7istoriamoswavlis wigni
8istoria
giorgi sanikiZe, revaz gaCeCilaZe, levan gordeziani, nino kiRuraZe,zviad miminoSvili
grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012).
sarCevi
konfliqtebi Zvel msoflioSi
I
II
1.
8
2. 13
3.
16
4. 19
5. 22
6. 26
konfliqtis tipologia: omebi qveynebs Soris
da Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebi
Zveli egviptelebis omebi
asureTis omebi
(msoflio imperiis Seqmnis pirveli mcdeloba)
berZen-sparselTa omebi
aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba
romi da karTageni (punikuri omebi)
7.
30
8. 34
9.
39
10. 43
11.
48
12.
53
13.
58
14.
63
15.
68
16. 74
17.
80
18. 89
19.
96
bizantiisa da sasanianTa iranis
dapirispireba VI-VII saukuneebSi
arabTa saxalifo
Turq-selCukebi axlo aRmosavleTSi.
manazkertis brZola
jvarosnuli omebi
osmaleTis imperia. bizantiis imperiis dacema
da misi msoflio istoriuli mniSvneloba
qalaqebi da maTi brZola TavisuflebisaTvis
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
konfliqti saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi
brZola hegemonobisaTvis espaneTsa da ingliss
Soris XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
niderlandebis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis
ocdaaTwliani omi da vestfaliis zavi:
religiuri da politikuri
dapirispireba evropaSi
inglisis revolucia
safrangeTi: 1789 wlis revolucia,
respublikidan imperiamde
napoleonis omebi
sagareo-politikuri winaaRmdegobebi
XIX saukunis evropaSi
dapirispirebebi axlo aRmosavleTSi
konfliqtebi evropaSi
III
9
22
39
46
50
58
63
70
89
konfliqtebi amerikis teritoriaze
IV 20. 102
21. 105
22. 109
23. 113
kortesisa da pisaros laSqrobebi
brZola aSS-is damoukideblobisaTvis
samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si
brZola samxreT amerikis gaTavisuflebisTvis
24.
116
25. 121
26. 125
27. 129
28. 134
29.
138
30.
144
31. 146
32.
151
33. 157
34.
163
35.
168
36. 174
kavkasia (mokle istoriul-geografiuli
da eTnografiuli mimoxilva)
samxreT kavkasiis dapyroba ruseTis mier
kavkasiis omi da misi Sedegebi
I msoflio omi: monawile mxareebi, omis Sedegebi
revoluciebi da samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi
II msoflio omi: winapirobebi,
monawile mxareebi, omis Sedegebi
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis
safuZvlebi
civi omi
civi omis droindeli konfliqtebi
(vietnami, avRaneTi)
israeli da arabuli samyaro
eTnikur-politikuri konfliqtebi
yofil iugoslaviaSi da misi daSla
sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli struqtura
da kavSiris daSla
ruseTis gamoucxadebeli omi saqarTveloSi
ruseTi da kavkasia
msoflio omebi
politikuri konfliqtebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg
V
VI
VII
102
107
134
144
151
121
138
147
161
37.
178
38.
182
39.
187
54. 256
55. 260
40. 193
41. 198
42.
201
43.
204
44.
208
45. 212
46.
216
47. 223
48. 228
49. 223
50. 237
51. 242
52. 247
53. 252
araZaladobrioba – konfliqtebis mogvarebis
mSvidobiani gza: mahaTma gandi
martin luTer kingi da afro-amerikelebis
brZola samoqalaqo TanasworobisaTvis
1989-1990 wlebis `xaverdovani revoluciebi~
centralur da samxreT-aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebSi
religiebis klasifikacia
monoTeisturi religiebi
politikuri reJimebis saxeebi
Zveli aRmosavleTis politikuri reJimebi
Zveli saberZneTis polisebis
mmarTvelobis formebi
romis respublika da imperia.
romauli samarTali
konstituciuri monarqia da
parlamentarizmi inglisSi
absolutizmi safrangeTSi
safrangeTi didi revoluciidan
mexuTe respublikamde
`meiZis restavracia~ iaponiaSi
aTaTurqis reformebi
frankos mmarTveloba espaneTSi
hitleris mmarTveloba germaniaSi
musolinis mmarTveloba italiaSi
stalinis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi
amerikuli demokratia
konfliqtebi da maTi mSvidobiani gadaWris gzebi
religia
politikuri reJimebi da mmarTvelobis sistemebi
VIII
X
IX
178
184
198
204
216
228
242
257
vaWroba da mogzauroba
XI 56.
266
57.
272
58.
276
59. 281
60. 286
Soreuli mogzaurobebisa da didi
geografiuli aRmoCenebis dasawyisi
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi da
maTi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis
demografiuli da kulturuli Sedegebi
vaWroba da fuli, bazari, biznesi da mewarmeoba
Zveli qarTveli mogzaurebi
61. 289
62. 293
63.
299
64.
302
65.
307
66.
311
67.
314
68. 318
69. 321
70. 324
71.
326
72. 329
73. 332
74. 335
sagmiro eposi. zneobis kodeqsi
sporti
damwerlobis warmoSoba da misi uZvelesi
saxeebi, anbanuri damwerloba
informaciis gadacemis saSualebebi
(xelnaweri wignebi, wignis beWdva, presa,
fosta da telegrafi)
Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebi
(eleqtronuli sakomunikacio da
sainformacio saSualebebi)
umaRlesi ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi kerebi
Sua saukuneebis evropasa da saqarTveloSi
ganaTlebis mniSvneloba. ganaTlebis
Tanamedrove sistema
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia
konfliqti da misi tipebi
urTierTobisa da qcevis kultura
sazogadoebaSi. etiketi
heraldika warsulSi da Tanamedrove simboloebi
kanonis uzenaesoba da konstitucia
saqarTvelos konstitucia
xelovneba da sporti
komunikacia
adamiani da sazogadoeba
XII
XIII
XIV
266
281
293
309
319
289
304
314
326
8
Tavi pir
vel
i
omebi qveynebs Soris
omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxi kacob-riobis maradiuli Tavsatexia. es is mso-flio-politikuri sakiTxia, romelzec TiToeuli Cvenganis bedia damokidebu-li. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebobis manZilze mudmivad omebSia Cabmuli da aseve mud-mivad, maradiuli Tu ara, xangrZlivi da myari mSvidobis ZiebaSia.
ratom xdeba omebi erTa Soris? ramde-nad SesaZlebelia maTi Tavidan acileba? ra gziT SeiZleba mSvidobis uzrunvelyo-fa? am mTavar SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas cdilobdnen adamianebi, moazrovneebi Tu politikuri moRvaweebi sxvadasxva isto-riul epoqaSi da cdiloben dResac.
erTni fiqroben, rom omis mizezebi ada-mianis bunebaSi unda veZioT da es mizezebi maradiulia, rogorc kaenis codva. XX s.-is erT-erTi cnobili britaneli mecnie-ris, edvard qaris ganmartebiT, mudmivad iarsebeben `mqoneni~ da `armqoneni~. pir-velni yovelTvis ecdebian daicvan is, rac gaaCniaT, meoreni ki – moipovon is, rac ara aqvT, rac, marTalia, sxvisia, magram maTT-vis sasurvelia. amdenad, qaris msgavsad bevri fiqrobs, rom adamianis bunebidan gamomdinare, gacilebiT didia albaToba erebs Soris Zalismieri dapirispirebisa, vidre maTi mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa. Sesabamisad, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi da omebi gardauvali movlenebia. amgvar midgomas omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxisadmi zogadad, realisturi ewodeba.
magram yovelTvis arsebobdnen da dRe-sac arseboben optimistebi, romlebic darwmunebulebi iyvnen da arian imaSi, rom SesaZlebelia lagami amosdo aRviraxsnil Zalmomreobas, SezRudo mgluri, jungle-
1. konfliqtis tipologia:
omebi qveynebs Soris da Sida
saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebi
1937 wels, espaneTis samoqalaqo omis
dros, saaviacio dabombvis Sedegad,
mTlianad daingra qalaqi gernika.
ase gamosaxa mxatvarma pablo pikasom
gernikas tragedia.
mSvidobis simbolo – mtredi
(pablo pikasos naxati)
I konfliqtebi Zvel msoflioSi
9
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bis kanonebi (mgeli Wams cxvars, Zlieri amarcxebs susts) adamianuri kanonebiT da erTa Soris arsebuli anarqia (umarTaoba) saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moaqcio. optimisturad ganwyobilTa Soris arian iseTi TvalsaCino moazrovneebi, ro-gorebicaa hugo grociusi da imanuel kan
ti. pirvelma dawera wigni `omisa da mSvido-bis samarTlis Sesaxeb~ (XVII s.-Si), meorem ki, erTi saukuniT gvian, naSromi `maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb~.
erTa Soris urTierTobebis samarTle-brivi mowesrigebis es optimisturi rwmena gansakuTrebiT ganamtkica gasuli sauku-nis 80-iani da 90-iani wlebis mijnaze momx-darma Zireulma gardatexam, rac sabWoTa kavSirisa da sabWoTa sistemis daSlaSi ga-moixata. Cveni Tanamedrove optimistebis azriT, sabWoTa sistema sabolood damar-cxda Tavisufal sabazro meurneobasa da dasavlur demokratiul sistemasTan xangr-Zliv Widilsa da qiSpobaSi. maTi azriT, sabWoTa sistemis dangreviT dasavlur Rirebulebebs, kerZod, liberalur ekonomikasa da demokratias, gza gaexsna mTel msoflioSi damkvidrebisaTvis. am rwmenidan gamomdinare, optimistebi fiqrobdnen, rom msoflioSi iqmneba pirobebi `demokratiuli mSvidobisaTvis~, rac niSnavs, rom erTnairi sameurneo-politikuri wyobis mqone saxelmwifoebi, am SemTxvevaSi liberalur-demokratiuli qveynebi, erTmaneTs iaraRiT ar daupirispirdebian, aRar iomeben. isini sadavo sakiTxebs mxolod da mxolod molaparakebisa da urTierTSeTanxmebis gziT, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis dacviT gadawyveten.
optimistebs (maT `idealistebsac~ uwodeben) civi wyali gadaasxes e.w. `rea-listebma~, roca Seaxsenes ramdenime magaliTi imisa, rom demokratiuloba sulac ar uSlis xels saxelmwifoebs, eomon erTmaneTs (mag., 1812 wels brita-neT-aSS-is omi).
optimistebs idealistebs imitom uwodeben, rom maTi damokidebuleba omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxisadmi ZiriTadad efuZneba mosazrebas – `rogori unda iyos~ sawadeli, idealuri urTierTobebi da wesrigi erTa Soris. aqedan gamom-dinare, realistebs isini meocnebeebad miaCniaT da fiqroben, rom sinamdvile unda miviRoT ise, `rogorc aris~. magram ocnebas safuZveli gaaCnia da xSir SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebadia, maT Soris kacobriobisaTvis am yvelaze mniSvne-lovan sakiTxze ocnebac.
Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebi
saxelmwifoTaSoriso konfliqtebis gverdiT arsebobs Sida saxelmwi
foebrivi konfliqtebic. amgvar konfliqtebsac iseTive Zveli istoria aqvs,
mSvidobisTvis mebrZoli ingliseli
momRerali jon lenoni da misi
meuRle plakatiT: `omi dasrulda!
(Tu Sen es gsurs)~.
10
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vel
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rogorc sakuTriv saxelmwifos. Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqti SeiZleba gadaizardos samoqalaqo omSi – erTi qveynis SigniT sxvadasxva Zalas Soris SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi.
Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtis araerTi ganmapirobebeli mizezi ar-sebobs. maT Sorisaa brZola mmarTvel dajgufebas (politikur elitas) da sazogadoebis garkveul nawils Soris; politikur elitaSi arsebul sxvadasxva dajgufebas Soris; politikur partiebs Soris; xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stos (ix. Sesabamisi Tavi) Soris da a.S.
Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliq ti SeiZleba Semdegi SedegebiT dasrul-des: mmarTvelma Zalam moaxerxos xelisuflebis srulad aRdgena; mmarTveli Zalis erTma nawilma gamodevnos meore da sakuTari Zalaufleba daamyaros; garkveulma politikurma Zalebma, SeTqmulebis gziT moaxerxon Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba; SeiaraRebulma Zalebma, xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiT ukmayo-filebis gamo, xelSi aiRon Zalaufleba. dabolos, sazogadoebis didi nawilis xelisuflebis politikiT ukmayofileba SesaZloa dasruldes sayovelTao amboxiT, revoluciiT da am gziT Seicvalos xelisufleba.
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes erT saxelmwi-foSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs Soris dapirispirebas, rac SeiZleba
wya ro 1
wya ro 2
omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxi bibliaSi
miqa winaswarmetyveli 4,3:
`ukanasknel dReebSi iqneba... ganikiTxavs ufali samarTals uamrav xalxs Soris da
msjavrs dasdebs Zlier xalxebs SoreTamde; TavianT maxvilebs saxnisebad gamoWeda-
ven da Subiswverebs – namglebad; xalxi xalxis winaaRmdeg aRar aRmarTavs maxvils
da oms aRarasodes iswavlian.~
romaeli politikosi ciceroni (Zv.w. 106-43) samarTliani da usamarTlo omebis
Sesaxeb:
`omSi Cabmulma saxelmwifom unda daicvas samarTali (kanonebi). kerZod, saqmis mo-
gvarebis ori SesaZlebloba arsebobs: molaparakebisa da Zaladobis gziT. ukanask-
neli mxecTa wesia, pirveli – adamianebis. Sesabamisad, Zalas unda mimarTo mxolod
maSin, roca molaparakeba SeuZlebelia. omi unda awarmoo imisaTvis, rom icxovro
mSvi dobian garemoSi da ar aRmoCnde usamarTlobisa da ganukiTxaobis tyveobaSi.~
`saukeTeso saxelmwifom sxva araviTari omi ar unda wamoiwyos, garda im SemTxvevisa,
roca micemuli sityva aqvs Sesasrulebeli an sakuTari usafrTxoeba uzrunvelsayo-
feli...
usafuZvlod wamowyebuli omi usamarTlo omia, radgan omi samarTlianad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme gvaqvs mterze SurisZiebasTan an misgan
Tavdacvis aucileblobasTan.
vercerTi omi samarTlian omad ver Sefasdeba, Tuki is winaswar araa gamocxadebuli~.
11
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masobriv sisxlisRvraSi gadaizardos (amgvari tragedia moxda 1994 wels afrikul saxelmwifo ruandaSi, sadac erovnul SuRls milionamde adamiani emsxverpla). konfliqti SeiZleba daiwyos religiur niadagze (amgvari iyo libanis xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omi 1975-1991 wlebSi).
dabolos, Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtis xelSemwyobi SeiZleba gax-des ucxo saxelmwifo, romelic konfliqtis uSualo monawiled da war-marTvel Zaladac iqceva; Sesabamisad, konfliqti ukve iRebs saxelmwifo-TaSoriso konfliqtis xasiaTs (amgvarad moiqca ruseTi saqarTvelos mi-marT qveynis Sida saqmeebSi uxeSi CareviT, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mosaxleobis erTi nawilis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg waqezebiT da Semdeg samxedro intervenciiT damoukidebeli qveynis teritoriaze).
wya ro 3
aRorZinebis xanis cnobili italieli moazrovnisa da politikuri moRvawis,
nikolo makiavelis (1469-1527) rCeva mTavars (xelisufals) saxelmwifosaTvis
sasargeblo, swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad:
`unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe: erTi brZola kanonebis, xolo meo-
re – Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia (damaxasiaTebelia) adamianisaTvis, meore
ki mxecisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia, Zalauneburad unda miv-
marToT xolme meores, amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia, rom Tanabari warmatebiT
ibrZodes rogorc mxeci da rogorc kaci...
yvela kaci rom kargi da keTili iyos, amnairi qceva (dadebuli aRTqmis, micemuli pi-
robis darRveva) ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini borotni arian da gamudmebiT
arRveven imas, rac aRgviTqves, Sen ratom unda uerTgulo Sens aRTqmas maT mimarT? mTa-
vars arasdros gamoeleva imis kanonieri mizezi, rom gaamarTlos Tavisi orpiroba.~
mSvidobis idea ganmanaTleblebTan
germaneli filosofosi imanuel kanti (1724-1804):
`adamianebis mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba araa bunebrivi mdgomareoba..., aramed ufro
saomari mdgomareobaa, im gagebiT, rom maSinac ki, roca mtroba jer ar gamovlenila,
arsebobs am gamovlinebis mudmivi da sayovelTao safrTxe. amdenad, mSvidoba unda
damyardes (kanoniT). mezoblebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba SesaZlebelia
mxolod samarTlebriv garemoSi. (kanonis gareSe) erTi meores mtrulad moeqceva...
vinaidan amJamad msoflios xalxTa... Tanamegobroba imdenad ganviTarda, rom deda-
miwis erT romelime mxareSi kanonis darRveva yvela danarCenze aisaxeba, msoflios
samoqalaqo samarTlis idea sulac aRaraa fantastikuri da gazviadebuli samarTle-
brivi warmodgena, aramed dauwereli kodeqsis (kanonTa erTobliobis), saxelmwifo
da saerTaSoriso samarTlis aucilebel damatebas warmoadgens rogorc zogadad
adamianis sajaro uflebebis, ise maradiuli mSvidobis mimarTulebiT ganviTare-
bisaTvis.~
wya ro 4
1. omis Tavidan acilebis ra xerxia mocemuli ciceronis naazrevSi?
2. wyaro 2-Si aRmoaCineT da gamokveTeT is adgilebi, romlebic
migvaniSneben ciceronis droindel romSi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
maregulirebeli normebis arsebobaze.
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs ciceronisa da makiavelis damokidebuleba brZolis
samarTlebrivi da Zalismieri meTodebisadmi. ra aRmoaCineT maT Soris
saerTo da ra gansxvavebuli?
4. kantis azriT, ra xerxiT SeiZleba mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa?
5. isaubreT Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebis mizezebze. ra SemTxvevaSi
iqceva amgvari konfliqti saxelmwifoTaSoris konfliqtad?
klasSi samuSao
1. yuradReEbiT SeiswavleT Tqveni Tanatolebis mier Sedgenili sqema.
moemzadeT da Semdeg klasSi imsjeleT sqemaSi asaxul omis TiToeul
mizezze. SeecadeT ganavrcoT omis gamomwvev mizezTa mocemuli
CamonaTvali. amisaTvis moiSvelieT paragrafis teqsti da wyaroebi.
saSinao davaleba
ratom xdeba
omebi?
brZola sasicocxlod da
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli
resursebisaTvis (romlebic mwiria
da amowurvadi)
yuradRebis gadatana
Sidapolitikuri
problemebidansxva saxelmwifoebis
Zalisa da ganzraxvebis
mcdari Sefaseba
saxelmwifos samxedro Zalis
gazrda garedan momdinare
safrTxeebis SiSiT
teritoriuli dava sazRvrebisa
da miwebis gamo
brZola pirvelobisaTvis
(regionSi, msofloSi)
12
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wya ro 5
germaneli samxedro moRvawe fon moltke omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb (1880 w.):
`maradiuli mSvidoba ocnebaa da Tanac arc maincdamainc mSvenieri. omi ki RvTiuri
msoflio wesrigis ganuyofeli nawilia. swored omSi vlindeba da viTardeba adamia-
nebis yvelaze keTilSobili zraxvebi da misi siqvele, simamace da Tavganwirva, erTg-
Guleba da movaleobis grZnoba... omis gareSe samyaro... WaobSi CaiZireboda~.
13
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aTaswleulebis manZilze egvipte gare samyarosgan TiTqmis izolirebulad vi-Tardeboda. faraonebi sjerdebodnen laSqrobebs udabnoebSi arsebuli oazise-bisa da nilosis aRma mdebare nubiis (dRe-vandeli eTiopia) winaaRmdeg. nubia iyo oqrosa da spilos Zvlis, agreTve tyveebis ZiriTadi wyaro.
Zv.w. XVII saukuneSi egvipte daipyres aziidan mosulma gaurkveveli warmomavlo-bis tomebma – hiqsosebma. berZn. `hiqsosebi~ warmosdgeba egvipturi `ucxoeli mmarTve-lebidan~. maneToni egviptis, mmarTveli, ptolemaisebis dinastiis karze moRvawe qurumi da istorikosi, maT `mwyemsebis me-feebs~ uwodebs. ukve antikur samyaroSi iyo mcdeloba hiqsosebis dakavSirebisa ebraelTa egviptur TavgadasavalTan.
samxedro aRWurvilobaSi didi upira-tesobis gamo (maT hqondaT didi, Sorsms-roleli mSvildebi, jaWvis perangebi da sabrZolo, cxenSebmuli etlebi) hiqso-sebma iolad daamarcxes egvipte da dae-patronen mis CrdiloeT nawils – nilo-sis deltas. samagierod, egviptelebma moaxerxes maTi kulturuli asimilacia, mogvianebiT ki – damarcxeba da Zalaufle-bas CamoSoreba.
hiqsosebis motanili samxedro aR Wur-viloba, gansakuTrebiT ki sabrZolo etli – Zveli drois `tanki~, gamoadgaT egvipte-lebs warmatebuli Soreuli dapyrobiTi laSqrobebis sawarmoeblad.
etli Zvel aRmosavleTSi didi xnis man-Zilze gamoiyeneboda, pirvel yovlisa, me-fisa da sardlobis gadaadgilebisaTvis. masSi saxedrebs an xarebs abamdnen. Zvel-ma xalxebma, maT Soris Sumerebma, cxenic icodnen, magram mas didad ar iyenebdnen, rac Tundac iqidan Cans, rom Sumerebi cxens `mTis virs~ eZaxdnen. cxenSebmuli etli gaxda ara marto swrafi gadaadgi-
2. Zveli egviptelebis omebi
egvipteli meomrebi
egvipturi sabrZolo etli
faraoni ramses II
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