer.Susan: You're very fit! I can't do many sports. I like coming to the gym because the exercisesare easy.

Janet: Listen, I have an idea. Why don't you come to karate class with me?

Susan: No, I can't do karate...

Janet: ... but you can learn! Karate is a great sport. How about coming with me on Saturday?Susan: well, .... OK.

Janet: Great, why don't we meet at my house at 10 in the morning?Susan: Sure, that's a good idea. (changing subjects) By the way, what other hobbies do youhave?

Janet: I like going to the cinema, and reading a little.Susan: Do you like cooking, or baking?

Janet: No, I can't cook. I'm a horrible cook!Susan: Oh, I love cooking. I tell you what. Why don't I cook lunch after karate class?

Janet: Now that's a great idea!Susan: OK, karate and lunch on Saturday. It's a date!

Weekend Sports


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(in the restaurant, two friends speaking)

Susan: Oh, this is lovely. Would you like to try some?Christine: No thanks, Susan. I'm really enjoying my pasta!

Susan: So, do you want to play tennis this weekend?

Christine: I'm afraid I can't play tennis.

Susan: NO, are you joking? I'm sure you can play tennis. EVERYBODY can play tennis.

Christine: Well, I can't. BUT I can play golf.

Susan: Really, I can play golf, too. - but not very well.Christine: I have an idea. Why don't we play tennis this weekend and then next weekendgolf?

Susan: OK, that's a good idea. You don't play tennis - I don't play golf. We both can learn anew sport!Christine: That's it. I think it's a brilliant idea!

Susan: Now, tell me about your new job. When do you start?Christine: Next week. I'm in the accounting department. I make telephone calls to the banks,check the accounts, keep records... that sort of thing.

Susan: It sounds like an excellent job.Christine: How is your job?

Susan: Oh, it's OK. It's boring. I work at the computer all day long, each and every day at thecomputer.Christine: I'm sure it isn't so bad!

Cooking

(At a friend's house)

Carol: This is a lovely house!Martha: Thank you. Carol, we call it home.

Carol: It's very close to work, isn't it?Martha: Yes, it is. I always walk to work - even when it rains!

Carol: I usually take the bus. It takes so long!Martha: How long does it take?

Carol: Oh, it takes about 20 minutes.Martha: That is a long time. Well, have some cake.

Carol: (taking a bite of some cake) this is delicious! Do you bake all of your own cakes?Martha: Yes, I usually bake something at the weekend. I like having sweets in the house.


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Carol: You're a wonderful cook!Martha: Thank you, it's nothing really.

Carol: I never cook. I'm just hopeless. My husband, David, usually does all the cooking.Martha: Do you often go out to eat?

Carol: Yes, when he doesn't have time to cook, we go out to eat somewhere.Martha: There are some wonderful restaurants in the city.

Carol: Too many! You can eat at a different restaurant every day. Monday - Chinese, Tuesday- Italian, Wednesday - Mexican, on and on ...

The Meeting

(Two workers in an office)

James: Hi Alice. How are you today?

Alice: Hi James. I'm fine, and you?

James: Great, thank you. Remember, the meeting is at 3 o'clock.Alice: Excuse me, which meeting?

James: Which meeting?! The meeting with the boss!Alice: Are you sure there is a meeting today?

James: Alice, Alice, every month there is a meeting with the boss. This month that meeting isthis afternoon.Alice: Calm down. OK, there's a meeting this afternoon. What time is it?

James: Alice, this is important. The meeting is at three o'clock sharp!Alice: Thank you James... By the way, what time is it now?

James: It's quarter past eleven.Alice: It's time for lunch!

James: Lunch, now? Lunch time is at twelve.Alice: Well, I'm hungry now.

James: You're funny Alice. This is an office.Alice: I'm hungry ... it's just a snack ...

Personal Information

(Two friends filling in a form together)

Jim: Your painting is fantastic Roger!Roger: I'm happy you like it. It's for a competition. Here's the form.


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Jim: Right. OK, here are the questions.... Your hands are dirty.Roger: ... from painting! What are the questions? Here's a pen (gives him a pen to fill theform in)

Jim: What's your name?Roger: oh, that's difficult ... Roger!

Jim: Ha, ha. What's your surname?Roger: I'm not sure ...

Jim: Very funny! OK, surname - TailorRoger: Yes, that's it!

Jim: Next question please. Are you married or single?Roger: Single. I'm sure about that!

Jim: What's your address?Roger: 72 London Road.

Jim:... and what are your hobbies?Roger: hmmm.... painting, going windsurfing and watching TV.

Jim: ... OK, last question. What's your telephone number?Roger: 0343 897 6514

Jim: 0343 897 6514 - Got it. Where's an envelope?Roger: Over there ...

ANY/SOME

Use "some" in positive sentences. We use some for both countable anduncountable nouns.

Example: I have some friends.

Use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countableand uncountable nouns.

Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends inChicago.

Use "some" in questions when offering or requesting something that is there.

Example: Would you like some bread? (offer) - Could I have some water?(request)

Use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countable

and uncountable nouns.


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Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends inChicago.

Use "some" words - somebody, someone, somewhere and something - in

positive sentences.

Example: He lives somewhere near here.

Use "any" words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything - in negative

sentences or questions.

Example: Do you know anything about that boy? - She doesn't have

anywhere to go.

IN/TO/ON/AT for place

IN

Use 'in' with spaces:

in a room / in a building

in a garden / in a park

Use 'in' with bodies of water:

in the water

in the sea

in a river

Use 'in' with lines:

in a row / in a line

in a queue

AT

Use 'at' with places:

at the bus-stop

at the door

at the cinema

at the end of the street

ON


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Use 'on' with surfaces:

on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor

on the table

Use 'on' with small islands:

I stayed on Maui.

Use 'on' with directions:

on the left

on the right

straight on

TO

Use 'to' with movement from one place to another:

I went to school.

Did you go to work?

Let's go to the shopping mall.

DO NOT Use 'to' with 'home'

Articles THE/A/AN

a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the

same objects) with consonantsShe has a dog.I work in a factory.

an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of thesame objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)Can I have an apple?She is an English teacher.

the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speakingand the listener know)The car over there is fast.The teacher is very good, isn't he?

The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time yourepeat that object use "the".I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.

DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces,

lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as"The United States".He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.They live in northern British Columbia.


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Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -

My country borders on the Pacific Ocean

DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in generalI like Russian tea.She likes reading books.

DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places,and transportHe has breakfast at home.I go to university.

He comes to work by taxi.

LIKE

'Like' can be used as a verb or as a preposition. There are a number of common questionswith 'like' that are easy to confuse.

What's he like? - 'What like?' is used to ask about a person's or

object's character and is general in nature. What does he like? - This use of the verb 'like' is for generalpreferences. 'Like' as a verb is generally followed by the 'ing' form of the verb(I like playing tennis).

What does she look like? - 'Like' is used as a preposition to expressphysical appearance. In this case, 'like' can also mean 'similar to' if you aremaking a comparison to other people.

What would you like to drink? - Another common use of 'like' is in'would like' to express wishes. Note that 'would like' is followed by the infiniteform of the verb NOT the '-ing' form.

PAST TENSE IRREGULAR VERBS

The past form of regular verbs ends in 'ed'. Irregular verbs must be studied individually. Hereis a list of past forms of some of the most common irregular verbs.

be - was/werebecome - becamebegin - beganbreak - brokebring - broughtbuild - builtbuy - boughtcome - camecost - costcut - cut

do - diddrink - drankeat - atefind - foundfly - flewget - gotgive - gavego - wenthave - hadkeep - kept


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know - knewleave - leftmake - mademeet - metpay - paidput - putread - read

say - saidsee - sawsell - soldsend - sentspeak - spokespend - spenttake - tookteach - taughttell - told

think - thought

PRONOUNS

There are four types of pronouns: Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronounsand Demonstrative Pronouns. Here is a list and explanation showing the different types ofpronouns:

Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as

the subjectof a sentence:

I live in New York.Do you like playing tennis?He doesn't want to come this evening.She works in London.It won't be easy.We are studying pronouns at the moment.You went to Paris last year, didn't you?They bought a new car last month.

Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve asthe object of a verb.

Give me the book.He told you to come tonight.She asked him to help.They visited her when they came to New York.She bought it at the store.He picked us up at the airport.The teacher asked you to finish your homework.I invited them to a party.

Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours,

theirs show that something belongs to someone. That house is mine.This is yours.I'm sorry, that's his.Those books are hers.Those students are ours.


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Look over there, those seats are yours.Theirs will be green.

Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those refer to things.'this' and 'these' refer to something that is near. 'that' and 'those' refer tothings that are farther away.

This is my house.That is our car over there.These are my colleagues in this room.Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.

Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

are often confused with possessive pronouns. The possessive adjectivemodifies the noun following it in order to show possession.

I'll get my books.Is that your car over there?That is his teacher, Mr Jones.I want to go to her store.

Its color is red.Can we bring our children?You are welcome to invite your husbands.

IN/AT/ ON for time

IN

Use 'in' months and years and periods of time:

in January in 1978

in the twenties

Use 'in' a period of time in the future:

in a few weeks

in a couple of days

AT

Use 'at' with precise time:

at six o'clock

at 10.30

at two p.m.

ON


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Use 'on' with days of the week:

on Monday

on Fridays

Use 'on' with specific calendar days:

on Christmas day

on October 22nd

IMPORTANT NOTES

in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night

We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'

GERUND/INFINITIVE(playing/ to play)

Verb + 'ing' OR Verb + Infinitive

When two verbs are used together, the second verb is often in the gerund form (-ing) or theinfinitive. There are no specific rules concerning which verbs take which form. Like irregularverbs, you will need to learn which form a verb takes.

Common Verbs + 'ing'

goenjoyquitdiscussmindcan't standsuggest

Examples:

They go jogging on Saturdays.I don't mind helping you.They can't stand driving in traffic jams.

Common Verbs + Infinitive

promiseplanrefusewantneed


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decidehope

Examples:

I promised to help him.

Alice needs to start that task.He decided to quit his job.

PRESENT SIMPLE

Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.

Positive Sentences Subject + present conjugation of verb + objects

I / You drive to work every day.

She / He / It drives to work every day.

You / We / They drive to work every day.

Negative Sentences

Subject + do not + base form of verb + objects

I / You don't (do not) use a computer every day.

She / He / It doesn't ( does not) use a computer at work. It

You / We / They don't (do not) use a typewriter at work.

Question Form

Wh? + do + subject + base form of verb ?

When do I / you arrive at work?

What does he / she / it use at work?

Where do we / you / they keep the paper?

MODALS

(should/may/can)

Modals are verbs that modify other verbs. The most common modals are:


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CanShouldMust

Note that all subjects take the same form of the modal.

Positive

Subject + Modal + Base Form of Verb + Objects

Examples

He can play the piano.I must leave soon.

Negative

Subject + Modal + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects

Examples

They can't visit next week.You shouldn't go to that film.

Question

Modal + Subject + Base Form of Verb + Objects

Examples

Can you help me?What should I do?

Giving Advice with Should

'Should' is used when asking for or giving advice. It is also used when asking for suggestions.

Examples

I think you should see a doctor.What type of job should I get?

Expressing Ability with Can

'Can' is used to speak abilities.


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Examples

He can speak Japanese.Can you play golf?

Asking for Permission with May

'May' is used to ask for permission.

Examples

May I help you?May I visit you this afternoon?

NOTE: In spoken English, 'Can I ...?' is often used instead of 'May I ...?'

FUTURE

(going to/will)

The future with 'Will' is used in a variety of situations discussing the future. Use the followingforms with 'will'. Notice that 'will' or 'won't' is used for ALL subjects.

Positive

Subject + will + base form of verb + object(s)

Negative

Subject + will + not + base form of verb + object(s)

Question

(Question Word) + will + subject + base form of verb?

Used for spontaneous decisions. Spontaneous decisions are decisions made AT the moment ofspeaking.

Examples

Jack's hungry. I'll make her a sandwich.That's difficult! I'll help you with the problem.

Used for predictions:

Examples


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It will snow tomorrow.She won't win the game.

Used for scheduled public events

Examples

The concert will begin at 8 o'clock.When will the train leave?

The class won't start next week.

Used for promises

Examples

Will you marry me?I'll help you with your homework after class.

Future with 'Going to'

The future with 'going to' is used to speak about future intentions or plans made before thepresent moment. Use the following forms with 'going to'.

Positive

Subject + to be + going to + base form of verb + object(s)

Negative

Subject + to be + not + going to + base form of verb + object(s)

Question

(Question Word) + to be + subject + going to + base form of verb?

Examples We are going to study French next semester.Where are you going to stay in France?She isn't going to take a vacation this year.

Used for planned decisions. Planned decisions are decisions made BEFORE the moment ofspeaking.

Examples

I'm going to study Languages at university next year.We're going to stay at the Hilton in New York next week.


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Used for predicting an action that you see is about to happen:

Examples

Watch out! You're going to hit that car!Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.

Used for future intentions:

Examples

I'm going to be a policeman when I grow up.Katherine is going to study English when she goes to University.

COUNTRY/LANGUAGE

This chart shows first the country, then language and, finally the nationality of many majorcountries from around the world.

One syllable

FranceFrenchFrench

GreeceGreek

Greek

ends in '-ish'

BritainEnglishBritish

DenmarkDanishDanish

FinlandFinnishFinnish

PolandPolishPolish


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SpainSpanishSpanish

SwedenSwedish

Swedish

TurkeyTurkishTurkish

ends in '-an'

GermanyGermanGerman

MexicoSpanishMexican

The United StatesEnglishAmerican

ends in '-ian' or '-ean'

AustraliaEnglishAustralian

BrazilPortugueseBrazilian

EgyptArabicEgyptian

ItalyItalianItalian

HungaryHungarianHungarian


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KoreaKoreanKorean

RussiaRussian

Russian

ends in '-ese'

ChinaChineseChinese

JapanJapaneseJapanese

PortugalPortuguesePortuguese

MUCH /ANY/FEW/A LOT OF

Countable and Uncountable

Uncountable

Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns. Use both 'some' and any' with

uncountable nouns when speaking about specific objects.

Examples

Do you have any butter?

There is some juice in the bottle.

If you are speaking in general, do not use a modifier.

Examples

Do you drink coca cola?He doesn't eat meat.

Countable

Use the plural form of the verb with countable nouns. Use both 'some' and 'any' withcountable nouns when speaking about specific objects.


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Examples

There are some magazines on the table.Has he got any friends?

If you are speaking in general, use the plural form of the noun.

Examples

They love books by Hemingway.She doesn't eat apples.

Expressions for Use with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Use the following expressions with uncountable nouns.

mostmuch, lots of, a lot ofsomea little, little

Examples

There is lots of interest in the project.She's got some money left in the bank.There's little time to finish.

Use the following expressions with countable nouns.

many, lots of, a lot ofseveralsomenot many, only a few, few

Examples

There are a lot of pictures on the wall.We have several friends in Chicago.She bought some envelopes this afternoon.There are only a few people in the restaurant.

COUNT/ NON-COUNT NOUNS

What are countable nouns?

Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.

books, Italians, pictures, stations, men, etc.


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A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lotsof trees, etc.

Use the singular form of the verb with a singular countable noun:

There is a book on the table.

That student is excellent!

Use the plural form of the verb with a countable noun in the plural:

There are some students in the classroom.Those houses are very big, aren't they?

What are uncountable nouns?

Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objectsand can not be counted.

information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.

Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form of the verb with uncountablenouns:

There is some water in that pitcher.That is the equipment we use for the project.

Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns.

Use a/an with countable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):

Tom is a very intelligent young man.I have a beautiful grey cat.

Do not use a/an with uncountable nouns preceded by an adjective(s):

That is very useful information.There is some cold beer in the fridge.

Some uncountable nouns in English are countable in other languages. This can be confusing!

Here is a list of some of the most common, easy to confuse uncountable nouns.

accommodationadvicebaggagebreadequipmentfurnituregarbage


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informationknowledgeluggagemoneynewspastaprogress

researchtravelwork

COMPARATIVE

We use the comparative and superlative form to compare and contrast different objects inEnglish. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects. Example:New York is more exciting than Seattle. Use the superlative form when speaking about threeor more objects to show which object is 'the most' of something. Example: New York is themost exciting city in the USA.

Here is a chart showing how to construct the comparative form in English. Notice in theexample sentences that we use 'than' to compare the two objects:

One Syllable Adjectives

add '-er' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel)remove the 'y' from the adjective and add 'ier'

Example: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high - higher

Example Sentences

Yesterday was hotter than today.This book is cheaper than that book.

Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y'

Example: happy - happier / funny - funnier

Example Sentences

I am happier than you.That joke was funnier than his joke.

Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives

place 'more' before the adjective

Example: interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult


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Example Sentences

London is more expensive than Madrid.This test is more difficult than the last test.

IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS

There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most importantexceptions:

good

good - adjective

better - comparative

Example Sentences

This book is better than that one.I am better at tennis than my sister.

bad

bad - adjective

worse - comparative

Example Sentences

His French is worse than mine.His singing is worse than Tom's.

SUPERLATIVE

Here is a chart showing how to construct the superlative form in English:

One Syllable Adjectives

place 'the' before the adjective and add '-est' to end of the adjective (Note: double the final

consonant if preceded by a vowel)

Example: cheap - the cheapest / hot - the hottest / high - the highest

Example Sentences

Today is the hottest day of the summer.This book is the cheapest I can find.


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Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives

place 'the most' before the adjective

Example: interesting - the most interesting / difficult - the most difficult

Example Sentences

London is the most expensive city in England.That is the most beautiful painting here.

Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y' place 'the' before the adjective and remove the 'y'from the adjective and add 'iest'

Example: happy - the happiest / funny - the funniest

Example Sentences

New York is the noisiest city in the USA.He is the most important person I know.

IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS

There are some important exceptions to these rules. Here are two of the most importantexceptions:

good

good - adjective

the best - superlative

Example Sentences

Peter is the best golf player in the school.This is the best school in the city.

bad

bad - adjective the worst - superlative

Example Sentences

Jane is the worst student in the class.This is the worst day of my life.


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Time Expressions and TensesTime expressions are used to indicate the time at / during which an action took place.Common time expressions include:

Present forms: everyday, on Fridays, at the moment, now, as well as adverbs of frequencysuch as always, usually, sometimes (for present habits and routines). Days of the weeksfollowed by 's' such as Mondays, Tuesdays, etc.

Examples

He sometimes finishes work early.Marjorie is listening to the radio at the moment.

Peter goes jogging on Saturdays.

Past forms: when I was ..., last week, day, year, etc., yesterday, ago (two weeks ago, three

years ago, four months ago, etc.)

Examples

He visited his friends last week.I didn't see you two days ago.Jane flew to Boston yesterday.

Future forms: next week, year, etc., tomorrow, by (the end of the week, Thursday, nextyear, etc.) in X time (in two weeks time, in four months time, etc.)

Examples

I'm going to attend a conference next week.It won't snow tomorrow.They're going to visit New York in two weeks.

Perfect forms: since, yet, already, just, for

Examples

Michael has worked here since 1998.Have you finished reading the paper yet?He's just gone to the bank.

Adverbs of Frequency - Rules for UseUse adverbs of frequency to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are oftenused with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities. Forexample, They often go out for dinner.

Adverbs of frequency include (form most often to least often):


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alwaysusuallyoftensometimesoccasionallyseldomrarely

never

If the sentence has one verb (e.g. no auxiliary verb) put the adverb in the middle of thesentence after the subject and before the verb.

Examples

Tom usually goes to work by car.Janet never flies. She always goes by bus.

Adverbs of frequency come after the verb 'be':

Examples

I am never late for work.Peter is often at school.

If the sentence has more than one verb (e.g. auxiliary verb), put the adverb of frequencybefore the main verb.

Examples

I can never remember anything!They have often visited Rome.

When using adverbs of frequency in the question or negative form, put the adverb offrequency before the main verb.

Examples

She doesn't often visit Europe.Do you usually get up early?

Imperative FormUse the imperative form when giving instructions or orders. The imperative is also verycommon in written instructions. Be careful when you use the imperative, as it is oftenconsidered impolite in English. If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If, onthe other hand, you would like to request that someone do something use a polite questionform.

There is only one imperative form for both 'you' singular and plural.


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Examples:

Hurry up!Take the first left, go straight on and the supermarket is on the left.

Positive

Base Form of Verb + Objects

Turn the music down, please.Insert coins into the slot.

Negative

Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects

Do not smoke in this building. Don't rush, I'm not in a hurry.

Adverb or Adjective - Which should I use?

Adjectives Modify Nouns

Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:

Examples:

Tom is an excellentsinger.

I bought a comfortable chair.

She's thinking about buying a newhouse.

Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. Inthis case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:

Examples:

Jack is happy.

Peter was verytired.

Mary'll be excitedwhen you tell her.

Adverbs


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Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs

Adverbs are easily recognized because they end in '-ly' (with a fewexceptions!):

Examples:

Adjective - careful / Adverb - carefully

Adjective - quick / Adverb - quickly

Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:

Examples:

Jack drove carelessly.

Tom played the match intelligently.

Jason talks about his classes constantly

Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect is used to say what has happened recently and has an effect on thepresent moment. We often use 'just', 'yet' and 'already' to express the relationship to thepresent moment.

Examples

Have you seen Mary yet?They've already had dinner.She's just been to the dentist's.

The present perfect is also used to express something which has happened up to the presentmoment of time.

Examples

Have you worked here for a long time?Peter's lived here since 1987.She hasn't had much fun this week.

Positive Form

Subject + have + past participle + object(s)


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Examples

Peter's lived here since 1987.We've been very busy today.

Negative Form

Subject + have + not + past participle + object(s)

Examples

I haven't been to class very often this month.She hasn't had much fun this week.

Question Form

(Wh?) + have + subject + past participle?

Examples

Have you worked here for a long time?Where have you been?

Present Perfect for Unspecified Past

When speaking about an experience that has happened at an UNSPECIFIED point in timebefore the present moment use the present perfect.

Examples

I've been to New York three times.They've lived in many places.She's studied in London.

NOTE: In this use of the present perfect, we are talking about things that have happened upto the present moment. Whenever you speak about something that has happened up tonow without giving a precise point in time, use the present perfect.

Use of 'For', 'Since' and 'How long'

Use 'for' to indicate a duration or period of time.

Examples

He has lived here for seven years.We have been here for six weeks.

Shirley has played tennis for a long time.


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Use 'since' to indicate a specific point in time.

Examples

I've worked here since 2004.She's gone to dancing lessons since April.

They've been unhappy since they left college.

Use 'How long' in the question form to ask about duration.

Examples

How long have you played the piano?How long has he worked here?How long has she been with you?

Past Simple TenseUse the past simple to talk about activities or routines which take place at a specified time inthe past. Notice that all subjects take the same conjugation of the verb. Regular verbs end in'-ed'.

visit - visitedenjoy - enjoyed

Irregular verbs have various forms and each verb needs to be learned.

see - saw

think - thought

The past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment inthe past.

Examples

She visited Iran last month.They didn't go to Tom's party last weekend.Where did you go on vacation last summer?

The following time signifiers often indicate a specific point in time.

lastagoin ... (plus a year or month)yesterdaywhen ... (plus a phrase)

Examples


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They had lunch at home last week.He left the company many years ago.Susan bought a new car in May.He telephoned his friend in Rome yesterday.I played golf when I was a teenager.

Positive Form

Subject + past form of verb + object(s) + time

Examples

They flew to Chicago last month.Peter completed his course three weeks ago.

Negative Form

Subject + did + not + base form of verb + object(s) + (time)

Examples

They didn't expect to see you at Christmas.She didn't understand the question.

Question Form

(Wh?) + did + subject + base form of verb + (object(s))+ (time)?

Examples

Where did you study French?When did you arrive last week?

Present Continuous TenseUse the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time.

Positive Form

Subject + to be + verb + ing + objects

Examples

He is watching TV.They're playing tennis at the moment.

Negative Form


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Subject + are not + verb + ing + objects

Examples

She isn't studying at the moment.We aren't working now.

Question Form

Wh? + do + subject + verb + ing + objects ?

Examples

What are you doing?Are you cooking dinner now?

NOTE: We use time expressions like 'at the moment, currently, this week - month' with thisform of the present continuous.

Present Simple vs. Present ContinuousPresent Simple

Use the present simple to talk about activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.

Examples

I often go jogging on Saturdays.

He usually has coffee for breakfast.

Present Continuous

Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the present moment in time,around the present moment, or for a future scheduled event.

Examples

We're working on the Smith account this month.She's watching TV at the moment.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs are verbs which express a state. Action verbs are verbs which expresssomething a person does.

Examples


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I hope to see you soon. (stative verb) He is cooking dinner at the moment. (action verb)

Stative verbs cannot be used in the continuous forms. Here is a list of common stative verbs:

believeunderstand

think (opinion)wanthopesmelltastefeelsoundlookseemappear

Past Simple or Present Perfect

Sometimes the past simple and the present perfect are confused. It is important to rememberthat the past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specificmoment in the past. The present perfect is used to express something that happened at anunspecified moment in the past. For example, if I visited Paris in 2004, I could express thisin two ways:

Past Simple

I visited Paris in 2004.I went to Paris a few years ago.

Note that the moment in time is specific - in 2004, a few years ago.

Present Perfect

I've been to Paris.I've visited Paris.

In this case, the moment of my visit is not specific. I am speaking about an experience that Ihave had in my life up to this moment in time.

This is the key to understanding the difference between the past simple and the present

perfect. The past simple expresses something which happened at a specific time in thepast. The present perfect expresses something that I have experienced in my life withoutgiving the exact time.

This - That - These - Those - Here - There

Read the conversations below:


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David: Could you give me that book on the table over there?Frank: Do you mean this book here?David: Yes, that book.Frank: Here you are. Oh, could you give me those magazines on the table over there?David: These? Sure, here you are.

David: Is there an apple on that table over there?Frank: Yes, there is. Here it is.David: Great, are there any oranges?Frank: No, there aren't.David: Oh, here they are, next to me on this table.

Look at the chart below:

We use "here" for

something which is nearto us. Example: Here is

the pencil in my hand.

We use "there" for

something which is far fromus. Example: There is the

pen next to the lamp.

We use "this" for one

object (singular) which ishere (near to us).

Example: This is a bookin my hand.

We use "that" for one object

(singular) which is there.Example: That is his car

over there.

We use "these" for morethan one object (plural)

which are here (near tous). Example: These

are my friends next tome.

We use "those" for morethan one object (plural)

which are there. Example:Those are his toys over

there.

We use "there" for oneobject (singular) which

exists - or "is" (near tous). Example: There is

(There's) a table next

to the window.

We use "there" for morethan one object (plural)

which exist - or "are".Example: There are

(There're) many of my

friends at the partytonight.

Complete the conversation using this, that, these, those, here and there. Click on the arrow tosee the answer.

Could you bring me that chair over ?

Here are pictures.

Can you see building next to the bank?

Is a piece of pie for me?

are three boys sitting on the bench.

I would like some of cookies on that shelf.

Those bicycles over are expensive.

dolls on the table here are very old.


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Write some sentences about things in your room using this, that, these, those, hereand there!

English Question Words

Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people, etc. They aredifferent from yes / no questions (Do you live in France?). This chart provides question words,the use and example sentences. Study the question words, understand the uses and then lookat the examples. Try to think of a few examples of your own. At the end, take the on the nextpage testing question words.

Who

Use: Asking about people

Examples:

Who do you like?Who studies Russian?

What

Use: Asking about things or activities

Examples:

What does he do at weekends?

What is that?

What kind of / type of

Use: Asking about specific things or characteristics

Examples:

What type of car do you drive?What kind of person is he?

What time

Use: Asking for a specific time

Examples:

What time is it?What time does the show begin?


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What ... like

Use: Asking about characteristics

Examples:

What was the weather like?What is Mary like?

When

Use: Asking about general or specific times

Examples:

When do you like going out?

When does the bus leave?

Where

Use: Asking about places

Examples:

Where do you live?Where did you go on vacation?

How

Use: Combined with many words to ask questions about specific characteristics, qualities,quantities, etc. For example: How much (price, quantity), How long (length), How often(frequency)

Examples:

How often do you go to the movies?How long was the film?How much does it cost?

Which

Use: Asking to specify a thing or person from a number of things or people

Examples:


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Which book did you buy?Which boy won the race?

Provide the missing question word. When you have finished, check the answers on the answerpage.

____ is the weather like in July?

____ much is the chocolate?

____ did you get up this morning?

____ team won the World Cup in 2002?

____ does Janet live?

____ food do you like?

____ does it take to get to New York from Albany?

____ does the movie begin this evening?

____ is your favorite actor?

____ house does he live in?

____ is Jack like?

____ does she study English with?

____ do the people in your country go for vacation? ____ do you play tennis?

____ sports do you play?

ANSWERS to the Question Word Quiz:

____ is the weather like in July? ANSWER: What

____ much is the chocolate? ANSWER: How

____ did you get up this morning? ANSWER: What time / When

____ team won the World Cup in 2002? ANSWER: Which

____ does Janet live? ANSWER: Where

____ food do you like? ANSWER: What kind of / What type of

____ does it take to get to New York from Albany? ANSWER: How long

____ does the movie begin this evening? ANSWER: What time / when

____ is your favorite actor? ANSWER: Who

____ house does he live in? ANSWER: Which

____ is Jack like? ANSWER: What

____ does she study English with? ANSWER: Who

____ do the people in your country go for vacation? ANSWER: Where

____ do you play tennis? ANSWER: How often / When

____ sports do you play? ANSWER: Which / How many

What's in Your Office? prepositions

David: I've got a new office nowMaria: That's great! Congratulations.

David: I'll need a desk and some cabinets. How many cabinets are there in your office?Maria: I think there are four cabinets in my office.
http://esl.about.com/od/grammar/a/a_questionword_3.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/grammar/a/a_questionword_3.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/grammar/a/a_questionword_3.htmhttp://esl.about.com/od/grammar/a/a_questionword_3.htm


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David: And do you have any furniture in your office? I mean other than the chair at yourdesk.Maria: Oh yes, I've got a sofa and two comfortable armchairs.

David: Are there any tables in your office?Maria: Yes, I've got a table in front of the sofa.

David: Is there a computer in your office?Maria: Oh yes, I keep a laptop on my desk next to the phone.

David: Are there any flowers or plants in your office?Maria: Yes, there are a few plants near the window.

David: Where's your sofa?Maria: The sofa is in front of the window, between the two armchairs.

David: Thanks a lot for your help Janet. This gives me a good idea of how to arrange myoffice.Maria: My pleasure. Good luck with your decorating!

Interview with a Famous Actor present simple

Interviewer: Thank you for taking some time off from your busy schedule to answer a fewquestions about your life!Brad: It's my pleasure.

Interviewer: Could you tell us about an average day in your life?Brad: Sure, I get up early - at 7 in the morning. Then I have breakfast. After breakfast, I goto the gym.

Interviewer: Are you studying anything now?

Brad: Yes, I'm learning a new film called "The Man About Town".

Interviewer: What do you do in the afternoon?

Brad: First I have lunch, then I go to the studio and shoot some scenes.

Interviewer: Which scene are you acting today?Brad: I'm acting a scene about an angry lover.

Interviewer: That's very interesting. What do you do in the evening?Brad: In the evening, I go home and have dinner and study my scripts.

Interviewer: Do you go out at night?Brad: Not always, I like going out at weekends.

The City and the Country comparative

David: How do you like living in the big city?Maria: There are many things that are better than living in the country!


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David: Can you give me some examples?Maria: Well, it certainly is more interesting than the country. There is so much more to doand see!

David: Yes, but the city is more dangerous than the country.Maria: That's true. People in the city aren't as open and friendly as those in the countryside.

David: I'm sure that the country is more relaxed, too!Maria: Yes, the city is busier than the country. However, the country is much slower than thecity.

David: I think that's a good thing!Maria: Oh, I don't. The country is so slow and boring! It's much more boring than the city.

David: How about the cost of living? Is the country cheaper than the city?Maria: Oh, yes. The city is more expensive than the country.

David: Life in the country is also much healthier than in the city.Maria: Yes, it's cleaner and less dangerous in the country. But, the city is so much moreexciting. It's faster, crazier and more fun than the country.

David: I think YOU are crazy for moving to the city.Maria: Well, I'm young now. Maybe when I'm married and have children I'll move back to thecountry.

What Were You Doing? Past simple

Betsy: I telephoned you yesterday afternoon but you didn't answer? Where were you?Brian: I was in another room when you called. I didn't hear the phone ringing until it was toolate.

Betsy: What were you working on?Brian: I was photocopying a report that I needed to send to a client. What were you doingwhen you telephoned?

Betsy: I was looking for Tom and couldn't find him. Do you know where he was?Brian: Tom was driving to a meeting.

Betsy: Oh, I see. What did you do yesterday?Brian: I met the representatives from Driver's in the morning. In the afternoon, I worked onthe report and was just finishing when you telephoned. What did you do?

Betsy: Well, at 9 I had a meeting with Ms Anderson. After that, I did some research.Brian: Sounds like a boring day!

Betsy: Yes, I don't really like doing research. But it needs to be done.Brian: I agree with you on that, no research - no business!

Betsy: Tell me about the report. What do you think of it?Brian: I think the report is a good. Tom believes it's good, too.


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Betsy: I know that every report you write is excellent.Brian: Thank you Betsy, you are always a good friend!

The Oregon Weather Forecast future

Weather Forecaster: Good afternoon and welcome to the weather forecast. Let's take a look atthe weather outside now. What's it like? Well, it's currently raining and cloudy in southernOregon while northern Oregon is cold and clear. The sun is shining, but it's rather cold up herein the North! The temperature is currently 45 degrees in the southern Oregon and only 30degrees in the North.

Shall we see what the weather will be like tomorrow? Well, it will be rainy in the morning insouthern Oregon and windy in northern Oregon. In the afternoon, The South will see cloudyweather with some rain later in the day. Northern Oregon will also see rain turning to snowand quite windy, with winds coming from the North-East.

That's the weather forecast for this afternoon. Have a good day!

On a Business Trip - A Presentationpresent perfect

Betsy: Hi Brian, this is Betsy. How are you doing?Brian: I've just returned from the Head Office. The weather is great! Boston is a great city!

Betsy: Have you met Frank yet?Brian: No, I haven't seen him yet. We have a meeting at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. Weare going to meet then.

Betsy: Have you made your presentation yet?Brian: Yes, I made the presentation yesterday afternoon. I was very nervous, but everything

went well.

Betsy: Has management given you any feedback yet?

Brian: Yes, I've already met with the sales director. We met immediately after the meetingand he was impressed with our work.

Betsy: That's great Brian. Congratulations! Have you visited any museums yet?Brian: No, I'm afraid I haven't had any time yet. I hope to take a tour around town tomorrow.

Betsy: Well, I'm happy to hear that everything is going well. I'll talk to you soon.Brian: Thanks for calling Betsy. Bye.

Betsy: Bye.

A Business Traveller like

Interviewer: Good morning Sir. I'd like to ask you a few questions if I may.Jack: Well, I'm waiting to catch my flight so I guess I can answer a few questions.


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Interviewer: Thank you Sir. First of all, how often do you travel?Jack: I travel about twice a month.

Interviewer: Where are you flying to on this trip?Jack: I'm flying to Austin, Texas.

Interviewer: and where did you fly on your last trip?Jack: I flew to Portland, Oregon. I've already been there three times!

Interviewer: Really! Do you enjoy travelling for business?Jack: Yes, although I prefer staying in the office.

Interviewer: What do you like most about travelling? Jack: I like visiting new cities andtrying out new food.

Interviewer: Is there anywhere you would like to visit that you haven't visited yet? Jack:Yes, I'd like to go to Hawaii! I love going to the beach!

Interviewer: Thank you very much for your time today.Jack: You're welcome. My pleasure.

An Interview at the Shopping Mall superlative

Interviewer: Good evening, I hope you don't mind answering a few questions.Alice: How long will it take?

Interviewer: Just a few questions.Alice: I guess I can manage to answer a few questions. Go ahead.

Interviewer: I'd like to ask your opinion about consumer electronics. As far as consumerelectronics is concerned, which is the most reliable brand?Alice: I'd say that Samsung is the most reliable brand.

Interviewer: Which brand is the most expensive?Alice: Well, Samsung is also the most expensive brand. I guess that's why it's the best.

Interviewer: Which brand do you think is the worst?Alice: I think LG is the worst. I really can't remember using any of their products that I liked.

Interviewer: And which brand is the most popular with young people?

Alice: That's a difficult one to answer for me. I think that Sony is probably the most popularwith young people.

Interviewer: One last question, Have you tried using any HP products?Alice: No, I haven't. Are they good?

Interviewer: I enjoy using them. But I didn't stop you to tell you what I think. Thank you foryour time.Alice: Not at all.


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A New Office this/that/some/any

(In an office)

Jennifer: (speaking to Bob who is outside the office) Hi Bob, come in. This is my new office!Bob: Wow, it's great. There's so much furniture. A sofa, armchair ...

Jennifer: How about my desk. Isn't it beautiful?Bob: Yes, look at that. Is that a new computer?

Jennifer: Yes, it is. The latest model!Bob: ... but there aren't any windows in here.

Jennifer: No, no, there are some windows. They're over there.Bob: Is that New Times magazine on your desk?

Jennifer: Yes, it is. There are some more copies in the cupboard.

Bob: It's a great magazine. I love it.

Jennifer: Yes, lots of good information. Would you like a cup of coffee?Bob: Sure, is there a coffee maker here, too?

Jennifer: Yes, there is. There's everything in THIS office.Bob: You're lucky!

Jennifer: Yes, I am. You're welcome anytime, now let's make that coffee...

Today's Special ordering food in a restaurant

(in a restaurant)

Waiter: Good afternoon, how can I help you today?Jennifer: I'd like a table for one, please.

Waiter: Right this way. (walks to table) Here you are.Jennifer: Thank you. Can I have a menu?

Waiter: (hands a menu) Here you are. My name's Alan and I'm your waiter today. Would youlike to hear today's specials?Jennifer: Certainly.

Waiter: Well, we have a wonderful mushroom soup to start off with. Today's main course isfish and chips.Jennifer: Fish and chips? Is the fish fresh?


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Waiter: Certainly, madam. Fresh off the docks this morning.Jennifer: Alright, I'd like the fish and chips.

Waiter: Would you like to have a starter?Jennifer: hmmm, I'm not sure.

Waiter: Our salads are excellent, madam.Jennifer: I'd like a green salad.

Waiter: Very good. Would you like something to drink?Jennifer: Oh, I'd like some mineral water, please.

Waiter: OK. So that's a green salad, fish and chips and mineral water.Jennifer: Yes, that's right.

Waiter: Thank you and enjoy your lunch.Jennifer: Thank you.

Planning a Party will/going to

(two neighbors talking)

Martha:...What horrible weather today. I'd love to go out, but I think it will just continueraining.Jane:Oh, I don't know. Perhaps the sun will come out later this afternoon.

Martha:I hope you're right. Listen, I'm going to have a party this Saturday. Would you like tocome?Jane:Oh, I'd love to come. Thank you for inviting me. Who's going to come to the party?

Martha:Well, a number of people haven't told me yet. But, Peter and Mark are going to helpout with the cooking!Jane:Hey, I'll help, too!

Martha:Would you? That would be great!Jane:I'll make lasagna!

Martha:That sounds delicious! I know my Italian cousins are going to be there. I'm surethey'll love it.Jane:Italians? Maybe I'll bake a cake...

Martha:No, no. They're not like that. They'll love it.Jane:Well, if you say so... Is there going be a theme for the party?

Martha:No, I don't think so. Just a chance to get together and have fun.Jane:I'm sure it'll be lots of fun.

Martha:But I'm going to hire a clown!Jane:A clown! You're kidding me.


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Martha:No, no. As I child, I always wanted a clown. Now, I'm going to have my clown at myown party.Jane:I'm sure everyone will have a good laugh.

Martha:That's the plan!

Neighbors present perfect /past simple

Tom: Hi Henry, it's been a long time since we saw each other last. What have you been up to?

Henry: Hi Tom! It's great to see you again. I've been away on business.

Tom: Really, where did you go?Henry: Well, first I flew to New York for two meetings. After that, I flew to Atlanta, where Ihad to make a presentation at a company conference.

Tom: It sounds like you've been busy.Henry: Yes, I've been very busy. It's good to be home again. What have you been doinglately?

Tom: Oh, nothing much. I've been working in the garden these past few days. Alice has beenaway for the past two weeks visiting her relatives in Chicago.Henry: I didn't know she has family in Chicago.

Tom: Yes, that's right. We met at university in California. She was born in Chicago and livedthere until she went to college.Henry: How long have you lived here in Colorado?

Tom: We've lived here for over 10 years. We moved here in 1998 because I had a new job asa sales representative.Henry: Have you lived in the same house since you arrived?

Tom: No, first we lived in a condo in downtown Denver. We moved here four years ago. We'velived on the street for four years and they've been the happiest years of our lives.Henry: Yes, my wife Jane and I love this neighborhood.

Tom: And how long have you lived in your house?Henry: We've only lived here for two years.

Tom: That's strange, it seems like you have lived here longer than that.Henry: No, we moved here in 2006.

Tom: How time flies!Henry: I have to agree with you on that. It seems like yesterday that I graduated fromcollege. I can't believe I've been working for more than 10 years!

Tom: I've been working for more than 30 years! I'm going to retire soon.Henry: Really? You don't look a day over 40!

Tom: Thank you. You're a great neighbor!Henry: No, really. Well, I have to get going. Work is waiting for me. Have a good day.


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Tom: You, too. Glad to have you back in the neighbor!

Key Vocabulary

What have you been up to?I've been away on business

Company conferenceWhat have you been doing lately? relativesto moveCondoneighborhoodThat's strangeHow time fliesTo graduate from college or universityIt seems like yesterdayTo retireI have to get goingGlad to have you back

Reading Comprehension for Beginners - My Office

Like most offices, my office is a place where I can concentrate on my work and feelcomfortable at the same time. Of course, I have all the necessary equipment on my desk. I

have the telephone next to the fax machine on the right side of my desk. My computer is inthe center of my desk with the monitor directly in front of me. I have a comfortable officechair to sit on and some pictures of my family between the computer and the telephone. Inorder to help me read, I also have a lamp near my computer which I use in the evening if Iwork late. There is plenty of paper in one of the cabinet drawers. There are also staples and astapler, paper clips, highlighters, pens and erasers in the other drawer. In the room, there is acomfortable armchair and a sofa to sit on. I also have a low table in front of the sofa on whichthere are some industry magazines.

Multiple-Choice Comprehension Check Questions

Choose the correct answer based on the reading. Click on the arrow to check your answer.

1. What do I need to do in my office? ANSWER:

A) relax B) concentrate C) study D) read magazines

2. 2. Which piece of equipment do I NOT have on my desk? ANSWER:

A) fax B) computer C) lamp D) photocopier

3. 3. Where are the pictures of my family located? ANSWER:

A) on the wall B) next to the lamp C) between the computer and the telephone D)near the fax

4. 4. I use the lamp to read: ANSWER: D


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A) all day B) never C) in the morning D) in the evening

5. 5. Where do I keep the paperclips? ANSWER:

A) on the desk B) next to the lamp C) in a cabinet drawer D) next to thetelephone

6. 6. What do I keep on the table in front of the sofa? ANSWER:

A) company reports B) fashion magazines C) books D) industry magazines

True Or False

Decide if the statements are 'true' or 'false' based on the reading. Click on the arrow to checkyour answer.

1. I work late every night. ANSWER:

2. I use highlighters to help me remember important information. ANSWER:3. I keep reading materials that are not related to my job in the office. ANSWER:4. It is important to me to feel comfortable at work. ANSWER:

Useful Vocabulary Visit this page to help you learn these words from the text:

armchaircabinetdeskdrawerequipmentfurniturehighlighter

laptoppaperclipstapler

Reading Comprehension for Beginners - My FriendPeter

My friend's name is Peter. Peter is from Amsterdam, in Holland. He is Dutch. He is marriedand has two children. His wife, Jane, is American. She is from Boston in The United States.Her family is still in Boston, but she now works and lives with Peter in Milan. They speakEnglish, Dutch, German and Italian! Their children are pupils at a local primary school. The

children go to school with other children from all over the world. Flora, their daughter, hasfriends from France, Switzerland, Austria and Sweden. Hans, their son, goes to school withstudents from South Africa, Portugal, Spain and Canada. Of course, there are many childrenfrom Italy. Imagine, French, Swiss, Austrian, Swedish, South African, American, Italian,Spanish and Canadian children all learning together in Italy!

MULTIPLE-CHOICE COMPREHENSION CHECK QUESTIONS

1. Where is Peter from?
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a. Germany &nbspb. Holland &nbspc. Spain &nbspd. Canada

ANSWER

2. Where is his wife from?

a. New York &nbspb. Switzerland &nbspc. Boston &nbspd. Italy

ANSWER

3. Where are they now?

a. Madrid &nbspb. Boston &nbspc. Milan &nbspd. Sweden

ANSWER

4. Where is her family?

a. American &nbspb. England &nbspc. Holland &nbspd. Italy

ANSWER

5. What are the children's names?

a. Greta and Peter &nbspb. Anna and Frank &nbspc. Susan and John &nbspd. Flora and Hans

ANSWER

6. The school is:

a. international &nbspb. big &nbspc. small &nbspd. difficult

ANSWER

TRUE OR FALSE

1. Jane is Canadian.

ANSWER

2. Peter is Dutch.

ANSWER

3. There are many children from different countries at the school.


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ANSWER

4. There are children from Australia at the school.

ANSWER

Reading Comprehension for Beginners - A Secretary'sDesk

Secretaries usually have an older computer and a telephone on their desk. The usually havean older computer because the managers are often the first to receive the latest technologicalequipment. Secretaries' desks are often tidy as they are usually tidier than the bosses. Youwill also find an agenda of some sort because secretaries need to make appointments for theirbosses. Secretaries' desks often have pictures of their children and families that they look atfrom time to time during the day. In the past, secretaries were usually women. Today,however, more and more men are becoming secretaries as more and more women becomemanagers and the workplace becomes more equal.

True Or False

Decide if the statements are 'true' or 'false' based on the reading. Click on the arrow to checkyour answer.

1. Secretaries are usually tidier than their bosses.

ANSWER:

2. Secretaries often have pictures of their families on their desks.

ANSWER:

3. Secretaries usually have a new computer.

ANSWER:

4. Secretaries make appointments for their bosses.

ANSWER:

5. Secretaries are always women.

A Typical Manager's Desk

Managers often have desks that are surprisingly empty! These empty desks can show that themanager often travels and is out of the office most of the time. An empty desk can alsodemonstrate how powerful the manager is by its representative status. Sometimes, in theUSA, you can see footmarks on the desk because some managers like to put their feet up on


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the desk when they are talking on the telephone! In the States, managers put their feet up onthe desk to show that they are in control in their office. Managers usually have a laptopcomputer on their desk. In fact, this laptop computer is their true desk. These days, mostmanagers do almost all their work on their laptops. Another thing you might find is a cellphone - another sign of the mobility most managers demand.

1. Managers often have _________ computers.

a. laptop b. beautiful c. fax

ANSWER:

2. Some managers in the USA like to:

a. talk a lot b. put their feet up on their desk c. work from home

ANSWER:

3. Many managers have ________ phones.

a. portable b. cell c. walkable

ANSWER:

4. Most managers need to:

a. stay in the office b. travel a lot c. type their own letters

ANSWER:

5. A clean, empty desk represents:

a. laziness b. power c. indecision

Reading Comprehension for Beginners - A TypicalShop Worker's Desk

Shop workers probably have the untidiest desks of all. The desks of shop workers are used fora number of purposes. They often have a computer and telephone to take care of paper work,but they also use their desk as a place to lay their various tools as they work at their differenttasks. In many machine shops, you will also be surprised at how dirty a shop worker's desk is!Shop workers have to do a variety of physical tasks that often involve greasy equipment. Ofcourse, the grease from the tools and the equipment dirty the desk as the shop worker sitsdown to do a report or make a telephone call. Shop workers usually don't clean their desk toooften as they know that the desks will just get dirty the next time they sit down to have a cupof coffee.


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Here is the story with ten words missing. Choose one these ten words to fit into thecorrect gap. Click on the arrow to check your answer.

physical telephone workers &nbspuntidiest &nbspwork dirty tools machine &nbspequipment sitdown

Shop workers probably have the desks of all. The desks of shop workers are used for anumber of purposes. They often have a computer and a to take care of paper , but they alsouse their desk as a place to lay their various as they work at their different tasks. In manyshops, you will also be surprised at how a shop worker's desk is! Shop workers have to do avariety of tasks that often involve greasy equipment. Of course, the grease from the tools andthe dirty the desk as the shop worker sits down to do a report or make a telephone call. Shopusually don't clean their desk too often as they know that the desks will just get dirty the nexttime they to have a cup of coffee.

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