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Transcript of Vasile Ramneantu - Istoricul relatiilor

Page 1: Vasile Ramneantu - Istoricul relatiilor

Introducere

1

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MVSEVM BANATICVM TEMESIENSE

BIBLIOTHECA HISTORICA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA

BANATICA

XXXIX

Edenda cvravit 'U��)ORULQ�'UDúRYHDQ

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Introducere

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'HVFULHUHD�&,3�D�%LEOLRWHFLL�1D LRQDOH�D�5RPkQLHL 5 01($1 8��9$6,/(

,VWRULD�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR-iugoslave îQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF � / 9DVLOH�5 PQHDQ X��-�7LPLúRDUD��0LUWRQ������

Bibliogr. ISBN (10) 973-52-0041-4 ISBN (13) 978-973-52-0041-1

94(498:497.1)”1918/1939” 327(498:497.1)”1918/1939”

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Introducere

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CUPRINS

Introducere ............................................................................................................. 7 Capitolul I 5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave între 1918-1940 ............................ 11 3UREOHPD� %DQDWXOXL� vQ� FRQWH[WXO� UHOD LLORU� GLSORPDWLFH� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL�Regatul sârbo-croato-sloven............................................................................... 12 3R]L LL�FRPXQH�DOH�FHORU�GRX �GLSORPD LL�OD�&RQIHULQ D�S FLL ....................... 24 &RODERUDUHD� GLQWUH� GLSORPD LLOH� URPkQ � üL� LXJRVODY � vQ� SHUioada 1920 – 1935 ........................................................................................................................ 26 7HQVLXQL�vQ�UHOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave (1935 – 1940) ............... 49 RHOD LLOH�LQWHU-parlamentare româno – iugoslave.......................................... 106 Colaborarea româno-LXJRVODY �SH�SODQ�PLOLWDU ............................................ 107 Note ..................................................................................................................... 115 Capitolul II 5HOD LLOH�FXOWXUDOH�URPkQR-iugoslave............................................................ 127 RHOD LLOH�GLQ�GRPHQLX�OLWHUDU��DUWLVWLF�üL�üWLQ LILF ............................................ 127 $VSHFWH�DOH�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR�– iugoslave în domeniul cultelor între 1919 – 1940 ...................................................................................................................... 144 3UREOHPD�vQY PkQWXOXL�PLQRULWDU ............................................................... 177 $OWH�DVSHFWH�DOH�UHOD LLOH�FXOWXUDOH�URPkQR�– iugoslave................................ 200 5HOD LLOH�FXOWXUDOH�GLQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�URPkQLL�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD� vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF ....................................................................................... 205 5HOD LLOH�FXOWXUDOH�DOH�VkUELORU�GLQ�%DQDWXO�URPkQHVF�FX�,XJRVODYLD� ......... 212 Note ..................................................................................................................... 214

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Capitolul III 5HOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave......................................................... 227 Schimburile comerciale româno – iugoslave îQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF ......... 227 5HOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave. Chestiuni divergente.................... 251 5HOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave�vQ�FDGUXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�üL ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH........................................................................................... 258 Note .................................................................................................................... 275 Concluzii ............................................................................................................ 281 Rezumat .............................................................................................................. 297 /LVWD�ELEOLRJUDILF ............................................................................................. 313

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Introducere

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INTRODUCERE /XFUDUHD�GH� ID � vüL�SURSXQH� V � DQDOL]H]H� UHOD LLOH� URPkQR-iugoslave

GLQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF ��DWkW�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�SROLWLF�FkW��üL�HFRQRPLF�üL�cultural.

5HOD LLOH� URPkQR-LXJRVODYH� GLQ� DFHDVW � SHULRDG � DX� FRQVWLWXLW�VXELHFWXO� XQRU� OXFU UL� GH�PDL�PDUH� VDX�PDL�PLF � DPSORDUH�� HODERUDWH� GH�LVWRULFL�GLQ�DPEHOH� UL��ÍQ�DFHDVW �GLUHF LH�GH�FHUFHWDUH�VH�vQVFULX�üL�OXFU ULOH�istoricului Gligor Popi. Demersurile istoricului iugoslav au vizat o serie de FKHVWLXQL�PDL� SX LQ� FXQRVFXWH� GLQ� FDGUXO� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH�YHFLQH��SUREOHPD�vQY PkQWXOXL�URPkQHVF�üL�D�FHOXL�VkUEHVF�GLQ�FHOH�GRX �S U L�DOH�%DQDWXOXL��SUHFXP�üL�FHD�D�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�GLQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY� üL�� UHVSHFWLY�� D� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 6kUEH� GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF��Aceste cKHVWLXQL��FD�üL�VLWXD LD�HFRQRPLF ��SROLWLF �üL�FXOWXUDO �D�URPkQLORU�GLQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�� DX� FRQVWLWXLW� RELHFWXO� OXFU ULL� DS UXW � vQ� ����� OD�editura Institutului pentru cercetarea istoriei Voivodinei din Novi Sad, OXFUDUH� WUDGXV � vQ� OLPED� URPkQ � vQ� DQXO� 1996 (Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul igoslav�� 7LPLüRDUD�� (G�� GH� 9HVW��� ÍQ� ����� D� DS UXW� OXFUDUHD�“Jugoslovensko – rumunski odnosi, 1918-1941,� R� VFULHUH� GH� UHIHULQ � SHQWUX�SUREOHPDWLFD� UHOD LLORU� URPkQR� –� LXJRVODYH� GLQ� DFHDVW � SHULRDG �� $FHODüL�autor a pXEOLFDW� üL� XQ� VWXGLX� PRQRJUDILF� SULYLQG� DFWLYLWDWHD� 3DUWLGXOXL�5RPkQ�GLQ�5HJDWXO�VkUELORU��FURD LORU�üL�VORYHQLORU�vQ��SHULRDGD�����-1929.

$VSHFWH� UHIHULWRDUH� OD� UHOD LLOH� GLSORPDWLFH� URPkQR–iugoslave din SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF �DX�IRVW�DGXVH� vQ�GLVFX LH�üL�GH�F WUH� LVWRULFXO� LXJRVODY�Milan Vanku în lucrarea sa 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�,XJRVODYLHL. În FDGUXO� DFHVWHLD�� DXWRUXO� DERUGHD] � VXFFLQW� üL� XQHOH� FKHVWLXQL� SULYLQG�UHOD LLOH� HFRQRPLFH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� SHQWUX� FD�� DFHODüL� DXWRU�� V �prezinWH� FRODERUDUHD� LQWHUSDUODPHQWDU � URPkQR-LXJRVODY � vQWU-un studiu DS UXW�vQ�SDJLQLOH�UHYLVWHL�Lumina.

5HOD LLOH� FXOWXUDOH� URPkQR-LXJRVODY � �vQ� VSHFLDO� vQ� GRPHQLXO�lingvistic) l-au preocupat pe profesorul Radu Flora, care prin lucrarea sa 5HOD LLOH�URPkQR-sâUEH��1RL�FRQWULEX LL��DS UXW �vQ�������D�vQFHUFDW�V �UHDOL]H]H�R�VLQWH] �vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�

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$O L� LVWRULFL� URPkQL��9LRULFD�0RLVXF�� (OL]D�&DPSXV�� ,RQ�&DODIHWHDQX�DX�WUDWDW�DVSHFWH�SDUWLFXODUH�DOH�UHOD LLORU�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave din SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF �� vQ�FXSULQVXO�XQRU� OXFU UL�FH�DFRSHU �R�DULH�PDL� ODUJ �de cercetare.

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH� URPkQR-iugoslave din perioada 1919 – 1941 au constituit subiectul unei recente sinteze elaborate de Eugene Boia.

8Q�FROHFWLY�GH�LVWRULFL�LHüHQL�D�HODERUDW�IRDUWH�UHFHQW�YROXPXO�Problema iugoVODY �� vQ� FDUH� VWXGLXO� OXL� 'DQ� /D] U� DUH� FD� VXELHFW�$F LXQL� GLSORPDWLFH�comune româno – iugoslave în perioada 1919 – 1929.

3ULPXO� FDSLWRO� DO� OXFU ULL� GH� ID � vüL� SURSXQH� V � DQDOL]H]H� UHOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD� GLQ� SHULRDGD� FXSULQV � vQWUH�WRDPQD�DQXOXL������üL�SULPHOH�]LOH�DOH�OXQLL�VHSWHPEULH�������'H�DVHPHQHD�s-D�vQFHUFDW�üL�HYLGHQ LHUHD�FRODERU ULL�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�vQ�FDGUXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL� üL� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� SHQWUX� FD�� OD� VIkUüLWXO� DFHVWXL� FDSLWRO� V �DERUG P� UHOD LLOH� PLOLWDUH� URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�� SUHFXP� üL� SH� FHOH� GLQWUH�0LQLVWHUHOH�GH�,QWHUQH�DOH�FHORU�GRX � UL��DVSHFWH�PDL�SX LQ�FXQRVFXWH�SkQ �DVW ]L��

5HOD LLOH� FXOWXUDOH� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD� VXQW� WUDWDWH� vQ�FDSLWROXO� GRL� DO� OXFU ULL�� ÍQ� SULPD� VD� SDUWH� VH� vQFHDUF � R� DQDOL] � D�schimburilor culturale româno-iugoslave în diverse domenii: istoriografic, ILORORJLF�� HWQRJUDILF�� IROFORULF�� PX]LFDO� HWF�� ÍQ� FRQWLQXDUH� SUHRFXS ULOH�noastre s-DX� vQGUHSWDW� DVXSUD� SUREOHPHORU� vQY PkQWXOXL� URPkQHVF� üL��UHVSHFWLY��FHOXL�VkUEHVF��SUHFXP�üL�DVXSUD�FHORU�GRX �ELVHULFL�RUWRGR[H�GLQ�%DQDWXO� URPkQHVF� üL� FHO� LXJRVODY�� 6SHFLILFLWDWHD� SUREOHPHORU� GLQ� DFHVWH�GRPHQLL� D� IRVW� GDW � GH� IDSWXO� F �� SH� WHULWRULXO� LXJRVODY�� UHVSHFWLY� SH� FHO�românesc, ele au implicat GRDU� UDSRUWXULOH� GLQWUH� URPkQL� üL� VkUEL�� I U �implicarea celorlalte componente etnice. Astfel, pe teritoriul iugoslav ele LPSOLFDX�R�PDMRULWDWH�VkUE �üL�R�PLQRULWDWH�URPkQ �� UHVSHFWLY�R�PDMRULWDWH�URPkQ � üL� R� PLQRULWDWH� VkUE � SH� WHULWRULXO� URPkQHVF�� $X� IRVW� XUP ULWH�GHPHUVXULOH�vQWUHSULQVH�GH�F WUH�FHOH�GRX �GLSORPD LL�vQ�YHGHUHD�UH]ROY ULL�acestor chestiuni pendinte, fiind cercetate în acest sens unele fonduri aflate vQ� $UKLYHOH� 0LQLVWHUXOXL� GH� ([WHUQH� DO� 5RPkQLHL� �QHXWLOL]DWH� GH� F WUH�istoricul iugoslav GO��3RSL���7RWRGDW ��DP�VFRV�vQ�HYLGHQ �VLWXD LD�FXOWXUDO �

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Introducere

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üL�UHOLJLRDV �D�DURPkQLORU�GLQ�0DFHGRQLD�LXJRVODY ��SUHFXP�üL�SUHRFXS ULOH�JXYHUQXOXL� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� vQ� YHGHUHD� vPEXQ W LULL� DFHVWHLD� �DVSHFW� PDL�SX LQ�DERUGDW�vQ�FHOH�GRX �LVWRULRJUDILL���2�DOW �SUREOHP �QHFHUFHWDW �SkQ �vQ�SUH]HQW�GH�F WUH�LVWRULFLL�GLQ�FHOH�GRX � UL�HVWH�üL�FHD�D�FRQWDFWHORU�GLQWUH�GLSORPD LD�URPkQHDVF �üL�FHD�LXJRVODY �vQ�YHGHUHD�UHFXSHU ULL�XQRU�YDORUL�FXOWXUDOH�URPkQHüWL�WUDQVIHUDWH�SH�WHULWRULXO�LXJRVODY�GH�F WUH�DUPDWD�VkUE ��OD�VIkUüLWXO�SULPXOXL�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO�

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Capitolul trei a fost consacrat leg WXULL�HFRQRPLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave, VFR kQG� vQ� HYLGHQ � üL� XQHOH� SUREOHPH� HFRQRPLFH� GLYHUJHQWH�� GDWRUDWH� vQ�VSHFLDO�vPS U LULL�%DQDWXOXL�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�

ÍQ� UHDOL]DUHD� DFHVWHL� OXFU UL�� DP� DFRUGDW� SULRULWDWH� GRFXPHQWXOXL� GH�DUKLY �� $X� IRVW� FHUFHWDWH� IRnduri aflate în posesia arhivei Ministerului $IDFHULORU�([WHUQH��IRQGXO���� ,XJRVODYLD�� IRQGXO�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH���FHOH�GLQ�FDGUXO� $UKLYHORU� 1D LRQDOH� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� �IRQGXO� &DVHL� 5HJDOH� üL�3UHüHGLQ LHL�� &RQVLOLXOXL� GH� 0LQLüWULL�� IRQGXO� IDPLOLH� %U WLDQX�� IRQdul Alexandru Vaida Voevod).

3HQWUX�D� VFRDWH� vQ� HYLGHQ � VWDUHD�GH� VSLULW� FDUDFWHULVWLF � FHORU�GRX �state la acea vreme, am investigat presa epocii.

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WLSDUXOXL�I U �DMXWRUXO�ILQDQFLDU�SH�FDUH�QL�O-a acordat prestigioasa insWLWX LH�FXOWXUDO � E Q HDQ � FDUH� HVWH� 0X]HXO� %DQDWXOXL� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD�� 1H�H[SULP P� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV� vQWUHDJD� JUDWLWXGLQH� GLUHFWRUXOXL� LQVWLWX LHL�domnului Dan Leopold Ciobotaru.

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

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CAPITOLUL I

5(/$ ,,/(�',3/20$7,&(� ROMÂNO – IUGOSLAVE ÎNTRE ANII 1918 - 1940

&RODERUDUHD�GLSORPDWLF �URPkQR-iugoslav �GLQ�HSRFD�PRGHUQ ��FDUH�

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5RPkQLD� üL-D�SURFODPDW�QHXWUDOLWDWHD�GDU� vQ�SULPLL�GRL� DQL�GH� U ]ERL��DWkW� 3XWHULOH� &HQWUDOH� FkW� üL� FHOH� DOH� $QWDQWHL� DX� HIHFWXDW� SUHVLXQL� DVXSUD�%XFXUHüWLXOXL�SHQWUX�D�LQWUD�vQ�FRQIOLFW�GH�R�SDUWH�VDX�GH�DOWD��)DFWRULL�SROLWLci JXYHUQDPHQWDOL� URPkQL�� XUP ULQG� UHDOL]DUHD� XQLULL� WXWXURU� WHULWRULLORU�URPkQHüWL�DIODWH�vQ�DFHO�PRPHQW�vQ�FRPSRQHQ D�$XVWUR-8QJDULHL�SUHFXP�üL�D�5XVLHL� DULVWH�� üL-DX� vQGUHSWDW�DWHQ LD� vQ�SULPXO� UkQG�DVXSUD�QHJRFLHULORU� FX�Antanta2. Printre teritoriile DIODWH� vQ� GLVFX LH� VH� DIOD� %DQDWXO�� FDUH� HUD�UHYHQGLFDW�üL�GH�F WUH�6HUELD��$VWIHO�� OD���PDL������� vQWU-R�GLVFX LH�SH�FDUH�D�avut-o cu omul politic român Alexandru Marghiloman, ambasadorul Serbiei OD� %XFXUHüWL�� 0DULQNRYLþ�� D� DU WDW� F � %HOJUDGXO� GRUHD� FD� OD terminarea U ]ERLXOXL� %DQDWXO� V � LQWUH� vQ� FRPSRQHQ D� VWDWXOXL� iugoslav. Diplomatul iugoslav� üL-D� H[SULPDW� VSHUDQ D� F � 5XVLD� QX� YD� VDFULILFD� FRPSOHW� 6HUELD��DGXFkQG� vQ� VXV LQHUHD� WH]HL� VDOH� IDSWXO� F � 9kUüH XO� HUD� R� ORFDOLWDWH�iugoslavHDVF � LDU� 7LPLüRDUD� D� IRVW� UHFXQRVFXW � vQ� ����� SULQ� UHVFULSWXO�imperial ca fiind ducat iugoslavesc3.

Rusia a reprezentat interesele Serbiei la negocierile purtate între 1914-����� GH� F WUH� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� $QWDQWHL� FX� JXYHUQXO� %U WLDQX� SULYLQG�FRQGL LLOH�LQWU ULL�vQ�U ]ERL�DOH�5RPkQLHL�GH�SDUWHD�DFHVWHL�JUXS UL�SROLWLFR-militare, ea opunându-VH�R�EXQ �SDUWH�GH�WLPS�FHUHULL�URPkQHüWL�OHJDWH�GH�Banat4��GDU�VLWXD LD�PLOLWDU �QHIDYRUDELO �$QWDQWHL�D�GHWHUPLQDW-R�V �ILH�GH�DFRUG�FX�WRDWH�UHYHQGLF ULOH�%XFXUHüWLXOXL��$�IRVW�vQFKHLDW�DVWIel tratatul de DOLDQ � GLQ� ����� DXJXVW� ����� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� SXWHULOH� $QWDQWHL�� FDUH�VWDELOHD� F � FHOH� SDWUX� SXWHUL� recunosc României dreptul de a anexa teritoriile monarhiei Austro-Ungare5.

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,VWRULFXO�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

13

realizate în special în momentul retragerii armatei iugoslave din Banat. $VWIHO�� GRX � YDSRDUH� vQF UFDWH� FX� F U L� üL� PRELOLHU� DX� WUHFXW� SH� FDQDOXO�Bega7�� LDU� UHFKL]L LL�GXUH� DX� IRVW� vQI SWXLWH� vQ� ORFDOLW LOH�&KHYHUHüX�0DUH��)LVFXW��* WDLD��*KLODG��0DFHGRQLD8.

Într-R� QRW � WUDQVPLV � GH� SUHIHFWXO� MXGH XOXL� 7LPLü� – Torontal SUHüHGLQWHOXL� &RQVLOLXOXL� GLULJHQW�� ,XOLX� 0DQLX�� VH� DU WD� F � VLWXD LD� HUD�IRDUWH� JUDY � vQ� XUPD� UHFKL]L LLORU� IRU DWH� FDUH� DX� IRVW� HIHFWXDWH� GH� F WUH�armata iugoslav � GH� RFXSD LH9�� 3ULQWUH� LQVWLWX LLOH� DIHFWDWH� V-D� DIODW� üL�Biblioteca juGH HDQ 10�SUHFXP�üL�3UHIHFWXUD11. Într-un document elaborat de FRPLVDUXO�VWDELOLPHQWHORU�X]LQHORU�GLQ�7LPLü�–�7RURQWDO�VH�VXEOLQLD�F �OD����DXJXVW� ����� ���� GLQ� VWDELOLPHQWHOH� LQGXVWULDOH� QX� IXQF LRQDX� vQ� SULPXO�UkQG�GDWRULW �GHPRQW ULORU�HIHFWXDWH�GH�F WUH�Drmata iugoslav 12.

Comportamentul trupelor iugoslave� vQ� %DQDW� D� DWUDV� QHPXO XPLUHD�ORFXLWRULORU� SURYLQFLHL�� /D� ��� LXQLH� ������ ����� GH� OXFU WRUL� DL� )DEULFLL� GH�vQF O PLQWH�´7XUXOµ�DX�SURWHVWDW�vQ�ID D�FRPDQGDPHQWXOXL�PLOLWDU�iugoslav FRQWUD� ULGLF ULL� XWLODMHORU� IDEULFLL� LDU� OD� �� LXOLH� DX� LQWUDW� vQ� JUHY � ���� GH�FHIHULüWL�GLQ�7LPLüRDUD��GDWRULW �IDSWXOXL�F �QX�SULPLVHU �VDODULLOH�GLQ����PDL�üL� D� WULPLWHULL� vQ� 6HUELD� D� ORFRPRWLYHORU� üL� D� PDWHULDOXOXL� UXODQW13. Tot în VFRSXO� vPSLHGLF ULL� WUDQVIHUXOXL� GH� XWLODMH� Lndustriale, animale, etc. a fost EDUDW�FXUVXO�UkXOXL�%HJD�vQ�]RQD�7RSRORY ��IDSW�FH�O-a determinat pe liderul iugoslav� 1LNROD� 3DåLþ� V � SURWHVWH]H� SH� OkQJ � &RQVLOLXO� VXSUHP� DO�&RQIHULQ HL�GH�SDFH14.

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,VWRULFXO�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF

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URPkQ �üL�FHD�iugoslav ��6H�FHUHD�R�DQFKHW �DOLDW �FDUH�V �FRQVWDWH�WRDWH�DFHVWH�DEX]XUL�� LDU� SHQWUX� QRUPDOL]DUHD� VLWXD LH� vQ� SURYLQFLH� VH� LPSXQHD�HYDFXDUHD�DFHVWHLD�GH�F WUH�PLOLWDUii iugoslavL�� UHYHQLUHD�FHORU�GHSRUWD L� vQ�6HUELD�� LDU� PDWHULLOH� SULPH�� PDüLQLOH�� XWLODMHOH� LQGXVWULDOH�� DOWH� RELHFWH�UHFKL]L LRQDWH�GH� F WUH� iugoslavL� V � ILH� vQDSRLDWH�SURSULHWDULORU� ORU16. Acest SURWHVW� D� IRVW� UHvQQRLW� OD� ���PDUWLH� ������ GDU�&RQIHULQ D�QX s-a ocupat de DFHDVW �FKHVWLXQH��/D����LXOLH������� ,�,�&��%U WLDQX�DPLQWHD�GLQ�QRX�GHVSUH�GHYDVWDUHD�%DQDWXOXL�GH�F WUH�RFXSDQ LL�iugoslavi cu toate protestele timide ale armatei franceze17.

/D� UkQGXO� V X�� $OH[DQGUX� 9DLGD� 9RHYRG� D� DERUGDW� SUREOHPD�RFXSD LHL� %DQDWXOXL� GH� F WUH� WUXSHOH� iugoslave, în cursul unei întrevederi care a avut-R� FX� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� IUDQFH]H�� 6W�� 3LFKRQ�� $FHVWD� D� IRVW�LQIRUPDW� GH� FRQVHFLQ HOH� QHJDWLYH�� HFRQRPLFH� üL� VRFLDOH�� DOH� RFXSD LHL�DVXSUD�RUDüXOXL�5HüL D��'LSORPDWXO�IUDQFH]�D�IRst de acord cu solicitarea lui Vaida Voevod privind retragerea trupelor iugoslave�GLQ�%DQDW��SURPL kQG�F � YD� LQWHUYHQL� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV18. Al. Vaida Voevod a protestat contra abuzurilor militarilor iugoslavL� vQ� %DQDW� üL� vQ� FDGUXO� vQWkOQLULL� SH� FDUH� D�avut-o cu delegatul iugoslav�OD�&RQIHULQ D�S FLL��7UXPSL Lþ19��ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWRU�DFX]D LL��DXWRULW LOH�PLOLWDUH�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�DX�DU WDW��OD���IHEUXDULH�������F �trupele iugoslave nu au comis nici un abuz în Banatul oriental. În general, URPkQLL�GLQ�DFHDVW �]RQ �– se DU WD�vQ�FRQWLQXDUHD�GRFXPHQWXOXL�– puneau vQ� FLUFXOD LH� LGHL� DQDUKLVWH� üL� VRFLDOLVWH�� ILLQG� SURYRFDWRULL� WXWXURU�WXOEXU ULORU�FDUH�DX�DYXW�ORF��VH�G GHD�GUHSW�H[HPSOX�DVDVLQDUHD�XQXL�RIL HU�iugoslav�� SHQWUX� FDUH� DX� IRVW� DUHVWD L� ��� GH� UDQL� URPkQL��� +RW rârea ca QXPHOH�UHJHQWXOXL�$OH[DQGUX�,�V �ILH�SRPHQLW�vQ�ELVHULFLOH�RUWRGR[H�URPkQH�GLQ� %DQDW� D� IRVW� OXDW � GH� F WUH� DXWRULW LOH� iugoslave� GH� OD� %DFLFD� üL�Baranyia20.

�ÍQ�SULPD�SDUWH�D�DQXOXL�������DXWRULW LOH�URPkQH�DX�vQWUHSULQV�R�VHULH�de demersuri pe OkQJ � DOLD L�� vQ� YHGHUHD� UHWUDJHULL� WUXSHORU� iugoslave din %DQDW�� $VWIHO�� 2FWDYLDQ� &ULüPDULX� D� SULPLW� GLQ� SDUWHD� SUHüHGLQWHOXL�Consiliului dirigent, Iuliu Maniu, mandatul de a solicita generalului francez G·(VSHUH\� VSULMLQXO� vQ� YHGHUHD� UHDOL] ULL� DFHVWXL� Geziderat21. Cu o misiune LGHQWLF � D� IRVW� GHOHJDW� GH� F WUH� DFHODüL� OLGHU� SROLWLF� üL� FRORQHOXO� 5DGX� 5��Rosetti22�� &HUHUHD� URPkQHDVF � D� IRVW� OXDW � vQ� GLVFX LH� GH� F WUH� DXWRULW LOH�PLOLWDUH� IUDQFH]H�� $IODW� OD� %XFXUHüWL�� JHQHUDOXO� )�� G·(VSpUH\� D� SURSXV�DXWRULW LORU� URPkQHüWL� UHWUDJHUHD� WUXSHORU� iugoslave�GLQ�%DQDW�üL� vQORFXLUHD�ORU�FX�FHOH�IUDQFH]H��*XYHUQXO�URPkQ�D�DFHSWDW�DFHDVW �VROX LH��FRQVLGHUkQG-o

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

15

FD�ILLQG�VLQJXUD�GH�QDWXU �V �HYLWH�LQFLGHQWHOH�GLQWUH�iugoslavL�üL�URPkQL23. În ID D�VROLFLW ULL�S U LL� iugoslave�GH�DPkQDUH�D�UHWUDJHULL�SkQ �OD�PRPHQWXO�vQ�FDUH�OD�3DULV�VH�KRW UD�VRDUWD�%DQDWXOXL24, comandantul armatei franceze din 2ULHQW�� JHQHUDOXO� +HQU\V� VXEOLQLD� F � vQORFXLUHD� WUXSHORU� iugoslave cu cele IUDQFH]H�QX�DU�IL�DIHFWDW�FX�QLPLF�SUHWHQ LLOH�%HOJUDGXOXL�SULYLWRDUH�OD�DFHDVW �SURYLQFLH��$FHVWD�D�PDL�DU WDW�F �vQORFXLUHD�WUXSHORU�VH�YD�GHVI üXUD�vQWU-un ULWP�OHQW��KRW UkUHD�ILLQG�OXDW �GLQ�GRULQ D�)UDQ HL�GH�D�IL�HYLWDWH�LQFLGHQWHOH�GLQWUH�SDUWHD�URPkQ �üL�FHD�iugoslav ��ÍQ�RSLQLD�JHQHUDOXOXL�IUDQFH]��)UDQ D�XUPD� V � VSULMLQH� üL� SH� YLLWRU� FDX]D� 6HUELHL�� 3DULVXO� FXQRVFkQG� üL� DSUHFLLQG�sacrificiile armatei iugoslave�vQ�WLPSXO�SULPXOXL�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO25.

)LLQG� VSULMLQLW � GH� )UDQ D��5RPkQLD� D� RE LQXW�GLQ�SDUWHD�&RQVLOLXOXL�FRQIHULQ HL� GH� SDFH� HYDFXDUHD� %DQDWXOXL� GH� DXWRULW LOH� PLOLWDUH� üL�administrative iugoslave�� ÍQ�DFHVW� VHQV�D� IRVW�FRQVWLWXLW �R� FRPLVLH� IUDQFR-româno-iugoslav �VXE�SUHüHGLQ LD�JHQHUDOXOXL�7RXUQDGUH��FDUH�üL-a început OXFU ULOH� OD� ��� LXOLH� ������ VWDELOLQG� FDOHQGDUXO� UHWUDJHULL� XQLW LORU�PLOLWDre din regiune26��ÍQ�GUXPXO�V X�VSUH�FDSLWDOD�)UDQ HL��XQGH�XUPD�V �SDUWLFLSH�OD� &RQIHULQ D� S FLL�� ,RQ� ,�&�� %U WLDQX� V-a oprit la Belgrad, unde a avut o vQWUHYHGHUH� FX� UHJHQWXO� $OH[DQGUX� ,�� SULYLWRDUH� OD� VLWXD LD� %DQDWXOXL�� ÍQ�timpul întrevederii cu acesta,�SULPXO�PLQLVWUX�URPkQ�D�VXEOLQLDW�F �'XQ UHD�HVWH� VLQJXUD� JUDQL � FDSDELO � V � HYLWH� vQ� YLLWRU� SURFHVH� vQWUH�QRL� üL� iugoslavL�� DüD�FXP�HOH� H[LVW � vQ�'REURJHD�FX�EXOJDULL��$OH[DQGUX�,�D�DU WDW�F �%HOJUDGXO�QX�putea fi atât de aproape de frontiera dintre celH� GRX � VWDWH� LDU� SRSXOD LD�iugoslav �GLQ�%DQDW�DYXVHVH�R� FRQWULEX LH�PDMRU � OD�GH]YROWDUHD�QD LRQDO �D�Serbiei�� QHSXWkQG� IL� DEDQGRQDW � vQ� DFHO� PRPHQW�� ,QYRFkQG� üL� SULQFLSLXO�QD LRQDOLW LORU�� üHIXO� VWDWXOXL� LXJRVODY� DU WD� F � MXP WDWH� GLQ� %DQDW� DU� IL�trebuiW� V � UHYLQ � %HOJUDGXOXL�� 7RWRGDW �� HO� D� DFFHSWDW� LGHHD� XQXL� SOHELVFLW�FDUH� V � KRW UDVF � VRDUWD� SURYLQFLHL27. Regentul iugoslav� VSHUD� F � VH� YD�DMXQJH�OD�R�vQ HOHJHUH�vQ�SULYLQ D�%DQDWXOXL��GDWRULW �LQWHUHVHORU�VXSHULRDUH�DOH�FHORU�GRX �VWDWH�GH�D�H[LVWD�UHOD LL�SULHWHQHüWL�vQWUH�HOH��ÍQ�WLPSXO�üHGHULL�VDOH�OD�%HOJUDG�SUHPLHUXO�URPkQ�D�DIODW�GH�H[LVWHQ D�XQHL�vQ HOHJHUL�vQWUH�1��3DåLþ�üL�7DNH�,RQHVFX��SULQ�FDUH�SDUWHD�RFFLGHQWDO �D�%DQDWXOXL�XUPD�V �ILH�FHGDW � 5HJDWXOXL� iugoslavo-croato-sloven28. Vizita premierului român la %HOJUDG�D�SURYRFDW��SRWULYLW�UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL�)UDQ HL�vQ�FDSLWDOD�,XJRVODYLHL��GHFHS LH� vQ� UkQGXULOH� RILFLDOLW LORU� GLQ� DFHDVW � DU �� GDWRULW � DWLWXGLQLL�intransigente a omului politic român29�� 'LSORPDWXO� IUDQFH]� PDL� DU WD� F �iugoslavii erau FRQüWLHQ L� GH� VDFULILFLLOH� I FXWH� vQ� U ]ERL�� FHUkQG� V � ILH�MXGHFD L�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�DFHVWHD30.

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6ROX LRQDUHD� SUREOHPHL� %DQDWXOXL� V-D� DIODW� üL� vQ� DWHQ LD� GLSORPD LHL�IUDQFH]H��ÍQ�YL]LXQHD�3DULVXOXL��DFHDVW �GLVSXW �SXWHD�SURYRFD�R�VLWXD LH�GH�FUL] � vQ� %DOFDQL�� Reprezentantul diplomatic francez la Belgrad avea FUHGLQ D�F �QX�WR L�URPkQLL�HUDX�DWkW�GH�LQWUDQVLJHQ L�vQ�SULYLQ D�%DQDWXOXL��GkQG� FD� H[HPSOX� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV� SH� 7DNH� ,RQHVFX�� DGHSWXO� XQHL� vQ HOHJHUL�româno – iugoslave bazate pe compromis31�� )UDQ D� VXEOLQLD� F � SUREOHPD�%DQDWXOXL� WUHEXLD� UHJODW � vQ� FRQIRUPLWDWH� FX�SULQFLSLLOH� JHQHUDOH�GH� OLEHU �dispunere a popoarelor32, propunând arbitrajul aliat asupra provinciei. 3RWULYLW� FHUFXULORU� GLSORPDWLFH� IUDQFH]H�� LQWHUHVHOH� URPkQHüWL� vQ� SULYLQ D�Banatului nu trebuiau�üWLUELWH��GHRDUHFH�vQ�YLLWRU�%XFXUHüWLXO�XUPD�V �ILH�FHO�mai sigur aliat al Parisului în Orient33.

ÍQ�GHVFKLGHUHD�&RQIHULQ HL�GH�SDFH�GH�OD�3DULV��GHOHJD LD�LXJRVODY �D�GHFODUDW�F �UHYHQGLF ULOH�VDOH�HUDX�vQ�FRQIRUPLWDWH�FX�SROLWLFD�SH�FDUH�6HUELD�o promovDVH� SkQ � vQ� DFHO� PRPHQW� SUHFXP� üL� FX� SURJUDPXO� &RQVLOLXOXL�QD LRQDO� GH� OD� =DJUHE�� %HOJUDGXO� VH� UDOLD� üL� SULQFLSLLORU� HQXQ DWH� GH� F WUH�SUHüHGLQWHOH�DPHULFDQ�:RRGURZ�:LOVRQ��PDL�DOHV�DFHORUD�SULYLQG�GUHSWXO�popoarelor de a dispune de ele însele34.� ÍQ� VXV LQHUHD� UHYHQGLF ULORU� VDOH��SDUWHD� LXJRVODY � D� DU WDW� F � 5RPkQLD� QX� D� IRVW� FRQVHFYHQW � vQ� OXSWD�împotrLYD� 3XWHULORU� &HQWUDOH�� SUHFXP� üL� IDSWXO� F trupele iugoslave au LQWUDW�PDL�UHSHGH�vQ�VXGXO�8QJDULHL�GHFkW�FHOH�URPkQHüti35.

3DUWHD� URPkQ � üL-D� VXV LQXW� LQWHresele, bazându-se în special pe SUHYHGHULOH� WUDWDWXOXL� GH� DOLDQ � GLQ� DXJXVW� ������ vQFKHLDW� vQWUH� JXYHUQXO�URPkQ�üL�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�SXWHULORU�$QWDQWHL36.

Partea iugoslav � D� GHVI üXUDW� R� LQWHQV � SURSDJDQG � vQ� SULYLQ D�%DQDWXOXL�� DVSHFW� QHJOLMDW� R� EXQ � EXFDW � GH� WLPS� GH� GHOHJD LD� URPkQ 37. $UJXPHQWD LD� iugoslav � HUD� H[SXV � GH� F WUH� SURIHVRUXO� -RYDQ�5DGRQLþ� vQ�lucrarea sa %DQDWXO� üL� SUREOHPD� IURQWLHUHL� iugoslavo-române�� FDUH� D� DS UXW� vQ�1919 la Paris38.

8QD� GLQWUH� OXFU ULOH� URPkQHüWL� FHOH� PDL� LPSRUWDQWH�� FDUH� DS UD� üL�DUJXPHQWD� LQWHJULWDWHD� %DQDWXOXL� DSDU LQHD� OXL� 6HYHU� %RFX�� $XWRUXO�VXEOLQLD�F �%DQDWXO� ILLQG� vQFRQMXUDW�GLQ� WUHL�S U L�GH� UkXUL� üL� vQ�D�SDWUD�GH�PXQ L��FRQVWLWXLD�XQ�FRUS�JHRJUDILF�DSURDSH�FRPSOHW�L]RODW��'H]PHPEUDUHD�DFHVWXL� VLVWHP� JHRJUDILF� üL� KLGURJUDILF� XQLWDU� DU� vQVHPQD� R� DGHY UDW �anomalie39�� $FHDVW � XQLWDWH� JHRJUDILF � G GHD� SULQ� HD� vQV üL� R� XQLWDWH�HFRQRPLF � HFKLYDOHQW 40�� ÍQ� DFHVWH� FRQGL LL� HUD� QHILUHVF� FD� üDOXSHOH� GH� SH�%HJD�� vQF UFDWH�FX�FHUHDOH�� V � ILH�REOLJDWH� OD�XQ�PRPHQW�GDW�V -üL�GHVFDUFe PDUID� üL� V � VXSRUWH� WDULIXO�YDPDO�DO�DOWXL� VWDW�� VDX� WUHQXULOH� FH� FLUFXODX�SH�

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

17

OLQLD� IHUDW �$UDG� –� 7LPLüRDUD� –� 9kUüH � –� %D]LDü� V � ILH� RSULWH� OD� ��� NP�GH�9kUüH �� vQ� SOLQ� FkPS�� vQ� ID D� XQXL� DOW� VLVWHP� YDPDO�� SUHFXP� üL� D�IRUPDOLW LORU�SHQWUX�SDüDSRDUWH41. DeVS U LUHD�%DQDWXOXL�vQ�GRX �S U L�DU�IL�DYXW� HIHFWH� QHJDWLYH� üL� DVXSUD� 7UDQVLOYDQLHL�� 6HYHU� %RFX� DU WD� DVWIHO� F �VLQJXUD� FDOH� IOXYLDO � D� vQWUHJLL� 7UDQVLOYDQLL� HUD� 0XUHüXO�� SH� FDUH� VH�WUDQVSRUWDX�WRDWH�SURGXVHOH�VSUH�7LVD�üL�'XQ UH��$FHDVW �FDOH�FRPHUFLDO �nu PDL� SUH]HQWD� QLFL� R� YDORDUH� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH� DPEHOH� PDOXUL� DOH�0XUHüXOXL�V-ar fi aflat în mâinile iugoslavilor42.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� %DQDWXOXL� QX� D� H[LVWDW� R� XQLWDWH� GH� YHGHUL� vQ� UkQGXULOH�RDPHQLORU�SROLWLFL�URPkQL��$VWIHO��GDF �,�,�&��%U WLDQX�D�VXV LQXW ca întreaga SURYLQFLH� V � UHYLQ � 5RPkQLHL�� 7DNH� ,RQHVFX� XUP UHD� V � RE LQ � SULQWU-un DUELWUDM�XQ� WHULWRULX�FkW�PDL� vQWLQV�SHQWUX�5RPkQLD�� FDUH� V � FXSULQG � OLQLD�7LPLüRDUD� –� 9kUüH � –� %D]LDü� SUHFXP� üL� ]RQD� OLPLWURI � D� 0XUHüXOXL43. În VXV LQHUHD� WH]HL� VDOH�� 7DNH� ,RQHVFX� DGXFHD� XUP WRDUHOH� DUJXPHQWH�� SH�teritoriul Banatului iugoslavLL� üL� URPkQLL� HUDX� ULVLSL L� QHRPRJHQ�� URPkQLL�ILLQG� PDMRULWDUL� VSUH� U V ULWXO� SURYLQFLHL� LDU� iugoslavii spre apusul ei, în VSHFLDO� VSUH� FRO XO� vQ� FDUH� 7LVD� VH� YDUV � vQ� 'XQ UH44. Diplomatul român DU WD� F � QLPHQL� vQ� 2FFLGHQW� QX� GRUHD� FD� %DQDWXO� V � UHYLQ � vQ� vQWUHJLPH�5RPkQLHL�� 'LQ� DFHDVW � FDX] � WUHEXLD� UHDOL]DW � R� vQ HOHJHUH� SULYLWRDUH� OD�SURYLQFLH��vQDLQWH�GH�&RQIHULQ D�S FLL�LDU�vQ�DFHOH�FRQGL LL�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�DU�IL�SXWXW�DYHD�R�SR]L LH�FRPXQ �OD�3DULV45.

/D����LDQXDULH������,RQ�,�&��%U WLDQX�D�DERUGDW�SUREOHPD�%DQDWXOXL�vQ�FDGUXO�&RQIHULQ HL� S FLL�� 3DUWHD� LXJRVODY � D� VXEOLQLDW� F � GRUHüWH� V � RE LQ �IURQWLHUH� QDWXUDOH�� FDUH� V -L� DVLJXUH� VHFXULWDWHD�QD LRQDO � SUHFXP� üL� OLEHUD�dezvoltare ecRQRPLF � üL� FRPHUFLDO ��$FHVWH�SUHWHQ LL� HUDX� FRQVLGHUDWH� D� IL�PRGHUDWH�� GDWRULW � UHOD LLORU� GH� SULHWHQLH� FDUH� H[LVWDVHU � Ge-a lungul WLPSXOXL�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH46. /LGHUXO�LXJRVODY�1��3DVLF�DYHD�vQ�YHGHUH�üL�YLLWRUXO�FHORU�GRX �VWDWH��GHFODUknG�F �����LQWHUHVXO�FRPXQ�üL�SULHWHQLD�GLQWUH�poporul iugoslav� üL� URPkn peQWUX� YLLWRUXO� DPEHORU� SRSRDUH�� üL� D� DOLD LORU�QRüWUL��DWkW�HVWH�GH�PDUH� vQFkW� WUHEXLH�J VLW � VROX LD�JUDQL HL�E Q HQH�FDUH�V �PXO XPHDVF ambele popoare”47. ÍQ�DFHODüi timp delegatul iugoslav M. 9HVQLþ� D� GHFODUDW� F � JXYHUQXO� V X� QX� SXWHD� UHFXQRDüWH� WUDWDWXO� GLQ� �����GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� 3XWHULOH� $QWDQWHL�� GHRDUHFH� D� DYXW� XQ� FDUDFWHU� VHFUHW��UHYHQGLFkQG�YHVWXO�%DQDWXOXL�vPSUHXQ �FX�RUDüXO�7LPLüRDUD��ÍQ�VXV LQHUHD�DFHVWHL� FHUHUL� HO� DUJXPHQWD� F � vQWUH 1849 –� ����� %DQDWXO� D� DSDU LQXW�voievodatului iugoslavHVF�� SURYLQFLD� HUD� JUkQDUXO� 6HUELHL� üL� FRQVWLWXLD� R�]RQ � GH� DS UDUH� vQ� ID D� %HOJUDGXOXL� LDU� JHQHUDOXO� 3XWQLN� V-D� Q VFXW� vQ�

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,VWRULFXO�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF

18

SURYLQFLH��'HPQLWDUXO�LXJRVODY�D�PDL�DGXV�vQ�GLVFX LH�üL�FULWHULXO�HWQLF��GHüL D� UHFXQRVFXW� F � vQ� ]RQD� UHYHQGLFDW � PDMRULWDWHD� SRSXOD LHL� HUD� GH�QD LRQDOLWDWH�JHUPDQ ��,RQ�,�&��%U WLDQX�D�HYLGHQ LDW�F � WUDWDWXO�GLQ������D�fost discutat cu Rusia, care reprezenta interesele iugoslave. Primul ministru DU WD� F � WLPS� GH� ���� GH� DQL� %DQDWXO� D� FRQVWLWXLW� R� XQLWDWH� SROLWLF � üL�JHRJUDILF � LDU� 5HJDWXO� iugoslavo-croato-sloven nu avea nevoie de SURGXVHOH� FHUHDOLHUH� GLQ� %DQDW�� GHRDUHFH� DYHD� GLQFROR� GH� 7LVD� üL� vQ�Macedonia regiuni agricole bogate.

ÍQ�VXV LQHUHD�WH]HL�VDOH�SULYLQG�vPS U LUHD�%DQDWXOXL�vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD��GHOHJD LD� iugoslav � OD�FRQIHULQ D�S FLL�D�PDL�DGXV�XUP WRDUHOH�argumente:

1) %HOJUDGXO� QX� SXWHD� UHQXQ D� OD� FRQD LRQDOLL� GLQ� %DQDW�� FDUH�UHSUH]HQWDX�R�SDUWH�vQVHPQDW �D�SRSRUXOXL�iugoslav.

2) 2� UHQXQ DUH� OD� %DQDW� DU� GD� QDüWHUH� OD� PLüF UL� LUHGHQWLVWH� üL� OD�FRQIOLFWH�vQWUH�URPkQL�üL�iugoslavL�� vQVHPQkQG�WRWRGDW �SU EXüLUHD�HWQLF �D�iugoslavLORU�ID �GH�H[SDQVLXQHD�HOHPHQWXOXL�URPkQHVF����

3) ÍQWLQGHUHD�VWDWXOXL�URPkQ�SkQ �OD�'XQ UH�üL�7LVD�DU�IL�vQVHPQDW�R�DPHQLQ DUH�SHUPDQHQW �DVXSUD�,XJRVODYLHL��F FL�9DOHD�0RUDYHL�DU�IL�U PDV�GHVFKLV �XQRU�LQYD]LL�

4) În cazul în care întregul Banat revenea României, capitala VWDWXOXL�YHFLQ��DU�IL�WUHEXLW�VFKLPEDW ��FHHD�FH�DU�IL�FRQVWLWXLW�SHQWUX�SRSRUXO�iugoslav�R�XPLOLUH�QD LRQDO 48.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�7LPLüRDUHL��%HOJUDGXO�DU WD�F �HUD�VLQJXUXO�RUDü�UHYHQGLFDW�vQ�FDUH�SRSXOD LD�LXJRVODY �QX�HUD�PDMRULWDU ��DFHHDüL�ILLQG�vQV �VLWXD LD�üL�vQ�SULYLQ D� SRSXOD LHL� URPkQHüWL��PDMRULWDULL� ILLQG� DLFL� JHUPDQLL� üL�PDJKLDULL��'DWRULW � IDSWXOXL� F � RUDüXO� HUD� FHQWUXO� HFRQRPLF� üL� FRPHUFLDO� DO�%DQDWXOXL�RFFLGHQWDO��HO�QX�SXWHD�IL�VHSDUDW�GH�DFHVW�WHULWRULX�üL��vQ�FRQVHFLQ ��WUHEXLD�V � UHYLQ � 5HJDWXOXL� iugoslavo-croato-sloven49. Eforturile iugoslavilor, se DU Wa într-un document elaborat de GHOHJD LD� iugoslav �� HUDX� vQGUHSWDte VSUH�VWDELOLUHD�IURQWLHUHL�GH�QRUG�SH�0XUHü��ÍQ�FD]�FRQWUDU��WUHEXLD�RE LQXW �QHDS UDW� ORFDOLWDWHD�.LNLQGD�0DUH�üL�SDUWHD�GH�QRUG�D�%DFLF L�FX�6XERWL D��'HOHJD LL�LXJRVODYL�VXV LQHDX�F �YRU�vQWkPSLQD�JUHXW L�vQ�RE LQHUHD�DFHVWRU�UHYHQGLF UL�� GHRDUHFH� SDUWHD� URPkQ � UHXüLVH� V � � FRQYLQJ � R� VHULH� GH�SHUVRQDOLW L� SUH]HQWH� OD� 3DULV� F � %DQDWXO� HUD� S PkQW� URPkQHVF� LDU� SUHVD�IUDQFH] �VXV LQHD�LGHHD�´vQW ULULL�UDVHL�ODWLQHµ50.

3DUWHD�URPkQ ��U VSXQ]kQG�DFHVWRU�DUJXPHQWH��VXEOLQLD�F �QLFL�5RPkQLD�nu putea, pentru�DFHOHDüL�PRWLYH��V �UHQXQ H�OD�FRQD LRQDOLL�HL��FX�DWkW�PDL�PXOW�

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

19

FX� FkW� S U VLUHD� ORU� DU� vQVHPQD� GLVWUXJHUHD� ORU� FD� QD LRQDOLWDWH�� GDW � ILLQG�LQWROHUDQ D�JXYHUQXOXL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�ID �GH�HL��GH�OD�RFXSDUHD�DFHVWHL�SURYLQFLL�GH�F WUH�armata iugoslavHDVF . Pentru garantarea capitalei statului vecin, guvernul român VH� DU WD� GLVSXV� V -üL� DVXPH� VXE� FRQWUROXO� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU�� R� VHULH� GH�REOLJD LL�� 7RWRGDW �� FRQVWLWXLUHD�'XQ ULL� FD� OLQLH� GH� IURQWLHU � vQWUH� FHOH� GRX �VWDWH� DU� VWDELOL�� vQ� RSLQLD� %XFXUHüWLXOXL� R� VLWXD LH� GH� HFKLOLEUX� SROLWLF� FDUH� DU�JDUDQWD�� SULQ� UHVSHFWXO� DXWRQRPLHL� PLQRULW LORU� GLQ� SDUWHD� DPEHORU� VWDWH�H[LVWHQ D�HWQLF � üL�QD LRQDO �D�PLQRULW LL� iugoslavH�üL� URPkQH��DVLJXUkQGX-se DVWIHO�UDSRUWXUL�GH�EXQ �YHFLQ WDWH51.

La 31 ianuarie 1919 Ion ,�&�� %U WLDQX� D� VXV LQXW� GLQ� QRX�� vQ� ID D�FRQIHULQ HL�� QHFHVLWDWHD� S VWU ULL� XQLW LL� JHRJUDILFH� üL� HFRQRPLFH� D�%DQDWXOXL��(O�D�DU WD�F �QXP UXO�URPkQLORU�üL�üYDELORU�FDUH�WU LDX�vQ�%DQDW�era considerabil mai mare decât cel al iugoslavilor52.

La 1 februarie 1919, într-XQ� PHPRULX� DGUHVDW� FRQIHULQ HL�� SULPXO�PLQLVWUX� VXEOLQLD� F � GDF � DU� IL� IRVW� YRUED� GH� D� DSOLFD� FX� R� ULJRDUH� DEVROXW �SULQFLSLXO� JUXSXOXL� HWQLF� VDX� OLQJYLVWLF�� 5RPkQLD� DU� IL� WUHEXLW� V � UHFODPH�� I U �FRQWHVWD LH�SRVLELO �� VXWH�GH�PLL�GH� URPkQL� VWDELOL L�GLQFROR�GH�'XQ UH�� vQ�6HUELD��vQWUH�Y LOH�7LPRFXOXL�üL�0RUDYHL��5RPkQLD�FHUHD�WXWXURU�VWDWHORU�YHFLQH�V �GHD�GRYDG �GH�DFHHDüL�PRGHUD LH�üL�V �IDF �DFHOHDüL�VDFULILFLL�vQ�LQWHUHVXO�S FLL53. Generalul Prezan, într-R� FRQYRUELUH� FX� DWDüDWXO� PLOLWDU� LXJoslav la %XFXUHüWL�� DU WD� F � %DQDWXO�� FRQIRUP� WUDWDWXOXL� FX� $QWDQWD�� UHYHQHD� vQ�vQWUHJLPH� 5RPkQLHL�� 'HRDUHFH� %XFXUHüWLXO� GRUHD� PHQ LQHUHD� UHOD LLORU� GH�SULHWHQLH�GLQWUH� FHOH�GRX � VWDWH��3UH]DQ�SURSXQHD� HIHFWXDUHD�XQXL� VFKLPE�GH� SRSXOD LH�� $VWIHO�� iugoslavii din Banat s-ar fi mutat în Serbia, statul român urmând a-L� GHVS JXEL� SHQWUX� S PkQWXULOH� üL� DYHULOH� GH LQXWH� LDU�URPkQLL�GLQ�7LPRF�XUPDX�V �VH�VWDELOHDVF �SH�WHULWRULXO�5RPkQLHL��$WDüDWXO�militar iugoslav� D� SULPLW� FX� QHvQFUHGHUH� DFHDVW � SURSXQHUH�� DU WkQG� F �DXWRULW LOH� URPkQH� vQWUHSULQGHDX� R� VHULH� GH� GHPHUVXUL� GLSORPDWLFH� SH�OkQJ �SXWHULOH�vQYLQJ WRDUH�SHQWUX�D�QH�U SL�%DQDWXO54.

1LFL� vQWkOQLUHD� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� GLQWUH� UHJLQD� 0DULD� üL� UHJHQWXO�$OH[DQGUX� ,� �DSULOLH� ������ QX� D� GHVFKLV� FDOHD� XQHL� vQ HOHJHUL� SULvitoare la %DQDW��5HJLQD�üL-D�H[SULPDW�VSHUDQ D�F �DWkW�5RPkQLD�FkW�üL�,XJRVODYLD�YRU�DFFHSWD� KRW UkULOH� &RQIHULQ HL� S FLL� SULYLQG� SUREOHPD� DIODW � vQ� OLWLJLX� LDU�YLLWRUXO�UHOD LLORU�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX � UL�QX�YD�IL�XPEULW�GH�DFHVW�FRQIOLFW��(D�D�üL� UHDOL]DW� XQ� SULP� GHPHUV� vQ� YHGHUHD� QRUPDOL] ULL� UHOD LLORU� GLSORPDWLFH�GLQWUH� %XFXUHüWL� üL� %HOJUDG�� LQYLWkQGX-O� SH� $OH[DQGUX� ,� V � YL]LWH]H�%XFXUHüWLXO55.

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,VWRULFXO�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF

20

'HüL� XQHOH� YRFL� GLQ� 2FFLGHQW� V-DX� SURQXQ DW� SHQWUX� R� UH]ROYDUH�DPLDELO �D�SUREOHPHL�%DQDWXOXL��]LDUXO�IUDQFH]�´/e Temps” din 2 februarie 1919)56�� OD� SURSXQHUHD� OXL� $�� 7DUGLHX� &RQVLOLXO� FHORU� ��� D� KRW UkW�FRQVWLWXLUHD� XQXL� FRPLWHW� GH� H[SHU L� FDUH� V � VWDELOHDVF � IURQWLHUD� vQWUH�5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD57. Acesta a elaborat mai multe variante privind vPS U LUHD� %DQDWXOXL�� $VWIHO�� H[SHU LL� LWDOLHQL� DX� SURSXV� R� OLQLH� GH�GHPDUFD LH� FDUH� DU� IL� O VDW� 5RPkQLHL� GRDU� &DUDü-Severinul. Un traseu DSURDSH� LGHQWLF�D� IRVW�DOF WXLW�GH�F WUH� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�DPHULFDQL�� FDUH� vQV �PDL�SUHYHGHD�FD�QRUGXO�%DQDWXOXL�� LQFOXVLY�7LPLüRDUD��V �UHYLQ �Ungariei. 3URLHFWXO�EULWDQLF�HUD�FHO�PDL�IDYRUDELO�%XFXUHüWLXOXL��ORFDOLW LOH�7LPLüRDUD��9kUüH ��%LVHULFD�$OE ��%HOD�&UNYD���$OLEXQDU��%D]LDü�UHYHQLQG�5RPkQLHL58.

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DFHVWXLD� DX� IRVW� I FXWH� SUHVLXQL� GLQ� SDUWHD� OLGHULORU� &RQIHULQ HL� SHQWUX� D�semna tratatul cu Austria, presiuni care au culminat cu ultimatumul Consiliului Suprem din 15 noiembrie 191971��ÍQ�GHFHPEULH������OD�%XFXUHüWL�a fost instalat guvernul Vaida-Voevod, noul prim-ministru român sperând V �RE LQ �R�UDtificare a frontierei româno-LXJRVODYH�IDYRUDELO �5RPkQLHL��FX�DWkW� PDL� PXOW� FX� FkW� DFHDVWD� QX� HUD� VWLSXODW � vQ� QLFL� XQ� WUDWDW�� $IODW� OD�Londra, Alexandru Vaida-Voevod a avut o întrevedere cu premierul englez /OR\G� *HRUJH�� GDU� SHQWUX� D� HYLWD� R� QRX � WHQVLRQare a raporturilor cu SXWHULOH�RFFLGHQWDOH�QX�D�SXV�vQ�GLVFX LH�SUREOHPD�%DQDWXOXL��2PXO�SROLWLF�URPkQ��vQ�VFKLPE�üL-a dat WRDW �VLOLQ D�V �UHDOL]H]H�R�vPEXQ W LUH�D�UHOD LLORU�FX�Belgradul��(O�D�SURSXV�vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�UHDOL]DUHD�XQXL�DUELWUDM�RILFLDO�vQ�urma F UXLD� DPEHOH�S U L� VH�REOLJDX� V � DFFHSWH� UH]XOWDWXO� DFHVWXLD72. În vederea UHDOL] ULL� XQHL� SURSDJDQGH� HILFLHQWH� SULYLWRDUH� OD� GUHSWXULOH� 5RPkQLHL�DVXSUD� %DQDWXOXL�� DX� IRVW� WULPLüL� OD� 3DULV� üL� DSRL� OD� /RQGUD� ,RQ� 6kUEX� üL�$YUDP� ,PEURDQH��$FHüWLD�� vPSUHXQ � FX�&DLXV�%UHGLFHDQX� DX� vQWRFPLW� XQ�VWXGLX� YROXPLQRV� SULYLQG� %DQDWXO� vQ� FDUH� DU WDX� F � HYROX LD� FXOWXUDO � üL�DVWIHO� UHQDüWHUHD� SROLWLF � URPkQHDVF � D� OXDW� QDüWHUH� GLQ� P Q VWLULOH�E Q HQH��/D�/RQGUD�,RQ�6kUEX�üL�$YUDP�,PEURDQH�DX�VROLFLWDW�I U �VXFFHV�R�întrevedere cu Lloyd George. În opinia lui Alexandru Vaida-Voevod DF LXQLOH� vQWUHSULQVH�GH�FHL�GRL� OD� vQFHSXWXO�DQXOXL������QX�DYHDX�VRU L�GH�L]EkQG ��VRDUWD�%DQDWXOXL�OD�DFHD�GDW �ILLQG�GHILQLWLY�KRW UkW 73.

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

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'DWRULW � UHOD LLORU� WHQVLRQDWH� GH� OD� VIkUüLWXO� SULPXOXL� U ]ERL� PRQGLDO�dintre România� üi Ungaria, primul mLQLVWUX�XQJDU�.DURO\�D�F XWDW�V �RE LQ sprijinul Belgradului într-XQ�HYHQWXDO�FRQIOLFW�FX�%XFXUHüWLXO��8QJDULD�PL]D�vQ�GHPHUVXO�V X�SH�WHQVLXQLOH�URPkQR-iugoslavo-croato-slovene existente la acea YUHPH�� /D� vQFHSXWXO� DQXOXL� ����� DWDüatul militar al Regatului Sârbo-Croato- 6ORYHQ�OD�%XFXUHüWL�WUDQVPLWHD�F autRULW LOH�URPkQH�VH�WHPHDX�GH�R�HYHQWXDO �vQ HOHJHUH� LXJRVODYR-XQJDU ��'XSD� SUHOXDUHD� GH� F WUH� FRPXQLüWL� D� SXWHULL� vQ�8QJDULD�� )UDQ D� HUD� JDWD� V � VSULMLQH� R� LQWHUYHQ LH� D� 5RPkQLHL�� ,XJRVODYLHL� üL�&HKRVORYDFLHL� vQ�YHGHUHD� vQO WXU rii de la putere a guvernului comunist Bela Kun, considerat inamic al Antantei. În��FRQVHFLQ generalul francez Depere i-a FHUXW� OXL� =��0LVLFL� V � DGXQH� �� GLYL]LL� vQ� %DQDW�� %HOJUDGXO� QX� GRUHD� vQV un conflict�FX�8QJDULD�GHRDUHFH�XUP UHD�V �RE LQ �VSULMLQXO�SUHüedintelui S. U. A. WilsRQ� vQ�SUREOHPHOH�GH� IURQWLHU � SH� FDUH� OH� DYHD� FX� ,WDOLD� üL� �GRUHD� V � DLE �SUHJ WLW �R�GLYL]LH�vn acest scop85. În chestiunea Ungariei, în vara anului 1919, 0��9HVWQLþ�D�RIHULW�GLQ�SDUWHD� ULL�VDOH�XQ�DMXWRU�GH�������GH�PLOLWDUL�SHQWUX�R�HYHQWXDO �RSHUD LXQH�PLOLWDU �vQ�8QJDULD��FHUkQG�vQV �JDUDQ LL�SHQWUX�DS UDUHD�frontierei cu Bulgaria. Refuzul lui Clemenceau a împiedicat realizarea unei DF LXQL�FRPXQH�vPSRWULYD�8QJDULHL86.

PentrX� QRUPDOL]DUHD� UHOD LLORU� GLSORPDWLFH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL� V-a SURQXQDW� üL� � GLSORPDWXO� LXJRVODY� 0�� 'DYLGRYLþ�� FDUH�� vQ� QRLHPEULH� �����GHFODUD�F �%HOJUDGXO�HVWH�LQWHUHVDW�V �DLE �UHOD LL�GLSORPDWLFH�EXQH�FX�5RPkQLD��$FHVWD� VXV LQHD� F � GLILFXOW LOH� OHJDWH� de statutul Banatului nu erau de QHGHS üLW��PDL�DOHV�F �DFHVW�OLWLJLX�WUHEXLD�UH]ROYDW�GH�&RQIHULQ D�S FLL�üL�QX�GH�F WUH�JXYHUQHOH�URPkQ�üL�LXJRVODY87��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�iugoslavilor üL�URPkQLORU��DO WXUL�GH�FHL�DL�FHKLORU��JUHFLORU�üL�SRORQH]LORU�DX�F ]XW�GH�DFRUG�V � vQWUHSULQG � XQ� GHPHUV� FRPXQ� SH� OkQJ � SXWHULOH� vQYLQJ WRDUH�� vQ� VFRSXO�GH]DUP ULL�IRüWLORU�LQDPLFL88. La 1 iunie 1919 Al. Vaida-Voevod îl informa pe ,XOLX� 0DQLX� F � OD� 3DULV�� GHS üLQGX-se disensiunile existente între UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� Vtatelor slave, a fost constituit blocul statelor din sud-estul Europei, în scopul stabilirii bazei comune SH�FDUH�QH�YRP�DüH]D�ID �GH�FRQIHULQ ��vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PRüWHQLWRUL�DL�$XVWUR-Ungariei89 iar în 14 februarie 1920, diplomatul român V.V. Tilea, aflat la Londra, îi solicita lui Vaida-Voevod acordul pentru o conlucrare cu iugoslavLL�üL�FHKLL�contra ungurilor��7LOHD�DU WD�F �SHUVRQDOLW L�FD�6HWRQ� :DWVRQ�� 6WHHG� üL� DO LL� VH� SURQXQ DX� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD� XQHL� DVWIHO� GH�FRODERU UL90�� 7RW� vQ� WLPSXO� FRQIHULQ HL� GH la Paris s-D� UHDOL]DW� R� VWUkQV �FRODERUDUH� vQ� FDGUXO� FRPLVLHL� GH� UHSDUD LL� vQWUH� GHOHJDWXO� 5RPkQLHL� �,RDQ� ,��/DSHGDWX��üL�FHO�DO�,XJRVODYLHL��3ORQ�91.

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&RODERUDUHD�GLQWUH�GLSORPD LLOH�URPkQ �üL�LXJRVODY �vQ�SHULRDGD������- 1935 ÍQF �GLQ�SULPLL�DQL�LQWHUEHOLFL��5RPkQLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD�V-au confruntat

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modificare a frontierelor, iar cele trei guverne au adresat o nRW � XOWLPDWLY �Budapestei, cerându-L� V � UDWLILFH� I U � vQWkU]LHUH� WUDWDWXO� GH�SDFH�� ÍQ� DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�� 3DULVXO� D� UHDOL]DW� F � DQJDMDUHD� )UDQ HL� DO WXUL� GH� 8QJDULD� HUD�FRQWUDU � LQWHUHVHORU� DFHVWHLD� vQ� (XURSD� FHQWUDO �� DVWIHO� vQFkW� %XGDSHVWD� D�WUHEXLW� V -üL� PRGHUH]H� FHUHULOH� VDOH� YL]kQG� GRPLQD LD� vQ� DFHDVW � SDUWH� D�Europei94.

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ceremonie au asistat primul ministru al Regatului Sârbo-Croato-Sloven 1LNROD�3DåLþ� üL�PLQLVWUXO�GH� H[WHUQH�0RP LOR�1LQ Lþ107. La primirea de la *DUD� GH� QRUG� üL� OD� Te Deum� DX� SDUWLFLSDW� üL� ��� PHPEUL� DL� FRPXQLW LL�iugoslavLORU��FURD LORU�üL�VORYHQLORU�GLQ�%XFXUHüWL��FRPHUFLDQ L��XQ�DUPDWRU�– Paško Visin; Oskar Aranyi –� GLUHFWRUXO� IDEULFLL� GH� ]DK U� &KLWLOD�� 0��Nahmias – diUHFWRUXO� VRFLHW LL� ´3HWURO� %ORFNµ�� .RVWD� 0DULQNRYLþ� – SUHüHGLQWHOH�VRFLHW LL�´%UDWVWYRµ�ü�D��108.

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ÍQ� WLPSXO� FRQIHULQ HL�� WH]D� %XFXUHütiului privitoare la frontierele 7UDFLHL� �0DUL D� –� ]RQ � GHPLOLWDUL]DW � üL� Vtatus quo� vQ� SULYLQ D� 7UDFLHL�RFFLGHQWDOH��D�IRVW�DFFHSWDW �GH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�%HOJUDGXOXL�� ILLQG� vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�üL� vQ�FRQFRUGDQ �FX�LQWHUHVHOH�$QJOLHL�� ÍQ� vQ HOHJHUH�FX�VHFUHWDUXO de VWDW� EULWDQLF� SHQWUX� DIDFHUL� H[WHUQH�� ORUGXO�&XU]RQ��0��1LQ Lþ� D� SUH]HQWDW�IRDUWH�FODU��IRDUWH�ELQH�FD�IRUP �üL�FD�WRQ, proiectul românesc privitor la Tracia, LQVLVWkQG� DVXSUD� QHFHVLW LL� GHPLOLWDUL] ULL� ]RQHL�� 5HIHULQGX-se la acest HSLVRG�� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� URPkQH� ,�*�� 'XFD� D� VXEOLQLDW� F � SROLWLFHüWH�� üL�aceasta e important, unitatea de vederi româno-iugoslave a produs o impresie SURIXQG 120��IDSW�DSUHFLDW�üL�GH�ORUGXO�&XU]RQ121.

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cu Italia respectiv cele ale României cu URSS-ul. I.G. Duca a salutat SRVLELOLWDWHD� vQFKHLHULL� XQHL� DOLDQ H� SROLWLFH� iugoslavo-italiene, pe care i-o VHPQDODVH�0��1LQ Lþ126��,QWHQ LD�D�GHYHQLW�UHDOLWDWH�OD����LDQXDULH�������FkQG�OD�5RPD�D�IRVW�vQFKHLDW�XQ�WUDWDW�vQWUH�%HOJUDG�üL�5RPD127.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�UHOD LLORU cu URSS-ul s-D�GHFLV�FD�ILHFDUH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�V -üL�KRW UDVF �SURSULD�VD�SROLWLF �ID �GH�UHJLPXO�VRYLHWLF��%HOJUDGXO�QHGRULQG� V � VWDELOHDVF � UHOD LL� GLSORPDWLFH� FX� .UHPOLQXO�� 3ULQWUH� FDX]HOH�FDUH�DX�GHWHUPLQDW�JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY�V �DGRSWH�R�DVWIHl de atitudine s-au aflat: resentimentele lui Alexandru I pentru un regim politic care asasinase IDPLOLD� DULVW ��FX�FDUH�DFHVWD�HUD�vQUXGLW��WHDPD�F �R�GDW �GHVFKLV �R�OHJD LH�VRYLHWLF � OD� %HOJUDG� SHULFROXO� SURSDJDQGHL� EROüHYLFH� DU� IL� FUHVFXW128. În DFHODüi timp Iugoslavia QX�D�GRULW�V �VSULMLQH�5RPDQLD�vn diferendumul pe care aceasta îl avea cu Moscova pe tema Basarabiei129.

ÍQ� UHOD LLOH� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� 5HJDWXO� iugoslavo-croato-sloven au DS UXW� R� VHULH� GH� IULF LXQL� vQ� SULPD� SDUWH� D� DQXOXL� ������ GDWRULW � XQHi FDPSDQLL�GH�SUHV �H[WUHP�GH�YLUXOHQWH� vQGUHSWDWH� vPSRWULYD�5RPkQLHL��/D�14 aprilie 1924, reprezentantul diplomatic al României la Belgrad îl informa SH�,�*��'XFD�F �SUHVD�GLQ�VWDWXO�YHFLQ�EDWMRFRUHüWH�DUPDWD�URPkQ �üL� FKLDU�SH�rege�� 'DW � ILLQG� VLWXD LD�� chiar reprezentantul Cehoslovaciei în capitala Regatului iugoslavo-croato-VORYHQ� D� LQWHUYHQLW� SH� OkQJ � 0LQLVWHUXO�$IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� GH� OD� %HOJUDG�� VXV LQkQG� F � R� FRQWLQXDUH� D� FDPSDQLHL�anti-URPkQHüWL�DU�vQVHPQD�VIkUüLWXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�

Într-un alt rapoUW�F WUH�0LQLVWHUXO�$IDFHULORU�6WU LQH�GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL��GLQ� ��� DSULOLH� ������ 7K�� (PDQGL� LQIRUPD� F � atacurile triviale împotriva 5RPkQLHL�vQ�FKHVWLXQHD�HYDFX ULL�FRPXQHORU�DX�vQFHWDW��DS UkQG�vQ�VFKLPE�DUWLFROH�YHKHPHQWH�vQ�FDUH�5RPkQLD�HUD�DFX]DW �GH�MDIXUL�vQ�WHULWRULL�UXVHüWL��pledându-VH� vQ� IDYRDUHD� WH]HL� GUHSWXULORU� VRYLHWLFH� DVXSUD� %DVDUDELHL� üL� D�dreptului de expansiune a URSS înspre Constantinopole130.

Problema campaniei anti-URPkQHüWL�SXUWDW �GH�SUHVD�iugoslav �D�IRVW�DERUGDW � vQ� FDGUXO� XQHL� vQWUHYHGHUL� GLQWUH� PLQLüWULL� GH� H[WHUQH� 'XFD� üL�$QWLþ�� $ILUPkQG� F � dragoste cu sila nu se poate, I.G. Duca s-a declarat VXUSULQV�F �JXYHUQXO�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�QX�G GXVH�QLFL�P FDU�XQ�FRPXQLFDW�FDUH�V -i�PHQ LRQH]H�SR]L LD� vQ�ID D�DWDFXULORU�YLROHQWH�DOH�SUHVHL� iugoslavH�ID �de România. Ministrul de externe al Regatului iugoslavo-croato-sloven a GHFODUDW� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM� F � %HOJUDGXO� YD� S VWUD� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH� UHOD LLOH� GH�SULHWHQLH� üL� DOLDQ � FX� 5RPkQLD� LDU� DWDFXULOH� GLQ� SUHV � YRU� vQFHWD131. Atitudinea presei iugoslave putea�DIHFWD�üL�DFWLYLWDWHD�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL��GDW�

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35

ILLQG� U VSkQGLUHD� ]YRQXOXL� SULYLQG� VO ELUHD� üL� FKLDU� OLFKLGDUHD� DFHVWHL�DOLDQ H� UHJLRQDOH�� 7RWXüL�� OD� FRQIHULQ D� GH� OD� 3UDJD� D� FHORU� WUHL� SDUWHQHUL��aceste zvonuri au fost dezavuate132.

ÍQ� YDUD� DFHOXLDüL� DQ�� FD� U VSXQV� OD� DFHVWH� WHQVLXQL�� vQ� FDGUXO� XQHL�vQWkOQLUL� vQWUH�1LQ Lþ� üL�(PDQGL�� FHL�GRL�GLSORPD L� DX�VXEOLQLDW�QHFHVLWDWHD�vPEXQ W LULL�UHOD LLORU�GLSORPDWLFH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX � UL�YHFLQH133.

'HS üLUHD� DFHVWRU� GLVHQVLXQL� D� IRVW� PDUFDW � OD� ��� QRLHPEULH� ������atunci când, luând cuvântul la Mesajul Tronului, ministrul de externe al 5RPkQLHL� DU WD� F � H[LVW � R� SHUIHFW � VROLGDULWDWH� vQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� ULOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL134. ÍQ� DFHODüL� VSLULW�� OLGHUXO� SDUWLGXOXL� U QHVF� FURDW�� 6�� 5DGLþ� D�publicat în ziarul “Dom” din Zagreb un articol favorabil Micii În elegeri. 3RWULYLW� XQXL� UDSRUW� DO� /HJD LHL� 5RPkQLHL� GLQ� %HOJUDG�� DFHDVW � RSLQLH� HUD�LPSRUWDQW �GHRDUHFH�RPXO�SROLWLF�LXJRVODY�DYXVHVH�SkQ �DWXQFL�R�DWLWXGLQH�RVWLO �ID �GH�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�PDL�DOHV�ID �GH�5RPkQLD��DWLWXGLQH�GDWRUDW �în special problemei Banatului135.

ÍQ� SHULRDGD� LPHGLDW� XUP WRDUH�� UHOD LLOH� GLQWUH� 5HJDWXO� iugoslavo-croato-VORYHQ��5RPkQLD�üL�*UHFLD�V-DX�DIODW�vQ�DWHQ LD�FHUFXULORU�GLSORPDWLFH�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL�üL�%HOJUDG���ÍQWU-un raport al lui Th. Emandi�F WUH�,�*��'XFD��datat 21 martie 1925, reprezentantul diplomatic al României la Belgrad DU WD� F � vQ� ������ FX� SULOHMXO� vQWkOQLULL� GH� OD� 6LQDLD�� 1LQ Lþ� SURSXVHVH�UHDOL]DUHD�XQHL�DOLDQ H�iugoslavo-româno-JUHFHüWL��VXELHFW�GH]E WXW�XOWHULRU�üL� vQ�FDGUXO�XQHL� vQWUHYHGHUL�1LQ Lþ�–�(PDQGL��ûHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�5HJDWXOXL�iugoslavo-croato-VORYHQ� LQIRUPDVH� vQ� GHFHPEULH� ����� üL� 3DULVXO� DVXSUD�SURLHFWXOXL�GH�DOLDQ ��

3RWULYLW� OXL� (PDQGL�� SROLWLFD� GXV � GH� %HOJUDG� vQ� SULYLQ D� SURLHFWDWHL�DOLDQ H� VH� GDWRUD� ILH� SROLWLFLL� ,Waliei de a separa Iugoslavia de Mica ÍQ HOHJHUH� ILH� LQWHQ LHL� OXL� 1LQ Lþ� GH� D� S VWUD� R� DOLDQ � vQ� WUHL�� GRULQG� vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�V �VH�DVLJXUH�PDL�vQWkL�GH�WRDWH�FRQFHVLLOH�*UHFLHL��FHHD�FH�Q-ar fi SXWXW�RE LQH�GDF �s-DU�vQYHGHUD�F �DOLDQ D�*UHFLHL�HVWH�OD�SUH .

În urma unei convorbiri pe care Emandi a avut-o cu ministrul Cehoslovaciei la Belgrad, acesta I-D� O VDW�GLSORPDWXOXL� URPkQ� LPSUHVLD� F �HUD�vPSRWULYD�SURLHFWDWHL�DOLDQ H��&HKLL�VXV LQHDX�F �5RPkQLD�QX�DU�DYHD�FH�F XWD� vQWU-R�DVHPHQHD�DOLDQ ��FDUH�DU�EDOFDQL]D�DFWLYLWDWHD�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�üL�vQ�VSHFLDO�D�5HJDWXOXL�iugoslavo-croato-VORYHQ��vQGHS UWkQG-o de politica (XURSHL� FHQWUDOH�� 'LSORPD LD� FHK � VXV LQHD� F � LQWUDUHD� 5RPkQLHL� vQWU-o DVWIHO�GH�DOLDQ �HUD�FRQWUDU �SURSULLORU�HL�LQWHUHVH��LQGLVSXQkQG�7XUcia, care WUHEXLD�V �FRPSOHWH]H�vQ�YLLWRU�]LGXO�DQWL-EROüHYLF�VSUH�VXG�

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36

3ULYLWRU�OD�DFHVW�SURLHFW�GLSORPDWLF��D�XUPDW�R�GHFODUD LH�D�PLQLVWUXOXL�iugoslav la Atena, care s-D�SURQXQ DW� vQ�YHGHUHD� vQFKHLHULL�SDFWXOXL�JUHFR-româno-iugoslav�üL�SHQWUX�LQWUDUHD�*UHFLHL�vQ�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��GHFODUD LH�SH�care diplomatul iugoslav a retras-R� D� GRXD� ]L�� SUHFXP� üL� R� vQWkOQLUH� D� OXL�1LQ Lþ�FX�PLQLVWUXO�*UHFLHL�OD�%HOJUDG��vQ�FDGUXO�F UHLD�GLSORPDWXO�iugoslav D�DILUPDW�F �vQWU-R�SULP �HWDS �XUPD�V �VH�vQFKHLH�DOLDQ D�iugoslavo-JUHDF ��OD� FDUH�5RPkQLD� WUHEXLD� V �DGHUH� vQWU-R�D�GRXD�HWDS 136. Tratativele dintre ,XJRVODYLD�üL�*UHFLD�DX�IRVW�vQV �GLILFLOH��I U �D�VH�vQUHJLVWUD�YUHXQ�UH]XOWDW�concret137. Iugoslavia a reQXQWDW�OD�DSURSLHUHD�GH�*UHFLD�üL�GDWRULW �IDSWXOXL�F � DXWRULW ile elHQH�FRQVLGHUDX�PLQRULWDWHD� VODY din Thesalia ca fiind de RULJLQH�HWQLF bulgar 138.

ÍQ�YDUD�DQXOXL�������FX�RFD]LD�FRQIHULQ HL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�%OHG�D�avut loc schimbul instrumentelor de ratificare privind prelungirea WUDWDWXOXL� GH� DOLDQ � URPkno – iugoslav139�� $FHVW� HYHQLPHQW� GHQRW � FODU�H[LVWHQ D�XQRU�UHOD LL�GLSORPDWLFH�QRUPDOH��SULHWHQHüWL�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�vecine.

/D�PLMORFXO�GHFHQLXOXL�DO�WUHLOHD��vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�,WDOLD�D�IRVW�vQFKHLDW�XQ� WUDWDW� GH� DPLFL LH�� DFW� UHDOL]DW� vQWU-un moment în care raporturile diplomatice italo-LXJRVODYH� HUDX� WHQVLRQDWH� �vQ� ����� RUDüXO� )LXPH� IXVHVH�DOLSLW� OD� ,WDOLD�� vQF OFkQGX-se astfel prevederile tratatului din 1924 dintre FHOH� GRX � S U L��� $FWXO� GLSORPDWLF� URPkQHVF� QX� D� DIHFWDW� UHOD LLOH� FX�Belgradul, care a apreciat favorabil încheierea acestui tratat140. În acest sens s-DX�SURQXQ DW�DWkW�PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�LXJRVODY��1LQNR�3HULþ�FD�üL� IRVWXO�üHI�DO�GLSORPD LHL��0RP LOR�1LQ Lþ��DFHVWD�GLQ�XUP �GHFODUkQG�F �încheierea GH�F WUH�VWDWHOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�D�Xnor acorduri cu Italia se face conform spiritului üL�SROLWLFLL�RUJDQL]D LHL��vQW ULQG-R�üL�QX�VO ELQG-o141.

În septembrie 1925 ministru de e[WHUQH�URP n a propus Belgradului un pDFW� GH� QHDJUHVLXQH�� QHDFFHSWDW� vQV � GH� RILFLDOLW LOH� LXJRVODYH� üL� GH�presa din DUD�YHFLQ ��vQWUXFkW�D�IRVW�SURSXV�üi Bulgariei. Planul românesc a IRVW�UHVSLQV�üL�GDWRULW �IDSWXOXL�F Iugoslavia avea propriile sale planuri în Balcani142.

/D� VIkUüitul anului 1927 Nicolae Titulescu considerea ca fiind inoportun proiectul Ministerului Ap U rii din Iugoslavia de a se efectua un VFKLPE� GH� RIL HUL� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH�� GDWH� ILLQG� UHOD iile tensionate iugoslavo-LWDOLHQH��'LSORPDWXO�URPkQ�HUD�LQWHUHVDW�GH�S VWUDUHD�XQRU�UHOD ii diplomatice bune cu Italia, �5RPD�XUPkQG� vQ�VFKLPE�V �DMXWH�5RPkQia în disputa sa cu UnJDULD�� ÍQ� DFHVW� FRQWH[W� GLSORPD LD� URPkQHDVF � D�ERLFRWDW�

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37

(într-R� SULP � ID] ) memorandumXO� 0LFLL� $QWDQWH� DGUHVDW� 6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�vQ�FDUH�VH�SURWHVWD�IDW �GH�WULPLWHUHD�GH�F WUH�,WDOLD�GH�DUPDPHQW��F WUH� 8QJDULD�� $FHDVW atitudine l-a determinat pe ministrul de externe LXJRVODY�0DULQNRYLF�V -l caracterizeze pe Titulescu ca fiind ,,... cel mai�U X�ministru de externe al României”143.

3ULRULW LOH�5RPkQLHL�üL�,XJRVODYLHL�SH�SODQ�H[WHUQ�SUHFXP�üL�UHOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �state au fost abordate de ministrul de externe DO� 5RPkQLHL� 1LFRODH� 7LWXOHVFX� vQ� FDGUXO� XQHL� FRQIHULQ H� GH� SUHV ��GHVI üXUDW �OD�%HOJUDG�vQ����LXQLH�������'LSORPDWXO�URPkQ�DU WD�F �LQWHUHVXO�,XJRVODYLHL�üL�DO�5RPkQLHL�HUD�GH�D�PHQ LQH�SDFHD�vQ�FDGUXO�WUDWDWelor. Cele GRX � VWDWH� I FHD� SDUWH� GLQ�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�� FDUH� HUD� XQD� üL� LQGLYL]LELO � vQ�FDGUXO� WUDWDWHORU� FX� UHVSHFWDUHD� IURQWLHUHORU� DWkW� GH� VFXPS� SO WLWH�� $WkW�,XJRVODYLD� FkW� üL� 5RPkQLD� XUP UHDX� VWDELOLUHD� GH� UHOD LL� DPLFDOH� FX� WRDWH�QD LXQLOH�� GDU� QX� DFFHSWDX� FD� SUH XO� DFHVWHL� SULHWHQLL� V � ILH� UHSXQHUHD� vQ�GLVFX LH� D� VWDWXWXOXL� WHULWRULDO� DO� FHORU� GRX � VWDWH�� 7LWXOHVFX� VDOXWD�QRUPDOL]DUHD� UDSRUWXULORU� GLQWUH� ,XJRVODYLD� üL� ,WDOLD�� VXEOLQLLQG� F � nu voi VSXQH�QLPLF�QRX�DILUPkQG�vQF �R�GDW �F �GLQWUH�WRDWH�VWatele România este cea mai LQWHUHVDW �FD�UHOD LLOH�GLQWUH�,WDOLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD�V �ILH�FkW�VH�SRDWH�GH�EXQH144.

În DFHODüL� WLPS� RPRORJXO� V u iugoslav, V. Marinkovic HYLGHQ LD c SULHWHQLD� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � SRSRDUH� QX� HUD� GH� GDWD� UHFHQW �� HOH� WU LQG� vQ�UHOD LL�GH�EXQ �YHFLQ tate�WLPS�GH����VHFROH��'XS primul razboi mondial a urmat prietenia familiilor regale iar apoi constituirHD�0LFLL�$QWDQWH��DOLDQ �ED]DW pe LQWHUHVHOH� FRPXQH� DOH� FHORU� GRX popoare, care doresc pacea. Mica Antant a fost încheiat pentru o perLRDG � OXQJ de timp, nefiind o FRPELQD LH� GH� PRPHQW�� Ín ciuda acestor fraze diplomatice la Belgrad SHUVLVWD�S UHUHD�F Titulescu dorea o orienWDUH�D�SROLWLFLL�H[WHUQH�URPkQHüti spre Italia145.

In 1929 noul regim politic din Iugoslavia, ca üi ministru de externe al acestui stat Marinkovic considerau c era posibil un r ]ERL�FX�8QJDULD�üi în acest context solicitau României ajutor împotriva Bulgariei, urmând ca Belgradul s ofere ajutor contra Ungariei146. /D� FRQIHULQ D�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�de la Belgrad (20-22 mai 1929) s-D�FRQVWDWDW�F �vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�H[LVWDX�SXQFWH�GH�YHGHUH�FRPXQH� vQ�SULYLQ D�SUREOHPHL�PLQRULW LORU��FDUH�VH�DIOD�SH�RUGLQHD�GH�]L�D�6HVLXQLL�&RQVLOLXOXL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�GH�OD�0DGULG��$�IRVW�OXDW �KRW UkUHD�GH�VXV LQHUH�D�FDQGLGDWXULL Iugoslaviei pentru calitatea GH�PHPEUX� DO� &RQVLOLXOXL� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU�� ÍQ� SUREOHPD� UHOD LLORU� FX�URSS s-D� KRW UkW� FD� HOH� V � U PkQ � SH� coordonatele din acel moment.

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38

5HOD LLOH� FX� $XVWULD� HUDX� FRQVLGHUDWH� D� IL� EXQH�� LDU� 3RORQLD� WUHEXLD� V �U PkQ �vQ�DIDUD�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GDWRULW �SROLWLFLL�HL�H[WHUQH��$�IRVW�UHVSLQV �LGHHD�XQHL�SRVLELOH�DOLDQ H�vQWUH�3RORQLD��,WDOLD�üL�8QJDULD147.

3UREOHPD�UDSRUWXULORU�FHORU�GRL�DOLD L�FX�8566-XO�D�IRVW�UHDQDOL]DW �OD�începutul deceniului al patrulea, ministrul de externe român G.G. 0LURQHVFX�ILLQG�DVLJXUDW�GH�F WUH�RPRORJXO�V X�LXJRVODY�9��0DULQNRYLþ�F �vQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�5RPkQLD�YD�IL�DWDFDW �GH�F WUH�DUPDWD�URüLH��,XJRVODYLD�YD�DVLJXUD� VSDWHOH� üL� vL� YD� DFRUGD� WRW� VSULMLQXO�� DMXWkQG-R� FX� DUPDPHQW� üL� cu GLVSRQLELOLW LOH�GH orice gen, care i-ar fi de folos148.

'RULQ D� GH� FRQWLQXLWDWH� vQ� SROLWLFD� H[WHUQ � D� ,XJRVODYLHL� D� IRVW�H[SULPDW �üL�GH�UHJHOH�$OH[DQGUX�,�vQ�FXUVXO�XQHL�vQWUHYHGHUL�SH�FDUH�DFHVWD�a avut-R�FX�UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�5RPkQLHL�OD�%HOJUDG���$O��*XU QHVFX149. Aceasta în ciuda faptulXL� F � vn primii ani ai deceniului patru Germania dorea începerea de WUDWDWLYH� HFRQRPLFH� FX� 5RPDQLD� üi Iugoslavia, iar guvernul LXJRVODY�XUP rea o apropiere de Germania din considerente economice150.

La începutul deceniului al patrulea, pe fondul LQWHQVLILF ULL� FUL]HL�economice, cancelarul Germaniei Heinrich Brüning a declarat oficial, în iunie ������ F � 5HLFK-XO� QX� PDL� SXWHD� V � DVLJXUH� H[HFXWDUHD� SODQXOXL� <RXQJ151 SULYLWRU�OD�UHSDUD LLOH�GH�U ]ERL��ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWHL�VLWXD LL�üL�GLQ�GRULQ D�GH�D�VDOYD�iQYHVWL LLOH�DPHULFDQH�SODVDWH�vQ�HFRQRPLD�JHUPDQ ��SUHüHGLQWHOH�68$�+HUEHUW�Hoover a propus la 20 iunie 1931 un moratoriu de un an asupra tuturor SO LORU�LQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOH��FX�WLWOX�GH�UHSDUD LL��ÍQ�)UDQ D�PRUDWRULXO�D�IRVW�LQWHUSUHWDW�FD�XQ�DQXQ �RILFLDO�DO�UHYL]XLULL�WUDWDWHORU�üL�DO�GHVILLQ ULL�VLVWHPXOXL�GH�UHSDUD LL��vQ�WLPS�FH�OD�/RQGUD�SUHPLHUXO�5DPVH\�0DF'RQDOG�VH�SURQXQ D�vQ�IDYRDUHD�PRUDWRULXOXL�üL�SHQWUX�UHYL]XLUHD�WUDWDWHORU�prin agrement mutual. În RSLQLD� VD�� UHYL]XLUHD� WUDWDWHORU� üL� GHVILLQ DUHD� VLVWHPXOXL� GH� UHSDUD LL� HUD� R�SUREOHP �FDUH� WUHEXLD� OXDW � vQ�FRQVLGHUDUH� OD�XQ�PRPHQW�GDW��GDF �VH�GRUHD�PHQ LQHUHD�XQHL�S FL�WUDLQLFH�vQ�(XURSD��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��RPXO�SROLWLF�HQJOH]�D�DFFHSWDW�PRUDWRULXO�vQ�GRPHQLXO�ILQDQ HORU�üL�D�SURSXV�H[WLQGerea lui pe zece DQL�üL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�SROLWLF152.

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Referindu-VH� OD� DOLDQ D� URPkQR-LXJRVODY ��7LWXOHVFX�GHFODUD� FX�DFHVW�prilej: DOLDQ D�QRDVWU �FX�iugoslavLL�HVWH�LPSXV �vQ�DIDU �GH�RULFH�VHQWLPHQWH��GH�R�VLWXD LH�JHRJUDILF �FDUH�R�WUDQVIRUP �vQWU-o�QHFHVLWDWH�SROLWLF �HJDO �SHQWUX�DPEHOH�UL167.

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5RPkQLHL� üL� ,XJRVODYLHL�� ÍQWkOQLUHD� GLQWUH� FHL� GRL� UHJL� D� FRQWULEXLW� OD�FRQVROLGDUHD�UHOD LLORU�GLQWUH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH��ÍQ�FRPXQLFDWXO�ILQDO��FHL�WUHL�PLQLüWUL�GH�H[WHUQH�vüL�H[SULPDX�UHJUHWXO�vQ�SULYLQ D�HüHFXOXL�FRQIHULQ HL�ecoQRPLFH�GH� OD�/RQGUD��GHFODUkQG� vQ� DFHODüL� WLPS�F � vQ�SULYLQ D� VLWXD LHL�SROLWLFH� üL� HFRQRPLFH� HXURSHQH� H[LVWDX�� SH� GH� R� SDUWH�� XQHOH� VHPQH� GH�DPHOLRUDUH�LDU�SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH�VHPQH�GH�DJUDYDUH�GH�QHFRQWHVWDW��/HJDW�GH�VLWXD LD�(XURSHL�FHQWUDOH��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�vüL�UHDILUPD�SROLWLFD�IHUP �SULYLQG�LQWDQJLELOLWDWHD� WUDWDWHORU� GDU� üL� EXQ YRLQ D� SHQWUX� R� FRODERUDUH� SH� W UkP�economic cu vecinii lor172.

�$QDOL]kQG� SROLWLFD� H[WHUQ � LXJRVODY �� vQ� QRXO� FRQWH[W� LQWHUQD LRQDO��reprezentantul diplomatic al României de la BHOJUDG�DU WD�OD����QRLHPEULH������F �DFHDVWD�SDUWLFLSD�tot mai intim�OD�WRDWH�PDQLIHVWD LLOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��5HYL]LRQLVPXO� GH� LQVSLUD LH� LWDOLDQ �� GHYHQLW� WRW� PDL� DPHQLQ WRU� GXS �vQFKHLHUHD� SDFWXOXL� GLQWUH� FHL� SDWUX�� D� GHWHUPLQDW� ,XJRVODYLD� V � DSOLFH� R�SROLWLF � GH� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� VWDWHOH� EDOFDQLFH�� SROLWLF � FH� HUD� SUHFRQL]DW � GH�%XFXUHüWL173. ConsWLWXLD� R� UHDOLWDWH� IDSWXO� FD� DWkW� 7LWXOHVFX� FkW� üL� -HIWLF� DX�SULPLW� FX� SUHFDX ie planurile italiHQH� SHQWUX� UHVWDXUDUHD� HFRQRPLF � D�'XQ ULL�� vQFHSkQG� FX� SODQXO� 6XYLF� SkQ la protocoalele de la Roma din 1934174. Iugoslavia sH� WHPHD� GH� R� SUHD� PDUH� LQIOXHQ a Italiei asupra $XVWULHL� SHQWUX� F � DWXQFL� DU� IL� WUHEXLW� V � IDF � ID italienilor pe trei fronturi175.

/D� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ������ 1LFRODH� 7LWXOHVFX�� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL�URPkQHüWL��HUD�vQJULMRUDW�GH�SHUVSHFWLYD�XQXL�U ]ERL�IUDQFR-JHUPDQ��ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWXL� SHULFRO�� 7LWXOHVFX� GRUHD� FD� 5RPkQLD� V -üL� S VWUH]H� QHXWUDOLWDWHD�printr-R� UH HD� GH� SDFWH� üL� FRQWUD-DVLJXU UL�� FDUH� V � SDUDOL]H]H� PLüF ULOH�8QJDULHL� üL�%XOJDULHL�� 6SUH� D�SUHveni un eventual acord bulgaro-iugoslav, nefast pentru România, ministrul de externe român l-a îndemnat pe Tevfik 5�VW��%H\�V �RE LQ �GLQ�SDUWHD�OXL�-HYWLþ�DVLJXUDUHD�VHFUHW �F �,XJRVODYLD�QX�YD� DMXQJH� OD� R� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� %XOJDULD� I U � DVHQWLPHQWXO� SUHDODELl al Turciei176.

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ÍQ� ID D� WHQVLRQ ULL� WRW� PDL� HYLGHQWH� D� VLWXD LHL� LQWHUQD LRQDOe, GLSORPD LD�URPkQ �üL�FHD�LXJRVODY ��DO WXUL�GH�FHD�FHK ��WXUF �üL�JUHDF �DX�DF LRQDW� vQ� YHGHUHD� UHDOL] ULL� XQHL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� %DOFDQLFH�� 3UREOHPD� SDFWXOXL�EDOFDQLF� D� IRVW� OXDW � vQ� GLVFX LH� GH� F WUH� PLQLüWULL� GH� H[WHUQH� DL� 0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�OD�=DJUHE�vQ�LDQXDULH�������&X�DFHVW�SULOHM��5RPkQLD�üi Iugoslavia DX�KRW UkW�V �SURSXQ �%XOJDULHL�DGHUDUHD�OD�SDFW��vQ�FRQGL LLOH�JDUDQW ULL�GH�F WUH�%XOJDULD�D�IURQWLHUHORU�üL�D�status quo –�XOXL�WHULWRULDO��-HYWLþ�D�VXV LQXW�intrarea Albaniei în Pactul Balcanic, declarând: HVWH�LQGLVSHQVDELO�FD�SDFWXO�V �fLH� IRUPXODW� vQ� DüD� IHO� vQFkW� V � VH� HYLWH� VXE� RULFH� IRUP � H[FOXGHUHD� $OEDQLHL, cerându-L� OXL�7LWXOHVFX�QX�QXPDL�V �QX�VH�RSXQ �SRVLELOLW LL�GH�DGHUDUH�D�$OEDQLHL�FL�V �IDF �WRWXO��OD�PRPHQWXO�RSRUWXQ��SHQWUX�FD�$OEDQLD�V �DGHUH�la pact. Ministrul de externH� URPkQ� D� DU WDW� F �� GHüL� SHUVRQDO� QX� HUD�SDUWL]DQXO�DGHU ULL�LPHGLDWH�D�$OEDQLHL�OD�SDFW��QX�VH�YD�RSXQH�vQ�QLFL�XQ�IHO�DFHVWHL� DGHU UL� vQ� YLLWRU�� 7LWXOHVFX� D� PDL� GHFODUDW� FX� DFHODüL� SULOHM� F �LGHQWLWDWHD�GH�LQWHUHVH�vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD�UHSUH]HQWD�FHD�PDL�EXQ �JDUDQ LH� F � vQ� RULFH� SUREOHP � FH� VH� SXWHD� LYL� FHOH� GRX � UL� YRU� üWL� V � VH�vQ HOHDJ �� %HOJUDGXO� D� GRULW� üL� FRPSOHWDUHD� SDFWXOXL� SROLWLF� FX� XQHOH�SUHYHGHUL� FDUH� V � LQFOXG � JDUDQ LL� PLOLWDUH�� XQ� VLPSOX� SDFW� SROLWLF�neaducând Iugoslaviei nimic îQ�GRPHQLXO�JDUDQ LLORU�HIHFWLYH�üL�QHDYkQG�vQ�FRQVHFLQ � R� YDORDUH� SURSRU LRQDO � SHQWUX� HD�� 7LWXOHVFX� D� VXV LQXW� LGHHD�FRQIRUP� F UHLD� DFRUGXULOH� PLOLWDUH� XUPDX� V � FRQVWLWXLH� VXELHFWXO� XQRU�GLVFX LL� XOWHULRDUH�� IRUPXOD� µDS UDUHD� VHFXULW LL� IURQWLHUHORU� EDOcanice” implicându-le. Guvernul iugoslav i-D� FHUXW� OXL� 7LWXOHVFX� V � SUHYLQ �JXYHUQHOH� HOHQ� üL� WXUF� DVXSUD� DFHVWHL� GRULQ H� FRPXQH�� DVWIHO� vQFkW�� OD�vQWkOQLUHD�SUHOLPLQDU �D�FHORU�SDWUX�PLQLüWUL�GH�H[WHUQH��V �VH�SRDW �UHDOL]D�un schimb de scrisori referitoare la angajamentul de a încheia ulterior FRQYHQ LL�PLOLWDUH178.

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'XS �FXP�VH�üWLH��OD�vQFHSXWXO�OXQLL�IHEUXDULH�������SDFWXO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�balcanice� D� IRVW� SDUDIDW� GH� PLQLüWULL� GH� H[WHUQH� Di României, Iugoslaviei,

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7XUFLHL�üL�*UHFLHL��(O�QX�HUD�vQGUHSWDW�FRQWUD�QLFL�XQXL�VWDW��VFRSXO�V X�ILLQG�acela de a garanta securitatea frontierelor balcanice împotriva unei DJUHVLXQL�YHQLQG�GLQ�SDUWHD�XQXL�VWDW�EDOFDQLF��&XSULQ]kQG�üL�DQJDMDPHQWXO�de a nu� FRQWUDFWD� R� REOLJD LH� ID � GH� XQ� VWDW� EDOFDQLF� QHVHPQDWDU� I U �FRQVLP PkQWXO� WXWXURU�� SDFWXO� U PkQHD� GHVFKLV� üL� FHORUODOWH� VWDWH�balcanice180.

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Referindu-VH� OD� DWLWXGLQHD� ,XJRVODYLHL� ID � GH� ÍQ HOHJHUHD� %DOFDQLF ��XQ� EXOHWLQ� GH� LQIRUPD LL� DO� 0DUHOXL� 6WDW� 0DMRU� URPkQ�� vQWRFPLW� SH� ED]D�datelor cXOHVH�GH�F WUH�DWDüDWXO�PLOLWDU�URPkQ�OD�%HOJUDG��DU WD�F �VH�REVHUYD�GLQ� FH� vQ� FH� PDL� PXOW� vQ� FHUFXULOH� SROLWLFH� FRQGXF WRDUH� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� R�atitudine de sabotare a Pactului Balcanic. Motivele invocate erau: DWLWXGLQHD�GXELRDV �D�*UHFLHL��FDUH�vQFOLQD�VSUH�R�SROLWLF �LWDORILO ��FH�LQWUD�vQ�FRQWUDGLF LH� FX� LQWHUHVHOH� ,XJRVODYLHL�� SUHFXP� üL� QHDGHUDUHD� %XOJDULHL� OD�SDFW��IDSW�FH�D�FRQWULEXLW�FD�DFHDVW �DOLDQ �V �GHYLQ �R�VLPSO �PDQLIHVWD LH�SODWRQLF ��I U �HILFDFLWDWH�üL�YLDELOLWDWH�

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SURSULX�� vQ� DIDUD� FDGUXOXL� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� – opina documentul militar român182.

/D� UkQGXO� V X�� üHIXO� OHJD LHL� URPkQH� OD� %HOJUDG�� $O�� *XU QHVFX��DQDOL]kQG�DFHOHDüL�SUREOHPH��DMXQJHD�OD�FRQFOX]LD�F �JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�pare D� YRL� V � vQWkU]LH ratificarea Pactului de la Atena spre a-üL� GD�PDL� ELQH� VHDPD�GH�UHFLSURFLWDWHD� REOLJD LLORU� FH� GHFXUJ� SHQWUX� DPEHOH� VWDWH�� $FHDVW � DWLWXGLQH� HUD�SXV �üL�SH�VHDPD�GRULQ HL�GH�DSURSLHUH�D�,XJRVODYLH�GH�%XOJDULD183.

Într-DGHY U��vQ�SULPLL�DQL�DL�GHFHQLXOXL�DO IV-lea Iugoslavia încerca V � VH�DSURSLH�GH�*HUPDQLD� üL� ,WDOLD��$VWIHO�� vQFHSkQG�FX�SULP YDUD�DQXOXL�1932, timp de un an de zile, regele Alexandru I a încercat realizarea unei DOLDQ H� LXJRVODYR�– italiene. Mussolini a întrerupt convorbirile, pretextând c �VLWXD LD�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�QX�HUD�VXILFLHQW�GH�VLJXU �SHQWUX�vQFKHLHUHD�XQRU�acorduri politice.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�UHOD LLORU�FX�*HUPDQLD��SkQ �OD�YHQLUHD�QD]LüWLORU�OD�SXWHUH��UHOD LLOH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�DX�IRVW�FRUHFWH��I U �FD�YUHXQD�GLQ�FHOH�GRX �S U L� V � PDQLIHVWH� GRULQ D� GH� DSURSLHUH�� 'XS � LDQXDULH� ������ UHOD LLOH�iugoslavo –� JHUPDQH� DX� HYROXDW� vQ� GLUHF LD� XQHL� DSURSLHUL�� vQV üL� UHJHOH�Alexandru I fiind interesat de acest fapt. Pentru prevenirea Anschluss-ului �üHIXO�VWDWXOXL�LXJRVODY�ILLQG�FRQüWLHQW�F �DFHVW�SHULFRO�D�GHYHQLW�UHDO�GXS �instalarea la putere a lui Hitler) ambasadorul iugoslav la Budapesta Iovan 'X Lþ� D� SULPLW� GLVSR]L LL� GLQ� SDUWHD� JXYHUQXOXL� V X� V � VRQGH]H� RSLQLD�JXYHUQXOXL�PDJKLDU�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�R�HYHQWXDO �IRUPDUH�D�XQXL�IURQW�FRPXQ�întrH�,WDOLD��8QJDULD�üL�,XJRVODYLD�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV��0LQLVWUXO�DIDFHULORU�H[WHUQH�ungar, Kany a respins propunerea Belgradului. Guvernul german a cultivat VLVWHPDWLF�R�DWPRVIHU �SURSLFH�SHQWUX�DWUDJHUHD�,XJRVODYLHL�vQ�VIHUD�SROLWLFLL�VDOH�� ÍQ� SODQXO� V X� GH� S WUXndere în Europa de sud-est, el includea ,XJRVODYLD� vQ� FDWHJRULD� ULORU� FDUH� RFXSDX� XQ� ORF� VSHFLDO� GLQ� SXQFW� GH�YHGHUH�HFRQRPLF��$VWIHO��,XJRVODYLD�D�IRVW�SULPXO�VWDW�GLQWUH� ULOH�PHPEUH�DOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�FX�FDUH�*HUPDQLD�QD]LVW �D�vQFKHLDW�DFRUGXUL�FRmerciale. 'XS �FUL]D�HFRQRPLF ��FHUFXULOH�HFRQRPLFH�LXJRVODYH�DX�Y ]XW�vQ�*HUPDQLD�R�SLD �GH�SULP�UDQJ�SHQWUX�GHVIDFHUHD�SURGXVHORU�ORU��FX�DWkW�PDL�PXOW�FX�FkW� %HUOLQXO� DFRUGD� H[SRUWXULORU� LXJRVODYH� R� SR]L LH� SULYLOHJLDW �� )DFWRULL�politici decizionali gHUPDQL�DYHDX�vQ�YHGHUH�GHVLJXU�SULQ�DFHVWH�LQL LDWLYH�üL�VO ELUHD�LQIOXHQ HL�LWDOLHQH�vQ�(XURSD�FHQWUDO �üL�vQ�%DOFDQL184.

Pe de alta parte in 1934 atât Iugoslavia cât üi Romania üi-au îmbun t it rela iile cu Bulgaria, iar Titulescu üi Jeftic au luat în considerare posibilitatea semn rii pactului de neagresiune bilateral. Regele Alexandru

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47

üi Jeftic üi-au continuat eforturile pentru realizarea unei apropieri iugoslavo-bulgar , vizitând Sofia în septembrie 1934185.

În vara anului ����� GLSORPD LD� HXURSHDQ � HUD� SUHRFXSDW � DWkW� GH�SDFWXO� RULHQWDO� FkW� üL� GH� HYROX LLOH� JUDYH�GLQ�$XVWULD�� FDUH� DX� FXOPLQDW� FX�DVDVLQDUHD�FDQFHODUXOXL�'ROOIXVV��1��7LWXOHVFX�D�DGUHVDW�R�QRW �RPRORJLORU�V L� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD� üL� &HKRVORYDFLD�� SULYLQG� HYHQWXDOLWDWHD� XQHL� DF LXQL�FRPXQH� vQ� OHJ WXU � FX� VLWXD LD� LQWHUQ � D� $XVWULHL�� 1LFL� ,XJRVODYLD� QLFL�&HKRVORYDFLD� QX� DX� FRQVLGHUDW� QHFHVDU � R� GHOLEHUDUH� FRPXQ � vQ� DFHDVW �SUREOHP 186.

În toamna anului 1934, seria atentatelor politice a continuat, atentatul de la Marsilia afectând puternic Iugoslavia GDU� üL� SH� DOLD LL� DFHVWHLD��&RQVLOLXO� SHUPDQHQW� DO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� V-a întrunit la Belgrad la 19 octombrie 1934. S-D�DSUHFLDW�F �DWHQWDWXO�GLQ�)UDQ D�FRQVWLWXLD�R�FULP �FDUH��ILLQG�FRPLV �VXE�LQIOXHQ D�XQRU�IRU H�FH�DF LRQDVHU �GLQFROR�GH�IURQWLHUH��HUD�de resortul politicii externe. S-D�KRW UkW�� SHQWUX�PRPHQW�� V �QX� ILH� DFX]DW�GDU�QLFL�GH]YLQRY LW�YUHXQ�VWDW��RULFDUH�DU�IL�DFHVWD��GH�HYHQWXDOH�LPL[WLXQL�vQ�SUHJ WLUHD�DWHQWDWXOXL� üL� V-D� VWDELOLW� V � VH�DüWHSWH� vQFKHLHUHD�DQFKHWHL��$�IRVW� FRQVLGHUDW � QHFHVDU � OXDUHD� XQRU� P VXUL� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� vPSRWULYD�DFWHORU� WHURULVWH�� DOH� F URU�YLFWLPH�HUDX� vQ�XOWLPD�SHULRDG �RDPHQL�GH� VWDW�din Europa187.

Solidaritatea româno-LXJRVODY � vQ�DFHVWH�PRPHQWH�GUDPDWLFH�SHQWUX�DUD�YHFLQ �D�IRVW�H[SULPDW �üL�vQ�3DUODPHQWXO�5RPkQLHi. Luând cuvântul la 0HVDMXO�WURQXOXL��GLSORPDWXO�*ULJRUH�*DIHQFX�DU WD�OD����QRLHPEULH������F �URPkQLL� DX� U PDV� OHDOL� ID � GH� iugoslavLL� FDUH� XUP UHVF� SH� FHL� FDUH� L-au vQDUPDW� üL� L-DX� vPSLQV� GLQ� XPEU � SH� DVDVLQLL� GH� OD� 0DUVLOLD�� Vom lupta vPSUHXQ � FX� HL� V � OL� VH� IDF � GUHSWDWH�� SHQWUX� F �QX�SXWHP� U ]EXQD�PDL� ELQH� SH�marele lor rege decât împlinindu-L� JkQGXO� FHO� GLQ� XUP încheia Grigore Gafencu188.

În noiembrie 1934, guvernul iugoslav a depus o plângere la Geneva FDUH� DFX]D� 8QJDULD� GH� D� IL� LPSOLFDW � vQ� SUHJ WLrea atentatului. Noul ministru de externe francez, Pierre Laval, a exercitat presiuni asupra %HOJUDGXOXL� SHQWUX� D� QX� LPSOLFD� üL� ,WDOLD� vQ� VFDQGDO�� GDWH� ILLQG� WUDWDWLYHOH�franco-LWDOLHQH� SHQWUX� vQFKHLHUHD� XQXL� DFRUG�� /D� 6RFLHWDWHD� 1D LXQLORU�Iugoslavia a foVW� VXV LQXW � GH� 5RPkQLD� üL� &HKRVORYDFLD�� FDUH� DX� DFX]DW�SROLWLFD�UHYL]LRQLVW �PDJKLDU �

3UREOHPD� DWHQWDWXOXL� GH� OD� 0DUVLOLD� D� IRVW� UH]ROYDW � SULQWU-un compromis, adoptându-VH�R�UH]ROX LH�FDUH�D�IRVW�DFFHSWDW � vQ�XQDQLPLWDWH��

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inclusiv de Ungaria, deoarece nici un stat nu era acuzat direct a avea OHJ WXUL� FX� DWHQWDWXO�� 8QJDULD�� FRQIRUP� UH]ROX LHL�� HUD� GRDU� LQYLWDW � V �DSOLFH�VDQF LXQL�RUJDQHORU�SXWHULL�GH�VWDW�F URUD�OL�V-DU�IL�SXWXW�VWDELOL�R�YLQ ��

ÍQ�PHPRULLOH� VDOH��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�DUDW � F � -HYWLþ� IXVHVH� VODE sprijinit la *HQHYD� DWkW� GH� F WUH� IUDQFH]L�� SR]L LD� 3DULVXOXL� GHFHS LRQkQG� %HOJUDGXO��FDUH� YHGHD� vQ� )UDQ D� SURWHFWRDUHD� VD� üL� DYHUWL]kQGX-i pe iugoslavL� F � QX�SXWHDX� DYHD� vQFUHGHUH� GHFkW� vQ� HL� vQüLüL�� FkW� üL� GH� HQJOH]L� vQ� SULYLQ D�FRQGDPQ ULL� YLQRYD LORU�� %XGDSHVWD� D� DPHQLQ DW� FX� S U VLUHD� 6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU� vQ�FD]XO�XQHL� FRQGDPQ UL�SHQWUX�DVDVLQDUHD� OXL�$OH[DQGUX� ,189. ûi�1LFRODH�7LWXOHVFX�VH�WHPHD�F �üHIXO�GLSORPD iei franceze P. Laval era gata V -i abandoneze pe iugoslavi în chestiunea asasinatului de la Marsilia ca SUH �SHQWUX�vntelegerea cu Italia190.

�ÍQ�WLPSXO�vQWkOQLULL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�GLQ�RFWRPEULH������D�IRVW�DQDOL]DW �SROLWLFD�GH�DOLDQ H�FH�VH�SUHFRQL]D�OD�DFHD�GDW ��vQ�VSHFLDO�GH�F WUH� XQHOH� GLQ� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� $WkW� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� FkW� üL� ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF � DFFHSWD� vQ HOHJHUHD� IUDQFR-VRYLHWLF � FkW� üL�SH� FHD� IUDQFR-LWDOLDQ ��GDU� VH� RSXQHD� XQHL� vQ HOHJHUL� IUDQFR-sovietico-LWDOLHQH�� 7RWRGDW � QX� HUD�DFFHSWDW �LGHHD�XQHL�DOLDQ H�GLQWUH�)UDQ D��,WDOLD�üL�XQXO�VDX�GRX �GLQ�VWDWHOH�Micii� ÍQ HOHJHUL� VDX� DOH� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� DFHVW� DFW� SXQkQG� vQ� SHULFRO�unitatea lor, iar statele care nu participau la aceste angajamente ar constitui R� SUDG � XüRDU � SHQWUX� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� vQ� OXSWD� ORU� SHQWUX� R� ]RQ � GH�LQIOXHQ 191.

3DUDOHO�� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVOavia au analizat principalele evenimente LQWHUQD LRQDOH� üL� vQ� FDGUXO� UHXQLXQLORU� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� $VWIHO�� FHOH� GRX �VWDWH�DX�DYXW�R�SR]L LH�FRPXQ �vQ�SULYLQ D�$XVWULHL��V-DX�SURQXQ DW�SHQWUX�UHIDFHUHD�HL�HFRQRPLF �GDU�vPSRWULYD�UHDOL] ULL�XQHL�XQLXQL�YDPDle cu Italia VDX� FX� *HUPDQLD� SUHFXP� üL� D� $QVFKOXVV-ului, contra întoarcerii +DEVEXUJLORU��� SUHFXP� üL� vQ� FKHVWLXQHD� XQJDU � �DX� VROLFLWDW� UHVSHFWDUHD�prevederilor tratatului de la Trianon)192��&HOH�GRX � UL� DX�DGRSWDW�DFHODüL�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�vQ�SULYLQ D�UHFRQVWUXF LHL�ILQDQFLDUH�D�8QJDULHL��SUHFXP�üL�D�LQWU ULL� HL� vQ� 6RFLHWDWHD� 1D LXQLORU193. La începutul anului 1923 a fost H[SULPDW � vQJULMRUDUHD� PHPEULORU� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� SULYLQG� FUHüWHUHD�WHQVLXQLL� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� vQ�XUPD�RFXS ULL� ]RQHL�5XKU-XOXL�GH� F WUH� DUPDWa franco-EHOJLDQ 194 .

$O WXUL� GH� &HKRVORYDFLD�� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD� DX� VSULMLQLW�demersurile diplomatice care au fost întreprinse în cursul deceniului al WUHLOHD� vQ� YHGHUHD� UHDOL] ULL� XQXL� VLVWHP� FROHFWLY� GH� VHFXULWDWH�� $� IRVW�

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49

H[SULPDW�GHSOLQXO�DFRUG�ID de FKHVWLXQHD�3DFWXOXL�GH�VLJXUDQ , care a fost semnat la Locarno în 1925195, a fost salutat cu YLH� VDWLVIDF LH proiectul pactului Briand - Kellog196, tratat ce, teoretic, a avut meritul de a fi interzis UHFXUJHUHD� OD� U ]ERL� SHQWUX� UH]ROYDUHD� GLIHUHQGHORU� GLntre state197. La 21 PDL� ����� VWDWHOH� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� DX� VHPQDW� $FWXO� JHQHUDO� GH� FRQFLOLHUH� üL�arbitraj�� vQ� SUHDPEXOXO� F UXLD� VH� VXEOLQLD� F � FHL� WUHL� PHPEUL� DL� DFHVWHL�RUJDQL]D LL�UHJLRQDOH�GRUHDX�V �DVLJXUH�SULQ�PLMORDFH�SDüQLFH�GLVFXWDUHD�OLWLJLLORU�care DU� SXWHD� V � DSDU � vQWUH� HOH198�� 7RWRGDW �� FHL� WUHL� DOLD L� DX� DGHUDW� OD�&RQYHQ LD� GH� GHILQLUH� D� DJUHVRUXOXL�� GRFXPHQW� FH� GHILQHD� SHQWUX� SULPD�RDU �FODU�WHUPHQXO�GH�DJUHVRU199.

3UHRFXS ULOH� GLSORPD LHL� HXURSHQH� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD� XQXL� SDFW�oriental au fost sprijLQLWH�GH�F WUH�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��FDUH�D�IRVW�GH�DFRUG�üL�FX�intrarea URSS-XOXL�vQ�6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU��$OLDQ D�D�DSUREDW�üL�SROLWLFD�GH�DSURSLHUH�GLQWUH�)UDQ D�üL�,WDOLD��FDUH��vQ�YL]LXQHD�HL��HUD�GH�QDWXU �V �GXF �OD�o apropiere de dorit din toate puncteOH�GH�YHGHUH�vQWUH�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�,WDOLD200. În DFHODüL� WLPS�D� UHVSLQV�FDWHJRULF�SURLHFWXO�'LUHFWRUDWXOXL� FHORU�SDWUX� ODQVDW�de liderul italian B. Mussolini, care confirma principiul revizuirii tratatelor GH�SDFH�üL�DO�FRQ LQXWXOXL�DUWLFROXOXL����GLQ�3DFWXO�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�GH�F WUH� 0DULOH� SXWHUL� �,WDOLD�� *HUPDQLD�� $QJOLD� üL� )UDQ D�� UHXQLWH� vQ� DFHVW�directorat)201.

7HQVLXQL�vQ�UHOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave (1935 – 1940) 9HQLUHD�OXL�0LODQ�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�vQ�IUXQWHD�JXYHUQXOXL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�D�

îQVHPQDW� R� FRWLWXU � vQ� SROLWLFD� H[WHUQ � LXJRVODY �� 1RXO� SULP-ministru XUP UHD� V � VWDELOHDVF � UHOD LL� EXQH� FX� *HUPDQLD� üL� ,WDOLD� üL� V � PHQ LQ �UDSRUWXULOH� H[LVWHQWH� FX� )UDQ D� üL� $QJOLD202. Aceasta deoarece imaginea (XURSHL� vQ� YDUD� DQXOXL� ����� HUD�GLIHULW � GH� FHD� H[LVWHQW � vQ�SULPLL� DQL� GH�GXS � U ]ERL�� 3UREOHPD� (XURSHL�� FkW� üL� D� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� QX� PDL� HUD� 2WWR�+DEVEXUJ��«� FL� FRQGXF WRUXO� FHOXL� GH-al III-OHD� 5HLFK�� $GROI� +LWOHU�� LDU� vQ� ID D�DFHVWXL� SHULFRO� SHQWUX� UHJLPXULOH� H[LVWHQWH� vQ�(XURSD�� VWDWHOH�0LFLL� ÍQ elegeri nu HUDX� FDSDELOH� V � VH� RSXQ � QLFL� FD� QXP U�� QLFL� FD� IRU � üL� QLFL� SULQ� SR]L LD� ORU�JHRJUDILF ��Referindu-se în timpul unei convorbiri pe care a avut-o cu Laval, OD� UDSRUWXULOH�FX�/RQGUD�üL�3DULVXO��RPXO�SROLWLF� LXJRVODY�PDL�SUHFL]D��noi, cei din MiFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�FRQVLGHU P�F �vQWRWGHDXQD�WUHEXLH�V �ILP�GH�DFHHDüL�S UHUH�

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FX� )UDQ D� üL� $QJOLD�� DWXQFL� FkQG� DFHVWH� GRX � VWDWH� VXQW� XQDQLPH� vQ� S UHUHD�DGRSWDW �vQWU-R�DQXPLW �SUREOHP ��$WXQFL�QRL�QX�ULVF P�QLPLF203.

,QWHQ LD�%HOJUDGXOXL�GH�D� VWDELOL� UHOD LL�GLplomatice bune cu Berlinul HVWH� VFRDV � vQ�HYLGHQ �üL�GH�FRQWDFWHOH�GLSORPDWLFH� WRW�PDL� LQWHQVH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �JXYHUQH��$VWIHO��vQ�LXQLH�������*RHULQJ�D�YL]LWDW�,XJRVODYLD�LDU�vQ�WRDPQD� DFHOXLDüL� DQ� SULQ XO� 3DYOH� V-a întâlnit cu Hitler la Berchtesgaden. 7RWRGDW � $OH[DQGDU� LQNDU� –� 0DUNRYLþ�� RPXO� GH� vQFUHGHUH� DO� QRXOXL�SUHPLHU��D�GHYHQLW�DPEDVDGRU�OD�%HUOLQ��ILLQG�PDQGDWDW�V �DF LRQH]H�SHQWUX�GH]YROWDUHD� UHOD LLORU� HFRQRPLFH� PDL� VWUkQVH� üL� SHQWUX� DSURSLHUHD� DPLFDO � GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH204.

3H� GH� DOW � SDUWH� VFKLPE ULOH� OD� YkUI� SURGXVH� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD� DX�LQIOXHQ DW��UHOD iLOH�FX�üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�URPkQHüti Nicolae Titulescu. Astfel XQXO�GLQWUH� FULWLFLL� VWU ini ai lui Titulescu a fost regentul Iugoslaviei Paul. (YHQLPHQWHOH�LQWHUQD ionaOH�vQW UHDX�SR]L iile germanofililor de la Belgrad. )UDQ D�vntreprindea demersuri de a se apURSLD�GH�,WDOLD��*HUPDQLD�D�vQF OFDW�FODX]HOH�GH�vQDUPDUH�SUHY ]XWH�vn Tratatul de Pace, U. R. S. S.-XO�SHUFHSXW �FD� R� DPHQLQ DUH� GH� HOLWD� LXJRVODY � � D� IRVW� DGXV pH� VFHQD� GLSORPDWLF �europHDQ �GH�F WUH�DOLD ii�%HOJUDGXOXL��LDU�6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU�D�HüXDW�WRWDO�vQ� SUREOHPD� DFX]D LLORU� IRUPXODWH� GH� ,XJRVODYLD� vPSRWULYD� LPSOLF ULL�Ungariei în asasinarea Regelui Alexandru. Atât timp cât Bogoljub Jeftic s-a PHQ inut la� SXWHUH� D� IRVW� DVLJXUDW � ORLDOLWDWHD� ,XJRVODYLHL� ID de sistemul francez. 6LQJXUD�GLYHUJHQ � vQ� DFHD�SHULRDG � vQWUH� ,XJRVODYLD��5RPDQLD� üi Cehoslovacia a constituit-o refuzul continuu al Belgradului de a stabili UHOD ii diplomatice cu U.R.S. S.-ul. În schimb Stoiadinovic era antiVRYLHWLF�üi predispus la intrigi, rivalizând în acest sens cu polonezul Beck205.

5HOD LLOH� GLSORPDWLFH� URPkQR-iugoslave au fost abordate în cursul XQHL�vQWUHYHGHUL�GLQWUH�0��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�üL�$O��*XU QHVFX��ûeful guvernului iugoslav a subliQLDW� F � SH� YLLWRU� JXYHUQXO� V X� YD� vQWUH LQH� FX� 5RPkQLD�DFHOHDüL�UHOD LL�GH�SULHWHQLH��$�IRVW�GLVFXWDW �üL�GRULQ D�SULQ XOXL�UHJHQW�GH�D�YL]LWD�5RPkQLD��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�FRQVLGHUkQG�DFHDVW �YL]LW �FD�ILLQG�GH�QDWXU �V �ULGLFH�SUHVWLJLXO�UHJHQ HL206.

Eforturile diplomatice întrepULQVH� vQ� DQXO� ����� vQ� YHGHUHD� UHDOL] ULL�XQXL� VLVWHP� GH� VHFXULWDWH� vQ� (XURSD� DX� IRVW� VXEPLQDWH� GH� KRW UkUHD�Germaniei din martie 1935 de a restabili serviciul militar obligatoriu iar &RQIHULQ D� GH� OD� 6WUHVD� FRQYRFDW � SHQWUX� D� DQDOL]D� SROLWLFD� JHUPDQ � vQ�doPHQLXO�UHvQDUP ULL�QX�D�GXV�OD�QLFL�XQ�UH]XOWDW�FRQFUHW��

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51

0LQLüWULL�GH�H[WHUQH�DL� ,XJRVODYLHL� üL�5RPkQLHL�� DO WXUL�GH�FROHJLL� ORU�GLQ�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL� ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF �DX�DQDOL]DW�DFHVWH�HYHQLPHQWH�OD� ��� DSULOLH� ������ (L� üL-DX� H[SULPDW� VSHUDQ D� F � Ve va ajunge, în urma FRQIHULQ HL�GH�OD�6WUHVD��OD�R�GHVWLQGHUH�IDYRUDELO �FRODERU ULL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�üL� FRQVROLG ULL� S FLL�� 7RWRGDW �� V-D� VXEOLQLDW� F � vQ� SULYLQ D� UHYL]XLULL�VWDWXWXOXL� PLOLWDU� DO� ULORU� VHPQDWDUH� DOH� WUDWDWHORU� GH� OD� 6DLQW� *HUPDLQ��TrianoQ� üL� 1HXLOO\� �SXQFWXO� �� DO� FRPXQLFDWXOXL� FRPXQ� GH� OD� 6WUHVD���FKHVWLXQHD�WUHEXLD�WUDWDW �OLEHU�GH�F WUH�guvernele cele mai direct interesate, în VWUkQV �OHJ WXU �FX�DFRUGDUHD�GH�QRL�JDUDQ LL�GH�VHFXULWDWH207.

Analizând impactul Tratatului italo-IUDQFH]� üL� DO� &RQIHULQ HL� GH� OD�6WUHVD�DVXSUD�SROLWLFLL�H[WHUQH�LXJRVODYH��*XU QHVFX�DSUHFLD��OD���LXOLH�������F � iugoslavLL�� QHPDLVLP LQGX-VH� VLJXUL� GH� )UDQ D�� DX� F XWDW� VSULMLQ� OD�/RQGUD��FDUH�vüL�DVXPDVH�DVWIHO�UROXO�GH�FRQVLOLHU�ID �GH�%HOJUDG208.

Apropierea treptaW �GH�*HUPDQLD��GDU�FKLDU�üL�GH� ,WDOLD�YD� vQGHS UWD�,XJRVODYLD� GH� )UDQ D� üL� GH� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�� vQ� FLXGD� DILUPD LLORU� OXL�6WRLDGLQRYLF� F � DUD� VD� YD� U Pkne credincioas � WUDWDWHORU� üL� DOLDQ HORU� SH�care le-a încheiat209.

&X� SULOHMXO� &RQIHULQ HL�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHgeri de la Bled (august 1935) N. 7LWXOHVFX� üL� 0�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� DX� DQDOL]DW� HYROX LD� UHOD LLORU� GLSORPDWLFH�GLQWUH� ULOH�ORU�üL�8566��SUHFXP�üL�FUL]D�HWLRSLDQ ��ÍQ�SULYLQ D�UDSRUWXULORU�FX�0RVFRYD��SULPXO�PLQLVWUX�LXJRVODY�D�DU WDW�F �%HOJUDGXO�QX�SXWHD�vQF �V � UHFXQRDVF �JXYHUQXO� VRYLHWLF��GDU�QX�YD� VWkQMHQL� UHDOL]DUHD�XQRU� UHOD LL�SULHWHQHüWL� vQWUH�5RPkQLD� üL�8566210��3ROLWLFD�JXYHUQXOXL�6WRMDGLQRYLþ� ID �GH� UHJLPXO� VRYLHWLF� LQHD� VHDPD� GH� DFHOHDüL� FRQVLGHUHQWH� GLQ� SULPLL� DQL�interbelici (sensibilitatea famiOLHL�UHJDOH�ID �GH�DVDVLQDUHD� DUXOXL�üL�IDPLOLHL�VDOH��FUHGLQ D�SRSRUXOXL�iugoslav�F � DUXO�HUD�SURWHFWRUXO�6HUELHL���ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�üHIXO�JXYHUQXOXL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�D�GHFODUDW�F � DUD�VD�QX�YD�LQWUD�vQ�QLFL��un pact anti - sovietic211. Nicolae Titulescu a FRQVLGHUDW� F securitatea EurRSHL� &HQWUDOH� SRDWH� IL� DVLJXUDW printr-o apropiere de U. R. S. S. În schimb Stoiadinovic a respins aFHVW�SURLHFW�GHRDUHFH�VH�WHPHD�üi de o rHDF LH�QHJDWLY �GLQ�SDUWHD�*HUPDQLHL�üL� ,WDOLHL��QHGRULQG�FD�5RPkQLD�V semneze un pact de ajutor reciproc cu Moscova212.�/D�UkQGXO�V X�üL�SULQ ul Paul era antisovietic, el autoinvitându-se în România pentru a-l convinge pe Regele &DURO�DO�,,�OHD�V nu urmeze SROLWLFD����VRYLHWLF ” a lui Titulescu. Dupa ce la Bled Stoiadinovic a respins categRULF� UXJ PLQ LOH� OXL�%HQHV� üL�7LWXOHVFX� vQ�IDYRDUHD� VWDELOLULL� GH� UHOD ii diplomatice iugoslavo- sovietice, omul politic LXJRVODY�D�SULPLW�IHOLFLW rile lui Laval213.

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Analizând conflictul italo –�HWLRSLDQ��D�IRVW�VWDELOLW �OLQLD�GH�FRQGXLW ��care prevedea adRSWDUHD� SHQWUX�PRPHQW� D� XQHL� QHXWUDOLW L� FRPSOHWH�� ÍQ�FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� SUREOHPD� XUPD� V � ILH� GLVFXWDW � OD� 6RFLHWDWHD� 1D LXQLORU��DOLDQ D� VH� GHFODUD� SHQWUX� PHQ LQHUHD� S FLL�� FRQVLGHUkQG� 6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU� VLQJXUXO� LQVWUXPHQW� DO� DFHVWHL� SROLWLFL� GH� SDFH214. În LQVWUXF LXQLOH� SH� FDUH� OH-D� WULPLV� R� OXQ � PDL� WkU]LX� UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL�LXJRVODY� OD� *HQHYD�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� FHUHD� FD� DWLWXGLQHD� LXJRVODY � V � ILH� vQ�FRQFRUGDQ �FX�SR]L LD�DOLD LORU�GLQ�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��ÍQ� VLWXD LD� vQ� FDUH� $QJOLD� üL� )UDQ D� DGRSWDX� DFHHDüL� DWLWXGLQH� ID � GH�FRQIOLFW�� %HOJUDGXO� WUHEXLD� V � VH� DO WXUH� FX� KRW UkUH� DFHVWRUD� LDU� vQ� FD]�FRQWUDU�XUPD�V �S VWUH]H�R�DWLWXGLQH�UH]HUYDW 215.

7HQVLXQHD� LQWHUQD LRQDO � D� FUHVFXW� üL� PDL� PXOW� GXS � FH� WUXSHOH�italiene au invadat Etiopia. RomkQLD�� SULQ� PLQLVWUXO� V X� GH� H[WHUQH�� D�FRQGDPQDW�DFHDVW �DJUHVLXQH��SURQXQ kQGX-se pentru declararea Italiei ca VWDW� DJUHVRU� üL� SHQWUX� DSOLFDUHD� VDQF LXQLORU� SUHY ]XWH� vQ�3DFWXO� 6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU��

8Q�UDSRUW�DO�OXL�$O��*XU QHVFX�DU WD�F �,XJRVODYLD�VH�RSXQHD�RULF UHL�concesii cu caracter politic al Italiei în Abisinia216.

'XS �DSOLFDUHD�VDQF LXQLORU�FRQWUD�,WDOLHL��1��7LWXOHVFX�V-D�SURQXQ DW�SHQWUX�UHVSHFWDUHD� LQWHJUDO �D�DUW�����GLQ�3DFWXO�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU��FDUH�SUHFL]D� F � PHPEULL� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU� vüL� YRU� DFRUGD� VSULMLQ� UHFLSURF�SHQWUX�D�UHGXFH�OD�PLQLP�SLHUGHULOH�üL�LQFRQYHQLHQWHOH�FH�DU�UH]XOWD�GH�SH�XUPD� DSOLF ULL� VDQF LXQLORU� HFRQRPLFH�� 7LWXOHVFX� D� DS UDW� VROGXO� FUHGLWRU�URPkQHVF� üL� LXJRVODY� ID � GH� ,WDOLD�� ILLQG� IHOLFLWDW� GH� F WUH� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�pentru WRW�FH�D�I FXW�üL�RE LQXW�SHQWUX�,XJRVODYLD217.

'LYHUJHQ HOH� IUDQFR-britanice datorate lui Pierre Laval, care se eschivase în a asigura Londra de sprijinul flotei franceze din Mediterana în cazul unui atac al flotei italiene împotriva celei britaQLFH�� üL�� GH� DVHPHQL��vQFHUFDVH�R�DSURSLHUH�D�)UDQ HL�GH�*HUPDQLD�üL�,WDOLD�DX�GXV�OD�vQIUkQJHUHD�(WLRSLHL��$FHVW� IDSW��XUPDW�GH� ULGLFDUHD� VDQF LXQLORU� FRQWUD� ,WDOLHL� D�GXV� OD�VO ELUHD�LPSRUWDQ HL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU��

ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWHL�VLWXD LL��%HOJUDGXO�üL-D�PRGLILFDW�DWLWXGLQHD�PHQ LRQDW �vQ�UDSRUWXO�OXL�*XU QHVFX�GLQ���VHSWHPEULH�������$FHODüL�GLSORPDW�LQIRUPD�OD� �� QRLHPEULH� F � ,XJRVODYLD� DGRSWDVH� R� SR]L LH� GH� H[SHFWDWLY � SUXGHQW �ID � GH� LQYD]LD� LWDOLDQ �� ,XJRVODYLD� D� DGRSWDW� DFHDVW � SR]L LH� GHRDUHFH�LQWHUHVHOH� HFRQRPLFH� vL� HUDX� JUDY� DIHFWDWH� vQ� XUPD� DSOLF ULL� VDQF LXQLORU��GDWRULW �OHJ WXULORU�VWUkQVH�FX�,WDOLD��GLQ�DFHDVW �FDX] �GHOHJD LD�LXJRVODY �D�

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SURSXV� OD�6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU� FD�XQHOH� VWDWH�SUHFXP�)UDQ D�üL�$QJOLD� V �SULPHDVF �DQXPLWH�FRQWLQJHQWH�GH�P UIXUL�GLQ�VWDWHOH�FDUH�DYXVHVHU �SkQ �DWXQFL�OHJ WXUL�FRPHUFLDOH�FX�,WDOLD��$XVWULD��8QJDULD�VDX�FX�DOWH�VWDWH�FDUH�QX�SDUWLFLSDX� OD� DSOLFDUHD� VDQF LXQLORU218. Importul iugoslav, în linii mari, HUD�DFRSHULW�GH�P UIXUL�LWDOLHQH��LDU�SULQ�DSOLFDUHD�VDQF LXQLORU�,WDOLD�QX�PDL�SXWHD� LPSRUWD� P UIXUL� LXJRVODYH�� LPSRUWXULOH� QHILLQG� OLPLWDWH�� GHRDUHFH�HUDX� SO WLWH� vQ� DXU� VDX� GHYL]H�� 'LQ� DFHDVW � FDX] �� FHUFXULOH� HFRQRPLFH�LXJRVODYH�QX�DX�IRVW�PXO XPLWH�GH�KRW UkULOH�OXDWH�OD�*HQHYD�FRQWUD�,WDOLHL��Ele s-au împRWULYLW� SXEOLF� DFHVWRU� VDQF LXQL�� SURSXQkQG� FD� R� SDUWH� GLQ�H[SRUWXO�LXJRVODY�VSUH�,WDOLD�V �ILH�WULPLV�SULQ�$XVWULD�üL�8QJDULD��FD�P UIXUL�austriece respectiv ungare219. În al doilea rând, factorii decizionali de la %HOJUDG� FUHGHDX� F �GDWRULW � FRQIOLFWXOXL�Gin Etiopia Mussolini nu mai era SUHRFXSDW�GH�SUREOHPD�GDOPDW ��3HQWUX�vQFHWDUHD�GLVSXWHL�LWDOR�–�LXJRVODY �DVXSUD� 'DOPD LHL�� %HOJUDGXO� HUD� GLVSXV� V � DSUREH� LQYD]LD� (WLRSLHL��considerând-R� QRUPDO � vQ� FD]XO� XQXQL� SRSRU� vQ� SOLQ � GH]YROWDUH�� FX� R�SRSXOD LH� vQ� FUHüWHUH220�� &HUFXULOH� SROLWLFH� EHOJU GHQH� HUDX� VDWLVI FXWH� F �IRU HOH� LWDOLHQH� VH� vQGHS UWDX� GH� 'DOPD LD221. Astfel, atitudinea celor doi DOLD L� ID � GH� FRQIOLFWXO� LWDOR-abisinian a devenit în toamna anului 1936 GLIHULW �� SH� GH� R� SDUWH� %XFXUHüWLXO� üL-D� PHQ LQXW� SR]L LD� LQWUDQVLJHQW ��SURQXQ kQGX-VH� SHQWUX� DSOLFDUHD� VDQF LXQLORU� FRQWUD� ,WDOLHL� �GHüL� SULQ�DFHDVW �FRQGXLW �GLSORPDWLF �UHOD LLOH�URPkQR�– italiene s-DX�U FLW��LDU�SH�GH�DOW � SDUWH� ,XJRVODYLD� D� DGRSWDW� R� SR]L LH� GH� H[SHFWDWLY � SUXGHQW �� GLQ�considereQWH� HFRQRPLFH� üL� SROLWLFH�� ÍQ� DFHVWH� FRQGL LL�� GDU� üL� GDWRULW �DWLWXGLQLL�PDULORU�SXWHUL�ID �GH�FRQIOLFW��OD����VHSWHPEULH������PLQLüWULL�GH�H[WHUQH�DL�FHORU�GRX �VWDWH��9LFWRU�$QWRQHVFX�üL�0LODQ�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�DX�F ]XW�GH� DFRUG� F � SUREOHPD� QX� PDL� SXWHD� IL� DERUGDW � GHFkW� SULQ� SULVPD�UHFXQRDüWHULL� DJUHVLXQLL�(WLRSLHL�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� VXJHUDW� F �QX�PDL� WUHEXLD�SURYRFDW�QLFL�XQ�LQFLGHQW�FX�,WDOLD��FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�VXIHULQG�GHVWXOH�SDJXEH�GH�SH�XUPD�DSOLF ULL� VDQF LXQLORU�� FDUH� �QX� vPSLHGLFDVHU � WRWXüL� LQYDGDUHD�EWLRSLHL�� 'H� DFHHD�� vQ� RSLQLD� GHPQLWDUXOXL� LXJRVODY�� QX� WUHEXLD� DWUDV �GXüP QLD� ,WDOLHL� vQ� FKHVWLXQL� GH� IRUP � �GH� H[HPSOX� vQ� VFULVRULOH� GH�acreditare ale noului ambasador italian la Belgrad, regele italian se SURFODPD�üL�VW SkQXO�(WLRSLHL���0LQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�URPkQ�D� vPS UW üLW� vQ�principiu acest punct de vedere222.

ÍQ�SULP YDUD�DQXOXL������(XURSD�D� IRVW� FRQIUXQWDW � FX�R�QRX �FUL] �GLSORPDWLF ��SULQ�RFXSDUHD�GH�F WUH�*HUPDQLD�D�]RQHL�UHQDQH��ILLQG�vQF OFDW�DVWIHO� JUDY� WUDWDWXO� GH� OD� 9HUVDLOOHV�� /XFU ULOH� LVWoricilor francezi care

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DQDOL]HD] � DFHVW� HYHQLPHQW� DUDW � F � FHUFXULOH� GLSORPDWLFH� üL� SROLWLFH�GH� OD�3DULV�FXQRüWHDX�DFHVW�SODQ�DO�%HUOLQXOXL�GLQ�DQLL�SUHFHGHQ L��GDU�QX�DX�OXDW�QLFL� R� P VXU � FRQFUHW � SHQWUX� D-l împiedica. La 8-9 martie, guvernul francez a hRW UkW�V �QX�ULSRVWH]H��

Ministrul de externe britanic, Sir Robert Anthony Eden, a deplâns VLWXD LD�GDU�DSUHFLD�F ��GDW�ILLQG�JUDYLWDWHD�vPSUHMXU ULORU��DU�IL�GH�GRULW�V �QX�ILH�vQWUHSULQV �QLFL�R�DF LXQH�FH�DU�SXWHD�DQJDMD�vQ�PRG�LUHPHGLDELO�YLLWRUXO��vQDinte ca JXYHUQHOH�LQWHUHVDWH�üL�vQ�VSHFLDO�FHOH�DOH�)UDQ HL�üL�0DULL�%ULWDQLL�V �VH�FRQVXOWH223.

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'HPQLWDUXO� LXJRVODY�PDL� FHUHD� FD�1��7LWXOHVFX� V � QX� IDF �GHFODUD LL�GXUH�OD�DGUHVD�*HUPDQLHL�I U �avizul prealabil al iugoslavLORU��ÍQ�FRQFHS LD�OXL�� vQF OFDUHD� DFRUGXOXL� GH� OD� /RFDUQR� FRQVWLWXLD� R� SUREOHP � D� PDULORU�SXWHUL�üL�D�%HOJLHL225��/D����PDUWLH�������OD�/RQGUD��D�DYXW�ORF�R�FRQIHULQ �D�statelor semnatare a acordului de la Locarno, care au constatat în XQDQLPLWDWH� F �*HUPDQLD� vQF OFDVH� SUHYHGHULOH� WUDWDWHORU� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� üL�F �HUD�GH�FRPSHWHQ D�&RQVLOLXOXL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�V �GH]EDW �DWLWXGLQHD�Germaniei.

$FHVW�FRQVLOLX��vQWUXQLW�OD����PDUWLH��D�FRQVWDWDW�F �*HUPDQLD�D�vQF OFDW�tratatul dH� SDFH� üL� DFRUGXO� GH� OD� /RFDUQR�� /D� ��� PDUWLH� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� L-a WUDQVPLV�UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL�V X�OD�/RQGUD��%��3XULþ��QRL�LQVWUXF LXQL�SULLYLQG�DVLJXUDUHD�SULQ� WRDWH�PLMORDFHOH� D�S FLL� vQ�(XURSD� üL� FRQVWDWDUHD� vQF OF ULL�WUDWDWHORU�GH� OD�9HUVDLOOHV� üL� /RFDUQR�� GDU� üL� UH]ROYDUHD� FUL]HL� SULQ� J VLUHD�XQXL�FRPSURPLV��$VWIHO��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�SUHFL]D��VI WXL L-L�DWkW�SH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�IUDQFH]L� FkW� üL� SH� FHL� JHUPDQL� V � IDF � FRQFHVLL� UHFLSURFH. În continuare, primul ministru iugoslav preciza: UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU�0DULL� %ULWDQLL� V � OH� VSXQH L� F � QH�YRP�VLWXD�GH�SDUWHD�ORU�GDF �$QJOLD�YD�IL�DWDFDW �GH�*HUPDQLD�I U �PRWLY��'DF �VH�YRU� SURSXQH� VDQF LXQL� HFRQRPLFH� FRQWUD� *HUPDQLHL� V � IL L� vPSRWULYD� RULF URU�

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

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propuneri de acest gen. 1X�Y �H[SXQH L�vQ�GHFODUD LL�vPSRWULYD�*HUPDQLHL��DüD�FXP�QX� DP� I FXW-R� QLFL� vPSRWULYD� ,WDOLHL�� $WUDJH L� DWHQ LD� OXL� 7LWXOHVFX� V � QX� IDF �GHFODUD LL�vQ�QXPHOH�QRVWUX�I U �R�vPSXWHUQLFLUH�SUHDODELO �GLQ�SDUWHD�QRDVWU ��FD�V �QX�ILP�REOLJD L��vQ�FD]�FRQWUDU��V �G P�GH]PLQ LUL��

ÍQ� FLXGD� vQFHUF ULL� UHSUH]HQWDntului Iugoslaviei de a-i modera OLPEDMXO�� OD� ��� PDUWLH� ������ vQ� FXYkQWXO� URVWLW� OD� 6RFLHWDWHD� 1D LXQLORU��7LWXOHVFX�D�FRQGDPQDW�DFWXO�*HUPDQLHL�vQ�QXPHOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��DU WkQG�F � DFHVWHL� DOLDQ H� QX-L� HUD� LQGLIHUHQW � VHFXULWDWHD� )UDQ HL�� DFHDVWD� I FkQG parte din propria securitate226.

&UL]D� UHQDQ � D� VLWXDW� %XFXUHüWLXO� üL� %HOJUDGXO� SH� SR]L LL� RSXVH��6WRMDGLQRYLþ��vQ�PHPRULLOH�VDOH��DUDW �F �7LWXOHVFX�üL�%HQHå�GRUHDX�V �MRDFH�UROXO� GH� RDPHQL� SROLWLFL� HXURSHQL�� SH� FkQG� HO� SHUVRQDO� F XWDVH� V � QX� VH�amestece vQ�FRQIOLFWXO�GLQWUH�PDULOH�SXWHUL��(O�DILUP ��vQWUH�PLQH�üL�HL�QX�VH�YD�SXWHD� DMXQJH� QLFLRGDW � OD� R� FRODERUDUH� FRUGLDO �� 'H� HL� P-D� OHJDW� R� VLQJXU � LGHH��aceea de a împiedica reînvierea defunctei Austro-8QJDULL� üL� GH� D� VH� LQWHU]LFH�restaurarea dinastiei haEVEXUJLFH�vQ�$XVWULD�üL�vQ�8QJDULD��'H�DOWIHO��VFRSXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�HUD�DFHVWD�üL�QLPLF�PDL�PXOW227.

6WRMDGLQRYLþ� FDUDFWHUL]D� DWLWXGLQHD� ,XJRVODYLHL� OD� FRQIHULQ D� GH� OD�/RQGUD� GLQ� SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ����� FD� ILLQG� UHDOLVW �� vQ� QRXD� FRQMXQFWXU �LQWHUQD LRQDO , deoarece: REVHUYkQG� F � YRP� U PkQH� VLQJXUL�� Q-DP� DYXW� DOW �LHüLUH� GHFkW� R� vQ HOHJHUH� GLUHFW � FX� SXWHUQLFXO� GXüPDQ� FDUH� VH� J VHD� OD� JUDQL HOH�QRDVWUH�GH�YHVW��,DU�GLQ�SDUWHD�U ]ERLQLFXOXL�üL�DQWL-iugoslavului Benito Mussolini SXWHDL�V �WH�DüWHS L�OD�RULFH228.

$IODW� OD�%HOJUDG�SHQWUX�D�SDUWLFLSD� OD�üHGLQ D�&RQVLOLXOXL�SHUPDQHQW�DO� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� ��-7 mai 1936), N. Titulescu a avut întrevederi cu SULQFLSHOH�3DXO�üL�SULPXO�PLQLVWUX�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�� vQ�FXUVXO�F URUD�D�DERUGDW�VWDGLXO�UHOD LLORU�GLSORPDWLFH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�

În timpul întâlnirii cu principele Paul, Titulescu a subliniat QHFHVLWDWHD� XQHL� DOLDQ H�SHUIHFWH� URPkQR-LXJRVODYH� vQ� ID D�unei propagande DELOH�I FXW �OD�QRL�üL�FKLDU�vQ�,XJRVODYLD��FDUH�ODV �V �VH�FUHDG �F �,XJRVODYLD�Q-ar mai avea pHQWUX�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� VHQWLPHQWHOH� GLQ� WUHFXW. Diplomatul român a VXV LQXW� F �� XUPDUH� D� YL]LWHL� OXL� %HFN� OD� %HOJUDG� üL� D� SUHüHGLQWHOXL�&RQVLOLXOXL� GH� PLQLüWUL� DO� 3RORQLHL� OD� %XGDSHVWD�� FDUH� GHWHUPLQDVH�PDQLIHVW UL� SX LQ� FRPSDWLELOH� DOLDQ HL� QRDVWUH� FX� 3RORQLD� üL� FX� UHOD LXQLOH�FRUHFWH� FDUH� H[LVWDX� SH� YUHPXUL� vQWUH� 3RORQLD� üL� &HKRVORYDFLD, se impunea o PDQLIHVWDUH� D� VROLGDULW LL� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� FX� RFD]LD� vQWUXQLULL� GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL�GLQ� LXQLH������ �OD�FDUH�XUPDX�V �SDUWLFLSH� üHILL�GH�VWDWH�DL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUi)229.

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7LWXOHVFX� UHPDUFD� R� WHDP � FUHVFkQG � D� ,XJRVODYLHL� ID � GH� ,WDOLD� üL�concluziona: ,XJRVODYLD� WUHEXLH� WUDWDW � FX� PXOWH� PHQDMDPHQWH�� GDW� ILLQG�SVLKRORJLD�HL�DFWXDO 230.

ÍQ� FDGUXO� VHVLXQLL� &RQVLOLXOXL� SHUPDQHQW� DO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� GH� OD�Belgrad din mai 193�� D� IRVW� DERUGDW � SUREOHPD� UHLQWURGXFHULL� VHUYLFLXOXL�PLOLWDU�REOLJDWRULX�vQ�$XVWULD��&HL�WUHL�DX�KRW UkW�V �vQWUHSULQG �XQ�GHPHUV�SH� OkQJ �JXYHUQHOH� IUDQFH]� üL� HQJOH]��SHQWUX�D� OH�GHWHUPLQD�SH�DFHVWHD� V �RE LQ � DFRUGXO� 9LHQHL� GH� QHJRFLHUH� D� DSOLF ULL� OHJLi serviciului militar REOLJDWRULX� FX� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�� 'DWH� ILLQG� OLSVD� GH� SUHWHQ LL� WHULWRULDOH� D�$XVWULHL�üL�QHYRLD�GH�VHFXULWDWH��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�HUD�GLVSXV �V �SULYHDVF �FX�EXQ YRLQ �DFHVWH�QHJRFLHUL��XUP ULQG�RE LQHUHD�XQXL�UH]XOWDW�IDYRUDELO��ÍQ�cazuO�XQXL� UHIX]�DO�$XVWULHL�� VWDWHOH�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� VH�YHGHDX�REOLJDWH� V �DGXF �DFHDVW �SUREOHP �vQ�ID D�&RQVLOLXOXL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU���6-D�KRW UkW�GH� DVHPHQHD� DGRSWDUHD� XQHL� SR]L LL� FRPXQH� FX�$QJOLD� üL� )UDQ D� vQ� WRDWH�SUREOHPHOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� LPSRUWDnte. În cazul unor disensiuni între cele GRX � PDUL� SXWHUL�� ILHFDUH� VWDW� DO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� vüL� UH]HUYD� OLEHUWDWHD� GH�DF LXQH� vQ� FRQIRUPLWDWH� cu ceea ce va considera ca fiind cel mai util pentru LQWHUHVHOH�VDOH��ELQHvQ HOHV�vQ�FDGUXO�3DFWXOXL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�üL�GH�DFRUG�FX�FHLODO L�PHPEULL�DL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL231.

ÍQ� FDGUXO� vQWkOQLULL�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL� GLQ� �� LXQLH� ������Nicolae Titulescu le-D� H[SXV� SDUWHQHULORU� GLQ� DOLDQ � QHFHVLWDWHD� UHDOL] ULL�XQXL� SDFW� XQLF� vQWUH� )UDQ D� üL� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�� $WkW� ,XJRVODYLD� FkW� üL�&HKRVORYDFLD� DX� IRVW� GH� DFRUG� FX� DFHDVW � LQL LDWLY �� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL�URPkQHüWL�ILLQG�PDQGDWDW�V �GLVFXWH�FX�JXYHUQXO�IUDQFH]�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�

%HOJUDGXO� D� DEDQGRQDW� UHSHGH� DFHDVW � LQL LDWLY �� UHVSLQJkQG� LGHHD�SDFWXOXL� FX� )UDQ D�� 5HIHUindu-VH� OD� DFHDVW � DWLWXGLQH� 7LWXOHVFX� UHPDUFD�IDSWXO� F �� vQ� WLPS� FH� HO� DF LRQD� DWkW� vQ� LQWHUHVXO� 5RPkQLHL� FkW� üL� vQ� FHO� DO�DOLD LORU�GLQ�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��DFHüWLD�DYHDX�vQ�YHGHUH�GRDU�LQWHUHVHOH�SURSULL��'DWRULW �DFHVWRU�GLYHUJHQ H�vQWUH�PHPEULL�0LFLL�ÍQ Hlegeri, Parisul a propus FHORU�WUHL� UL�vQFKHLHUHD�XQXL�SDFW�GH�DVLVWHQ �vQWUH�5RPkQLD��,XJRVODYLD�üL�&HKRVORYDFLD�� vQGUHSWDW� FRQWUD� RULF UXL� DJUHVRU�� )UDQ D� DQJDMkQGX-VH� V �ULSRVWH]H�vPSRWULYD�RULF UHL�WHU H�S U L�FDUH�DU�YLROD�DFRUGXO�

În toamna anului 1936 s-D�SXV�GLQ�QRX�SUREOHPD�UHDOL] ULL�XQXL�SDFW�XQLF�FX�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��GDU�SUREOHPD�QX�D�IRVW�DERUGDW �SHQWUX�D�QX�L�VH�RIHUL�*HUPDQLHL�SUHWH[WXO�GH�D�UHIX]D�V �SDUWLFLSH�OD�QHJRFLHULOH�LQL LDWH�GH�F WUH�/RQGUD�üL�3DULV�

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

57

3DULVXO�D�YHQLW�vQV �FX�R�QRX �SURSXQHUH��ILLQG�JDWD�V �VXV LQ �SH�GH�R�SDUWH� QHJRFLHULOH� GLQWUH� VWDWHOH�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� SHQWUX� vQFKHLHUHD� SDFWXOXL�GH� DVLVWHQ � PXWXDO � LDU� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH� QHJRFLHUL� vQWUH� )UDQ D� üL� 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD�XQXL� DFRUG� LGHQWLF�� ,XJRVODYLD� D� Uespins acest GHPHUV��SUHWH[WkQG�F �XQ�DVWIHO�GH�DFRUG�DU�G XQD�UHOD LLORU�HL�FX�*HUPDQLD��1RXD� SURSXQHUH� D� 3DULVXOXL� D� YL]DW� vQFKHLHUHD� XQXL� WUDWDW� ]RQDO� FDUH� V �SUHILJXUH]H� DFRUGXO� SHQWUX� (XURSD� FHQWUDO � SUHY ]XW� vQ� SDFWXO� /DYDO� – Mussolini din 1935, dar�,XJRVODYLD�D�UHIX]DW�GLQ�QRX��&HOH�GRX �SURSXQHUL�IUDQFH]H�DX�vQWkPSLQDW�GH�DOWIHO�üL�RSR]L LD�5RPkQLHL��

În opinia lui Nicolae Titulescu, în 1936 existau în cadrul Micii ÍQ HOHJHUL� WUHL� FXUHQWH�� XQXO� UHSUH]HQWDW� GH� &HKRVORYDFLD�� RULHQWDW� VSUH�)UDQ D��XQ�DO�GRLOHD�� UHSUH]HQWDW�GH�5RPkQLD�� FX�RULHQWDUH� VSUH�3RORQLD� üL�cel de-DO�WUHLOHD��LXJRVODY��H[SULPDW�GH�VWUkQVHOH�OHJ WXUL�DOH�%HOJUDGului cu Italia232.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�PRGLILF ULL�3DFWXOXL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�V-a SURQXQ DW�vPSRWULYD�RULF URU revizuiri care l-DU�IL�SXWXW�DIHFWD��SUHFL]kQG�F �DUW����������WUHEXLD�V -üL�S VWUH]H�FDUDFWHUXO�XQLYHUVDO��LDU�SDUDJUDIXO���WUHEXLD�vQW ULW�SULQ�DFRUGXUL�GH�DVLVWHQ �PXWXDO ��'H�DVHPHQHD��FHL�WUHL�DX�UHVSLQV�LGHHD�XQXL�directorat european233�� 6DQF LXQLOH� HFRQRPLFH� WUHEXLD� V � U PkQ � XQLYHUVDOH��solicitându-VH� DEURJDUHD� UH]ROX LLORU� GLQ� ����� FDUH� SHUPLWHDX� DSOLFDUHD�VDQF LXQLORU� vQ�HWDSH��FHHD�FH�FRQVWLWXLVH�FDX]D�LQVXFFHVXOXL�SROLWLFLL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�ID �GH�,WDOLD��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�SURQXQ kQGX-se în IDYRDUHD�DSOLF ULL�VDQF LXQLORU�vQ�EORF�GH�OD�vQFHSXW234.

Referindu-VH� OD� UHOD LLOH�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�FX�8566�� ,WDOLD�üL�*HUPDQLD��PLQLVWUXO� DGMXQFW� GH� H[WHUQH� LXJRVODY� GHFODUD� OD� �� DXJXVW� ����� F � HUD�QHFHVDU � R� DEVROXW � VROLGDULWDWH� D� FHORU� WUHL� DOLD L�� vQ� Fazul în care vom fi VWLQJKHUL L�de cele trei puteri235.

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Analizându-VH� SUREOHPD� VSDQLRO �� vQ� FDGUXO� vQWkOQLULL� GLQWUH� 9��$QWRQHVFX� üL� 0�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� URPkQHüWL� VXEOLQLD� F �5RPkQLD�XUPD� V � LD�P VXULOH�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX� LQWHU]LFHUHD� H[SRUWXOXL� üL� D�WUDQ]LWXOXL� GH� DUPDPHQW� SULQ� WHULWRULXO� V X� GHVWLQDW� DFHVWXL� IURQW��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�D�DU WDW�F ��GHüL� ,XJRVODYLD�DFFHSWDVH�SURSXQHULOH�JXYHUQXOXL�francez, nu luase nicL� SkQ � vQ� DFHO� PRPHQW� QLFL� R� P VXU � vQ� YHGHUHD�LPSXQHULL�HPEDUJRXOXL�GH�DUPDPHQW��7UHEXLD�Y ]XW��SUHFL]D�HO��FH�P VXUL�DGRSWDVH�&HKRVORYDFLD�vQ�DFHDVW �SULYLQ ��

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ÍQ�WLPSXO�DFHOHLDüL�vQWUHYHGHUL��D�IRVW�OXDW�vQ�GLVFX LH�DFRUGXO�DXVWUR�– german. Stojadinoviþ� FRQVLGHUD� F � ,WDOLD� D� LPSXOVLRQDW� FHOH� GRX � S U L� V �vQFKHLH�DFRUGXO�� vQ�GRULQ D�GH�D�VH� vQ HOHJH�FX�*HUPDQLD�üL�GH�D-üL�DVLJXUD�VSDWHOH� vQ� PRPHQWXO� DQJDM ULL� DIDFHULL� DELVLQLHQH�� $FRUGXO� HUD� SURILWDELO�SHQWUX�*HUPDQLD��LDU�,XJRVODYLD�DYHD�GRX �PRWLYH�GH�VDWLVIDF LH��$XVWULD�QX�mai constituia o Albanie la nordul statului iugoslav iar eventualitatea vQWRDUFHULL�+DEVEXUJLORU� IXVHVH� vQO WXUDW �� ÍQWUHEDW� GH� 9��$QWRQHVFX� GDF �prefera Anschluss-XO� UHVWDXU ULL� +DEVEXUJLORU�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� U VSXQV�DILUPDWLY�� GHüL� VXV LQHD� F � 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� WUHEXLD� V � GXF � vQ� SULYLQ D�$XVWULHL� DFHHDüL� SROLWLF � GH� SkQ � DWXQFL�� DGLF � DS UDUHD� LQGHSHQGHQ HL�acesteia.

2PXO�SROLWLF�LXJRVODY�DU WD�� vQ�FRQWH[WXO�GLVFXW ULL�UDSRUWXULORU�FHORU�GRX � VWDWH� FX�PDULOH� SXWHUL�� F � %HOJUDGXO� QX� VH� RSXQHD� XQHL� EXQH� UHOD LL�%XFXUHüWL� –� 0RVFRYD�� FX� FRQGL LD� V � QX� L� VH� VROLFLWH� R� DWLWXGLQH�DVHP Q WRDUH�ID �GH�8566�

6WRMDGLQRYLþ� VH� vPSRWULYHD� DFRUGXULORU� vQGUHSWDWH� FRQWUD� PDULORU�SXWHUL�� GRULQG� UHOD LL� EXQH� FX� *HUPDQLD�� FDUH� HUD� OD� PRPHQWXO� UHVSHFWLY�VLQJXUD� DU �FDUH�PDL�LPSRUWD�P UIXUL�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��%HOJUDGXO�GRUHD�vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS� DPHOLRUDUHD� UHOD LLORU� FX� ,WDOLD�� 3RWULYLW� DILUPD LLORU� OXL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ��,XJRVODYLD�QX�SXWHD�V �VH�DQJDMH]H�vQWU-un conflict armat contra Germaniei üL� ,WDOLHL� I U � D� IL� VLJXU � GH� VSULMLQXO� )UDQ HL� üL� $QJOLHL�� FKLDU� üL� DFHVW� SDV�WUHEXLQG�ELQH�FkQW ULW�

3ULPXO� PLQLVWUX� LXJRVODY� üL-D� DILUPDW� FUHGLQ D� vQ� 3DFWXO� 6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�� QHDFFHSWkQG� QLFL� R� VFKLPEDUH� D� SUHYHGHULORU� DFHVWXLD� FDUH� V �GXF �OD�VO ELUHD�RUJDQL]D LHL�GH la Geneva.

ÍQ�SODQXO�UHOD LLORU�FX�8QJDULD��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�FRQVLGHUD�F �XQXL�DQXQ �DO�%XGDSHVWHL�SULYLQG�UHvQDUPDUHD�WUHEXLD�V �L�VH�U VSXQG �SULQ�GHQXQ DUHD�WUDWDWXOXL� PLQRULW LORU� üL� P VXUL� vQ� SULYLQ D� UHJLPXOXL� 'XQ ULL� LDU� 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�SXWHD� OXD�P VXUL�PLOLWDUH� vQ�FD]XO� UHvQDUP ULL�8QJDULHL�GRDU� vQ�FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� DU� IL� DYXW� DVLJXUDW � QHXWUDOLWDWHD�*HUPDQLHL� üL� ,WDOLHL�� RSLQLH�vPS UW üLW �üL�GH�9��$QWRQHVFX236.

/D� %XGDSHVWD�vQ� DFHDVW � SHULRDG � JXYHUQDQ LL� PDJKLDUL� vQFHUFDX� V �VSDUJ � DOLDQ D� URPkQR� – iugoslavo –� FHKRVORYDF �� $VWIHO�� DPEDVDGRUXO�URPkQ� OD� %XGDSHVWD�� 5DXO� %RV\�� UHODWD� F � 8QJDULD� PDQLIHVWD� R� RVWLOLWDWH�IHUP � vPSRWULYD� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� 'DF � DGYHUVLWDWHD� ID � GH� 5RPkQLD� üL�&HKRVORYDFLD�HUD�QHGLVLPXODW �� ,XJRVODYLHL�� vQF �GLQ� WLPSXO� OXL�*RPERV�� i VH�I FHDX�QHFRQWHQLWH�DYDQVXUL��$VWIHO��DPEDVDGRUXO�LXJRVODY�vQ�8QJDULD�vL�

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

59

UHODWD�RPRORJXOXL�V X�URPkQ�F �VH�VLP HD�UHDOPHQWH� MHQDW�GH�D� IL� WUDWDW�FD�preferatul ungurilor�� FDUH� QX� VH� VILDX� V � YRUEHDVF � FKLDU� GH� R� XQLXQH�SHUVRQDO �XQJDUR-LXJRVODY 237.

La Bratislava, între 13-��� VHSWHPEULH� ������ PLQLüWULL� GH� H[WHUQH� DL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�üL-DX�H[SULPDW�UHJUHWXO�ID �GH�vQF OFDUHD�GH�F WUH�$XVWULD�D�SUHYHGHULORU� PLOLWDUH� DOH� WUDWDWHORU� GH� SDFH� GH� OD� 6DLQW� *HUPDLQ�� )D � GH�U ]ERLXO�FLYLO�GLQ�6SDQLD��FHL�WUHL�V-au�SURQXQ DW�SHQWUX�R�SROLWLF �GH�VWULFW �neutralitate. S-D� VXEOLQLDW� vQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� F � 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� YD� FRQWLQXD�SROLWLFD�VD�GH�DVLJXUDUH�D�S FLL�JHQHUDOH�üL�FROHFWLYH��DO WXUkQGX-se în acest VHQV� HIRUWXULORU� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU238.� � 5RPkQLD� üi Iugoslavia au avut puncte de vedere comune, VXVWLQkQG�F ceOH� WUHL�VWDWH�DOLDWH� WUHEXLDX�V -üL�ofere sprijin doar în cazul�XQXL�DWDF�PDJKLDU��UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�FHKL�DX�GRULW�R�DF LXQH� FRPXQ � vQ� ID D�RULF rei agresiuni externe)239. De fapt la intâlnirea Micii Antante de OD�%UDWLVODYD�GLIHUHQ ele politice GLQ�LQWHULRUXO�RUJDQL]D iei au devenit evidente. Intrigile iugoslavilor contra lui N. Titulescu i-au GHWHUPLQDW�SH�URPkQL�üL�SH�FHKL�V �GHYLQ �WRW�PDL�VXVSLFLRüL�ID �GH�OLSVD�GH�ORLDOLWDWH� D� DOLD ilor lor. Ca R� GRYDG a adYHUVLW ii pe care o aveau StoiaGLQRYLF� VL� SULQ XO� 3DXO� ID de N. Titulescu, Paul l-a etichetat pe diplomatul român ca fiind ,,agent al lui Litvinov”240. Stoiadinovic a respins SODQXULOH� RPRORJXOXL� VDX� URPkQ� GDWRULW � IDSWXOXL� F � )UDQ D� üi-a pierdut mult din prestigiul pe care îl avusese în Iugoslavia din cauza crizei Rinului, RPXO� SROLWLF� LXJRVODY� ILLQG� FRQüWLHQW� F Benes, Krofta si Titulescu vor recomanda încheierea unui pDFW� LQWUH� )UDQ D� üL� 0LFD� $QWDQW �� (O� HUD� GH�S UHUH� F � vQ HOHJHUHD� D� GHYHQLW� DQDFURQLF � vQ� (XURSD� FH� vncepea tot mai PXOW� VD� GHYLQ � GRPLQDW de Hitler. Dupa demiterea lui Titulescu, Stoiadinovic, cu ajutorul României, a distrus dinamismul Micii Antante, refuzând negocierea atât a unui pact Franta-0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�� FkW� üi a unui pact de ajutor reciproc încheiat în interiorXO�DOLDQ HL��'XS �YL]LWD�OXL�%HFN��OD�Belgrad în mai 1936, Stoiadinovic a��FRODERUDW�FX�SRORQH]LL�SH�GRX �SODQXUL��U sturnarea lui N��7LWXOHVFX�GLQ�IUXQWHD�GLSORPD LHL�URPkQH�üL�vQWHPHLHUHD�XQXL� EORF� FDUH� V � QX� VH� DQJDMH]H�QLFL� ID � GH� DOLDQ a franco-sovieWLF ��QLFL�ID de Germania241.

Demiterea lui Nicolae Titulescu din frunte Ministerului de Externe al 5RPkQLHL� D� GXV� üi la unHOH� PRGLILF ri ale strategiei politicii externe URPkQHüWL�� %XFXUHüWLXO� D� FRQVLGHUDW� F JUDQL HOH� ULL� YRU� IL� FHO� PDL� ELQH�DS rate�SULQ�DGRSWDUHD�XQHL�GLUHF LL�GH�QHXWUDOLWDWH�QHRILFLDO �üL�GH�SULHWHQLH�ID � GH� WRDWH� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� 6H� DYHD� vQ� YHGHUH� FRQVROLGDUHD� WUHSWDW � D�

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UHOD iilor FX�$QJOLD��SHQWUX�D�FRPSHQVD�VO ELUHD�)UDQ HL��SUHFXP�üL�vQW ULUHD�UHOD iilor cu Germania. Din 1936 guvernul român s-D�DU WDW�GHVFKLV�ID �GH�Berlin, încercând nX�QXPDL�DYDQWDMH�HFRQRPLFH��FL�üL�R�SRWHQ LDO �SURWHF LH�vQ� ID D� 0RVFRYHL� VDX� D� SUHWHQ iilor teritoriale ale Ungariei242. Dup 1935 LQIOXHQ D� HFRQRPLF � IUDQFH] � HUD în declin în estul Europei, ca urmare a LQFDSDFLW LL� 3DULVXOXL� GH� D� DMXWD� ULOH� DJUDUH� vn timpul crizei economice. Concomitent Germania erD� VLQJXUD� DU � FDSDELO � üi dornLF � V � DEVRDUE �UHVXUVHOH� DJULFROH� üi materiile prime ale României, în schimbul bunurilor industriale243. În aceste condL ii în iarna anului 1936-������UHOD LLOH�URPkQR- germane s-DX� vPEXQ W LW�� *XYHUQXO� URPkn nu mai putea fi sigur de DMXWRUXO�DQXPLWRU�DOLD L�vn eventualitatea unei agresiuni contra României244. ÍQ�SULYLQ D�,XJRVODYLHL��%HUOLQXO�GRUHD�V �VO EHDVF unitatea MiFLL�ÍQ elegeri SULQ� DWUDJHUHD� %HOJUDGXOXL� vQ� VIHUD� HFRQRPLF � JHUPDQ �� $VWIHO� vQ� �����*HUPDQLD� UHXüLVH� V � vnlocuiasF � SXWHULOH� RFFLGHQWDOH� vn calitatea lor de principal partener economic al Iugoslaviei. Acest fapt va avea puternice LPSOLFD ii asupra politiciL� H[WHUQH� D� %HOJUDGXOXL� GH� OD�PLMORFXO� üL� VIkUüitul anilRU� ���� FRQWULEXLQG� FRQFRPLWHQW� üi OD� VXEPLQDUHD� XQLW LL� 0LFLL�ÍQ elegeri245. În acest context, lD���GHFHPEULH�������DXWRULW LOH�LXJRVODYH�O-au informat pe Victor Antonescu despre propunerea guvernului bulgar de a vQFKHLD� FX� ,XJRVODYLD� XQ� SDFW� GH� DPLFL LH� üL� DX� VROLFLWDW� %XFXUHüWLXOXL�SXQFWXO� GH� YHGHUH� URPkQHVF� DVXSUD� DFHVWHL� VLWXD LL�� ÍQ� U VSXQVXO� V X��PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�URPkQ�D�VXJHUDW�FD�SUREOHPD�V �ILH�GLVFXWDW �în cadrul RIHULW�GH�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��

6WDWHOH� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� DX� DYXW� UHDF LL� GLIHULWH� vQ� ID D� DFHVWXL�proiect: Turcia l-D�DFFHSWDW�QHFRQGL LRQDW��*UHFLD�vO�DFFHSWD�VXE�UH]HUYD�XQHL�GHFODUD LL� YHUEDOH� D� JXYHUQXOXL� LXJRVODY� FDUH� G GHD� DVLJXU UL� F � SDFWXO�EDOFDQLF� üL� KRW UkULOH� XOWHULRDUH� DOH� DFHVWHL� DOLDQ H� QX� YRU� IL� VO ELWH� LDU�5RPkQLD� FRQGL LRQD� DFRUGXO� V X� GH� WULPLWHUHD� SUHDODELO � D� XQHL� QRWH�DGUHVDW � JXYHUQHORU� VWDWHORU� EDOFDQLFH�� SULQ� FDUH� JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� V �GHFODUH�F �DFRUGXO�FX�%XOJDULD�nu va aduce nici o atingere angajamentelor ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��

ÍQ� FLUFXODUD� WULPLV � DPEDVDGRUXOXL� LXJRVODY� GH� OD� /RQGUD��6WRMDGLQRYLþ� DU WD� F � D� IRVW� vQWkPSLQDW� GH� F WUH� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� cu QHvQ HOHJHUH� üL� DSURDSH� FX� QHvQFUHGHUH�� vQ� FLXGD� IDSWXOXL� F � HO� HUD� GLVSXV� V �GHFODUH� vQ�VFULV�ILHF UXL�PHPEUX�vQ�SDUWH�DO� ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�F �SHQWUX�Iugoslavia Pactul balcanic YD�U PkQH�vQ�FRQWLQXDUH�GH�FHD�PDL�PDUH�LPSRUWDQ .

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61

Pentru a avea asentimentul guvernului român ministrul de externe WXUF� D� IRVW� UXJDW� V � PHGLH]H� SH� OkQJ � DFHVWD�� GDU� QLFL� vQ� XUPD� DFHVWXL�GHPHUV� GLSORPDWLF� %XFXUHüWLXO� QX� D� SULYLW� FX� RFKL� EXQL� SURLHFWDWXO� DFRUG�iugoslavo-EXOJDU�� &D� R� XOWLP � vQFHUFDUH� GH� D� RE LQH� DFFHSWXO� 5RPkQLHL��premierul iugoslav s-D�GHSODVDW�OD�%XFXUHüWL�vQ�SHULRDGD����– 28 decembrie ������GDU�üL�DFHDVW �LQL LDWLY �D�HüXDW��

Acordul de prietenie iugoslavo – bulgar a fost semnat la 24 ianuarie ������ OD� %HOJUDG�� I U � FD� ,XJRVODYLD� V � vQGHSOLQHDVF � FRQGL LLOH� FHUXWH� GH�F WUH� 5RPkQLD�� ÍQFKHLHUHD� WUDWDWXOXL� D� LQGLVSXV� %XFXUHüWLul, care nu a DGUHVDW� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM� JXYHUQXOXL� LXJRVODY� RELüQXLWD� WHOHJUDP � GH�felicitare246.

&X�RFD]LD�VHVLXQLL�&RQVLOLXOXL�SHUPDQHQW�DO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH����-��� IHEUXDULH��������6WRMDGLQRYLþ�D�GHFODUDW� F �DFHVW� WUDWDW�QX�DGXFHD�QLFL�R�atingere PactuOXL�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��HO�FRQVWLWXLQG�XQ�LQVWUXPHQW�GH�SDFH�vQ�%DOFDQL�LDU��SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH��6RILD�HUD�GLVSXV �V �vQFKHLH�SDFWH�LGHQWLFH�FX�WR L�FHLODO L�YHFLQL247.

$FHDVW �H[SOLFD LH�QX�D�VDWLVI FXW�JXYHUQXO�URPkQ��&X�SULOHMXO�VHVLXQLL�Consiliului permDQHQW�DO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG����– 2 aprilie 1937), üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�URPkQH��9��$QWRQHVFX��D�VXEOLQLDW�F �üL�5RPkQLD�DU�SXWHD�vQFKHLD�XQ�WUDWDW�FX�%XOJDULD��vQV �QX�GRUHD�FD�*UHFLD�V �U PkQ �L]RODW 248.

'LVHQVLXQLOH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� YHFLQH� s-au adâncit în urma încheierii tratatului iugoslavo – italian. La 1 noiembrie 1936 Mussolini a SURSXV�%HOJUDGXOXL� V � LQVWDXUH]H� UHOD LL� DGHY UDWH� FX� ,WDOLD. În urma acestei RIHUWH�QHJRFLHULOH�GLQWUH�5RPD�üL�%HOJUDG�vQ�YHGHUHD�vQFKHLHULL�XQXL�SDFW�V-au intensificat. La 25 martie 1937, contele Ciano a semnat la Belgrad vPSUHXQ �FX�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�R�FRQYHQ LH�SROLWLF � LWDOLDQR-LXJRVODY ��SHQWUX�R�SHULRDG �GH���DQL��$FHDVWD�FRQ LQHD�üL�R�VHULH�GH�SUHYHGHUL�VHFUHWH��SULYLQG�$OEDQLD��SUREOHPD�PLQRULW LORU�üL�D� WHURULüWLORU��SUHYHGHUL�FDUH�QX�DX� IRVW�respectate de Italia (minoritatea iugoslav �GLQ�,WDOLD�QX�D�RE LQXW�GUHSWXULOH�SURPLVH�� $OEDQLD� D� IRVW� LQYDGDW � vQ� ����� GH� F WUH� LWDOLHQL�� SUREOHPD�WHURULüWLORU� QX� D� IRVW� VROX LRQDW �249�� 7UHEXLH� VXEOLQLDW� IDSWXO� F � vQ� WLmpul QHJRFLHULORU� FX� ,WDOLD�� ,XJRVODYLD� QX� üL-D� PDL� FRQVXOWDW� DOLD LL�� GHüL� HUD�REOLJDW � V � R� IDF �� SRWULYLW� DUW�� �� DO� 3DFWXOXL� GH� RUJDQL]DUH� D� 0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL250.

Referindu-se la tratatul italo –�LXJRVODY��6WRMDGLQRYLF�DU WD�F �DFHVWD�D�DYXW�SHQWUX� DUD�VD�R�LPSRUWDQ �GHRVHELW ��,XJRVODYLD��SRWULYLW�RSLQLHL�VDOH��vQFHSXVH� V � SURPRYH]H� R� SROLWLF � H[WHUQ � SURSULH� conducându-se exclusiv

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GXS �LQWHUHVHOH�VDOH�QD LRQDOH��I U �V �OHJH�PLFD�VD�EDUF �GH�QLFL�XQ�YDSRU�PDUH��DüD�FXP�SURFHGDVH�SkQ �vQ�DFHO�PRPHQW251.

2� H[SXQHUH� PDL� GHWDOLDW � DVXSUD� SROLWLFLL� H[WHUQH� LXJRVODYH� D� IRVW�I FXW �GH� üHIXO�JXYHUQXOXL� LXJRVODY� OD� vQFHSXWXO� OXQLL�PDUWLH������� vQ� ID D�$GXQ ULL�SRSXODUH��Skupština���(O�D�GHFODUDW�F �GRULQ D�JXYHUQXOXL�V X�HUD�de a ameliora raporturile diplomatice FX� ,WDOLD� üL� *HUPDQLD�� LQVLVWkQG�DVXSUD� UHOD LLORU� HFRQRPLFH� VSHFLDOH� SH� FDUH� ,XJRVODYLD� OH� DYHD� FX�Germania. Referindu-se la acordul încheiat cu Bulgaria, primul ministru LXJRVODY� D� DILUPDW� F � DFHVWD� QX� vQF OFD� SULQFLSLLOH� üL� VFRSXULOH� 3DFWXOXL�Balcanic. 'HüL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� DILUPDW� F � 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� VH� GH]YROWD� vQ�FDGUXO� VWDWXWXOXL� V X� RUJDQLF�� GLVFXUVXO� V X� D� O VDW� V � VH� vQ HOHDJ � F �,XJRVODYLD�HUD�LQWHUHVDW �PDL�PXOW�GH�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF 252.

2SR]L LD� SDUODPHQWDU � iugoslav � D� FULWLFDW� SULQFLSLLOH� GH� SROLWLF �H[WHUQ �H[SXVH�vQ�DFHVW�GLVFXUV��VXEOLQLLQG�F �HOH�HUDX�SRWULYQLFH�LQWHUHVHORU�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL253.

Tratatul italo – iugoslav a fost discutat în cadrul sesiunii Consiliului SHUPDQHQW� DO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� GLQ� SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ������$OLD LL�,XJRVODYLHL�üL-DX�H[SULPDW�QHOLQLüWHD�ID �GH�vQFKHLHUHD�DFHVWXL�WUDWDW��ILLQG�vQ�GH]DFRUG�FX�GHFODUD LD�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLF�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�UHFXQRDüWHUHD�GH�F WUH�JXYHUQXO�V X�D�DQH[ ULL�(WLRSLHL��LQdiferent unde sau în ce fel se va SXQH�DFHDVW �SUREOHP 254.

&HUFXULOH�SROLWLFH�üL�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQHüWL�HUDX�vQJULMRUDWH�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�FHOH�GRX �WUDWDWH�SH�FDUH�OH-a încheiat Iugoslavia. Gravitatea acestor acte l-DX� GHWHUPLQDW� SH� 1LFRODH� 7LWXOHVFX� V � DQDOL]H]H� DOLDQ D� URPkQR� – LXJRVODY �vQF �GH�OD�vQFHSXWXULOH�HL���'LSORPDWXO�URPkQ�DSUHFLD�F �vQF �GLQ������SDFWXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�HUD�H[WUHP�GH�GHIDYRUDELO�5RPkQLHL��FDUH�QX�HUD�VSULMLQLW �GH�,XJRVODYLD�üL�&HKRVORYDFLD�vQ�FD]XO�XQXL�DWDF�GLQ�SDUWHD�8566��La acest dezechilibru s-DX�DG XJDW�SDFWHOH�vQFKHLDWH�GH�%HOJUDG�FX�5RPD�üL�6RILD�� $QDOL]kQG� SDFWXO� FX� %XOJDULD�� 7LWXOHVFX� DU WD� F � ,XJRVODYLD� VH�RSXVHVH� PXO L� DQL� SURLHFWXOXL� FRQVWUXLULL� XQXL� SRG� SHVWH� 'XQ UH� VSUH�%XOJDULD��FHHD�FH�QX�vPSLHGLFDVH�%HOJUDGXO�V �GHYLQ �GXS �QXPDL�WUHL�DQL�DPLFXO� YHüQLF� DO� 6RILHL�� 7UDWDWXO� FX� ,WDOLD� FRQ LQHD� SUHYHGHUL� FRQWUDUH�LQWHUHVHORU� 5RPkQLHL� üL� DOH� 0LFL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� $VWIHO�� FRQIRUP� DUWLFROXOXL� ���,WDOLD� VH� DQJDMD� V � VH� DE LQ � GH� OD� DFWLYLW L� DQWLUHYL]LRQLVWH� FRQWUD�,XJRVODYLHL� üL� V � QX� VSULMLQH� UHYL]LRQLVPXO� PDJKLDU� FRQWUD� %HOJUDGXOXi. Diplomatul român afirma relativ la aceste prevederi: DFHDVW � FODX] �,XJRVODYLD�WUHEXLD� V �Q-R�SULPHDVF �GDF �QX�HUD� H[WLQV � üL�DVXSUD�FHORUODOWH�GRX �

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VWDWH�GLQ�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��9L]DYL�GH�DWLWXGLQHD�%XFXUHüWLXOXL�ID �GH�FHOH�GRX �acorduri încheiate de IXJRVODYLD��7LWXOHVFX�DSUHFLD�F �QRL��URPkQLL��QH�MHQ P�V � VSXQHP�´QXµ� VDX�PDL�GHJUDE � vQ� DFHVW� FD]� V � VSXQHP�´GDµ� LQkQG� VHDPD�GH�vPSUHMXU UL��ÍQ�FHHD�FH�R�SULYHüWH�,XJRVODYLD�QX�VXIHU �GH�DFHDVW �MHQ .

ÍQ�FRQFHS LD�GLSORPDWXOXL�URPkQ��H[LVWDX�GRX �PLMORDFe de a remedia JUHüHOLOH� GLSORPDWLFH� LXJRVODYH�� ILH� vQFKHLHUHD� XQRU� DFRUGXUL� VLPLODUH� FX�,WDOLD�GH�F WUH� WRDWH�FHOH�WUHL�VWDWH�DOH�0LFL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� ILH�R�DOLDQ �XQLF �FX�)UDQ D�vQGUHSWDW �vPSRWULYD�RULF UXL�DJUHVRU255.

Un alt diplomat român, Al. Cretzianu a�H[DPLQDW�FX�DWHQ LH�HYROX LD�SROLWLF � D� ,XJRVODYLHL�� vQFHSkQG� FX� ����� SUHFXP� üL� UHOD LLOH� URPkQR-LXJRVODYH� GLQ� DFHDVW � SHULRDG �� (O� VXEOLQLD� F � DVFHQVLXQHD� OXL� +LWOHU��FXSODW �FX�SDUDOL]LD�SURJUHVLY �FH�S UHD�D�IL�SXV�VW SkQLUH�SH�GHPRFUD LLOH�occidentale�� D� GHYHQLW� WRW� PDL� DPHQLQ WRDUH� SHQWUX� (XURSD� GH� VXG-est. &RQVHFLQ HOH� GLUHFWH� DOH� DFHVWRU� HYHQLPHQWH� HUDX� PDL� HORFYHQWH� SHQWUX�ULOH� FDUH� VH� vQYHFLQDX� FX� $[D�� ,XJRVODYLD� ILLQG� SULPD� DU � QHYRLW � V �

DGRSWH� R� SROLWLF � GH� H[WUHP � SUXGHQ �� ÍQ� VXV LQHUHD� DUJXPHQWD LHL� VDOH��GLSORPDWXO�URPkQ�D�H[HPSOLILFDW�FX�R�FRQYRUELUH�vQWUH�GHOHJD LD�URPkQ �üL�FHD�LXJRVODY ��vQ�GUXP�VSUH�vQWkOQLUHD�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�%UDWLVODYD��GLQ�VHSWHPEULH� ������/D� vQWUHEDUHD� UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU� URPkQL�GDF �%HOJUDGXO�DU�VXV LQH�SURSXQHUHD�JXYHUQXOXL�FHK�GH�D�WUDQVIRUPD�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�GLQWU-o DOLDQ �FDUH�DF LRQHD] �vQ�HYHQWXDOLWDWHD�XQXL�DWDF�PDJKLDU�vQWU-R�REOLJD LH�ergo omnes� �DFFHSWDUHD� LQWU ULL� vQ� U ]ERL� FRQWUD�*HUPDQLHL� vQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH�)UDQ D� DU� JDUDQWD� üL� HD� LQWHJULWDWHD� &HKRVORYDFLHL��� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� E UEDWXO�vQDOW�üL�YROXPLQRV��FX�VSUkQFHQH�VWXIRDVH�FH�DWkUQDX�SHVWH�RFKLL�V L�IHOLQL��FDUH�DYHD�XQ�PRG�FRORUDW�GH�D�VH�H[SULPD��vQ�YLX�FRQWUDVW�FX�FOLüHHOH�IDPLOLDUH�DOH�GLSORPD LHL��D�U VSXQV��QX�VXQW�PLHO�V �ILX�GXV�OD�W LHUH. În�SULYLQ D�XQRU�HYHQWXDOH�JDUDQ LL�IUDQFH]H�� HO� D� U VSXQV�� GH� FH� DU� WUHEXL� V -PL� vQFKLSXL� F � HL� YRU� OXSWD� YUHRGDW �SHQWUX� QLüWH� UL� PLFL�� vQGHS UWDWH�� FXP� VXQW� DOH� QRDVWUH�� FkQG� Q-au luptat în martie, pentru a-üL� DS UD� SURSULXO� LQWHUHV� YLWDO"� 'XS � $QVFKOXVs, nota &UHW]LDQX� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH�� SROLWLFD� %HOJUDGXOXL� DYHD� V � GHYLQ � üL� PDL�H]LWDQW 256.

/D�UkQGXO�V X��1LFRODH� ,RUJD�D�VXEOLQLDW�F � WUDWDWXO� LXJRVODYR-bulgar WXOEXUD� UHOD LLOH� GH� SULHWHQLH� GLQWUH� VWDWHOH� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� $FHDVW �GHFODUD LH� O-a iritat pe primul ministru iugoslav, care, în timpul unei vQWUHYHGHUL�FX�UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�5RPkQLHL� OD�%HOJUDG��9��& GHUH�� L-D�UHSURüDW�DFHVWXLD� F � DFRUGXO� EXOJDUR-iugoslav a fost criticat într-R� IRUP � DEVROXW�QHX]LWDW �GH�XQ�IRVW�SULP-ministru257.

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64

Prin încheierea celor dou � SDFWH�� ,XJRVODYLD� QX� D� LQXW� FRQW� GH�LQWHUHVHOH� DOLD LORU� V L�� vQF OFkQG� üL� SUHYHGHUL� GLQ� WUDWDWXO� ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��'LSORPD LD�URPkQHDVF �D�SULYLW�FX�vQJULMRUDUH�DFHVWH�LQL LDWLYH�DOH�%HOJUDGXOXL��VHVL]kQG�IDSWXO�F �JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�VH�vQGHS UWD�Wot mai mult GH�SULQFLSLLOH�FDUH�VW WXVHU �OD�ED]D�SROLWLFLL�VDOH�H[WHUQH�SkQ �vQ�DQXO�������Pactele iugoslavo-EXOJDU�üL� LXJRVODYR-italian au ridicat semne de întrebare DVXSUD� YLDELOLW LL� DOLDQ HL� URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�� VO ELQG� vQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� üL�coeziunea celoU�GRX �RUJDQL]D LL�UHJLRQDOH�–�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF �� 'LQ� S FDWH�� GLSORPD LD� URPkQHDVF � QX� D� VROLFLWDW� vQWU-un mod IHUP�H[SOLFD LL�JXYHUQXOXL�LXJRVODY�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�GHPHUVXULOH�GLSORPDWLFH�pe care acesta le-D� vQWUHSULQV� OD� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ����� üL� vQFHSXWXO� DQXOXL�1937. ÍQ�SULYLQ D�*HUPDQLHL��OLGHULL�DFHVWHLD�LüL�H[SULPDX�PXO XPLUHD�ID �GH�îndepartarea Belgradului de Cehoslovacia258. Istoricul Gligor Popi VXEOLQLD] � F prin sHPQDUHD� WUDWDWHORU� FX� %XOJDULD� üL� ,WDOLD�� ,XJRVODYLD� VH�LQGHS rta de scopurile politicH�DOH�0LFLL�$QWDQWH�üL�DOH�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��GLSORPD LD� JHUPDQ � XUP rind tocmai izolarea Belgradului de cele dou aliante259. ÍQ� DOW ordine de idei, primul ministru iugoslav a declarat în GHFHPEULH� ����� F � QX� SRDWH� DFFHSWD� vQFKHLHrea unui pact între Mica $QWDQW � üL� )UDQ a deoarHFH�XQ� DVWIHO� GH� DFRUG� DU� QHPXO XPL�*HUPDQLD� üi Italia260.

ÍQ� SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ����� D� DYXW� ORF� R� QRX � GLVFX LH� DVXSUD�UDSRUWXULORU� GLSORPDWLFH� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD� SH� GH� R� SDUWH� üL�URSS-XO� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� &X� DFHVW� SULOHM� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� L-a declarat UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL�5RPkQLHL�9��& GHUH�F � vQ� FDGUXO�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� H[LVWDX�GHRVHELUL�GH�YHGHUL�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�UDSRUWXULOH�GLQWUH�FHL�WUHL�DOLD L�üL�8566��El prevedea eventuale negocieri în viitor cu Moscova, cRQGL LRQDWH� GH�QHDPHVWHFXO� 8566� vQ� WUHEXULOH� LQWHUQH� DOH� ,XJRVODYLHL�� &X� DFHODüL� SULOHM��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�V-D�SURQXQ DW�IHUP�vPSRWULYD�vQFKHLHULL�RULF UXL�DFRUG�VHSDUDW�FX�8QJDULD� I U �üWLUHD�üL�DSUREDUHD�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL��6XELHFWXO�HUD�GHRVHELW�de sensibil, deoarece în prima parte a anului 1937, s-au intensificat HIRUWXULOH� GLSORPD LHL� PDJKLDUH� GH� D� GH]DJUHJD� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� SULQWU-o SROLWLF � GH� DSURSLHUH� –� SUHD� VWU YH]LH�� vQ� RSLQLD� OXL� 5DRXO� %RV\� – de ,XJRVODYLD��ÍQ�WLPS�FH�5RPkQLD�HUD�DWDFDW �SH�WHPD�WUDWDWXOXL�PLQRULW LORU�LDU� &HKRVORYDFLHL� L� VH� UHSURüD� SROLWLFD� GH� DSURSLHUH� GH� 8566�� ,XJRVODYLD�GHYHQLVH� VXELW� RELHFWXO� ODXGHORU� üL� DYDQVXULORU� 8QJDULHL�� &RQIRUP�diplomatului român, JXYHUQXO�GH�OD�%HOJUDG��GHQXQ DW�vQ�8QJDULD�FX�GRL�DQL�vQ�XUP � GUHSW� FHO� PDL� GXüP QRV� GLQWUH� WRDWH� JXYHUQHOH� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� ID � GH�

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

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PLQRULW L�� VH� WUDQVIRUPDVH�� FD� SULQ� IDUPHF�� vQ� FHO� PDL� S ULQWHVF� REO GXLWRU� DO�SRSXOD LHL�PDJKLDUH.

Cu prilejul vizitei lui Ciano la Budapesta, diplomatul italian l-a informat pe reprezentantul iugoslDY� vQ� 8QJDULD�� 9XNL HYLþ�� F �UHYL]LRQLVPXO�PDJKLDU�QX�HUD�GH�QDWXU �V �DWLQJ �LQWHJULWDWHD�WHULWRULDO �D�ULL� VDOH� FL� XUPD� V � VH� vQGUHSWH� vQ� DOWH� GLUHF LL�� 'XS � DFHDVW � GHFODUD LH��

RDPHQLL�SROLWLFL�üL�]LDULüWLL�VODYRIREL�GLQ�8QJDULD�V-au întrecut în amabiOLW L�ID � GH� ,XJRVODYLD�� 7RWRGDW �� SURSXQHUHD� XQHL� XQLXQL� SHUVRQDOH� vQWUH�,XJRVODYLD�üL�8QJDULD�HUD�vQF �YHKLFXODW �GH�XQHOH�FHUFXUL�SROLWLFH�PDJKLDUH�

%XGDSHVWD� XUP UHD� vQ� ����� üL� vQFKHLHUHD� XQXL� DFRUG� VHSDUDW� vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD��SH�GH�R�SDUWH�üL�8QJDULD�SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH��XUP ULQG�SULQ�DFHDVWD�L]RODUHD�WRWDO �D�&HKRVORYDFLHL��3ODQXO�HUD�SULYLW�IDYRUDELO�üL�OD�%HUOLQ��*|ULQJ�GHFODUkQG�vQV �F �R�GHVWLQGHUH�vQWUH�%XGDSHVWD�üL�3UDJD�HUD�FRQWUDU �LQWHUHVHORU�JHUPDQH��

Vizita lui Ciano la Belgrad a foVW�VDOXWDW �GH�SUHVD�EXGDSHVWDQ ��ILLQG�FRQVLGHUDW � FD� R� vQWRUV WXU � LVWRULF � FX� UHSHUFXVLXQL� IDYRUDELOH� vQ�UDSRUWXULOH� GLQWUH� 8QJDULD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD�� 6H� vQWUHYHGHD� FKLDU� DWUDJHUHD�Iugoslaviei spre axa Roma - Berlin261.

În mai 1937, cu prilejul vizitei regelui Victor Emmanuel al II-lea al Italiei la Budapesta, contele Ciano i-D�GHFODUDW� OXL�9XNL HYLþ�F �GLQWUH�FHOH�WUHL�VWDWH�DOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GRDU�,XJRVODYLD�SUH]HQWD�LQWHUHV�SHQWUX�,WDOLD��fiind-L�YHFLQ ��vQ�WLPS�FH�FX�5RPkQLD�UDSRUWXULOH�V-ar putea strângH�GDF �DFHDVWD�DU�face un gest spre a-i potoli pe unguri262.

�ÍQ�DSULOLH������D� IRVW� UHGLVFXWDW �SUREOHPD� vQDUP ULL�8QJDULHL��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH� ILLQG� GLVSXV � V � DFFHSWH� vQ� SULQFLSLX�PRGLILF ULOH� SUHYHGHULORU�militare ale tratatului de la Trianon, (care fusesHU � GH� IDSW� vQF OFDWH� GH�%XGDSHVWD�� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQFKHLHULL� XQXL� WUDWDW� FROHFWLY� VDX� D� WUHL� WUDWDWH�ELODWHUDOH�GH�QHDJUHVLXQH� FX�8QJDULD�� vQ� VSLULWXO�&RQYHQ LHL� GH� OD�/RQGUD�din 1933 privind definirea agresorului.

/D�%HOJUDG�D�IRVW�UHSXV �vQ�GLVFX LH�SURElema încheierii unui tratat de DVLVWHQ �vQWUH�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�)UDQ D��5RPkQLD�üL�&HKRVORYDFLD�DX�IRVW�GH�DFRUG� FX� VHPQDUHD� XQXL� SDFW� ELODWHUDO� FX� )UDQ D� GDU� ,XJRVODYLD� V-a opus FDWHJRULF� XQHL� DVHPHQHD� SRVLELOLW L�� $WkW� 9�� $QWRQHVFX� FkW� üL� 0��StojadinoYLþ� DX� FHUXW� &HKRVORYDFLHL� V -üL� UHJOHPHQWH]H� UHOD LLOH� FX�*HUPDQLD��FD�R�FRQGL LH�SUHDODELO �D�WUDWDWLYHORU�FX�)UDQ D263.

Referindu-VH� OD� UHXQLXQHD� GLQ� FDSLWDOD� LXJRVODY �� üHIXO� OHJD LHL�URPkQH� 9�� & GHUH� DSUHFLD� F � VHVLXQHD� &RQVLOLXOXL� SHUPDQHQW� DO� 0LFLL�

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În HOHJHUL� FD� üL� YL]LWD� RILFLDO � D� SUHüHGLQWHOXL� %HQHå� DX� FRQVWLWXLW� GRX �PDQLIHVW UL� FDUH� DX� SUREDW� FRH]LXQHD� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� 0RGXO� vQ� FDUH�IXVHVHU �SULPL L�PLQLüWULL�GH�H[WHUQH�DL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�DU WD�F �,XJRVODYLD��FX�WRDWH�PDQLIHVWD LLOH�GLQ�XOWLPD�YUHPH�üL�SDFWHOH�VHPQDWH�FX�%XOJDULD�üL�,WDOLD�QX�VH�ODV �DP JLW �GH�SURPLVLXQL�vQ�GLUHF LD�XQHL�SROLWLFL�FDUH�vQ�ILQDO�V-ar fi dovedit IDWDOH�SHQWUX�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��$FHVW�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�D�IRVW�vPS UW üLW�üL�GH�GLSORPD LL�FHKRVORYDFL�SUH]HQ L�OD�%HOJUDG264.

/D����DSULOLH������D�DYXW�ORF�R�QRX �vQWUHYHGHUH�vQWUH�SULP-ministrul 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�üL�UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�5RPkQLHL�vQ�,XJRVODYLD��9��& GHUH��3UHPLHUXO�LXJRVODY�D� FDOLILFDW� UDSRUWXULOH� H[LVWHQWH� vQ� FDGUXO�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� FD� ILLQG�excelente, manifestându-üL�GH�DVHPHQHD�VDWLVIDF LD�ID �GH�UH]XOWDWHOH�YL]LWHL�OXL�(GXDUG�%HQHå� OD�%HOJUDG��(O� UHJUHWD� IDSWXO� F � IDFWRULL�GHFL]LRQDOL�GH� OD�%XGDSHVWD�QX�G GHDX�GRYDG �GH�vQ HOHJHUH�ID �GH�HYROX LLOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DOH�PRPHQWXOXL�üL�QX�I FHDX�QLFL�XQ�JHVW�VDX�SURSXQHUH�HIHFWLY �vQ�GLUHF LD�DSURSLHULL� GH� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� GDW� DVLJXU UL� F � QX� YD�vQWUHSULQGH� QLPLF� vQ� DIDUD� VSLULWXOXL� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV�� GDU�GLSORPDWXO�URPkQ�D�DYXW�LPSUHVLD�F �LQWHUORFXWRUXO�V X�UHJUHWD�IDSWXO�F �QX�PDL�HUD�OLEHU�V �GXF �OD�EXQ�VIkUüLW�vQ HOHJHUHD�FX�8QJDULD�

3UHPLHUXO� LXJRVODY� D� DSUHFLDW� FD� EXQH� UHOD LLOH� GLQ� FDGUXO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��O VkQG�V �VH�vQ HOHDJ �F �YL]LWD�SH�FDUH�GRL�PLQLüWULL�WXUFL� R� HIHFWXDX� SH� FRDVWD� GDOPDW � HUD� GH� QDWXU � V � DUDWH� ,WDOLHL� F �prietHQLLOH� DGHY UDWH� DOH� ,XJRVODYLHL� U P VHVHU � QHDIHFWDWH� GH� DFRUGXO�italo-LXJRVODY�� 5HODWLY� OD� DFHVW� DFRUG�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� DILUPDW� F � HO� QX�însemna o apropiere a Belgradului de axa Roma –�%HUOLQ�FL�GLPSRWULY ��SULQ� FODX]D� VD� FRQVXOWDWLY � HO� RIHULQG� PDL� FXUkQd o modalitate de a separa Italia de Iugoslavia într-R�DQXPH�LSRWH] ��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�HO�GRUHD�V � LQWHQVLILFH� UHOD LLOH� HFRQRPLFH�FX�*HUPDQLD� üL� ,WDOLD�� ILLQG�GH�GDWRULD�VD�FD�üHI�GH�JXYHUQ�V �FUHH]H�FkW�PDL�PXOWH�SRVLELOLW L�HFRQRPLFH�SHQWUX�DUD� VD�� 3UHPLHUXO� LXJRVODY� HUD� QHPXO XPLW� GH� DWLWXGLQHD� FULWLF � D�JXYHUQXOXL�IUDQFH]�ID �GH�DFRUGXO�LWDOR-LXJRVODY��F UHLD�VH�SUHJ WHD�V -i riposteze265.

'HFODUD LLOH� RSWLPLVWH� DOH� UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL� 5RPkQLHL� OD� %HOJUDG�SUHFXP�üL�DOH�SULPXOXL�PLQLVWUX� LXJRVODY�VXQW� LQILUPDWH�GH�F WUH� LVWRULFXO�0LODQ� 9DQNX�� FDUH� VXEOLQLD] � F � OXFU ULOH� &RQVLOLXOXL� SHUPDQHQW� DO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GLQ�DSULOLH������QX�V-DX�PDL�GHVI üXUDW�vQWU-o DWPRVIHU �GH�DOLDQ �FRUGLDO �� LDU�SULPLUHD�RILFLDO � UH]HUYDW � OXL�(��%HQHå� OD�%HOJUDG�QX�SRDWH� IL�cDUDFWHUL]DW � FD� ILLQG� SULHWHQRDV 266�� 'HVLJXU�� vQ� DSULOLH� ����� FHL� WUHL� üL� vQ�

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VSHFLDO�,XJRVODYLD�DX�GRULW�V �GHPRQVWUH]H�F �vQ�FDGUXO�DOLDQ HL�QX�H[LVWDX�GLVHQVLXQL�PDMRUH��QHILLQG�QLFL�XQ�SHULFRO�FD�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�V �VH�GHVWUDPH��& �OXFUXULOH�QX��VW WHDX�FKLDU�DüD�D�GRYHGLW-o si vizita pe care a întreprins-o la începutul lunii iunie la Belgrad ministrul de externe german Konstantin von 1HXUDWK� �QLFL� GH� GDWD� DFHDVWD� %HOJUDGXO� QX� üL-a informat din timp DOLD LL�GHVSUH�DFHVW�HYHQLPHQW�267.

/D� VIkUüLWXO� OXQLL� DXJXVW�� SULQFLSDOHOH� HYHQLPHQWH� DOH� YLH LL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DX� IRVW�DQDOL]DWH�GH�F WUH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�GLSORPDWLFL� URPkQL�üL� LXJRVODYL� vQ� FDGUXO� &RQVLOLXOXL� SHUPDQHQW� DO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� ÍQ�FRPXQLFDWXO� GLQ� ILQDOXO� vQWkOQLULL� VH� GHFODUD� F �� vQ� FLXGD� DQXPLWRU� IDSWH�vQJULMRU WRDUH�� SXWHDX� IL� REVHUYDWH� simptomele GH� DPHOLRUDUH� D� VLWXD LHL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�üL�HXURSHQH��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�XUPD�V �FRQWUibuie în continuare la RSHUD� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU�� SROLWLFD� VD� FRQWLQXkQG� V � ILH� LQVSLUDW � GH�SULQFLSLLOH�3DFWXOXL�6RFLHW LL�

&RQVLOLXO�SHUPDQHQW�QX�FRQVLGHUD�QHFHVDU � VFKLPEDUHD�SUHYHGHULORU�3DFWXOXL��LQVLVWkQG�DVXSUD�J VLULL�XQRU�PRGDOLW L�GH�UHDOL]DUH�D�GLVSR]L LLORU�fundamentale ale pactului. S-D� UHDILUPDW� QHXWUDOLWDWHD� DOLDQ HL� ID � GH�HYHQLPHQWHOH� GLQ� 6SDQLD� üL� GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� GH� D� VSULMLQL�RULFH� RUJDQL]D LH� GH� FRQWURO� FDUH� V � vQGHS UWH]H� SULPHMGLLOH� XQXL� FRQIOLFW�LQWHUQD LRQDO�� 6WDWHOH� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� U PkQHDX� DWDüDWH� SULQFLSLXOXL�UHVSHFW ULL� LQGHSHQGHQ HL� QD LXQLORU� üL� OLEHUW LL� ORU� GH� D-üL� DOHJH� VLQJXUH�regimul politic.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D� UHDOL] ULL�XQXL�SDFW�GH� WLS�/RFDUQR��SUREOHP �FDUH� D� IRVW�GLQ�QRX�SUH]HQW �SH�RUGLQHD�GH�]L��FHL� WUHL�DX�FRQFOX]LRQDW�F �QLFL�XQ�QRX�pact nu ar putea contribui efectiv la instaurarea unui climat de pace în (XURSD��GHFkW�vQ�DFRUG�FX�XQ�VLVWHP�GH�VHFXULWDWH�FDUH�V �DVLJXUH�VLPXOWDQ�SDFHD�üL�vQ�DOWH�UHJLXQL�

0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� üL-D� PDQLIHVWDW� GRULQ D� VWDELOLULL� XQRU� UHOD LL� GH�vQFUHGHUH� vQWUH� VWDWHOH� GLQ� ED]LQXO� GXQ UHDQ�� vQ� VSHFLDO� FX� 8QJDULD��DILUPkQG� F � FHOH� WUHL� VWDWH� DOLDWH�nu vor neglija nici un prilej spre a-üL� DU WD�EXQ YRLQ D�vQ�DFHDVW �SULYLQ 268.

/D� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ������ 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� vO� LQIRUPD� SH� 9�� & GHUH� GH�LQWHQ LD�UHDO �D�%XOJDULHL�GH�D�DMXQJH�OD�R�vQ HOHJHUH�FX�5RPkQLD��(O�DILUPD�SDFLILVPXO� 6RILHL�� D� F UHL� DUPDW � QX� GLVSXQHD� GH� DUPDPHQW� PRGHUQ��GDWRULW � GLILFXOW LORU� ILQDQFLDUH�� ÍQ� U VSXQVXO� V X�� GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ�DILUPD� F �GLVSXQHD�GH� LQIRUPD LL� SRWULYLW� F URUD�%XOJDULD� vüL� UHRUJDQL]DVH�DUVHQDOXO� üL� FRQVWUXLVH� QRL� FDSDFLW L� GH� SURGXF LH� PLOLWDUH�� ÍQ� RSLQLD� VD��

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SULHWHQLD� ,XJRVODYLHL� FX� %XOJDULD� üL� ,WDOLD� DU� WUHEXL� V � VH� OLPLWH]H� OD�asigurarea echilibrului balcanic existent la momentul respectiv269.

3RWULYLW� OXL� 9�� & GHUH�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� SULYHD� FX� VLPSDWLH� JXYHUQHOH�DXWRULWDUH��GDU�WUHEXLD�V � LQ �VHDPD�vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�GH�VXJHVWLLOH�/RQGUHL�üL�Parisului, care nu-i erau totdeauna agreabile270.

ÍQWUH�WLPS��JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�üL-a continuat politica de�DSURSLHUH�ID �GH�,WDOLD�üL�*HUPDQLD��$VWIHO�� vQWUH���–����GHFHPEULH������üHIXO�JXYHUQXOXL�GH� OD� %HOJUDG� D� vQWUHSULQV� R� YL]LW � RILFLDO � vQ� ,WDOLD�� &X� DFHVW� SULOHM�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�L-D�LQIRUPDW�SH�0XVVROLQL�üL�SH�&LDQR�F �pentru viitor, oricare ar IL�VLWXD LD�SROLWLF ��,XJRVODYLD�QX�VH�YD�DIOD�QLFLRGDW �vQ�WDE UD�LQDPLF �,WDOLHL271. La 5RPD��SUHPLHUXO�LXJRVODY�D�GHFODUDW�F �UHOD LLOH�FX�*UHFLD�üL�7XUFLD�QX�HUDX�GLQWUH� FHOH�PDL� EXQH�� XUPkQG� FD� vQ� YLLWRU� V � VLQFURQL]H]H� SR]L LD� ID � GH�aceste state cu cea a Italiei272.

ÍQWRUV� OD� %HOJUDG�� HO� vL� YD� FRPXQLFD� OXL� 9�� & GHUH� F � ,WDOLD� HUD�vPSRWULYD� RULF UHL� H[SDQVLXQL� JHUPDQH� vQ� (XURSD� FHQWUDO �� GDU� 5RPD� QX�PDL� SXWHD� DGRSWD� DWLWXGLQHD� I Lü � GLQ� WUHFXW�� &HUFXULOH� SROLWLFH� LWDOLHQH��DILUPD� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�� vQWUHYHGHDX� QHFHVLWDWHD� UHDOL] ULL� XQHL� OLQLL� FDUH� V �XQHDVF � 9DUüRYLD�� %XFXUHüWLXO�� %HOJUDGXO�� HYHQWXDO� 3UDJD�� üL� 5RPD� I U � D�H[FOXGH�vQV �%XGDSHVWD��SH�FDUH�,WDOLD�QX�R�SXWHD�DEDQGRQD��$FHDVW �DOLDQ �avea avantajul V �DILUPH�LQWHUHVHOH�SURSULL�DOH�DFHVWHL�UHJLXQL�ID �GH�RULFH�WHQGLQ �GH�VXERUGRQDUH�GLQ�SDUWHD�XQRU�YHFLQL�SUHD�SXWHUQLFL�ID �GH�ILHFDUH� DU �vQ�SDUWH. ÍQ�YHGHUHD�UHDOL] ULL�DFHVWXL�SODQ��8QJDULD�WUHEXLD�RSULW �V �LQWUH�FRPSOHW�vQ�orbita Germaniei, Mussolini considerând astfel destinderea dintre %XGDSHVWD� üL�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH�FD� ILLQG�DEVROXW�QHFHVDU ��3HQWUX�DFFHOHUDUHD�GHVWLQGHULL�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L��5RPD�vQFHWD�V �vQFXUDMH]H�UHYL]LRQLVPXO�PDJKLDU��FHUkQG�JXYHUQXOXL�GH�OD�%XGDSHVWD�V �GHD�GRYDG �GH�PRGHUD LH�

6WRMDGLQRYLþ�HUD�GH�DFRUG�FX�XWLOLWDWHD�DFHVWXL�SODQ��(O�D�UHODWDW�F �´,O�Duce” aprecia prietenia româno-LXJRVODY � üL� FRQVLGHUD� vQW ULUHD� UHOD LLORU�româno-SRORQH]H�FD�ILLQG�GH�R�LPSRUWDQ �LQWHUQD LRQDO �GHRVHELW 273.

5RPkQLD��,XJRVODYLD�üL�3RORQLD�LQWHQ LRQDX�V �VWDELOHDVF �R�IRUP �GH�QHXWUDOLWDWH�DVHP Q toare celei declarate de Belgia la 14 octombrie 1936274. În anii 1936-����� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� HUD� GLQ� FH� vQ� FH� PDL� GH]ELQDW . CehoslovaciD� I FHD� SDUWH� GLQ� VLVtemul de securitate franco-VRYLHWLF� üL� VH�WHPHD� GH� SRWHQ LDOHOH� SUHWHQ ii teritoriale ale Germaniei. 5RPkQLD� üL�,XJRVODYLD� HUDX� vQFOLQDWH� V � SULYHDVF favorabil spre Germania ca o FRQWUDSRQGHUH�ID de pericolul sovietic��GDU�üi ca urPDUH�D�XQRU�UD iuni de RUGLQ� HFRQRPLF�� 'HüL� DX� U mas unite contra revizionismului maghiar,

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necesitatea de a-üL� vPEXQ W L� UHOD iile cu Berlinul devenise din 1936 un IDFWRU�LPSRUWDQW�vQ�OXDUHD�GHFL]LLORU�GH�SROLWLF exteUQ �DOH�FHORU�GRX state aliate275. Într-un UDSRUW� vQWRFPLW� GH� F WUH� GLSORPDWXOXL� URPkn Nicolae Petrescu Comnen DFHVWD� FUHGHD� F Germania asigurase deja integritatea WHULWRULDO a Iugoslavia, sub forma unui tratat secret sau a unui acord de onoare276.

A urmat vizita la Berlin pe care premierul iugoslav a întreprins-o în LDQXDULH�������$LFL�HO� �D�GHFODUDW�F �Regatul Iugoslaviei nu va adera la nic un EORF�üL�QX-üL�YD�asuma nici un fel de angajamente îndreptate împotriva Germaniei. ÍQ� SULYLQ D� UHOD LLORU� LXJRVODYR-ungare Hitler a manifestat un deosebit LQWHUHV� ID � GH� GRULQ D� OXL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� FD� *HUPDQLD� V � MRDFH� UROXO� GH�PHGLDWRU� üL� V � JDUDQWH]H� QRUPDOL]DUHD� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L��Cancelarul german l-D�DVLJXUDW�SH�RDVSHWHOH�V X�F �QX�DYHD�QLFL�R�SUHWHQ LH�WHULWRULDO � ID � GH� ]RQD� 0 ULL� $GULDWLFH� üL� GH� %DOFDQL�� 7RWRWGDW � OLGHUXO�JHUPDQ� D� LQXW� V � SUHFL]H]H� F � YD� UHVSHFWD� LQYLRODELOLWDWHD� IURQWLHUHORU�IugoslavLHL��&HOH�GRX �S U L�DX�DQDOL]DW�üL�SUREOHPD�DXVWULDF ��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�GHFODUkQG� F � ,XJRVODYLD� FRQVLGHU � SUREOHPD� DXVWULDF � GUHSW� R� FKHVWLXQH� VWULFW�LQWHUQ � D� SRSRUXOXL� JHUPDQ277�� 'HVLJXU�� FHOH� GRX � YL]LWH� L-DX� vQW ULW�FRQYLQJHUHD�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�F �SROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �SH�FDUH�R�GXFHD�HUD�FRUHFW �LDU� VWUkQJHUHD� OHJ WXULORU� GLQWUH� DUD� VD� üL� *HUPDQLD� üL� ,WDOLD� XUPDu� V �DVLJXUH�LQGHSHQGHQ D�,XJRVODYLHL��

5DSRDUWHOH� GLSORPDWLFH� DOH� /HJD LLORU� 5RPkQLHL�� &HKRVORYDFLHL� üL�*UHFLHL� OD� %HUOLQ� H[SULP � vQJULMRUDUH� ID � GH� YL]LWD� OXL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� vQ�Germania278.

În România, la începutul anului 1938, a fost adus la putere un guvern FX� QXDQ e de extrHP � GUHDSWD�� FRQGXV� GH� F WUH� 2FWDYLDQ� *RJD�� ÍQ�WHOHJUDPD�GH� DQXO�QRX� WULPLV OXL�+LWOHU� QRXO� SUHPLHU� URPkQ� vüL� H[SULPD�KRW UkUHD�GH�D�PHQ LQH�EXQH�UHOD ii cu Germania, dar aceasta depindea de UHFXQRDüWHUHD� GH� F WUH� %HUOLQ� D� LQWHJULW LL� WHULWRULDOH� D� 5RPkniei. La începutul nouOXL�DQ�&DURO�DO�,O�HD�VH�SURQXQ D�SHQWUX�VXV LQHUHD�DOLDQ HORU�WUDGL LRQDOH� DOH� 5RPkQLHL�� FD� üL� SHQWUX� H[WLQGHrea rHOD LLORU� vQ� WRDWH�GLUHF LLOH�� ConcluzionânG� JXYHUQXO� *RJD� D� I FXW� SUHD� SX in pentru a accelera procesul de apropiere de Germania279. Noul ministru de externe român din guvernul condus de Octavian Goga, Istrate Micescu, a vizitat în 6-7 ianuarie 1938 BeOJUDGXO�� XQGH� D� DYXW� FRQYRUELUL� FX� UHJHQWXO� 3DXO� üL�primul-PLQLVWUX�6WRMDGLQRYLþ��0LFHVFX�D�H[SXV�SXQFWXO�GH�YHGHUH�DO�QRXOXL�JXYHUQ� URPkQ� UHODWLY� OD� SULQFLSDOHOH� SUREOHPH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH�� ÍQWUH� FHOH�

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GRX �S U L� V-D�FRQVWDWDW�R�SHUIHFW � FRQFRUGDQ � vQ�SULYLQ D�RUGLQLL�GH�]L�D�VHVLXQLL�6RFLHW LL�1D LXQLORU�GH�OD�*HQHYD�

3UHPLHUXO� LXJRVODY�D�DILUPDW� FX�DFHVW�SULOHM� F �SULHWHQLD� ULL� VDOH�FX�%XOJDULD��HUD�WRW�DWkW�GH�SUH LRDV �FD�üL�FHD�FX�,WDOLD�VDX�)UDQ D280.

ÍQ�WLPSXO�vQWkOQLULL�GLQ����LDQXDULH������FX�9��& GHUH��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�üL-D� H[SULPDW� FRQYLQJHUHD� F � +LWOHU� DYHD� LQWHQ LL� SDFLILVWH�� vQDUPDUHD�*HUPDQLHL� ILLQG�QHFHVDU � SHQWUX� DILUPDUHD�SUHVWLJLXOXL� GH�PDUH�SXWHUH� üL�SHQWUX� D� RE LQH� XQ� WUDWDPHQW� HJDO� vQWUH� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� ÍQ� XUPD� DFHVWHL�FRQYRUELUL�� & GHUH� FRQFOX]LRQD� F �� GDF � vQ� SULYLQ D� UHOD LLORU� HFRQRPLFH�germano-LXJRVODYH�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� DYXW� R� VHULH�GH� VXFFHVH�� vQ�SODQ�SROLWLF�,XJRVODYLD� YD� WUHEXL� V � VH� DFRPRGH]H� FX� Anschluss-XO� LQHYLWDELO� üL� FX� R�GHSHQGHQ �WRW�PDL�HYLGHQW �D�5RPHL�ID �GH�%HUOLQ281.

La încHSXWXO� OXL� IHEUXDULH� ������ üHIXO� 0DUHOXL� 6WDW� 0DMRU� LXJRVODY�DU WD� F � DUD� VD� DYHD� GDWRULD� GH� D� LQWHUYHQL� PLOLWDU� GRDU� vQ� FD]XULOH�SUHY ]XWH�vQ�FRQYHQ LLOH�PLOLWDUH�SH�FDUH�OH�vQFKHLDVH��GDU�D�F URU�DSOLFDUH�R�FRQVLGHUD�D�IL�LSRWHWLF ��GHRDUHFH�HUD�JUHX�GH�FUH]XW�F �%XOJDULD�VLQJXU �VDX�vPSUHXQ � FX� $OEDQLD� üL� 8QJDULD� DU� DWDFD� YUHRGDW �� *XYHUQXO� iugoslav excludea în mod deliberat, sublinia liderul militar iugoslav, orice SDUWLFLSDUH�D�VD�vQ�DOWH�LSRVWD]H��FDUH�HUDX�WRWXüL�SRVLELOH��ILH�vQ�XUPD�XQRU�LQWHUYHQ ii directe a unor puteri ca URSS, Italia sau chiar Germania, fie a DFHVWRUD� vPSUHXQ � FX� ULOH� YL]DWH� vQ� DFRUGXULOH� H[LVWHQWH� �8QJDULD� üL�%XOJDULD���%HOJUDGXO�XUP UHD�R�QHXWUDOLWDWH� FkW�PDL�SUHOXQJLW � üL� � vQ�RULFH�FD]�� QHDQJDMDUHD� DQWLFLSDW � D� ,XJRVODYLHL� pe nici unul din tablourile marilor puteri��ûHIXO�OHJD LHL�URPkQH�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�FRQVLGHUD�F �5RPkQLD�WUHEXLD�V �LQ �FRQW�GH�DFHDVW �DWLWXGLQH�D�,XJRVODYLHL�vQ�HYHQWXDOLWDWHD�L]EXFQLULL�XQXL�FRQIOLFW�FH�SHULFOLWD�LQWHUHVHOH�URPkQHüWL282.

Iugoslavia a respinV�üL�LGHHD�FRQYRF ULL�XQHL�VHVLXQL�D�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��considerând-R� FD� ILLQG� LQRSRUWXQ �� SXWkQG� D� IL� LQWHUSUHWDW � FD� R� OXDUH� GH�DWLWXGLQH�vQ�FRQMXQFWXUD�SROLWLF �DFWXDO ��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�DILUPkQG�F �HUD�QHFHVDU�FD�OXFUXULOH�V �ILH�O VDWH�V �VH�WDVH]H283.

TotuüL�� vQWUH� ��-27 februarie 1938 la Ankara a avut loc Consiliul SHUPDQHQW� DO� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� FDUH� D� DQDOL]DW� vQ� GHWDOLX� SUREOHPD�UHvQDUP ULL� %XOJDULHL�� 6-D� FRQVWDW� F � DFHDVWD� VH� SHWUHFXVH� I U � DFRUGXO�QLP QXL�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� GHSXV� WRDWH� HIRUWXULOH� SHQtru a-i determina pe FHLODO L� PHPEULL� DL� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� V � UHFXQRDVF � %XOJDULHL� DFHOHDüL�GUHSWXUL�vQ�SULYLQ D�vQDUP ULL284.

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La începutul anului 1938 Germania a concentrat puternice efective militare la frontiera cu Austria. Cancelarul austriac Kurt Schuschnigg a URVWLW�OD����IHEUXDULH�XQ�GLVFXUV�vQ�IDüD�'LHWHL�IHGHUDOH��vQ�FDUH�V-D�SURQXQ DW�SHQWUX� RUJDQL]DUHD� XQXL� SOHELVFLW� VXE� OR]LQFD� ´3HQWUX� R�$XVWULH� OLEHU � üL�LQGHSHQGHQW µ�� ,QL LDWLYD� DFHDVWD� O-D� GHWHUPLQDW� SH� +LWOHU� V � RUGRQH�invadarea Austriei. La 11 martie cancelarul austriac a demisionat iar SUHüHGLQWHOH�UHSXEOLFLL��:LOKHOP�0LNODV�O-D�vQV UFLQDW�SH�QD LRQDO-socialistul 6H\VV� ,QTXDUW� V � IRUPH]H� QRXO� JXYHUQ285. La 13 martie Hitler a intrat în 9LHQD��vQ�WLPS�FH�WUXSHOH�VDOH�RFXSDX�vQWUHDJD� DU ��

ItDOLD�D�DSUREDW� LQL LDWLYD�%HUOLQXOXL�� vQ�WLPS�FH�$QJOLD�üL�)UDQ D�V-au limitat la proteste diplomatice. Anschluss-ul reprezenta primul pas al *HUPDQLHL�vQ�PDUüXO�VSUH�HVWXO�üL�VXG-estul Europei, trupele sale ajungând la frontiera de vest a Cehoslovaciei, pULQFLSDOXO� DOLDW� DO� 5RPkQLHL� üL�Iugoslaviei286.

ÍQ� WLPSXO� FUL]HL� DXVWULHFH�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� L-D� GHFODUDW� OXL�9��& GHUH� F �JXYHUQXO� V X� FRQVLGHUDVH�$QVFKOXVV-ul inevitabil. Iugoslavia nu avea nici un motiv pentru a-O�IDYRUL]D�üL�QLFL�GH�D-l combate. Atitudinea LXJRVODY �D�LQXW�FRQW�üL�GH�SR]L LLOH�DGRSWDWH�GH�PDULOH�SXWHUL��$QJOLD�üL�)UDQ D�QX�DX�LQL LDW�QLFL�R�DF LXQH�FRQWUD�$QVFKOXVV-XOXL��vQ�WLPS�FH�,WDOLD��GDWRULW �OLSVHL�GH� vQ HOHJHUH� DU WDWH� GH� $QJOLD� üL� )UDQ D� vQ� SUREOHPD� HWLRSLDQ �� F XWD�sprijinul GermaQLHL��$XVWULD��vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS��QX�vüL�H[SULPDVH�GHORF�GRULQ D�de a-üL�DS UD�LQGHSHQGHQ D��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�VXEOLQLD�F �%HOJUDGXO�QX�VH�VLP HD�DPHQLQ DW�GH�SUH]HQ D�*HUPDQLHL�OD�IURQWLHUD�VD�GH�QRUG��SULPLQG�DVLJXU UL�IRUPDOH�GH� OD�+LWOHU� üL�*RHULQJ� vQ�SULYLQ D� LQWHJULW LL� IURQWLHUHORU� VDOH�� ÍQ�DFHDVW �VLWXD LH��JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�D�OXDW�WRDWH�SUHFDX LLOH�SRVLELOH�SHQWUX�D�nu provoca blocul german în formare sau Italia.

3UHPLHUXO�LXJRVODY�HUD�IHUP�FRQYLQV�F �+LWOHU�QX�YD�GHS üL�IURQWLHUHOH�Austriei din acel moPHQW��RULFH�vQFHUFDUH�GH�DFHVW�JHQ�J VLQG�,XJRVODYLD�üL�Italia într-R�DOLDQ �QDWXUDO �� OD�FDUH�V-DU�DO WXUD�)UDQ D�üL�$QJOLD��DOH�F URU�LQWHUHVH� FRORQLDOH� DU� IL� IRVW� DPHQLQ DWH�� *XYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� D� LQWHU]LV� vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�LQWUDUHD�HYUHLORU�DXVWULHFL�SH�WHULWRULXO�V X��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�DSUHFLD�VLWXD LD�&HKRVODRYDFLHL�vQ�DFHO�PRPHQW�FD�ILLQG�JUDY 287.

/D� ��� PDUWLH� ����� JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� vL� LQIRUPD� SH� ]LDULüWLL� VWU LQL�DFUHGLWD L� OD� %HOJUDG� F � ,XJRVODYLD� vüL� YD� UHVSHFWD� FX� VWULFWH H� SR]L LD� GH�QHXWUDOLWDWH� ID � GH� HYHQLPHQWHOH� GLQ� $XVWULD�� GLQ� XUP WRDUHOH� PRWLYH��rezolvarea problemei austriece era o chestiune a poporului german, care avea dreptul de a-üL�KRW Uv�VLQJXU�VRDUWD�LDU�SUREOHPD�HFKLOLEUXOXL�GH�IRU H�

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GH� SH� DUHQD� LQWHUQD LRQDO � ILLQG� R� FKHVWLXQH� FH� LQWHUHVa marile puteri. %HOJUDGXO�vüL�PDQLIHVWD�VDWLVIDF LD�F �GDWRULW �SROLWLFLL�VDOH�ID �GH�*HUPDQLD��DYHD�OD�JUDQL HOH�VDOH�SULHWHQL�üL�QX�GXüPDQL288.

Întâlnindu-VH�FX�üHILL�JUXSXULORU�SDUODPHQWDUH�LXJRVODYH��SUHPLHUXO�D�GHFODUDW�F �JXYHUQXO�V X�QX�D�GH]DSUREDt Anschluss-XO�GDWRULW �IDSWXOXL�F �OD�ED]D�OXL�D�VWDW�SULQFLSLXO�QD LRQDOLW LORU��SULQFLSLX�SH�FDUH�VH�IRUPDVH�üL�Iugoslavia. Belgradul nu a întreprins nimic contra Germanie deoarece nici XQD� GLQ�PDULOH� SXWHUL� QX� D� DF LRQDW� vQ� IDYRDUHD�$XVWULHL��Nici eu nu sunt HQWX]LDVPDW� GH� QRXD� VLWXD LH�� DU WD� SUHPLHUXO� LXJRVODY�� dar care ar fi fost VLWXD LD�,XJRVODYLHL�GDF �DU� IL�DYXW�FD�GXüPDQ�*HUPDQLD�üL� ,WDOLD��*XYHUQXO�V X�HUD� LQWHUHVDW�FD�,WDOLD�V �RE LQ �(WLRSLD��FD�DVWIHO�V �QX-i atace pe iugoslavi iar Germania� V -üL� SULPHDVF � FRORQLLOH�� FD� V � ILH� RFXSDW � vQ� DFHHD� ]RQ � D�OXPLL��'DF �%HOJLD�üL�2ODQGD�DYHDX�FRORQLL��GH�FH�Q-DU�DYHD�DFHODüL�GUHSW�üL�un popor de 75 de milioane de locuitori. Germania a promis intangibilitatea frontierelor iugoslave, nefiind interesat � GH� PLQRULW LOH� JHUPDQH� GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�üL�5RPkQLD��3UHPLHUXO�LXJRVODY�D�PDL�GHFODUDW�F �SUHIHUD�V �DLE �OD� IURQWLHU � *HUPDQLD� üL� QX� +DEVEXUJLL�� Anschluss-ul, în viziunea lui, FRQVWLWXLD�XQ�H[HPSOX�üL�SHQWUX�VLWXD LD�LQWHUQ �D�,XJRVODYLHL��2UJDQL]D LLOH�cRPXQLVWH� XUPDX� V � ILH� GHVILLQ DWH�� WR L� FHL� FDUH� DF LRQDX� FRQWUD� VWDWXOXL�XUPDX�V �IL�DUHVWD L�LDU�FURD LL�WUHEXLDX�V �YDG �F �QH�DPHQLQ �SHULFROXO�üL�F �HVWH�QHFHVDU �FRQVROLGDUHD�üL�DUPRQLD�LQWHUQ 289.

Referindu-VH� OD� UDSRUWXULOH� FX� )UDQ D� üL� OD� FHOH� FX� DOLD LL� GLQ� 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�GHFODUD�SDUODPHQWDULORU�F ��vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH� )UDQ D� QX� HUD� FDSDELO � V -üL� DMXWH� DOLD LL� DIOD L� vQ�SULPHMGLH�� HO� HUD� QHYRLW� V � VH� DSURSLH� GH� *HUPDQLD�� ÍQ� ID D� VFKLPE ULORU�survenite pe pODQ�LQWHUQD LRQDO��HO�QX�YD�O UJL�DQJDMDPHQWHOH�,XJRVODYLHL�vQ�FDGUXO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� LDU� DUPDWD� iugoslav � QX� YD� SXWHD� DS UD� KRWDUHOH�Cehoslovaciei împotriva Germaniei.

5DSRUWXULOH�FX�5RPkQLD�HUDX�EXQH��DYkQG�OD�ED] �OHJ WXUD�GLQDVWLF �üL� SULHWHQLD� WUDGL LRQDO � GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � SRSRDUH�� GDU� SHQWUX� JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY� 5RPkQLD� QX� SXWHD� IL� FRQVLGHUDW � R� IRU � XWLO �� GHRDUHFH� HUD�GH]DUPDW � LDU��SH� OkQJ �JUHXW LOH�GH�PRPHQW��YD� IL�PXOW �YUHPH�UH LQXW �de pericolul sovietic.

$QDOL]kQG� DFHVWH� GHFODUD LL� LXJRVODYH�� & GHUH� DU WD� F � 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�WLQGHD�WRW�PDL�I Lü�VSUH�R�DGkQFLUH�D�UHOD LLORU�FX�*HUPDQLD��FHHD�FH�SXWHD�IL�IDWDO�SHQWUX�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�FKLDU�SHQWUX�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��VLWXD LD�FUHDW �SULQ�DQH[DUHD�$XVWULHL�SXWHD�DWLQJH�üL�România într-

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5HOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQR�– iugoslave între anii 1918 - 1940

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XQ�YLLWRU�QX�IRDUWH�vQGHS UWDW��GDF �DWkW�8QJDULD�FkW�üL�,XJRVODYLD�LQWUDX�vQ�RUELWD� *HUPDQLHL�� 'LSORPDWXO� URPkQ� VXV LQHD� F � LQGLIHUHQW� GH� SR]L LD�LXJRVODY �5RPkQLD�WUHEXLD�V �DMXQJ �OD�R�vQ HOHJHUH�FX�8QJDULD��ÍQ�DFHODüL�timp, atâta vreme cît axa Berlin –�5RPD�vüL�S VWUD�IRUPD�GLQ�SULP YDUD�OXL�������0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH��ED]kQGX-VH�SH�IRU HOH�SURSULL�� WUHEXLD�V -üL�S VWUH]H�neutralitatea290.

În urma evenimentelor din 9-��� PDUWLH� ����� GLQ� $XVWULD� UHDF LD��$QJOLHL� üL� )UDQ HL� D� IRVW� XUP WRDUHD� la 12 mDUWLH� DPEDVDGRULL� FHORU�GRX �SXWHUL�DX�SUH]HQWDW�SH�:LOKHOPVWUDVVH�R�QRW �GH�SURWHVW�FRQWUD�unei astfel de PHWRGH�GH�FRHUFL LXQH�VSULMLQLW �SH�IRU ��ÍQ�DFHHDüL�]L��<YRQ�'HOERV�WULPLWHD�R�WHOHJUDP � FLUFXODU �PLVLXQLORU� GLSORPDWLFH� IUDQFH]H� vQ� FDUH� VXEOLQLD� F � vQ�FLXGD� JUDYLW LL� VLWXD LHL�� HD� QX� HUD� GH�QDWXU � V � FUHH]H� SDQLF �� )UDQ D� QX�DYHD�QLFL�XQ�DQJDMDPHQW�ID �GH�$XVWULD��GDU�VLWXD LD�V-ar prezenta cu totul altfel în ziua în care Germania ar ataca statele cu care Parisul era legat prin angajamente speciale291.

�6LWXD LD� LQWHUQD LRQDO �GH�GXS �Anschluss D�IRVW�GH]E WXW � vQ�WLPSXO�&RQIHULQ HL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�6LQDLD���-5 mai 1938). Premierul iugoslav R� DSUHFLD� FD� ILLQG� PDL� EXQ � GHFkW� vQDLQWH� GH� Anschluss. Germania, în FRQFHS LD�VD��QX�YD�PHUJH�DWkW�GH�GHSDUWH�vQFkW�V �SURYRDFH�XQ�U ]ERL��FL�YD�XUPD� V � FDXWH� SULQ� SUHVLXQL� GLSORPDWLFH� RE LQHUHD� XQRU� VXFFHVH� L]RODWH��GUHSWXO� OD� FRORQLL�� vPEXQ W LUHD� VLWXD LHL� JHUPDQLORU� VXGH L�� FKHVWLXQH� FH�XUPD�V �ILH�WUDWDW �GH�*HUPDQLD�FD�R�FKHVWLXQH�LQWHUQ �FHK ���6WRMDGLQRYLþ�D�FULWLFDW� WRWRGDW � VO ELFLXQLOH� )UDQ HL� üL� $QJOLHL�� /RQGUD� ILLQG� DFX]DW � F � D�GXV�R�SROLWLF �SDFLILVW �üL�D�QHJOLMDW�SURSULD�vQDUPDUH�

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�8QJDULHL��V-D�F ]XW�GH�DFRUG�F �%XGDSHVWD�QX�GRUHD�vQ�DFHO�moment finalizarea tratativelor privind încheierea unui acord cu Mica ÍQ HOHJHUH�� 0LQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH� URPkQ� D� IRVW� vQV UFLQDW� V � FRQWLQXH� vQ�QXPHOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�WUDWDWLYHOH�FX�DPEDVDGRUXO�PDJKLDU�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL��'H�DVHPHQHD��ILHFDUH�VWDW�PHPEUX�SXWHD�V �SRDUWH�WUDWDWLYH�FX�8QJDULD� vQ�mod separat dar, în cazul în care se ajungea la semnarea unui acord, acesta s-DU�IL�SXWXW�UHDOL]D�QXPDL�GXS �FH�FHLODO L�GRL�DOLD L�DU�IL�IRVW�DQXQ D L�üL�üL-ar fi dat acceptul.

Ministrul de externe cehoslovac a cerut acordul pentru livrarea de arme BulgarLHL��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�D�GDW�vQ�SULQFLSLX�XQ�U VSXQV�DILUPDWLY��FHUkQG�vQV �H[SOLFD LL�VXSOLPHQWDUH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFHDVW �WUDQ]DF LH��LDU�%XFXUHüWLXO�üL-D� UH]HUYDW� GUHSWXO� OD� XQ� U VSXQV� XOWHULRU292�� $� IRVW� OXDW� vQ� GLVFX LH� üL�acordul anglo-LWDOLDQ�� 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUe socotindu-l ca fiind un element de

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vQDOW � LPSRUWDQ �� PHQLW� V � DVLJXUH� üL� V � PHQ LQ R� SDFH� GXUDELO �� $OLDQ D�U PkQHD� OHDO � 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU�� GRULQG� V � FRQWULEXLH� OD� UHDOL]DUHD�LGHDOXOXL� GH� FRODERUDUH� LQWHUQD LRQDO �� FRQFHSXW� GH� DXWRULL� 3DFWXOXL�SocLHW LL293.� ÍQ� SULYLQ a Cehoslovaciei, SUHPLHUXO� LXJRVODY� D� SUHFL]DW� F �SUREOHPD� VXGH ilor constituLD� R� FKHVWLXQH� LQWHUQ a Cehoslovaciei, Stoiadinovic nefiind interesat cum va fi rezolvat 294.

Negocierile pentru încheierea unui pact de neagresiune între Mica ÍQ HOHJHUH� üL� 8QJDULD� V-DX� GHVI üXUDW� I U � vQWUHUXSHUH� vQ� WRW� FXUVXO� YHULL�DQXOXL�������8Q�UDSRUW�DO�OHJD LHL�5RPkQLHL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�DU WD�F �JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�� PHQ LQkQGX-VH� IRUPDO� vQ� GHSOLQ� DFRUG� FX� DOLD LL� V L� SH� WRW�SDUFXUVXO�QHJRFLHULORU�� D� I FXW� V � HüXH]H� WRDWH� vQFHUF ULOH�%XGDSHVWHL�GH�D�sparge solidaritatea celor trei state aliate295. În urma acestor negocieri a fost semnat la Bled, în august 1938, acordul dintre cele trei state, care nu a fost respectat.

'XS �Anschluss, Hitler a trecut la realizarea celei de a doua etape a SODQXOXL�SH�FDUH� vO�H[SXVHVH� vQF �GLQ���QRLHPEULH������FRODERUDWRULORU�V L��FXFHULUHD� &HKRVORYDFLHL�� ÍQ� ID D� SUHVLXQLORU� JHUPDQH�� D� DYXW� ORF� OD� ���VHSWHPEULH�FRQVI WXLUHD�GH�OD�/RQGUD��vQWUH�OLGHULL�$QJOLHL�üL�)UDQ HL��SHQWUX�luareD�XQHL�GHFL]LL�vQ�SUREOHPD�FUL]HL�FHKRVORYDFH��/D�VIkUüLWXO�FRQYRUELULORU�s-D� KRW UkW� FHGDUHD� ]RQHL� VXGHWH� *HUPDQLHL� üL� DFRUGDUHD� GH� JDUDQ LL�&HKRVORYDFLHL�vQ�QRXD�VD�FRQILJXUD LH�WHULWRULDO ��&HOH�GRX �SXWHUL�XUPDX�V �GHWHUPLQH�JXYHUQXO�GH�OD�3UDJD�V �DFFHSWH�DFHDVW �VROX LH��$�GRXD�]L��QRWD�franco-HQJOH] � D� IRVW� vQPkQDW � GH� F WUH� DPEDVDGRULL� HQJOH]� üL� IUDQFH]�SUHüHGLQWHOXL�%HQHå� LDU�GXS � OXQJL� üL� DSULQVH�GLVFX LL� vQWUH�3DULV� üL�3UDJD��JXYHUQXO�FHKRVORYDF�D�DFFHSWDW��OD����VHSWHPEULH�GHFL]LD�OXDW �OD�/RQGUa296. A urmat apoi München-XO��FkQG��I U �FRQVXOWDUHD�JXYHUQXOXL�GH�OD�3UDJD��OLGHULL� *HUPDQLHL�� ,WDOLHL�� )UDQ HL� üL� $QJOLHL� DX� VHPQDW� DFRUGXO� SULQ� FDUH�&HKRVORYDFLD�HUD�REOLJDW �V �FHGH]H�*HUPDQLHL�UHJLXQHD�VXGHW ��ILLQG�O VDW �GHVFKLV � üL� SRVLELOLWDWHD�XQRU� QRL� FHG UL� WHULWRULDOH� vQ� IDYRDUHD� 3RORQLHL� üL�Ungariei. La 1 octombrie, în urma ultimatumului guvernului polonez, &HKRVORYDFLD�FHGD�3RORQLHL�RUDüXO�üL�]RQD�7HVFKHQ�LDU� OD���QRLHPEULH������SULPXO� 'LNWDW� GH� OD� 9LHQD� U SHD� &HKRVORYDFLHL�� vQ� IDYRDUHD� 8QJDULei, un WHULWRULX�GH� ������� NPS��+RW UkULOH� GH� OD�0�QFKHQ� DX� vQFKHLDW� R� HWDS � vQ�UHOD LLOH� SROLWLFH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH�� GHVFKL]kQG� XQD�QRX �� vQ� FDUH� WRDWH� VWDWHOH�DX�WUHEXLW�V �vüL�UH-H[DPLQH]H�SROLWLFD�DQWHULRDU �üL�V �UH-evalueze raportul GH� IRU H� QRX� FUHDW� SH� SODQ� LQWHUQD LRQDO�� vQ� YHGHUHD� DGRSW ULL� P VXULORU�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�DS UDUHD�LQWHUHVHORU�SURSULL297.

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3RWULYLW� OXL�$�-�3��7D\ORU��&RQIHULQ D�GH�OD�0�QFKHQ�D�S UXW�D�PDUFD�vQFHSXWXO�XQHL�QRL�HSRFL�vQ�UHOD LLOH�HXURSHQH��6LVWHPXO�GH�OD�9HUVDLOOHV�HUD�înmormântat, un nou sistem –�ED]DW�SH�HJDOLWDWH�üL�vQFUHGHUH�UHVLSURF �vQWUH�cele patru mari puteri europene –� XUPD� V -i ia locul. Dar în ciuda GHFODUD LLORU�OXL�&KDPEHUODLQ�- FUHG�F �HVWH�SDFHD�]LOHORU�QRDVWUH - üL�D�OXL�+LWOHU�- QX�PDL� DP� SUHWHQ LL� WHULWRULDOH� vQ Europa -� H[LVWDX� vQF �PDUL� SUREOHPH� GH�UH]ROYDW� vQ� UHOD LLOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� �U ]ERLXO� FLYLO� GLQ� 6SDQLD�� SUREOHPD�SRORQH] ��UHYHQGLF ULOH�FRORQLDOH�JHUPDQH��HWF��298.

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ÍQ� FDGUXO� vQWkOQLULL� GH� OD� 9HQH LD� GLQ� ��� LXQLH� ����� FX� &LDQR��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�L-a cerut aceVWXLD�V �LQWHUYLQ �OD�%XGDSHVWD�SHQWUX�FD�8QJDULD�V �QX�ILH�LQL LDWRDUHD�DJUHVLXQLL�FRQWUD�&HKRVORYDFLHL��FD]�vQ�FDUH�,XJRVODYLD�HUD� REOLJDW � V � LQWHUYLQ �� SRWULYLW� WUDWDWXOXL� GH� DOLDQ 300. Belgradul a DQDOL]DW� üL� YDULDQWD� vQ� FDUH� 8QJDULD� SHUPLWHD� WUXSHORU� JHUPDQH� V �WUDYHUVH]H�WHULWRULXO�V X301��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�FRQVLGHUkQG�%XGDSHVWD�vQ�DFHVW�FD]�FD�ILLQG�FRPSOLFHD�*HUPDQLHL��FODX]HOH�WUDWDWXOXL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�LQWUkQG�vQ�YLJRDUH��ûHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�URPkQH��3HWUHVFX�–�&RPQHQ��DU WD�F �DFHVW�SXQFW�de vedere trebuia�DQDOL]DW�FX�DWHQ LH302.

ÍQ� FRQFHS LD� GLSORPDWXOXL� URPkQ� 9�� & GHUH�� SUREOHPD� cHKRVORYDF �constituia la începutul toamnei anului 1938 piatra de încercare a Micii ÍQ HOHJHUL��vQWUXFkW�VH�SXQH�üL�FKHVWLXQHD�DWLWXGLQLL�YLLWRDUH�D�8QJDULHL303.

La 21 septembrie 1938, Comnen a propus premierului iugoslav ca 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD� V � vQWUHSULQG � R� DF LXQH� FRPXQ � SH� OkQJ � PDULOH�SXWHUL� FDUH� V � DWUDJ � DWHQ LD� DVXSUD� FRQVHFLQ HORU� LQFDOFXODELOH� FH� OH-ar putea avea un atac maghiar asupra Cehoslovaciei304��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�FRQVLGera QHFHVDU�XQ�HYHQWXDO�GHPHUV�DO�FHORU�GRX �VWDWH�SH�OkQJ �PDULOH�SXWHUL�GRDU�vQ�SULYLQ D�6ORYDFLHL��SHQWUX�D�DWUDJH�DWHQ LD�FD�HYHQWXDOHOH�FRQFHVLL� I FXWH�%XGDSHVWHL�V �QX�vQWUHDF �SH�FHOH�DFRUGDWH�*HUPDQLHL��6XEVHFUHWDUXO�GH�VWDW�la Ministerul afaceriloU�VWU LQH�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��$QGULþ��D�RELHFWDW�vQ�SULYLQ D�unui astfel de demers, ce putea fi utilizat de marile puteri pentru a arunca

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DVXSUD�%XFXUHüWLXOXL�üL�%HOJUDGXOXL�U VSXQGHUHD�UHIX]XOXL�GH�D�IL�DFFHSWDWH�UHYHQGLF ULOH� SRORQH]H� üL� PDJKLDUH�� 'LSORPDWXO român D. Gheblescu a VXEOLQLDW� F �� vQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� QX� VH� UHDOL]D� DFHVW�GHPHUV� FRPXQ�� JXYHUQXO�XQJDU� DU� DU WD� PDULORU� SXWHUL� F � UHYHQGLF ULOH� VDOH� VXQW� IRDUWH� OLPSH]L��,XJRVODYLD�üL�5RPkQLD�QHDYkQG�QLPLF�GH�FRPHQWDW�vQ�SULYLQ D�ORU305.

Câteva zile mai târziX�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� DILUPD�� vQWU-R� FRQYHUVD LH� FX�GLSORPD LL� VWU LQL� GLQ� %HOJUDG� F � DWkW� DUD� VD� FkW� üL� 5RPkQLD� SXWHDX� V -üL�H[SULPH� QHPXO XPLULOH� vQ� ID D� PDULORU� SXWHUL� vQ� FD]XO� XQRU� UHYHQGLF UL�DEVROXW� QHMXVWLILFDWH� DOH� PDJKLDULORU� DVXSUD� 6ORYDFLHL� üL� 5XVLHL sub-carpatice306.

/D� ��� VHSWHPEULH� ����� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� D� DGXV� vQ� GLVFX LH� SUREOHPD�YDODELOLW LL� WUDWDWXOXL� GH� DOLDQ � FX� &HKRVORYDFLD�� GHFL�� LPSOLFLW�� D�YDODELOLW LL�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL��2PXO�SROLWLF� LXJRVODY� VH� vQWUHED�GDF � DOLDQ D�mai exista în momentul când Praga a acceptat propunerile franco-engleze, SULQ�FDUH�R�SDUWH�GLQ�WHULWRULXO�HL�XUPD�V �ILH�FHGDW��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�SXWHD�IL� WUDV � FRQFOX]LD� MXULGLF � F � &HKRVORYDFLD� FDUH� H[LVWD� vQ� PRPHQWXO�vQFKHLHULL�SDFWXOXL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�QX�PDL�ILLQ D�vQ�WRDPQD�Oui 1938.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� UHYHQGLF ULORU� SRORQH]H� üL� XQJDUH�� %HOJUDGXO� VXEOLQLD� F �QX� QXPDL� *HUPDQLD� GDU� üL� ,WDOLD� VSULMLQHDX� DFHVWH� FHUHUL�� DVWIHO� vQFkW� R�LQWHUYHQ LH� DUPDW � GLQ� SDUWHD� ,XJRVODYLHL� üL� 5RPkQLHL� vQ� IDYRDUHD�&HKRVORYDFLHL�DU�SXWHD�H[SXQH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�OD�XQ�FRQIOLFW�üL�FX�,WDOLD�LDU�în acest caz, premierul iugoslav nu vedea cine i-ar putea ajuta pe cei doi DOLD L307��ÍQ�FRQFHS LD�DFHVWXLD��GDF �vQ�IDYRDUHD�JHUPDQLORU�VXGH L�SULQFLSLXO�QD LRQDOLW LORU�D�IRVW�DFFHSWDW�GH�F WUH�PDULOH�SXWHUL�üL�FKLDU�üL�GH�3UDJD��HUD�LPSRVLELO� D� VH� UHIX]D� DSOLFDUHD� DFHOXLDüL� SULQFLSLX� ID � GH� 8QJDULD� üL�3RORQLD�� 3RWULYLW� %HOJUDGXOXL�� XQJXULL� üL� SRORQH]LL� YRU� DF LRQD� vPSUHXQ �pentru a-üL�RE LQH�UHYHQGLF ULOH�WHULWRULDOH�DVXSUD�&HKRVORYDFLHL�üL��vQ�DFHVWH�vPSUHMXU UL��XQ�FRQIOLFW�FX�8QJDULD�DU�SXQH� ,XJRVODYLD� üL�5RPkQLD� vQ� ID D�XQXL�U ]ERL�üL�FX�3RORQLD��FDUH�HUD�DOLDWD�%XFXUHüWLXOXL��7H]D�LXJRVODY �DU WD�PDL� GHSDUWH� F � WUHEXLD� HYLWDW� XQ� FRQIOLFW� FX� 8QJDULD�� PDL� DOHV� F � SULQ�DFRUGXO�GH�OD�%OHG�vQWUH�DFHDVWD�üL��5RPkQLD�üi Iugoslavia nu mai exista nici XQ�OLWLJLX��ÍQ�PRPHQWXO�vQ�FDUH�,XJRVODYLD�üL�5RPkQLD�UHIX]DVHU �V �vQFKHLH�SDFWXO� GH� DVLVWHQ �PXWXDO � FX�&HKRVORYDFLD� üL� FX� )UDQ D�noi considerasem DWXQFL�F �PRWLYXO�UHIX]XOXL�HUD�GH�D�QX�QH�H[SXQH�D�LQWUD�vQ�FRQIOLFW�FX�*ermania, FX� WRDWH� F � )UDQ D� XUPD� V � ILH� DO WXUL� GH� QRL�� $]L� )UDQ D� D� DEDQGRQDW� FRPSOHW�Cehoslovacia�� ÍQ� DFHVWH� vPSUHMXU UL�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�QX�YHGHD�GH� FH� WUHEXLD� V �

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ILH� VFKLPEDW �DWLWXGLQHD�GH�DWXQFL��PDL�DOHV�FkQG�YHGHP�FODU� F �*HUPDQLD� üL�Italia fiind mai SXWHUQLFH��GLFWHD] �FRQGL LLOH�ORU�)UDQ HL�üL�$QJOLHL.

$QDOL]kQG�vQ�DFHVWH�vPSUHMXU UL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�JUDYH�UHOD LLOH�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�0��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�DILUPD�F �DFHVWHD�U PkQHDX�SXWHUQLFH��DYkQG�OD�ED] �SDFWXO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��OHJ WXULOH�GLQDVWLFH�üi interesele ce uneau FHOH� GRX � UL�� ûHIXO� JXYHUQXOXL� LXJRVODY� DU WD� F � SDFWHOH� VXQW� SX LQ� OXFUX��HVHQ LDOXO� HVWH� V � ILP� WDUL,� XQL L� vQWUH� QRL�� V � QH� vQDUP P� üL� V � S VWU P� ´QRWUH�poudre seche”308.

([DPLQkQG� WH]D� OXL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� URPkQH� – N. Petrescu Comnen -�VXEOLQLD�F �GDF �GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�SROLWLF�DFHDVWD�VH�SXWHD� VXV LQH� FX� PXOW� WHPHL�� GLQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� PRUDO� üL� MXULGLF� DWkWD�vreme cât Cehoslovacia H[LVWD�vQF �VXE�IRUPD�VD�DFWXDO ��WH]D�OXL�HVWH�FHO�SX LQ�SUHPDWXU 309. Ministrul de e[WHUQH� URPkQ� UHDPLQWHD� RPRORJXOXL� V X�LXJRVODY� F � vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� H[LVWD� XQ� SURWRFRO� GH� DOLDQ � FRQWUD�Ungariei, prelungit prin protocolul din 21 mai 1929 iar interesele %XFXUHüWLXOXL�üL�%HOJUDGXOXL�FHUHDX�HODERUDUHD�XQHL�SROLWLFL�FRPXQH�ID �GH�BudaSHVWD��&RPQHQ�DU WD�F �vQ�FRQGL LLOH�vQ�FDUH�&HKRVORYDFLD�HUD�KRW UkW �V �FHGH]H�8QJDULHL�R�]RQ �vQ�FDUH�ORFXLD�R�PDMRULWDWH�FRPSDFW �GH�PDJKLDUL��R�DF LXQH�GH� vPSRWULYLUH� LXJRVODY �HUD� LQRSHUDQW ��3UREOHPD�GHYHQHD�vQV �PXOW� PDL� JUDY � FkQG� vedem desemnându-VH� WHQGLQ D� GH� DWULEXLUH� D� vQWUHJLL�Slovacii Ungariei. 1X�WUHEXLH�V �QH�IDFHP�LOX]LL�F �XQLUHD�6ORYDFLH�FX�8QJDULD�QX�DU� DYHD� HIHFWH� H[WUHP� GH� VHULRDVH� DWkW� SULQ� VSRULUHD� SRWHQ LDOXOXL� GH� U ]ERL� DO�8QJDULHL� FkW� üL� SULQ� DF LXQHD� SULQ� FDUH� 8QJDULD� P ULW � DU exercita-o atât în ,XJRVODYLD�FkW�üL�VSUH�YHVW��ÍQ�DFHVWH�vPSUHMXU UL��HYLGHQ LD�GLSORPDWXO�URPkQ��FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� DYHDX� U VSXQGHUHD� LVWRULF � FD� P FDU� SULQWU-R� DF LXQH�GLSORPDWLF �V �VH�vPSRWULYHDVF �XQLULL�6ORYDFLHL�FX�8QJDULD��DFW�FH�DU�SXWHD�însemna începutul revizuirii totale ale clauzelor tratatelor de pace. Comnen SURSXQHD�FD�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�GLSORPDWLFL�DL�FHORU�GRX �VWDWH� OD�3DULV��5RPD��%HUOLQ�� /RQGUD�� 9DUüRYLD� üL� %XGDSHVWD� V � vQWUHSULQG � XQ� GHPHUV� LGHQWLF�SDUDOHO��GDF �QX�FRQFRPLWHQW��vQ�FDUH�V �GHFODUH�F �,XJRVODYLD�üL�5RPkQLD�QX�întreprindeau nimic pentru a pune pacea în pericol, atâta vreme cât Ungaria vüL�YD�P UJLQL�SUHWHQ LLOH�OD�UHFWLILFDUHD�IURQWLHUHL�SH�FDUH�&HKRVORYDFLD�R�DFFHSW ��vQ�UHJLXQHD�FX�R�SRSXOD LH�PDMRULWDU �PDJKLDU ��GDU�F �OH-ar fi imposibil a asista impasibile la atribuire Slovaciei Ungariei310.

/D����VHSWHPEULH�������6WRMDGLQRYLþ�LQVLVWD�FD�&HKRVORYDFLD�V �FHGH]H�8QJDULHL�FkW�PDL�HUD�WLPS��SHQWUX�D�S VWUD�FH�PDL�SXWHD�IL�S VWUDW�üL�D�QX�VH�DMXQJH�vQ�VLWXD LD�$ELVLQLHL311.

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78

IugoslaviD�D�vQFHUFDW�vQ�WLPSXO�FUL]HL�VXGHWH�V �HYLWH�REOLJD iile pe care le aYHD�IDW �GH�&HKRVORYDFLD��vQ�WLPS�FH�5RPkQLD�QX�V-D�DU WDW�SUHJ WLW �V �SHUPLW � WUXSHORU� VRYLHWLFH� V � WUDYHUVH]H� WHULWRULXO� V X� SHQWUX� DS rarea Cehoslovaciei.312� � ûL� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� V-a ferLW� V � VH� LPSOLFH�GLUHFW� vQ� FUL]D�FHK de teama unui conflict direct cu Germania313.� 5HJHOH� URPkQ� üL-a SURSXV� V -üL� FRQFHQWUH]H� DWHQ LD� DVXSUD� VWDELOLULL� XQRU� UHOD LL� ELODWHUDOH�SXWHUQLFH� vQWUH� 5RP QLD� üL� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� GDU� üL� FX� DOLD LL� PDL� PLFL� DL�acesteia SUHFXP� üL� FX� W rLOH� YHFLQH�� &DURO� DO� ,,� OHD� XUP UHD� V -üL�PHQ LQ indeSHQGHQ a pe plan exterQ�SHQWUX�D�SXWHD�U PkQH�QHXWUX�vn orice conflict GLQWUH�PDULOH�SXWHUL��$FHDVWD�vQ�FRQGL LLOH�vn care Munchenul a transformat Germania în principalul partener comercial al tuturor statelor din Centrul üi Sud-Estul Europei314. 3H� GH� DOW � SDUWH� FRQIHULQ a de la Munchen a deWHUPLQDW�QHFHVLWDWHD�vQW ULULL�ÍQ elegerii Balcanice315.

5HOD LLOH�GLQWUH�8QJDULD��SH�GH�R�SDUWH�� üL�5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD�SH�GH�DOW � SDUWH� DX� FRQWLQXDW� V � SUHRFXSH� FHUFXULOH� GLSORPDWLFH� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� üL�%HOJUDG�üL�GXS �vQFKHLHUHD�DFRUGXOXL�GH�OD�%OHG��ÍQ�SHULRDGD�FUL]HL�FHKRVORYDFH��GLDORJXO� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L� D� IRVW� vQJUHXQDW�� GDW� ILLQG� F � %XGDSHVWD�XUP UHD� vQ� SULPXO� UkQG� UH]ROYDUHD� FKHVWLXQLL� VXGHWH�� SHQWUX� D� RE LQH� DSRL�PD[LPXO�GH�DYDQWDMH�SHQWUX�PLQRULWDWHD�PDJKLDU �GLQ�5RPkQLD316.

'XS � VROX LRQDUHD� FUL]HL� FHKH�� %XGDSHVWD� D� vQFHUFDW� V � L]ROH]H�România, prin aplicarea prevederilor acordului de la Bled, doar cu Iugoslavia. Diplomatul român Raoul Bosy� DU WD� vQ� QRLHPEULH� ����� F �DFHDVW �WDFWLF �IXVHVH�IRORVLW �vQ�WUHFXW�SHQWUX�D�L]ROD�&HKRVORYDFLD��3RWULYLW�DPEDVDGRUXOXL� LXJRVODY� OD� %XGDSHVWD�� 5DåLþ�� OLGHULL� SROLWLFL� LXJRVODYL� DX�UHVSLQV� DFHDVW � LQL LDWLY � D�8QJDULHL317�� 7UHEXLH� VXEOLQLDW� IDSWXO� F � DFHDVW �WDFWLF �XQJDU �D�IRVW�HYLGHQ LDW �üL�GH�F WUH�SUHPLHUXO�LXJRVODY�6WRMDGLQRYLþ��Astfel, într-o convorbire pe care acesta a avut-o cu ministrul maghiar de la Belgrad, diplomatul ungur i-D� WUDQVPLV� IDSWXO� F � JXYHUQXO� V X� FRQVLGHUD�acordul de la Bled ca fiinG� YDODELO� ID � GH� ,XJRVODYLD� VXE� IRUPD� XQXL�gentlemen agreement�� ÍQWUHEDW� GH� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� GDF � DFRUGXO� HUD� YDODELO� üL�SHQWUX�5RPkQLD�VXE�DFHDVW �IRUP ��DPEDVDGRUXO�PDJKLDU�D�GHFODUDW�F �QX�üWLD��GDU�SUHVXSXQHD�F �HUD�YDODELO318.

Premierul iugoslav i-a cerut DPEDVDGRUXOXL�V X�OD�5RPD�V -i solicite OXL� &LDQR� R� LQWHUYHQ LH� OD� %XGDSHVWD� vQ� IDYRDUHD� RE LQHULL� XQHL� GHFODUD LL�RILFLDOH�� SULQ� FDUH� 8QJDULD� V � UHFXQRDVF � GUHSW� GHILQLWLYH� IURQWLHUHOH�8QJDULHL� FX� ,XJRVODYLD� üL� 5RPkQLD319.� 5RPkQLD� VH� WHPHD� üL� GH� R� SRVLELO �apropiere iugoslavo-XQJDU � ÎQ�FKHVWLXQHD�UHYHQGLF rilor maghiaUH�ID �GH�

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&HKRVORYDFLD�� %XFXUHüWLXO� üL� %HOJUDGXO� DX� DYXW� SXQFWH� GH� YHGHUH� SX in diferite: Iugoslavia a fost mai conciliatoare decât România320.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� %XOJDULHL�� OD� ��� DXJXVW� ����� D� IRVW� Vemnat acordul de la 6DORQLF��FDUH�FRQ LQHD�SUHYHGHUL�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�PHQ LQHUHD�UHOD LLORU�GH�EXQ �YHFLQ WDWH�� FRODERUDUH� SULHWHQHDVF �� QHUHFXUJHUH� OD� IRU �� GHVILLQ DUHD�SUHYHGHULORU�WUDWDWXOXL�GH�OD�1HXLOO\� vQ�GRPHQLXO�PLOLWDU�üL� vQFHWDUHD�VW ULL�de demilLWDUL]DUH� D� JUDQL HL� 7UDFLHL�� &D� XUPDUH� D� EXQ YRLQ HL� DU WDWH� GH�F WUH�JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�ID �GH�UHYHQGLF ULOH�EXOJDUH��OD����RFWRPEULH������primul ministru bulgar Kiosse Ivanov i-D� GHFODUDW� OXL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� F � QX�DYHD� QLPLF� vPSRWULY � GDF � ,XJRVODYLD� YD� RFupa Salonicul în momentul când bulgarii vor ajunge la Marea Egee321.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�UHOD LLORU�FX�6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU��,XJRVODYLD�HUD�GH�DFRUG�FX�3RORQLD� V � DWDFH� 6HFUHWDULDWXO� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU� FX� SULOHMXO� DGXQ ULL�6RFLHW LL� GLQ� VHSWHPEULH� ������ SHQWUX� D� VROLFLWD� VF GHUHD� FKHOWXLHOLORU� GH�vQWUH LQHUH�DOH�DFHVWXL�RUJDQLVP�LQWHUQD LRQDO��FDUH�HUDX��vQ�YL]LXQHD�9DUüRYLHL��SUHD� ULGLFDWH� ID � GH� QXP UXO� GLQ� FH� vQ� FH� PDL� UHGXV� DO� VWDWHORU� U PDVH�PHPEUH��%XFXUHüWLXO��SULQ�PLQLVWUXO�V X�GH�H[WHUQH��&RPQHQ��Q-a fost de acord FX� SXQFWXO� GH� YHGHUH� DO� %HOJUDGXOXL�� DU WkQG� F �0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� WUHEXLD� V �VSULMLQH� 6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU�� R� DF LXQH� FRQWUD� VHFUHWDULDWXOXL� 6RFLHW LL� ILLQG�LQRSRUWXQ ��GHRDUHFH�D�VSULMLQLW�WRW�WLPSXO�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH322.

'XS � HYHQLPHQWHOH� GLQ� Woamna anului 1938, cercurile diplomatice URPkQHüWL� DX� VXSXV� XQHL� DQDOL]H� VHULRDVH� SROLWLFD� H[WHUQ � pe care a dus-o ,XJRVODYLD�vQ�D�GRXD�MXP WDWH�D�GHFHQLXOXL�SDWUX��$VWIHO��vQWU-un raport trimis GH� 9LFWRU� & GHUH� PLQLVWUXOXL� DIDFHULORU� VWU LQH� DO� 5RPkQLHL� VH� VXEOLQLD� F �RGDW �FX�YHQLUHD�OD�SXWHUH�D�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLþ��%HOJUDGXO�üL-a reorientat politica H[WHUQ �� XUP ULQG� vQFKHLHUHD� XQRU� DFRUGXUL� ELODWHUDOH� üL� SURPRYDUHD� XQHL�SROLWLFL� GH� SUHVWLJLX�� ,XJRVODYLD� D� F XWDW� V � VH� PHQ LQ � OD� OLPLWD�angajamentelor pe caUH�OH�DYHD�ID �GH�6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��I U �D�YRL�V �LD�vQ�FRQVLGHUDUH�R�HYHQWXDO �vQW ULUH�D�ORU. În SULYLQ D� UDSRUWXULORU� FX�6RFLHWDWHD�1D LXQLORU�� DWDüDPHQWXO�%HOJUDGXOXL� ID �GH�DFHDVWD�D�VF ]XW�GXS �DVDVLQDUHa lui Alexandru I, contribuind la aceasta SUREOHPD� VDQF LXQLORU�� LQHILFLHQ D� WRW�PDL� Y GLW � GH� D� RUJDQL]D� VHFXULWDWHD�FROHFWLY �SUHFXP�üL�PHWRGHOH�SROLWLFH�DOH�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLþ323.

$VSHFWXO�HVWH�HYLGHQ LDW�üL�GH�F WUH�LVWRULFXO�LXJRVODY�0��9DQNX��FDUH��anali]kQG� � vQWkOQLUHD� GH� OD� 9HQH LD� GLQWUH� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� üL� &LDQR� ���� LXOLH������� UHPDUFD� vQJULMRUDUHD� SULPXOXL� PLQLVWUX� LXJRVODY� ID � GH� SROLWLFD�H[SDQVLRQLVW �D�*HUPDQLHL��FH�DPHQLQ D�WRW�PDL�PXOW�LQWHUHVHOH� ULL�VDOH324.

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La 4 ianuarie 1939 Al. Cretzianu a redactat un raport intitulat 9DODELOLWDWHD� WUDWDWXOXL�GH�DOLDQ �URPkQR-LXJRVODY �� vQ�FDUH�D�DQDOL]DW� UHOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH� GLQWUH� FHL� GRL� SDUWHQHUL�� (O� DU WD� F � GXUDWD� QHOLPLWDW � D�SDFWXOXL�� SUHFL]DW � vQ� DFRUGXO� GLQ� ��� IHEUXDULH� ������ HUD� LOX]RULH� üL�neserioaV ��5HIHULQGX-VH�OD�YDODELOLWDWHD�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��DXWRUXO�UDSRUWXOXL�DSUHFLD�F �GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�DO� IRUPHORU�H[WHULRDUH�QX�D�DYXW� ORF�QLFL�R�GHQXQ DUH� RILFLDO � D� DOLDQ HL�� 5HODWLY� OD� REOLJD LLOH� PXWXDOH� URPkQR-iugoslave referitoare la Ungaria, Cretzianu afirma: GLQ� QHIHULFLUH�� DFHDVW �O PXULUH�QX�VH�SRDWH�IDFH�GHFkW�vQ�]LXD�FkQG�VH�YD�FRQVWDWD�vQ�PRG�RILFLDO�VLWXD LD�SDFWXOXL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL.

În opinia diplomatului român, încheierea unui nou tratat bilateral FDUH� V �SUHYDG �REOLJD LL�GH� DVLVWHQ �PXWXDO � vQ� HYHQWXDOLWDWHD�XQXL� DWDF�PDJKLDU� VDX� EXOJDU� DU� UHSUH]HQWD� FHD�PDL� EXQ � VROX LH� vQ� DFHVW� FD]�� GDU�&UHW]LDQX�QX�FUHGHD�F �6WRMDGLQRYLþ�DU�IDFH�DFHVW�JHVW��FDUH�DU�IL�FRPSURPLV�HIRUWXULOH� VDOH� GH� GHVWLQGHUH� üL� GH� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� 8QJDULD� üL� %XOJDULD��DocXPHQWXO�PDL�SURSXQHD� vQFKHLHUHD�XQXL�SURWRFRO�SULQ�FDUH�5RPkQLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD�V �FRQVWDWH�SUHOXQJLUHD�WUDWDWXOXL�GH�DOLDQ �GLQ�����325.

/D�UkQGXO�V X��'��*HEOHVFX�UHPDUFD�VLWXD LD�FRPSOH[ �vQ�FDUH�VH�J VHD�,XJRVODYLD� OD� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ������ GDWRULW � F UHLa VH� SDUH� F � QX� QH� SXWHP�DüWHSWD� GH� DLFL� vQDLQWH� GLQ� SDUWHD� ,XJRVODYLHL� OD� H[HFXWDUHD� DXWRPDW � D� YUHXQXLD�GLQWUH�WUDWDWHOH�FH�R�OHDJ �GH�5RPkQLD326��3 UHUHD�VD�HUD�vPS UW üLW �üL�GH�F WUH�üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL� URPkQH��&RPQHQ�� FDUH� DU WD� F �GXS � VHPQDUHD�SDFWXOXL bulgaro-iugoslav, politica Belgradului în Balcani nu mai putea evolua strict vQ� FDGUXO� SUHYHGHULORU� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� GHRDUHFH� JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY�dispunea de un al doilea instrument diplomatic: pactul cu Sofia327.

5RPkQLD� VH�J VHD� OD� vQFHSXWXO� DQXOXL� ��39 într-R� VLWXD LH� H[WUHP�GH�GLILFLO ��0�QFKHQ-XO�SXVHVH�FDS W�PLWXOXL� VHFXULW LL� FROHFWLYH� LDU�DOLDQ HOH�din sud-HVWXO� (XURSHL� IXVHVHU � SURIXQG� ]GUXQFLQDWH� vQ� XUPD� SU EXüLULL�&HKRVORYDFLHL� �SUDFWLF��0LFD�$QWDQW � IXVHVH� OLFKLGDW ��� ÍQ�SULYLQ D�PDULORU�putHUL��8566�F XWD�V �VH�GHJDMH]H�GH�SROLWLFD�GH�FRODERUDUH�JHQHYH] �GXV �SkQ �DWXQFL��)UDQ D��QHOLQLüWLW ��VH�vQWRUFHD�VSUH�LPSHULXO�V X�SHQWUX�D�XLWD�GHFHS LLOH� HXURSHQH�� $QJOLD� WRFPDL� GHVFRSHUHD� SHULFROXO� KLWOHULVW� LDU�*HUPDQLD�VH�DIOD�vQ�SOLQ �RIHQVLY �VSre est, România aflându-se pe lista ei QHDJU ��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��GLSORPD LD�URPkQHDVF �D�XUP ULW�V �QRUPDOL]H]H�UHOD LLOH� VDOH� FX� %HUOLQXO� üL� 0RVFRYD� üL� V -üL� FRQVROLGH]H� UDSRUWXULOH� FX�$QJOLD�üL�)UDQ D��SUHFXP�üL�FX�DOLD LL�V L�GLQ�%DOFDQL328.

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Noul ministru de externe al Romaniei, Grigore Gafencu avea sarcina de a imp ca Germania üi de a consolida leg turile cu Vestul üi cu rile balcanice329. La 7 ianuarie 1939, noul ministru de externe al României, Grigore Gafencu, i-a trimis ambasadorului român de la BelJUDG�LQVWUXF LXQL�SULYLQG� SR]L LD� SH� FDUH� DFHVWD� WUHEXLD� V � R� DGRSWH� vQ� FRQYRUELULOH� FX�DXWRULW LOH� LXJRVODYH�� 1X� HUD� QHYRLH�� vQ� YL]LXQHD� üHIXOXL� GLSORPD LHL�URPkQHüWL�� V � ILH� vQPXO LWH�GHPHUVXULOH�SULYLQG�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQ � LXJRVODY ��7UHEXLD�vQ�VFKLPE�V �VH�DUDWH�F �5RPkQLD�DYHD�vQFUHGHUH�vQ�GHFODUD LLOH�GH�loialitate ale Belgradului330��'XS �FH�OD���LDQXDULH������$QGULþ�D�GHFODUDW�F �,XJRVODYLD� U PkQHD�GHSOLQ� VROLGDU � FX�5RPkQLD� vQ�SULYLQ D�8QJDULHL331, o OXQ � PDL� WkU]LX�� vQ� XUPD� XQHL� YL]LWH� vQWUHSULQVH� GH� F tre ministrul de H[WHUQH� URPkQ� OD�%HOJUDG�� FHOH�GRX �S U L� DX�KRW UkW� F � DOLDQ D�GHIHQVLY �româno-LXJRVODY �U PkQHD�vQ�YLJRDUH��vQ�FLXGD�VO ELULL�VDX�FKLDU�D�SRVLELOHL�GLVSDUL LL�D�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��LDU�SROLWLFD�,XJRVODYLHL�ID �GH�8QJDULD�U PkQHD�VROLGDU � FX�FHD�D�5RPkQLHL��$� IRVW� VWDELOLW �R�DF LXQH�FRPXQ �SHQWUX�D� VH�DMXQJH� OD� R� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� 8QJDULD�� ÍQ� SULPXO� UkQG�� S U LOH� VHPQDWDUH� DOH�DFRUGXOXL�GH�OD�%OHG�XUPDX�V -O�SXQ ��vQ�DSOLFDUH�LDU�DSRL�WUHEXLD�J VLW �R�IRUPXO �VDWLVI F WRDUH�SHQWUX�DPEHOH�S U L�FX�SULYLUH�OD�PLQRULW L���&HL�GRL�PLQLüWULi� GH� H[WHUQH� DX� F ]XW� GH� DFRUG� DVXSUD� WXWXURU� SUREOHPHORU�GXQ UHQH� üL� EDOFDQLFH�� ÍQ� XUPD� DFHVWRU� FRQYRUELUL�� *DIHQFX� DILUPD� F �6WRMDGLQRYLþ�IXVHVH�IRDUWH�FDWHJRULF�vQ�DQJDMDPHQWHOH�OXDWH�ID �GH�URPkQL��S U VLQG� VH�SDUH�SROLWLFD� OXL� SUXGHQW �� GDWRULW � VLPSDWLHL� DFWLYH�SH� FDUH�R�DU WDVH� %XFXUHüWLXOXL� GLSORPD LD� LWDOLDQ 332.� &X� DFHVW� SULOHM� SULQ XO� 3DXO� D�fost de acord ca� OD� FRQIHULQ D� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� V � VH evite orice GHFODUD LH� FDUH� V ridice suspiciuni cu pULYLUH� OD� IDSWXO� F � DOLDQ D� DU� IL�RULHQWDW contra vreuneia dintre taberele europene aflate în conflict333.

ÍQ� FLXGD� DFHVWRU� DVLJXU UL� IHUPH� DOH� %HOJUDGXOXL��PLQLVWUXO� LXJRVODY�acreditat la Berlin i-D�GHFODUDW� RPRORJXOXL� V X� URPkQ� F � LQVWUXF LXQLOH� OXL�StojaGLQRYLþ�SUHYHGHDX�R�SROLWLF �VXSO �üL�SUHY ] WRDUH�ID �GH�FHO�GH-al III-OHD�5HLFK��LDU�SHQWUX�D�FküWLJD�EXQ YRLQ D�*HUPDQLHL��JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�HUD�GLVSXV�V �RIHUH�DFHVWXLD�vQVHPQDWH�FRQFHVLL�HFRQRPLFH334.

3H� IRQGXO� vQU XW LULL� VLWXD LH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH�� D� PRELOL] ULL� XQRU�LPSRUWDQWH�HIHFWLYH�PLOLWDUH�GH�F WUH�8QJDULD��PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�LXJRVODY�D� vQWUHSULQV� OD���PDUWLH������XQ�GHPHUV� OD�%XGDSHVWD�� VROLFLWkQG�H[SOLFD LL�FX� SULYLUH� OD� PRELOL] ULOH� DUPDWH� XQJDUH�� GDU�� vQWUHEDW� GH� DXWRULW LOH�URPkQHüWL�DVXSUD�RSRUWXQLW LL�VWDELOLULL�XQRU�SULQFLSLL�GH�VLJXUDQ �FRPXQ �FX�puterile occidentale��0DUNRYLþ�D�GHFODUDW�F �QX�YHGHD�QHFHVDU �VWDELOLUHD�XQHL�

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DWLWXGLQL� FRPXQH� FDUH� DU� SXWHD� DYHD� FRQVHFLQ H� LPHGLDWH� üL� QHSO FXWH�pentru statele mici. Ministerul afacerilor VWU LQH� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� QXWUHD� vQ�FRQWLQXDUH� FUHGLQ D� F � HYHQLPHQWHOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� FH� VH� VXFFHGDX� QX�atingeau interesele Iugoslaviei, frontierele ei fiind garantate prin diverse acorduri sau promisiuni335.

$FHHDüL� DWLWXGLQH� HUD� vQWkOQLW � üL� OD� 0DUHOH� 6WDW� 0Djor al armatei LXJRVODYH��$VWIHO�DWDüDWXO�PLOLWDU�URPkQ�QX�D�SXWXW�RE LQH�QLFL�R�SUHFL]DUH�FX� SULYLUH� OD�P VXULOH� SH� FDUH� ,XJRVODYLD� DU� XUPD� V � OH� LD� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� R�DWLWXGLQH�RVWLO �D�8QJDULHL��$WDüDWXO�PLOLWDU�URPkQ�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�GHFODUD�F �impresia de siJXUDQ �DUWLILFLDO �O VDW �GH�SROLWLFD�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�FRQWLQXD�V � � SHUVLVWH� vQ� FHUFXULOH� SROLWLFH� üL� PLOLWDUH� GHFL]LRQDOH� LXJRVODYH336. La vQFHSXWXO� DQXOXL� ������ (XURSD� D� WUDYHUVDW� R� QRX � FUL] �� 6SHFXOkQG�GLVHQVLXQLOH� GLQWUH� FHKL� üL� VORYDFL�� *HUPDQLD� D� RE inut la 14 martie SURFODPDUHD� LQGHSHQGHQ HL� 6ORYDFLHL� LDU� D� GRXD� ]L� WUXSHOH� JHUPDQH� DX�vQFHSXW� LQYD]LD� vQ� %RHPLD� üL�0RUDYLD�� I U � D� vQWkPSLQD� YUHR� ULSRVW �� &X�DVHQWLPHQWXO� *HUPDQLHL�� WUXSHOH� KRUWLVWH� DX� S WUXQV� vQ� 8FUDLQD�VXEFDUSDWLF ��DQH[kQG-R���)UDQ D�üi Anglia s-DX�P UJLQLW�GRDU�OD�D�SURWHVWD�la Berlin împotriva acestui act, pe care l-au caracterizat drept o renegare a VSLULWXOXL�GH�OD�0�QFKHQ��'XS �LQWUDUHD�:HKUPDFKW-ului în Praga, Londra s-D� FRQYLQV�� WDUGLY� GDU� FDWHJRULF�� F � QX� PDL� H[LVWD� QLFL� XQ� PLMOoc de vQ HOHJHUH�FX�*HUPDQLD��$QJOLD�HUD�GHFLV � V � IDF � ID �SHULFROXOXL�JHUPDQ�FX�R�KRW UkUH�IHUP ��SH�FDUH�PXO L�RDPHQL�SROLWLFL�PDL�DOHV�GLQ�)UDQ D��QX�R�DYHDX��SROLWLFLHQLL� FRQWLQHQWDOL� OHJ QkQGX-VH� vQ� LOX]LD� F �SHULFROXO�JHUPDQ�putea fi localizat în EXURSD� FHQWUDO � VDX� GLULMDW� VSUH� HVW�� $FRUGXO� GH�DVLVWHQ �PXWXDO �GLQWUH�/RQGUD�üL�9DUüRYLD�OHJD�GH�IDSW�$QJOLD�GH�U ]ERLXO�continental337.

ÍQ� ID D� RIHQVLYHL� JHUPDQH� VSUH� VXG-est, la începutul anului 1939 guvernul român s-D� DU WDW� GLVSXV� V � vQFHDS � WUDWDWLYH economice cu %HUOLQXO�� vQ�YHGHUHD� vQFKHLHULL�XQXL�DFRUG�HFRQRPLF��*HUPDQLD�XUP UHD�V �LQVWLWXLH� XQ� DGHY UDW� PRQRSRO� DVXSUD� HFRQRPLHL� URPkQHüWL�� IDSW� FDUH� D�determinat prelungirea tratativelor. La 23 martie 1939 a fost semnat ´7UDWDWXO� DVXSUD� SURPRY ULL� UDporturilor economice între Regatul 5RPkQLHL� üL� 5HLFK-XO� JHUPDQµ�� XQ� WUDWDW� FDGUX� FDUH� XUPD� V � ILH� SXV� vQ�aplicare printr-o serie de acorduri. Semnând acest document, guvernul URPkQ�VSHUD�V �WHPSRUL]H]H�RIHQVLYD�JHUPDQ �VSUH�IURQWLHUHOH�URPkQHüWL, o serie dH� FODX]H� DOH� WUDWDWXOXL� QHIXQF LRQkQG� GHFkW� GXS � �� VHSWHPEULH�1939338.

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3R]L LD� ,XJRVODYLHL� ID � GH� DFHVW� WUDWDW� D� IRVW� H[SULPDW � OD� ���PDUWLH�1939, în cursul unei întrevederi pe care reprezentantul României la Belgrad a avut-R�FX�0DUNRYLþ��'LSORPDWXO�LXJRVODY�üL-D�H[SULPDW�VDWLVIDF LD�ID �GH�încheierea acordului economic româno-german, care reprezenta, în FRQFHS LD� VD� un început serios de clarificare a raporturilor româno-germane, GRULWH�üL�GH�,XJRVODYLD339.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� 8QJDULHL�� 0DUNRYLþ� QXWUHD� VSHUDQ D� F � Dtmosfera se va clarifica într-R�PDUH�P VXU ��GHRDUHFH�XQJXULL�QX�SXWHDX�FRQWD�SH�VSULMLQXO�DEVROXW�DO�*HUPDQLHL�FRQWUD� � �5RPkQLHL��PDL�DOHV�GXS �VHPQDUH�WUDWDWXOXL�economic româno-JHUPDQ��DFW�FH�UHSUH]HQWD�R�ED] �VROLG �GH�GHVWLQGHUH�vQ�(XURSD� FHQWUDO �� &KHVWLXQLOH� OLWLJLRDVH� FX� 8QJDULD� XUPDX� V � ILH� SURPSW�UH]ROYDWH� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH� FDOHD� SULQ� %HUOLQ� HUD� GHVFKLV �� RSLQia diplomatul iugoslav. Acesta a convenit de asemenea ca reprezentantul LXJRVODY�OD�%XGDSHVWD�V �UHDOL]H]H�XQ�GHPHUV�GLSORPDWLF�SULQ�FDUH�V �FHDU �JXYHUQXOXL�PDJKLDU�SXQHUHD� vQ�DSOLFDUH�üL�SXEOLFDUH�DFRUGXOXL�GH�OD�%OHG��GXS �FH�SDUWH�URPkQ �vQWUHSULQGHD�üL�HD�R�DF LXQH�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV340. Belgradul solicita ca în perioada în care se întreprindeau eforturi diplomatice în vederea încheierii unuL�DFRUG�FX�8QJDULD��SUHVD�URPkQ �V �QX�DWDFH�SROLWLFD�UHYL]LRQLVW �D�8QJDULHL341.

ÍQ� FLXGD� DVLJXU ULORU� GDWH� GH� %HOJUDG� SULYLWRDUH� OD� UHVSHFWDUHD�DQJDMDPHQWHORU� OXDWH� ID � GH� %XFXUHüWL�� vQFUHGHUHD� FHUFXULOH� SROLWLFH� GH�GHFL]LH� URPkQHüWL� ID � GH� JXYHUQXO� LXJRslav nu a sporit. Astfel, regele Carol al II-OHD� vO� FRQVLGHUD�SH�SULQ XO�3DXO�un om foarte fricos342�� ÍQ� DFHHDüL�OXQ �� SULPXO�PLQLVWUX� DO� 5RPkQLHL�� $UPDQG� & OLQHVFX�� D� OXDW� vQ� GLVFX LH�SRVLELOLWDWHD�S U VLULL�DOLDQ HL�GH�F WUH� ,XJRVODYLD��SH� IRQGXO�XQHL�DWLtudini UHYL]LRQLVWH� EXOJDUH�� ÍQ� DFHDVW � LSRWH] � 5RPkQLD� QX� SXWHD� OXSWD� SH� WRDWH�IURQWXULOH�üL�� vQ�FRQVHFLQ �� WUHEXLD�V �VH�DMXQJ �OD�R� vQ HOHJHUH�FX�8566-ul �0RVFRYD�V �UHFXQRDVF �HYHQWXDO�%DVDUDELD�üL�V �VSULMLQH�%XFXUHüWLXO�FRQWUD�8QJDULHL���SUHFXP�üL�FX�%XOJDULD��vQFKHLHUHD�XQXL�SDFW�GH�DPLFL LH�SHUSHWX �FX� 6RILD�� FHGDUHD�XQHL� S U L� GLQ�&DGULODWHU�� FRQFRPLWHQW� FX�XQ� VFKLPE�GH�SRSXOD LH�343.

Un prim pas pe care Londra l-D�vQWUHSULQV�GXS �DEDQGRQDUHD�SROLWLFLL�FRQFLOLDWRULL�ID �GH�*HUPDQLD�O-a constituit aFRUGDUHD�GH�JDUDQ LL�5RPkQLHL�üL� *UHFLHL�� $VWIHO� OD� ��� DSULOLH� ������ &KDPEHUODLQ� D� DQXQ DW� vQ� &DPHUD�&RPXQHORU�F �vQ�HYHQWXDOLWDWHD�F �5RPkQLD�üL�*UHFLD�DU�VRFRWL�YLWDO�V �LQWUH�vQ� OXSW �SHQWUX�DS UDUHD� LQGHSHQGHQ HL� ORU��$QJOLD� üL� )UDQ D� OH-ar veni în ajuWRU��2�GHFODUD LH�LGHQWLF �D�YHQLW�vQ�DFHHDüL�]L�GLQ�SDUWH�3DULVXOXL344.

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$VLVWHQ D� DFRUGDW � GH� IUDQFH]L� üL� HQJOH]L� 5RPkQLHL� HUD� SUHFLV � üL�OLPLWDW �� (D�QX� LPSXQHD� DFHVWHLD� R�SROLWLF � FRQWUDU � LQWHUHVHORU� VDOH��QX�R�antrena într-un eventual conflict între marLOH� SXWHUL� üL� QX� HUD� vQGUHSWDW �vPSRWULYD� QLP QXL�� *DUDQ LLOH� QX� LQWUDX� vQ� YLJRDUH� GHFkW� GDF � DUD�JDUDQWDW � FRQVLGHUD� F � UH]LVWHQ D� HUD� vQ� LQWHUHVXO� V X� YLWDO� üL� GDF � vüL� YD�PDQLIHVWD� GRULQ D� GH� D� UH]LVWD� SULQ� IRU � DJUHVLXQLL�� 7RWRGDW �� HD� QX� GHVHPQD�dinainte agresorul345.�*DUDQ iile i-au asiguraW�5RPkQLHL�SR]L LD�GH�HFKLOLEUX�între marile SXWHUL�� 8UP ULUHD� DFHVWRU� JDUDQ LL� üL� LQFHUFDUHD� GH� D� S VWUD�HFKLOLEUX�vQWUH�GHPRFUD LLOH�YHVWLFH�üL�*HUPDQLD�D�FRQVWLWXLW�HVHQ D�SROLWLFLL�guvernului român�GH� OD�VIkUüLWXO�SULP YHULL�DQXOXL������üi vara acelui an. *DIHQFX�PDL�VSHUD�vQF �V �RE LQ �JDUDQ LLOH�WHULWRULDOH�SHQWUX�5RPkQLD�GLQ�SDUWHD�%HUOLQXOXL��FUH]kQG�F britanicii vor fi de acord cu acest lucru346.

ÍQ�ID D�FRQWLQX ULL�SROLWLFLL�%XGDSHVWHL�GH�D�DMXQJH�OD�R�vQ Hlegere doar cu Iugoslavia347��PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�DO�5RPkQLHL�VXEOLQLD�OD���PDL������F �RULFH� DFRUG� VHSDUDW� FX�8QJDULD� VO EHD�SkQ � OD�GHVILLQ DUH� DOLDQ D� URPkQR-LXJRVODY �SUHFXP�üL�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��5RPkQLD�HUD�JDWD�V �vQFKHLH�XQ�acord în trei iar în cD]XO�vQ�FDUH�%XGDSHVWD�DFFHSWD�DFHDVW �SURSXQHUH�V-ar fi Y ]XW�OLPSHGH�GDF �8QJDULD�XUP UHD�R�GHVWLQGHUH�UHDO �VDX�GDF �I FHD�XQ�simplu joc politic pentru a separa România de Iugoslavia, pentru a-üL�vQGUHSWD� SUHWHQ LLOH� UHYL]LRQLVWH� vQWkL� DVXSUD� 5RPkQLHL� Lar apoi asupra %HOJUDGXOXL��7RWRGDW ��0DUNRYLþ�D�IRVW�UXJDW�GH�F WUH�PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�URPkQ�V �WUDQVPLW �FX�SULOHMXO�YL]LWHL�OD�5RPD�GLQ�OXQD�PDL�XQ�PHVDM�FDUH�HYLGHQ LD� F � 5RPkQLD� HUD� vQFUH] WRDUH� vQWU-R� SROLWLF � GH� VLQFHU � SULHWHQLH�între Roma, BelgrDG�üL�%XFXUHüWL��HYHQWXDO�9DUüRYLD�üL�%XGDSHVWD��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�VH� FHUHD� ,WDOLHL� V � LQWHUYLQ � OD�%XGDSHVWD�SHQWUX�D� vQGHPQD�FHUFXULOH�SROLWLFH� XQJDUH� OD� PRGHUD LH� ID � GH� 5RPkQLD�� ÍQ� FHUFXULOH� GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQHüWL�H[LVWD�WHDPD�F �XUP ULQGX-üL�VFRSXULOH�Vale expansioniste, Italia se va înfeuda complet Germaniei348.

5RPkQLD� D�PDL� LQVLVWDW� vQ�SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ����� FD�SULQ XO�3DXO� V �YL]LWH]H�GLQ�SURSULH�LQL LDWLY �/RQGUD�üL�3DULVXO��PDL�DOHV�F �XUPD�V �VH�DIOH�üL�OD�%HUOLQ�üL�5RPD��(UD�vQ�LQWHUHVXO�FRPXQ�DO�%HOJUDGXOXL�üL�%XFXUHüWLXOXL�D�QX�VH�O VD�V �VH�vQW UHDVF �E QXLDOD�F �XQXO�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWHOH���VH�DIODX�VXE�REO GXLUHD�$[HL349.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��*U��*DIHQFX�DILUPD�F �DFHDVW �DOLDQ �HUD� QHFHVDU � DWkW� vQ� FD]� GH� U ]ERL� GDU� PDL� DOHV� vQ� FD]XO� XQHL� FRQIHULQ H�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�SHQWUX�UHRUJDQL]DUHD�S FLL�SH�FRQWLQHQW��unde nu ne vom putea VSXQH�FX�DS VDUH�FXYkQWXO�GHFkW�GDF �YRP�IL�VWUkQV�XQL L�vQ�EORFXO�EDOFDQLF350.

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5HODWLY� OD� UHOD LLOH� URPkQR-EXOJDUH�� SUHPLHUXO� $UPDQG� & OLQHVFX� D�solicitat stDWHORU�DOLDWH�GLQ�FDGUXO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�V � LQWHUYLQ �OD�6RILD�pentru încetarea campaniei anti-URPkQHüWL� GLQ� SUHVD� EXOJDU �� 3RWULYLW�RPXOXL�SROLWLF�URPkQ��DFHDVW �FKHVWLXQH�LQWHUHVD�ILHFDUH�VWDW�FDUH�I FHD�SDUWH�GLQ� DOLDQ �� GHRDUHFH� UHYHQGLF ULOH� WHritoriale ale Bulgariei nu privesc exclusiv WHULWRULL� URPkQHüWL�� ÍQ� YHGHUHD� VROX LRQ ULL� DFHVWHL� SUREOHPH�� D� DYXW� ORF� R�vQWkOQLUH� & GHUH� –� 0DUNRYLþ�� vQ� FDGUXO� F UHLD� GLSORPDWXO� LXJRVODY� D� GDW�DVLJXU UL�F �YD�LQWHUYHQL�OD�6RILD�GDU�FRQVLGHUD�DFHVWH�DF LXQL�mai mult ca o QHFHVLWDWH� GH� SROLWLF � LQWHUQ � SHQWUX� GRPQXO� .ULRVVH� ,YDQRY� üL� QX� OH� DWULEXLH� R�JUDYLWDWH� GHRVHELW �� 9�� & GHUH� D� DU WDW� GXS � vQWUHYHGHUH� F � în general FKHVWLXQLOH�EXOJDUH�DSDU�SHQWUX�0DUNRYLþ�FD�GH�LQWHUHV�PLQRU351.

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DFRUG�FX�IRQGXO�SROLWLFLL�H[WHUQH�WXUFHüWL��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�HO�D�SURPLV�F �YD�LQWHUYHQL�OD�$QNDUD�üL�OD�/RQGUD�SHQWUX�D�IL�J VLW �R�IRUPXO �FDUH�V �QX�GHD�PRWLY� DGYHUVDULORU� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� V � VO EHDVF � üL� V � UXS � EORFXO�balcanic355. Gafencu a cerut� DMXWRUXO� %HOJUDGXOXL� üi D� ÍQ elegerii Balcanice contra revizionismului bulgar din Dobrogea356.

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ce legau statele balcanice, având în vedere noile pericole la care am putea fi H[SXüL. MarkovLþ�D�DFFHSWDW�SURSXQHUHD�GLSORPDWXOXL�URPkQ365.

La 27 martie 1939, într-R�DQDOL] �D�SROLWLFLL�H[WHUQH�LXJRVODYH��*ULJRUH�*DIHQFX�DILUPD�F �%HOJUDGXO�DYHD�WRW�LQWHUHVXO�V �S VWUH]H�ID �GH�SXWHUQLFLL�V L� YHFLQL� R� DWLWXGLQH� GH� GHV YkUüLW � LQGHSHQGHQ �� LQWHUHV care nu era FRQGL LRQDW�GH�SHUVSHFWLYHOH�XQHL�VW UL�GH�SDFH��'DF �SDFHD�VH�SUHOXQJHD�vQ�FRQGL LLOH� H[LVWHQWH� vQ� DFHO� PRPHQW�� YHFLQLL� ,XJRVODYLH� SXWHDX� H[HUFLWD�DVXSUD�HL�SUHVLXQL�SULPHMGLRDVH�I U �FD�vQ�IDYRDUHD�%HOJUDGXOXL�V �SRDW �MXFD�R�FODX] �GH�DVLVWHQ �FXSULQV �vQ�ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF �üL�FDUH�QX�VH�UHIHUHD�GHFkW�la un caz de agresiune�� 'LSORPDWXO� URPkQ� HUD� FRQYLQV� F � vQ� SDUWH� WHPHULOH�iugoslave� HUDX� vQGUHSW LWH�� GDWRULW � VLWXD LHL� HL� SROLWLFH� üL� JHRJUDILFH� LDU�S U VLUHD�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�GH�F tre Belgrad ar înlesni formarea blocului iugoslavo-bulgar, sub vQUkXULUH� VWU LQ ��'LQ� DFHDVW � SHUVSHFWLY �*DIHQFX� D�intervenit pentru ca acordul turco-HQJOH]�V �HYLWH�SUREOHPD�%DOFDQLORU366.

Pe fondul atacurilor din ce în ce mai violente ale Germaniei la adresa Poloniei, la 11 august 1939 au început la Moscova negocierile sovieto – franco - engleze367��ÍQF �GH�OD�vQFHSXWXO�DFHVWRU�QHJRFLHUL�DWkW�3DULVXO�FkW�üL�/RQGUD� DYHDX� UH]HUYH� ID � GH� DGHY UDWHOH� LQWHQ LL� VRYLHWLFH�� 'LVFX LLOH�asupra definirii “agresiunii iQGLUHFWHµ� O VDVHU � DQJOR-francezilor impresia F � 8566� YURLD� V -üL� DURJH� GUHSWXO� GH� D� LQWHUYHQL� vQ� DIDFHULOH� LQWHUQH� DOH�ULORU�OLPLWURIH��D�F URU�VHFXULWDWH�GHFODUD�F �R�GRUHD�V �R�JDUDQWH]H368.

/D� PLMORFXO� OXQLL� LXOLH� /RQGUD� D� I FXW� QRL� vQFHUF UL� GH� UHFRQFiliere anglo-JHUPDQH��(VHQ D�DFHVWRU�GLVFX LL�D�FRQVWLWXLW-o delimitarea sferelor de interese a Reich-XOXL�üL�SURPLVLXQHD�HQJOH] �GH�D�UHQXQ D�OD�QHJRFLHULOH�FX�URSS-XO� üL� OD� SROLWLFD� GH� JDUDQ LL�� &KDPEHUODLQ� YRLD� V � IRORVHDVF �GH]DP JLUHD�SURYRFDW �GH�GLVFX LLOH�FX�VRYLHWLFLL�SHQWUX�D�UHOXD�SROLWLFD�GH�FRQFLOLHUH�ID �GH�*HUPDQLD369, dar aceste demersuri nu i-au trezit lui Hitler nici un interes, el interpretându-OH� FD� GRYH]L� GH� VO ELFLXQH�� $QJDMDW� vQ�FKHVWLXQHD� UHYHQGLF ULORU� ID � GH� 3RORQLD�� +LWOHU� QX� PDL� GRUHD� V � GHD�vQDSRL�� ILLQG� FRQYLQV� F � R� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� 8566-XO� YD� GHWHUPLQD� $QJOLD� üL�)UDQ D�V �DEDQGRQH]H�3RORQLD��DüD�FXP�I FXVHU �üL�FX�&HKRVORYDFLD��3HQWUX�+LWOHU�� vQ HOHJHUHD� FX� 6WDOLQ� UHSUH]HQWD� R� JDUDQ LH� F � YD� UHJOHPHQWD�SUREOHPD� SRORQH] � I U � D� DMXQJH� OD� XQ� U ]ERL� FX� 3DULVXO� üL� /RQGUD370. 3DUDOHO�� *HUPDQLD� D� FRQWLQXDW� SUHJ WLULOH� PLOLWDUH� FRQWUD� 3RORQLHL��VHPQLILFDWLY �ILLQG�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�vQWkOQLUHD�OXL�+LWOHU�GLQ����DXJXVW������FX�liderii militari germani371.

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ÍQ�DFHVW�FRQWH[W�LQWHUQD LRQDO��0DUNRYLþ�FRQVLGHUD�F �WUHEXLDX�GHSXVH�WRDWH�HIRUWXULOH�SHQWUX�FD�%XOJDULD�V �QX�se DO WXUH�$[HL��3HQWUX�UHDOL]DUHD�acestui deziderat se puteau stabili de comun acord anumite concesii, în DIDU � GH� FHOH� WHULWRULDOH�� SULQ� FDUH� %XOJDULD� V � ILH� LQXW � FHO� SX LQ� vQ�expectaWLY �� ÍQ� YHGHUHD� DGRSW ULL� XQHL� DWLWXGLQL� FRPXQH� ID � GH� 6RILD��diplomatul iugoslav solicita o întrevedere cu Grigore Gafencu372. La 25 LXQLH� ������ UHSUH]HQWDQWXO� 5RPkQLHL� OD� %HOJUDG�� 9�� & GHUH�� D� DU WDW� F �WDWRQ ULOH� GLSORPDWLFH� SH� FDUH� ,XJRVODYLD� OH� UHDOL]a la Sofia se înscriau în politica ei de QHXWUDOLWDWH�FX�RULFH�SUH 373��ÍQ�DFHHDüL�OXQ ��PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�LXJRVODY�D�vQWUHSULQV�R�YL]LW �OD�%HUOLQ��'XS �vQWUHYHGHUHD�SH�FDUH�D�DYXW-o OD� vQWRDUFHUH� FX� 9LFWRU� & GHUH�� GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ� DYHD� LPSUHVLD� F �IugosODYLD� SXQHD� SH� SULPXO� SODQ� DO� SROLWLFLL� VDOH� H[WHUQH� UHOD LLOH� FX�*HUPDQLD��%HOJUDGXO� vQGHS UWkQGX-VH�DVWIHO�GH�GHPRFUD LLOH�RFFLGHQWDOH�üL�chiar de Italia374.

&HUFXULOH� GLSORPDWLFH�GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL� DX� IRVW� DODUPDWH�GH�GHFODUD LD�I FXW � vQ� SULPD� SDUWH� D� OXQLL� LXOLH� ����� GH� F WUH� 0DUNRYLþ� SULYLQG�QHXWUDOLWDWHD�,XJRVODYLHL�ID �GH�FRQIOLFWHOH�FDUH�V-ar ivi��%HOJUDGXO��DU WD�vQWU-un raport diplomatic Al. Cretzianu avea potrivit prevederilor tratatelor pe care OH�vQFKHLDVH�REOLJD LD�GH�DVLVWHQ �PXWXDO �GH�FDUH�WUHEXLD�V � LQ �VHDPD375.

ÍQ�WLPSXO�XQHL� vQWUHYHGHUL�DYXWH�FX�9��& GHUH��0DUNRYLþ�VXEOLQLD�F �SROLWLFD�GH�QHXWUDOLWDWH�SH�FDUH� DUD�VD�V-D�DQJDMDW�V �R�SURPRYH]H�vPSUHXQ �FX� %XOJDULD� �DFHDVW � GHFODUD LH� D� IRVW� GDW � FX� SULOHMXO� YL]LWHL� GLSORPDWXOXL�iugoslav în Bulgaria) avea un sens precis, ambele state nedorind a fi implicate într-XQ� YLLWRU� U ]ERL� vQWUH� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� 0LQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH�LXJRVODY� DU WD� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH� F � SULQ� H[SUHVLD� neutralitatea politicii bulgare 6RILD� VH� GHJDMD� SHQWUX� SULPD� RDU � GH� LQIOXHQ H� VWU LQH� üL� VH� DSURSLD� GH�SROLWLFD� LQGHSHQGHQW � SURPRYDW � GH� VWDWHOH� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� DFHDVW �GHFODUD LH�ILLQG�WRW�FH�VH�SXWXVH�RE LQH�GLQ�SDUWHD�%XOJDULHL��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�i-D� GHFODUDW� OXL� .LRVVH� ,YDQRY� F � VWDWHOH� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� QX� SXWHDX�accHSWD� vQ� VFKLPEXO� QRUPDOL] ULL� UHOD LLORU� FX� %XOJDULD� FHG UL� WHULWRULDOH��3ULPXO�PLQLVWUX�EXOJDU�HUD�GLVSXV�V �vQFHDS �QHJRFLHUL�FX�5RPkQLD��UHODWD�omul politic iugoslav376.

%XFXUHüWLXO� HUD� PXOW� PDL� VFHSWLF� vQ� SULYLQ D� GHFODUD LHL� FRPXQH�iugoslavo-bulgare cu SULYLUH�OD�QHXWUDOLWDWHD�FHORU�GRX �S U L�vQ�FD]XO�XQXL�U ]ERL� vQWUH� PDULOH� SXWHUL�� GLSORPD LL� URPkQL� SUHFL]kQG� F � GHFODUD LD� GH�QHXWUDOLWDWH�D�,XJRVODYLHL�QX�HUD�YLDELO �GHFkW�GDF �VH�DSOLFD�FRQFRPLWHQW�Fu FHD� EXOJDU ��1X� QH� SXWHP� vQFKLSXL� XQ� U ]ERL� GXV� Ge axa Roma –� %HUOLQ� I U �

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RSHUD LL�PLOLWDUH�DOH�,WDOLHL��DYkQG�FD�SXQFW�GH�SOHFDUH�$OEDQLD��RUL�FRQIRUP�SDFWXOXL�EDOFDQLF�,XJRVODYLD�H�REOLJDW �V �LQWHUYLQ �vQ�DVHPHQHD�LSRWH] ��5HLHVH�GHFL�vQ�PRG�FODU� F � GHFODUD LD� ODV � V � VH� VXEvQ HOHDJ � F � vQ� FD]XO� XQXL� atac al Italiei asupra Greciei prin Albania sau în cazul unui atac al Ungariei contra României ,XJRVODYLD�VH�YD�VXVWUDJH�REOLJD LLORU�VDOH�de DVLVWHQ �PXWXDO �SUHY ]XWH�vQ�WUDWDWH. ÍQ�XOWLPXO�WLPS��GLQ�PDL�PXOWH�S U L��DX�IRVW�GDWH�DVLJXU UL�F �üL�8QJDULD ar dori V -üL�S VWUH]H�QHXWUDOLWDWHD� vQ� LSRWH]D�XQXL� U ]ERL�PRQGLDO�� ,DW �GHVHPQDUHD�XQHL�SROLWLFL�FRPXQH�D�,XJRVODYLHL��8QJDULHL�üL�%XOJDULHL�VXE�HJLGD�$[HL apreciau surse GLSORPDWLFH�URPkQHüWL377.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�UHOD LLORU�FX�8QJDULD�üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�LXJRVODYH�GRUHD�V �VH�DMXQJ �OD�XQ�DFRUG�FX�%XGDSHVWD��DU WkQG�F �DYHD�LPSUHVLD�F �JXYHUQXO�PDJKLDU�HUD�GLVSXV�V �DMXQJ � OD�R� vQ HOHJHUH�FX�5RPkQLD�üL� ,XJRVODYLD�� ÍQ�FRQFHS LD� VD� WUHEXLD� V � VH� FHDU � %XGDSHVWHL� FODULILFDUHD� VLWXD LH� SH� ED]D�acordului de la Bled, vQ�VHQVXO�XQHL�GHFODUD LL�VLPXOWDQH�DGUHVDWH�FHORU�GRX �guverne378�� ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS��0DUNRYLþ� D� VXV LQXW� OD� %XGDSHVWD� SXQFWXO� GH�vedere românesc privind încheierea unui pact de neagresiune cu Ungaria379.

/D� PLMORFXO� OXQLL� DXJXVW� vQWUH� %XFXUHüWL� üL� %HOJUDG� D� DYut loc un VFKLPE�GH�RSLQLL�SULYLQG�XWLOLWDWHD�RUJDQL] ULL�XQHL�FRQIHULQ H�D�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��0DUNRYLþ�VXV LQHD�F �DFHDVW �vQWUXQLUH�QX-üL�DYHD�VHQVXO��SXQFWXO�V X�GH�YHGHUH�ILLQG�FRPE WXW�GH�F WUH�*DIHQFX��FDUH�DU WD��F �UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�VH�vQWUXQLVHU �SkQ �vQ�DFHO�PRPHQW�GH�FHO�SX LQ�GRX �RUL� SH� DQ�� ûHGLQ D� GLQ� VHSWHPEULH� ����� HUD� DEVROXW� QHFHVDU � DWkW� SHQWUX�VFKLPEXULOH�GH�LQIRUPD LL�DVXSUD�HYROX LHL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�FkW�üL�SHQWUX�D�VH�DILUPD� XQLWDWHD� üL� FRQWLQXLWDWHD� GH� DF LXQH� SROLWLF � D� DOLDQ HL380. În acel moment Gafencu aproba punctul de vedere turc de a scuti Balcanii de U ]ERL�vQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�QLPHQL�QX�VH�JkQGHD�V �DWDFH�VWDWHOH�GLQ�]RQ ��GDU�vQ�DFHODüL� WLPS�GH�D� UHVSHFWD� vQWRFPDL�DQJDMDPHQWHOH� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH�XQ�stat diQ� FDGUXO� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� DU� IL� DPHQLQ DW��0LQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH�URPkQ�vüL�H[SULPD�FUHGLQ D�F �üL�%HOJUDGXO aYHD�DFHHDüL�RSLQLH381.

/D� PLMORFXO� OXQLL� DXJXVW� ����� vQV �� VLWXD LD� LQWHUQD LRQDO � D� IRVW�U VWXUQDW �FRPSOHW��/D����DXJXVW�PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�Jerman Ribbentrop îi WUDQVPLWHD� RPRORJXOXL� V X� VRYLHWLF�0RORWRY� F � vQWUH�*HUPDQLD� üL� 5XVLD� QX�H[LVW �FRQIOLFWH�UHDOH�GH�LQWHUHVH��üL�F �vQWUH�0 ULOH�%DOWLF �üL�1HDJU �QX�H[LVWD�QLFL�R� SUREOHP � FDUH� V � QX� SRDW � IL� UH]ROYDW �� VSUH� GHSOLQD� VDWLVIDF LH� D� DPEHORU� UL. 'LSORPDWXO�JHUPDQ�VH�DU WD�WRWRGDW �GLVSXV�V �VRVHDVF �OD�0RVFRYD�SHQWUX�R� FODULILFDUH�GHILQLWLY � D� UHOD LLORU� UXVH-germane��0RVFRYD�D� vQFHUFDW� V �DPkQH�

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91

vizita, fapt ce nu-L�FRQYHQHD�OXL�+LWOHU��SUHVDW�GH�WLPS��7RWRGDW �0RORWRY�D�expus problemele cDUH� LQWHUHVDX�JXYHUQXO�VRYLHWLF��SR]L LD�*HUPDQLHL� ID �de încheierea unui pact de neagresiune cu URSS-ul; demers german pentru vPEXQ W LUHD� UHOD LLORU� VRYLHWR-MDSRQH]H� üL� HYLWDUHD� LQFLGHQWHORU� GH�IURQWLHU ��JDUDQ LL�FRPXQH�GDWH�VWDWHORU�EDOWLFH��%HUOLQXO�D�DFFHSWDW�FRQGL LLOH�.UHPOLQXOXL��SUHVkQG�JXYHUQXO�VRYLHWLF�V �DFFHSWH�FD�YL]LWD�OXL�5LEEHQWURS�OD�0RVFRYD�V �DLE �ORF�vQWU-un timp cât mai scurt382.

'XS �QRL�QHJRFLHUL�vQ�FDUH�D�LQWHUYHQLW�SHUVRQDO�+LWOHU��FDUH�D�DGUHVDW�liderului sovietic o scrisoare în FDUH� DU WD� QHFHVLWDWHD� vQFKHLHULL� UDSLGH� D�unui pact de neagresiune, la 23 august 1939 a fost încheiat pactul de neagresiune germano-sovietic383��3DFWXO�SUHYHGHD�üL� vPS U LUHD� VIHUHORU�GH�LQIOXHQ � vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � SXWHUL� vQ� U V ULWXO� üL� QRUGXO� (XURSHL�� ÍQFKHierea DFHVWXL�SDFW�D�GHVFKLV�R�SHULRDG �GH�FRRSHUDUH�JHUPDQR-VRYLHWLF �vQ�(XURSD�central -�U V ULWHDQ 384.

3RWULYLW� OXL� $O�� &UHW]LDQX�� GLQ� PRPHQWXO� VHPQ ULL� SDFWXOXL�Ribbentrop-Molotov destinul statelor balcanice nu s-a mai aflat în mâinile propriilor lor coQGXF WRUL385.

1RLOH�HYROX LL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DX�SXV�SUREOHPH�VHULRDVH�JXYHUQHORU�GH�OD� /RQGUD� üL� 3DULV��+LWOHU� VF SDVH� GH� VXE� FRQWURO� LDU� vQ HOHJHUHD� FX� 6WDOLQ�GRYHGHD�YHFKLORU�V L�VXV LQ WRUL�F �GLUHF LD�VSUH�HVW�VH�SXWHD�VFKLPED�VSUH�YHVW�� 3ULPD� UHDF LH� D� PHUV� vQF � SH� YHFKHD� OLQLH� m�QFKHQH] �� $QJOLD�XUP ULQG� UHDOL]DUHD� XQHL� vQ HOHJHUL� JHUPDQR-poloneze, respingând net LGHHD�GH�D�IL�FRQVLGHUDW �casus belli chestiunea Danzigului386��3H�DFHHDüL�OLQLH�s-D� VLWXDW� üL� JXYHUQXO� 'DODGLHU�� FDUH� D� I FXW� SUHVLXQL� DVXSUD� OXL� %HFN� V �negocieze cu Berlinul. La 23 august, la Paris a fost convocat Comitetul SHUPDQHQW� DO� DS U ULL� QD LRQDOH�� vQ� FDUH� %RQQHW� D� GHFODUDW�� QRL� DYHP� vQF �RFD]LD�V �F XW P�D�QH�GHJDMD�üL�V �UHIX] m�V �IDFHP�U ]ERL�SH�PRWLYXO�F �QX�DYHP�FRQFXUVXO� UXüLORU. ÍQ� IHOXO� DFHVWD� DP� SXWHD� U VSXQGH�PDQHYUHL� OXL� 6WDOLQ� FDUH� D�O VDW�vQ�UHDOLWDWH�OXL�+LWOHU�PkQD�OLEHU �OD�YHVW387.

Având astfel mâinile libere, la 1 septembrie 1939 Hitler a atacat 3RORQLD�� 'RX � ]LOH� PDL� WkU]LX�� GXS � FH� DX� F XWDW� V � UHDOL]H]H� XQ� QRX�München��$QJOLD� üL�)UDQ D�DX�GHFODUDW� U ]ERL�*HUPDQLHL388. Prin proiectul blocului neutrilor� ODQVDW�GH�%XFXUHüWL�� OLGHULL�URPkQL�FUHGHDX�F vor putea convinge Germania, care privea cu neâncredere� OHJ turile Romaniei cu OccidenWXO�� GH� VLQFHULWDWHD� QHXWUDOLW ii sale389. La 2 noiembrie 1939 Sir Reinald Hore declaUD�F �DWXQFL�FkQG�V-D�DFRUGDW�JDUDQ LH�5RPkniei nimeni nu prevedea o agresiune din partea U. R. S. S.-ului, iar în acel moment

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92

britanicii nu avHDX� QLFL� R� SRVLELOLWDWH� SUDFWLF � SHQWUX� D� vQGHSOLQL� JDUDQ LD�RIHULW în cazul unui asemenea conflict. Astfel Germania era singura în stare V �DMXWH�5RPkQLD�vn problemele sale cu Germania390.

ÍQF � GLQ� �� VHSWHPEULH� %HUOLQXO� D� H[HUFLWDW� SXWHUQLFH� SUHVLXQL� OD�%XFXUHüWL� SHQWUX� D� RE LQH� R� GHFODUD LH� GH� QHXWUDOLWDWH� SUHFLV � GLQ� Sartea 5RPkQLHL��3ULPXO�PLQLVWUX�$UPDQG�& OLQHVFX�D�U VSXQV�HYD]LY�vQ�SULPHOH�]LOH�� LDU� OD� �� VHSWHPEULH�&RQVLOLXO� GH�PLQLüWUL� D� GDW� XQ� FRPXQLFDW� vQ� FDUH�PHQ LRQD� F � 5RPkQLD� HUD� KRW UkW � V -üL� PHQ LQ � DWLWXGLQHD� VD� SDFLILVW ��evitându-se folosirea cuvântului ”neutralitate”. O zi mai târziu, Iugoslavia üL-D� H[SULPDW� RILFLDO� SR]L LD� GH� QHXWUDOLWDWH�� IXUQL]kQG� DVWIHO�� vQ� RSLQLD�GLSORPDWXOXL� $O�� &UHW]LDQX�� DPEDVDGRUXOXL� JHUPDQ� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� XQ�SXWHUQLF� DUJXPHQW� SHQWUX� D� FHUH� JXYHUQXOXL� URPkQ� V -üL� SUHFL]H]H� FODr DWLWXGLQHD� ID � GH� HYHQLPHQWHOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� FDUH� VH� DIODX� vQ� FXUV� GH�GHUXODUH�� $� XUPDW� &RQVLOLXO� GH� FRURDQ �� FDUH� D� GHFODUDW� F � 5RPkQLD� YD�UHVSHFWD�OHJLOH�QHXWUDOLW LL��FRQIRUP�FRQYHQ LLORU�LQWHUQD LRQDOH391.

&KLDU�vQ�SULPD�]L�GH�U ]ERL��OD�%HOJUDG��UHprezentantul diplomatic al 5RPkQLHL�D�DYXW�R� vQWUHYHGHUH�FX�SULQ XO�3DXO��FDUH�D� VXV LQXW�QHFHVLWDWHD�DGRSW ULL� SH� SODQ� H[WHUQ� D� XQHL� SROLWLFL� SUXGHQWH� üL� YLJLOHQWH�� ÍQ� SULYLQ D�UDSRUWXULORU� FX� 8QJDULD� D� IRVW� VXEOLQLDW � QHFHVLWDWHD� XQHL� VROLGDULW L�româno-LXJRVODYH�� SULQ XO� 3DXO� RSLQkQG� F � H[LVWDX� vQF � üDQVH� SHQWUX�UHDOL]DUHD� XQHL� vQ HOHJHUL�� 2� DWHQ LH� GHRVHELW � WUHEXLD� DFRUGDW � %XOJDULHL��I U �D�vQFXUDMD�vQV �6RILD�vQ�SULYLQ D�UHYHQGLF ULORU�HL�WHULWRULDOH392.

La 7 septembrie 1939 reprezentantul diplomatic român a avut o vQWUHYHGHUH�FX�PLQLVWUXO�DGMXQFW�DO�DIDFHULORU�VWU LQH�Dl Iugoslaviei, cei doi GLSORPD L�F ]kQG�GH�DFRUG�F �RULFH�vQ HOHJHUH�FX�8QJDULD�XUPD�V �VH�vQVFULH�SH� OLQLD� JHQHUDO � D� DFRUGXOXL� GH� OD� %OHG� üL� WUHEXLD� V � SUHYDG � LGHHD� GH�neagresiune393.

*XYHUQXO� URPkQ� D� SURSXV� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� GHFODQü ULL� U ]ERLXOXL�constituirea unui bloc al neutrilor. Acest proiect prevedea mai întâi un punct GH� YHGHUH� FRPXQ� SULYLQG� QHXWUDOLWDWHD� WXWXURU� VWDWHORU� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH��XUPkQG�V �ILH�UHDOL]DWH�GHPHUVXUL�SHQWUX�D�VH�RE LQH�DYL]XO�IDYRUDELO�DO�PDULORU�SXWHUL�EHOLJHUDQWH��ÍQ�XOWLPD�HWDS �HUDX�SUHY ]XWH�QHJRFLHUL�FX�,WDOLD��%XOJDULD�üL�8QJDULD��SHQWUX�D�IL�DWUDVH�VSUH�EORFXO�QHXWULORU394.

La 11 septembrie 1939 ministrul de externe al României a avut o întrvedere cX�DPEDVDGRUXO�LXJRVODY�OD�%XFXUHüWL�'X Lþ��6-D�F ]XW�GH�DFRUG�DVXSUD�QHFHVLW LL� FRQVROLG ULL� ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�� ÍQ�SULYLQ D�SURLHFWXOXL�EORFXOXL� QHXWULORU� JXYHUQXO� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� GRUHD� V � FXQRDVF �PHWRGD� FHD�

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PDL�EXQ �SHQWUX�UHDOL]DUHD�DFHVWXLD��7RWRGDW ��0DUNRYLþ�VROLFLWD�S UHUHD�OXL�*DIHQFX� SULYLQG� UHOD LLOH� GLQWUH� 7XUFLD� üL� )UDQ D�� /XkQGX-VH� vQ� GLVFX LH�UDSRUWXULOH�FX�%XOJDULD��'X Lþ�D�H[SXV�SXQFWXO�GH�YHGHUH�DO�JXYHUQXOXL�V X��SRWULYLW� F UXLD� XUPD� V � VH� SURSXQ � %XOJDULHL� LQWUDUHD� vQ� ÍQ HOHJHUHD�BalcaQLF ��FX�SURPLVLXQHD�IRUPDO �GH�D�VH�UHFRQVLGHUD�vQWUH�FHOH�FLQFL�VWDWH�DOLDWH� SUHWHQ LLOH� EXOJDUH�� 2� DOW � YDULDQW � DYHD� vQ� YHGHUH� RUJDQL]DUHD�vPSUHXQ �FX�%XOJDULD�D�XQHL�QRL�HQWLW L�EDOFDQLFH��FDUH�V �DLE �OD�ED] �SDFWH�bilaterale identice de neutralitatH� üL� GH� QHDJUHVLXQH� vQWUH� WRDWH� VWDWHOH�EDOFDQLFH� �S VWUkQGX-VH� vQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� üL� ÍQ HOHJHUHD� BDOFDQLF ��� ûHIXO�GLSORPD LHL� URPkQHüWL� D� VXEOLQLDW� QHFHVLWDWHD� FD� WRDWH� VWDWHOH� EDOFDQLFH� V �DGRSWH�R� OLQLH� FRPXQ � ID �GH� HYHQLPHQWHOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� LPSRUWDQWe. În OHJ WXU � FX�%XOJDULD�GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ� D� DU WDW� F � GDF � 6RILD� DU� ULGLFD� vQ�FRQWLQXDUH� DFHOHDüL� SUHWHQ LL� WHULWRULDOH� �7UDFLD� RULHQWDO �� 7DULJURG� üL�0DFHGRQLD� SHQWUX� PDL� WkU]LX�� DFHVWHD� YRU� IL� JUHX� GH� DFFHSWDW� üL� vQ�FRQVHFLQ � R� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� HD� DU� IL� LPSRVLELO �� 7RWRGDW �*DIHQFX� GRUHD� V �DIOH�RSLQLD�%HOJUDGXOXL�SULYLQG�R�HYHQWXDO �DFFHSWDUH�GH�F WUH� �%XOJDULD�D�vQFKHLHULL�XQRU�SDFWH�FX�WR L�YHFLQLL�V L395.

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La 12 iunie 1940 într-o întrevedere pe care ambasadorul român la Belgrad a avut-R� FX� PLQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH� LXJRVODY�� DFHVWD� D� DU WDW� F �JXYHUQXO� V X� SULYHD� FX� FDOP� VLWXD LD�� GDU� HUD� FRQüWLHQW� GH� JUDYLWDWHD� HL��%HOJUDGXO� FUHGHD� F � ,WDOLD� QX� YD� F XWD� V � FRPSOLFH� VLWXD LD� vQ� %DOFDQL�� vQ�DIDU �GH�LQWUDUHD�SUHFLSLWDW �D�7XUFLHL�vQ�U ]ERL425.

/D����LXQLH������D�DYXW�ORF�R�QRX �vQWkOQLUH�vQWUH�FHL�GRL�GLSORPD L��vQ�FXUVXO�F UHLD�üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�,XJRVODYLHL�D�VXV LQXW�F �GHIHF LXQHD�)UDQ HL�D�DJUDYDW�VLWXD LD�VWDWHORU�PLFL���ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�SXWHULOH�$[HL�DYHDX�R�PDL�PDUH�OLEHUWDWH�GH�GHFL]LH�GDU�0DUNRYLþ�FUHGHD�vQ�DVLJXU ULOH�GDWH�GH�%HUOLQ�üL� 5RPD�� ÍQ� RSLQLD� VD� XUPDX� V � VH� DFFHQWXH]H� presiunile economice ale *HUPDQLHL� üL� ,WDOLHL� ID � GH� VWDWHOH� GLQ� VXG-estul Europei. Omul politic LXJRVODY� FRQVLGHUD� F � SDFWXO� VRvieto-german de la 23 august 1939 privea RSHUD LXQLOH�GLQ�RFFLGHQW426.

7UHEXLH� VXEOLQLDW� IDSWXO� F � vQ� ID D� HYHQLPHQWHORU� LQWHUQD LRQDOH�GHRVHELW� GH� JUDYH� GLQ� SULP YDUD� OXL� ������ PDMRULWDWHD� RDPHQLORU� Solitici URPkQL� VH� SURQXQ DX� SHQWUX� PHQ LQHUHD� UHOD LLORU� GH� SULHWHQLH� FX�,XJRVODYLD�� $VWIHO�� GHSXWDWXO� ,RQ� HLFX� VXEOLQLD� F � GHüL� QRL� DYHP� FHOH� PDL�vQIORULWRDUH� VDWH� URPkQHüWL� vQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�� vQ� ID D� HYHQLPHQWHORU� PRQGLDOH�WUHEXLH�V �QH�LPSXQHP�R�VLQFHU �SULHWHQLH�FX�iugoslavii427.

/D����LXQLH������JXYHUQXO�VRYLHWLF�D�WUHFXW�OD�WUDQVSXQHUHD�vQ�SUDFWLF �a prevederilor tratatului Ribbentrop – Molotov referitoare la România, DGUHVkQG�XQ�XOWLPDWXP�%XFXUHüWLXOXL�DYkQG�GUHSW�RELHFW�%DVDUDELD��

Guvernul iugoslaY� D� IRVW� LQIRUPDW� vQ� DFHHDüL� GLPLQHD � GHVSUH�XOWLPDWXPXO� VRYLHWLF�� ÍQ� QRWD� WULPLV � %HOJUDGXOXL�� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� vQWUHED�

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GDF � vQ� LSRWH]D�XQHL�DWLWXGLQL�DPHQLQ WRDUH�D�%XOJDULHL� VDX�8QJDULHL�� VDX�D�XQHL�DJUHVLXQL� EXOJDUH� VDX� PDJKLDUH�� VDX� DPEHOH� vPSUHXQ �� 5omânia poate conta pe sprijinul militar al Iugoslaviei în contra acestor state, potrivit tratatului de DOLDQ 428��5 VSXQVXO�JXYHUQXOXL�LXJRVODY�D�YHQLW�vQ�DFHHDüL�VHDU ��RUD������üL��SRWULYLW� GLSORPDWXOXL� $O�� &UHW]LDQX�� HUD� OXQJ�� vQWRUWRFKLDW� üL� SX LQ�încurajator. Guvernul iugoslav�vüL�H[SULPD�UHJUHWXO�F �0RVFRYD�D�SXV�vQ�DFHVW�IHO� FKHVWLXQHD� %DVDUDELHL�� GHRDUHFH� IXVHVH� FRQYLQV� vQWRWGHDXQD� F � DFHDVW �SUREOHP � DU� IL� SXWXW� IL� UH]ROYDW � SULQWU-XQ� DFRUG� DPLFDO�� ÍQ� FRQFHS LD�Belgradului, chestiunea Basarabiei nu WUHEXLD�V �SURYRDFH�XQ�FRQIOLFW�DUPDW�vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�8566��3HQWUX�HYLWDUHD�U ]ERLXOXL�HUD�QHFHVDU�FD�FHOH�GRX �S U L� V � FRQWLQXH� QHJRFLHULOH� vQ� YHGHUHD� J VLULL� XQHL� VROX LL� SDüQLFH� üL� GH�compromis. În cazul în care conflictul s-DU�IL�GHFODQüDW��HO�QX�WUHEXLD�V �SXQ �vQ� SULPHMGLH� SDFHD� vQ� %DOFDQL� üL� vQ� ED]LQXO� GXQ UHDQ� SHQWUX� care guvernul LXJRVODY� D� I FXW� QXPHURDVH� HIRUWXUL� V � R� PHQ LQ 429. Referitor la eventualele DJUHVLXQL� DOH� 8QJDULHL� üL� %XOJDULHL�� U VSXQVXO� LXJRVODY� SUHFL]D� F � GDF �acestea s-ar aventura într-XQ� U ]ERL� FRQWUD� 5RPkQLHL� JXYHUQXO� iugoslav se va FRQFHQWUD�QXPDLGHFkW�FX�JXYHUQXO�WXUF�üL�JUHF�vQ�VFRSXO�GH�D�VWXGLD�QRXD�VLWXD LH��SUHFXP� üL� DSOLFDUHD� vQ� vPSUHMXU ULOH� H[LVWHQWH� DOH� REOLJD LLORU� FRQWUDFWDWH. %XFXUHüWLXO� DSUHFLD� F � U VSXQVXO� HUD� vQ� FRQWUDGLF LH� FX� OLWHUD� üL� VSLULWXO�3DFWXOXL�EDOFDQLF�SUHFXP�üL�D�WUDWDWXOXL�GH�DOLDQ �ELODWHUDO430.

ÍQ�WLPSXO�FUL]HL��DPEDVDGRUXO� LXJRVODY�OD�%XFXUHüWL�$YDNXPRYLþ�V-a întâlnit cu Al. Cretzianu. Diplomatul iugoslav�� GHüL� VLQFHU� PLüFDW�� D�transmis sfatul guveUQXOXL� V X� FD� 5RPkQLD� V � FHGH]H� vQ� ID D� FHUHULORU�sovietice431�� (O� D� PDL� DU WDW� F � %HOJUDGXO� D� LQWHUYHQLW� OD� %XGDSHVWD�UHFRPDQGkQG� JXYHUQXOXL�PDJKLDU� V � DGRSWH� R� DWLWXGLQH� SDüQLF � üL� V � VH�DE LQ � GH� OD� RULFH� DFW� SUHFLSLWDW�� 7RWRGDW � V-D� LQWHUYHQLW� üL� OD� %HUOin, JXYHUQXO� JHUPDQ� ILLQG� UXJDW� V � LQWHUYLQ � vQ� DFHODüL� VHQV� SH� OkQJ � FHO�maghiar. În opinia factorilor de decizie iugoslavi trebuia stabilit un contact GLUHFW� vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�8QJDULD��SHQWUX�D�IL� VWXGLDWH� WRDWH�SRVLELOLW LOH�GH�FRQFLOLHUH�üL�D�VH�HYLWD�DJUDYDUHD�UHOD LLORU�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH432.

În zilele crizei româno-sovietice, în Iugoslavia au existat voci IDYRUDELOH� UHYHQGLF ULORU� VRYLHWLFH�� 3UHVD�� FKLDU� üL� FHD� RILFLDO � �´9UHPHµ��“Jutarni List”, “Hrvatska Dnevnik”) a justificat gestul sovietic, ambasada URPkQ � GH� OD� %HOJUDG� vQWUHSULQ]kQG� PDUL� HIRUWXUL� FD� WRnXO� ]LDUHORU� V �GHYLQ �FHO�SX LQ�QHXWUX��/D�XQ�PHFL�GH�IRWEDO�URPkQR-LXJRVODY�GHVI üXUDW�OD� =DJUHE� HFKLSD� URPkQ � D� IRVW� SHUPDQHQW� SHUVLIODW � GH� VSHFWDWRUL� FX�VWULJ WH�GH�Basarabia433.

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Pe plan militaU�0DUHOH�6WDW�0DMRU�UHPDUFD�vQF �GLQ�SULP YDUD�DQXOXL������ LQWHQVLILFDUHD� OXFU ULORU� GH� IRUWLILFD LL� VSUH� IURQWLHUD� FX� 5RPkQLD��DGRSWDUHD�XQRU�P VXUL�SHQWUX�PLQDUHD�SRGXULORU�üL�EDUDUHD�FRPXQLFD LLORU��ÍQ� PRG� QHRILFLDO� DFHVWH� P VXUL� HUDX� MXVWLILFDWH� GH� F WUH� DXWRULW LOH�LXJRVODYH�FD�ILLQG�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�D�IDFH�ID �XQXL�HYHQWXDO�DWDF�PDJKLDUR-JHUPDQ�FDUH�DU�DYHD�ORF�SULQ�5RPkQLD��$XWRULW LOH�PLOLWDUH�URPkQH�DU WDX�vQV � F � WUDVHXO�DFHVWRU� IRUWLILFD LL� HVWH�SODVDW� vQ� LPHGLDWD� DSURSLHUH�D� IURQWLHUHL� üL�este�Y GLW�RULHQWDW�VSUH�5RPkQLD��HOH�SXWkQG�FRQVWLWXL�WRW�DWkW�GH�ELQH�üL�R�SXWHUQLF �DFRSHULUH�D�XQXL�GLVSR]LWLY�RIHQVLY�vQGUHSWDW�FRQWUD�QRDVWU 434.

ÍQ�PRPHQWXO�LQWU ULL�WUXSHORU�VRYLHWLFH�vQ�%DVDUDELD��vQ�]RQD�9kUüH XOXL��sub pretextul unor manevre militare GH�UXWLQ �DX�IRVW�WULPLVH�XQLW L�GH�FDUH�GH�OXSW �� ���� GH� WDQFKHWH� SUHFXP� üL� DUWLOHULH� JUHD435�� $FHVWH� IRU H� PLOLWDUH� DX�FRQWLQXDW��SRWULYLW�%LURXOXL�,�GH�LQIRUPD LL�DO�0DUHOXL�6WDW�0DMRU�URPkQ��V �ILH�SUH]HQWH� vQ� ]RQD� 9kUüH XOXL� üL� GXS � SLHUGHUHD� %DVDUDELHi 436 iar avioane PLOLWDUH�LXJRVODYH�LQWUDX�vQ�PRG�UHSHWDW�vQ�VSD LXO�DHULDQ�URPkQHVF437.

0 VXULOH� PLOLWDUH� OXDWH� GH� ,XJRVODYLD� OD� IURQWLHUD� FX� 5RPkQLD� vQ�timpul crizei sovieto-române au constituit obiectul unor întrevederi pe care ambasadorul român la Belgrad le-a avut cu ministrul adjunct al Afacerilor VWU LQH��6PLMOMDQLþ�SUHFXP�üL�FX�üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�LXJRVODYH�0DUNRYLþ438.

ÍQ� ID D�DFHVWHL�VLWXD LL��0DUHOH�6WDW�0DMRU� URPkQ�DSUHFLD� F �5RPkQLD�QX�VH�SXWHD� VSULMLQL�SH� VWDWXO�YHFLQ� üL� DOLDW� vQ�HYHQWXDOLWDWHD�XQXL atac din partea Bulgariei, Ungariei sau a URSS-ului439.

'XS �SLHUGHUHD�%DVDUDELHL��SUHVLXQLOH�8QJDULHL�DVXSUD�5RPkQLHL�V-au intensificat440��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FLUFXPVWDQ H��OD�vQFHSXWXO�OXQLL�LXOLH������0DUNRYLþ�üL-D�RIHULW�GLQ�SURSULH�LQL LDWLY �EXQHOH�RILFLL�vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�8QJDULD��1RXO�ministru de externe al României, M. Manoilescu i-D�DU WDW� DPEDVDGRUXOXL�LXJRVODY�OD�%XFXUHüWL�F �QX�IRUPXO P�QLFL�R�FKHVWLXQH� vQWUH�%XGDSHVWD�üL�6RILD�SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO�%HOJUDGXOXL�� FL� FHUHP�SXU� üL� VLPSOX� FD�%HOJUDGXO� V �QH� IDF �XQ�VHUYLFLX� DPLFDO� GH� D� VH� LQIRUPD� FD� SHQWUX� FRQWXO� V X� SURSULX� DVXSUD� DFHVWHL�chestiuni, dar Iugoslavia a formulat guvernului ungar, ca din partea 5RPkQLHL��R�SURSXQHUH�GH�WUDWDWLYH��FDUH�D�IRVW�GH]PLQ LW �vQ�JUDE �GH�F WUH�ministrul de externe român441.

În prLYLQ D� %XOJDULHL�� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� LXJRVODYH� DSUHFLD� F � 6RILD�WUHEXLD�V �ILH�IRDUWH�PRGHUDW �vQ�GLVFX LLOH�FX�5RPkQLD��SHQWUX�F �GH�DFHDVW �DWLWXGLQH� GHSLQGHD� PXOW� PRGXO� FXP� DOWH� VWDWH� vQ HOHJHDX� V � OLFKLGH]H�OLWLJLLOH� ORU� FX� %XOJDULD�� 0DUNRYLþ� D� WUDQVPLV acest lucru la Sofia prin intermediul ambasadorului bulgar la Belgrad442.

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/D����DXJXVW�������vQ�ID]D�PD[LP �D�FUL]HL�URPkQR-XQJDUH��0DUNRYLþ�vL� UHODWD� OXL� & GHUH� F � L-D� WUDQVPLV� PLQLVWUXOXL� XQJDU� OD� %HOJUDG� F �,XJRVODYLD�QX� VH�GH]LFHD�GH�REOLJD LLOH� HL� vQ� Fazul în care guvernul ungar abandona calea tratativelor pentru regularea diferendelor cu România. $PEDVDGRUXO� 5RPkQLHL� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD� HUD� FRQYLQV� F � DUELWUDMXO� $[HL� vQ�conflictul româno-ungar va constitui pentru guvernul iugoslav acoperirea IRUPDO �SHQWUX�D se degaja de orice angajament443.

La 4 septembrie 1940, în cursul întâlnirii pe care a avut-o cu V. & GHUH��SULQ XO�UHJHQW�3DXO�D�VXV LQXW�F �üL-D�GDW�VHDPD�F �DUELWUDMXO�GH� OD�9LHQD�D�IRVW�GH� IDSW�XQ�XOWLPDWXP�LDU�VXE�SUHVLXQHD�DPHQLQ ULORU�QX�HUD�altcevD�GH�I FXW�GHFkW�D�DFFHSWD�VLWXD LD�UHVSHFWLY �SHQWUX�D�QX�SLHUGH�WRWXO�444��'HVI üXUDUHD�HYHQLPHQWHORU�D�GHPRQVWUDW�F �9��& GHUH�D�DYXW�GUHSWDWH�DWXQFL� FkQG� D� DILUPDW� F � DUELWUDMXO�$[HL� vQ� FRQIOLFWXO� FX�8QJDULD� XUPD� V �constituie pentru guvernul iugoslav argumentul decisiv de a se degaja de RULFH� DQJDMDPHQW�� ,]RODW � OD� UkQGXO� V X�� ,XJRVODYLD�QX�GRUHD� FD� VSULMLQLQG�5RPkQLD�V �SURYRDFH�R�FUL] �vQ�UHOD LLOH�FX�*HUPDQLD�üL�,WDOLD�

5HOD LLOH�URPkQR-iugoslave în perioada 1939-1940 au fost analizate de QXPHURüL�GLSORPD L�üL�LVWRULFL��*ULJRUH�*DIHQFX�VXEOLQLD�F �GXS �vQORFXLUHD�OXL� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� GLQ� IUXQWHD� JXYHUQXOXL�� SULQ XO� 3DXO� üL-D� O UJLW�prerogativele445�� GDU� SROLWLFD� FDUH� SkQ � vQ� ����� SXUWDVH� DPSUHQWD�WHPSHUDPHQWXOXL�YLFOHDQ�üL�EUXWDO�DO�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLþ�a fost îQORFXLW �FX�XQD�PDL�VXSO � üL� PDL� LQWHOLJHQW �� GDU� WRW� DWkW� GH� H]LWDQW �� D� UHJHQWXOXL�� %HOJUDGXO�vQFHUFD�R�UHFRQFLOLHUH�FX�WRDWH�VWDWHOH�SH�VSH]HOH�F URUD�,XJRVODYLD�VH�P ULVH�GH�OD�XOWLPXO�U ]ERL�vQFRDFH��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�vL�PHQDMD�pe mDJKLDUL��OH�VXUkGHD�EXOJDULORU�üL�XUP UHD�R�DSURSLHUH�GH�$[ ��2�DVWIHO�GH� UHFRQFLOLHUH� QX� VH� SXWHD� IDFH�� DU WD� *DIHQFX�� GHFkW� VDFULILFkQG� XQHOH�LQWHUHVH��6WRMDGLQRYLþ�KRW UkVH�FHHD�FH�QX�WUHEXLD�V �ILH�LQWHUHVHOH�LXJRVODYH�LDU�SULQ XO�3DXO��DWXQFL�FkQG�D�Vchimbat ministrul, n-D�VFKLPEDW�GLVSR]L LLOH�DFHVWXLD. ) U � V � R� UXS � FX�YHFLQLL� V L� DOLD L�� ,XJRVODYLD�QX�D� FRQWULEXLW� FX�QLPLF� OD�vQW ULUHD� SR]L LHL� ORU�� $� ] G UQLFLW� RULFH� HIRUW� GH� VROLGDULWDWH� FROHFWLY � vQ�VSHUDQ D� VHFUHW � F � vQ�PRPHQWXO� UHJOHPHQW ULL� conturilor nu ea va fi cea FDUH� YD� VXV LQHD� ´1RXD� RUGLQHµ�� $FHVW� FDOFXO� QX� VH� YD� GRYHGL� IDOV� vQ�WRWDOLWDWH��,XJRVODYLD�HUD�IRDUWH�DSUHFLDW �GH�$[ ��SROLWLFD�VD�H[WHUQ �HUD�GDW �FD�H[HPSOX�DWkW�GH�%HUOLQ�FkW�üL�GH�5RPD��FX�%XOJDULD�DYHD�vQFKHLDW�XQ�SDFW�de SULHWHQLH�YHüQLF � LDU�6RILD�QX�D�PDL� ULGLFDW� vQ�DFHVWH� FRQGL LL�SUREOHPD�0DFHGRQLHL�� 8QJDULD� UHQXQ kQG� OD� SUHWHQ LLOH� HL� WHULWRULDOH� SULYLQG�,XJRVODYLD�� 'RDU� FX� 8566� UHOD LLOH� HUDX� GHVWXO� GH� FRPSOLFDWH�� 5HYROX LD�

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105

EROüHYLF � D� UXSW� RULFH� OHJ WXU � FDUH� H[LVWD dintotdeauna între politica VODYLORU�GLQ�VXG�üL�FHD�D�IUD LORU�din Rusia. În adoptarea acestei atitudini un rol important l-D�MXFDW�OHJ WXUD�GH�VkQJH�FDUH�H[LVWD�vQWUH�IDPLOLD�LPSHULDO �UXV � üL� FHD� UHJDO � LXJRVODY �� $VWIHO�� VWDWXO� LXJRVODY� ILGHO� DPLQWLULL LPSHULXOXL� DULVW�� V-D� QXP UDW� SULQWUH� XOWLPHOH� VWDWH� HXURSHQH� FDUH� DX�VWDELOLW� UHOD LL� GLSORPDWLFH�8566-ul446. La 5 decembrie 1945 Emil Buznea, IXQF LRQDU� VXSHULRU� DO�0LQLVWHUXOXL� GH� H[WHUQH�GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� HODERUD�XQ�GRFXPHQW�SULYLWRU�OD�UHOD LLOH�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH�GH�OD�VIkUüLWXO�GHFHQLXOXL�DO�SDWUXOHD�� ,XJRVODYLD�� VH� HYLGHQ LD� vQ�SDJLQLOH� UDSRUWXOXL�� D� vQFHUFDW� vQ� DQLL�FDUH� DX� SUHFHGDW� U ]ERLXO� V � SUDFWLFH� ID � GH� FHOHODOWH� VWDWH� HXURSHQH� XQ�´5HDOSROLWLNµ�� F XWkQG�SH�GH� R�SDUWH� V � VH� DSURSLH�GH�SXWHULOH�$[HL� üL� GH�VWDWHOH�YHFLQH�IRVWH�LQDPLFH�LDU�SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH�V �GHD�LPSUHVLD�F �PHQ LQH�QHüWLUELWH� YHFKLOH� DOLDQ H� FX� SXWHULOH� $QWDQWHL�� ÍQ� UHOD LLOH� FX� 8QJDULD� üL�%XOJDULD�� ID �GH�FDUH�WUHEXLD�V �DLE �R�DWLWXGLQH�FRPXQ �FX�FHOHODOWH�VWDWH�aliate, din cadUXO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� üL� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� JXYHUQHOH�LXJRVODYH�DX�XUP ULW�SH�FRQW�SURSULX�R�SROLWLF �GH�GHVWLQGHUH, orientare care a GHWHUPLQDW� 6RILD� üL� %XGDSHVWD� V -üL� vQGUHSWH� SROLWLFD� ORU� UHYL]LRQLVW ��menajând vremelnic Iugoslavia, exclusiv asupra DOLD LORU� %HOJUDGXOXL�� ÍQ�cadrul acestei politici s-D� vQVFULV�üL� VHPQDUHD�SDFWHORU�FX� ,WDOLD�üL�%XOJDULD��I U �FRQVXOWDUHD�SUHDODELO �D�DOLD LORU�HL�GLQ�FHOH�GRX �RUJDQL]D LL�UHJLRQDOH��7RWRGDW �,XJRVODYLD�D�vQGHPQDW�JXYHUQXO�URPkQ�V -üL�QRUPDOL]H]H�UHOD Lile FX�%XOJDULD�üL�8QJDULD��FKLDU�vQ�FRQGL LLOH�FHG ULL�XQRU�WHULWRULL447.

La rândul ei, România se afla într-R� VLWXD LH� GLILFLO �� /D� VIkUüLWXO�anului 1939 pericolul sovietic era mai mare decât cel german, ori JDUDQ LLOH� DQJOR-franceze erau îndreptate doar FRQWUD� DPHQLQ ULL�JHUPDQH��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�JXYHUQXO�URPkQ�D�VRQGDW�JXYHUQXO�HQJOH]�vQ�OHJ WXU � FX� SRVLELOLWDWHD� H[WLQGHULL� DFHVWRU� � JDUDQ L� üL� SHQWUX�eventualitatea unui DWDF� VRYLHWLF�� /RQGUD� D� GDW� GRYDG � GH� UH LQHUH��WHDPD� FD� vQ� HYHQWXDOLWDWHD� DFRUG ULL� DFHVWRU� JDUDQ LL� DOLDQ D� VRYLHWR-JHUPDQ � VH� YD� vQW UL�� üL� D� FRQGL LRQDW� H[WLQGHUHD� DQJDMDPHQWXOXL� GLQ�SULP YDUD� OXL������GH�XQ�VSULMLQ� WXUFHVF�DFRUGDW�5RPkQLH�üL�GH�DEVHQ D�vPSRWULYLULL�,WDOLHL��5RPD�GHFODUDVH�F �YD�VSULMLQL�5RPkQLD�vQ�FD]XO�XQXL�atac sRYLHWLF��GDU�DWkWD�WLPS�FkW�HD�U PkQHD�QRQ-EHOLJHUDQW �JDUDQ LD�VD�QX� DYHD� QLFL� R� YDORDUH�� � 'HüL� 7XUFLD� HUD� GLVSXV � V � VSULMLQH� România, FHUHUHD� %XFXUHüWLXOXL� D� U PDV� I U � QLFL� XQ� UH]XOWDW�� ÍQ� DFHVWH� FRQGL LL��SULQ�VLPSOXO�MRF�DO�FRODERU ULL�VDOH�FX�8566-uO��SURILWkQG�GH�DPHQLQ ULOH�tot mai violente ale sovieticilor la adresa frontierei orientale a României,

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*HUPDQLD�D�DFDSDUDW�'XQ UHD�GH� MRV�üL�%DOFDQLL� I U � OXSWH��'XS �SDFWXO�GH� OD� 0RVFRYD� GLQ� ��� DXJXVW� ������ %XOJDULD� üL-D� P ULW� SUHWHQ LLOH�teritoriale aVXSUD� VWDWHORU� EDOFDQLFH�� ÍQ� DFHVWH� FLUFXPVWDQ H� GHYHQHDX�ULVFDQWH�SURLHFWHOH�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�SULYLQG�FRQFHVLLOH�WHULWRULDOH�ID �de Sofia448��'H�DOWIHO��GDF �5RPkQLD�üL-D�PHQ LQXW�RIHUWD�GH�D�UHWURFHGD�R�SDUWH� D� &DGULODWHUXOXL�� OD� &RQVLOLXO� ÍQ HOHJHULi Balcanice din februarie ����� ,XJRVODYLD� QX�PDL� S UHD� GLVSXV � V � IDF � YUHR� FRQFHVLH� WHULWRULDO ��LDU� *UHFLD� DFFHSWD� V -i acorde doar o LHüLUH� HFRQRPLF � la Marea Egee, UHIX]kQG�vQV �RULFH�FRQFHVLH�WHULWRULDO 449��)DSWXO�F �ILHFDUH�GLQWUH�VWDWHOH�balcanice avHD�GH�I FXW�ID �XQXL�SHULFRO�SULQFLSDO�GH�OD�FDUH�QX-üL�SXWHD�GHWXUQD� DWHQ LD� �*UHFLD� – pericolului italian, Iugoslavia – pericolului LWDOLDQ�üL�FKLDU�FHOXL�JHUPDQ��5RPkQLD�– pericolului sovietic), pericole ce YHQHDX�GLQ�S U L�RSXVH��D� I FXW�FRODERUDUHD�EDOFDQLF � WRW�PDL�GLILFLO � OD�VIkUüLWXO�DQXOXL������SUHFXP�üL�vQ�����450��7XUFLD�üL�*UHFLD�DYHDX�VSDWHOH�DFRSHULW� GDWRULW � P ULL� LDU� YRLQ D� ORU� GH� UH]LVWHQ � HUD� PDUH�� GDU�VHQWLPHQWXO�ORU�GH�VHFXULWDWH�VH�LGHQWLILFD�JUHX�FX��LQWHUHVHOH�5RPkQLHL�üL�Iugoslavie GH� D�PHQ LQH� OLQLD�1LVWUXOXL� üL� D�$OSLORU� LXJRVODYL451. Astfel, LQH[LVWHQ D� XQRU� RUJDQH� FRPXQH� FDUH� V � SRDW � GHFLGH� üL� DF LRQD� vQ�numele tuturor SUXGHQ D�üL�HJRLVPXO�QD LRQDO�DO�ILHF UXL�VWDW��FRQYLQJHUHD�F �XQ� SLF� GH� LVFXVLQ � IRORVLW � YD� DMXWD� V � VFDSH� GH� SHULFROXO� FDUH� vL� DPHQLQ D�YHFLQLL��WHDPD�GH�D�HSXL]D�IRU HOH�SHQWUX�R�FDX] �FDUH�QX�OH�SULYHD�GLUHFW�üL�F �VH�YD�DIOD�GH]DUPDW� vQ�FHDVXO� vQ�FDUH�QHIHULFLUHD�YD�EDWH� OD�Xü �au fost motivele FDUH� DX� VXEPLQDW� IDWDO� ÍQ HOHJHUHD� %DOFDQLF �� vQ� FRQFHS LD� OXL� *ULgore Gafencu452.

ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�&RQIHULQ D�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�D�DFHVWHL�RUJDQL]D LL��GH�OD�începutul lXL�������DYHD�V � ILH�XOWLPD��'LSORPDWXO�$O��&UHW]LDQX�FRQVLGHUD�FRPXQLFDWXO�SXEOLFDW�OD�VIkUüLWXO�HL�GUHSW�R�FDSRGRSHU �D�HVFKLYHORU453. Astfel, România a intrat la începutul lunii septembrie 1940 definitiv în orbita Axei, GDW �GH�OD�FDUH�üL�UHOD LLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�DOH�5RPkQHL�FX�,XJRVODYLD�DX�LQWUDW�într-R�QRX �HWDS ��

5HOD LLOH�LQWHU-parlamentare româno – iugoslave ÍQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � D� H[LVWDW� üL� R� FRODERUDUH� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX �

SDUODPHQWH��$VWIHO�� OD� vQFHSXWXO�DQXOXL������,XJRVODYLD�D�IRVW�YL]LWDW �GH�R�GHOHJD LH� SDUODPHQWDU � URPkQ �� FDUH� L-a înmânat regelui Alexandru I

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107

RUGLQXO� ´3HQWUX� 0HULWµ�� 2DVSH LL� URPkQLL� DX� IRVW� SULPL L� GH� ELURXULOH�reunite ale CamereL�üL�6HQDWXOXL�LXJRVODY�LDU�SUHVD�EHOJU GHDQ �D�DFRUGDW�R�DWHQ LH� GHRVHELW � HYHQLPHQWXOXL454�� 7RWRGDW � DX� IRVW� VWDELOLWH� FRQWDFWH� FX�prilejul sesiunii Uniunii interparlamentare de la Geneva.

ÍQFHSkQG� GLQ� �� GHFHPEULH� ������ FRODERUDUHD� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX �parlamente a intrat într-R� ID] � VXSHULRDU ��SULQ� vQILLQ DUHD�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�3DUODPHQWDUH�� $VWIHO�� FX� RFD]LD� DQLYHUV ULL� D� ��� DQL� GH� OD� XQLUHD� GLQ� ��GHFHPEULH� ������ 3DUODPHQWXO� URPkQ� D� LQYLWDW� V � SDUWLFLSH� OD� IHVWLYLW LOH�GHGLFDWH�DFHVWXL�HYHQLPHQW�üL�R�GHOHJD LH�D�Parlamentului iugoslav. Aceasta D� IRVW� FRQVWLWXLW � GLQ� ��� GH� GHSXWD L� üL� ��� VHQDWRUL�� DYkQGX-l în frunte pe SUHüHGLQWHOH� SDUODPHQWXOXL�� 6�� LULþ�� ÍQ� üHGLQ D� VROHPQ � D� 3DUODPHQWXO�5RPkQLHL�GLQ���GHFHPEULH������D�IRVW�DQXQ DW �FRQVWLWXLUHD�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHgeri Parlamentare455�� 8Q� URO� LPSRUWDQW� vQ� UHDOL]DUHD� DFHVWHL� RUJDQL]D LL� LQWHU-parlamentare l-D� DYXW� RPXO�SROLWLF� E Q HDQ�$XUHO�&RVPD�� FDUH� vQ�PDUWLH�1937 s-a aflat la Belgrad pentru a fixa programul de activitate a Micii ÍQ HOHJHUL� 3DUODPHQWDUH�� $� IRVW� FRQVWLWXLW� XQ� &RQVLOLX� SHUPDQHQW� üL� V-a stabilit ca forul inter-SDUODPHQWDU� V � VH� vQWUXQHDVF � vQ� ILHFDUH�DQ��(YROX LD�UHOD LLORU�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�FDUH�DX�GHWHUPLQDW�GLVSDUL LD�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�D�I FXt FD� üL� DOLDQ D� LQWHU-SDUODPHQWDU � URPkQR-iugoslavo-cehoslovac � V -üL�vQFHWH]H� DFWLYLWDWHD�� 2ULFXP� HD� D� FRQVWLWXLW� XQ� H[HPSOX� OD� DFHD� GDW � vQ�istoria parlamentarismului european456.

Colaborarea româno-LXJRVODY �SH�SODQ�PLOLWDU� 'LQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� MXULGLF� üL� WHKQLF�� FRODERUDUHD�PLOLWDU � URPkQR-

LXJRVODY � � D� DYXW� OD� ED] � WUDWDWXO� GHIHQVLY� URPkQR-iugoslav din 7 iunie 1921457�� SUHFXP� üL� FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU � GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L� vQFKHLDW � OD�Belgrad la 23 iunie 1922458.

/D� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ������ DWDüDWXO� PLOLWDU� iugoslavo-croato-sloven la %XFXUHüWL� D� WUDQVPLV�DXWRULW LORU�PLOLWDUH� URPkQH�GRULQ D�0LQLVWHUXOXL�GH�U ]ERL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�GH�D�VH�UHDOL]D�VWDJLL�GH�SUHJ WLUH�FRPXQH�vQWUH�RIL HULL�URPkQL�üL�FHL�iugoslavL�SHQWUX�FD�FHOH�GRX �DUPDWH�DOLDWH�V �VH�FXQRDVF �PDL�ELQH�� 1�� 7LWXOHVFX� D� DQDOL]DW� DFHDVW � SURSXQHUH�� GDU� D� J VLW-o ca fiind LQRSRUWXQ � SHQWUX� PRPHQW�� GLQ� FDX]D� WHQVLXQLL� H[LVWHQWH� vQ� UHOD LLOH�iugoslavo-italiene459.

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/D� �� RFWRPEULH� ������ FX� RFD]LD� DQLYHUV ULL� D� ��� DQL� GH� OD� UXSHUHD�IURQWXOXL� GH� OD� 6DORQLF�� PDUHüDOXO� 3UH]DQ� D� IRVW� LQYLWDW� V � SDUWLFLSH� OD�IHVWLYLW LOH�RUJDQL]DWH�OD�%HOJUDG��(O�D�IRVW�SULPLW�FX�WRDWH�RQRUXULOH�GH�F WUH�PLQLVWUXO�GH�U ]ERL�LXJRVODY�üL�GH�F WUH�SULPDUXO�%HOJUDGXOXL��7RW�FX�DFHVW�SULOHM� PDUHüDOXOXL� URPkQ� iI s-a conferit cel mai mare grad al Ordinului ´.DUD R HYLþµ�� 'H� R� DWHQ LH� GHRVHELW � V-a bXFXUDW� PLVLXQHD� RILFLDO � D�IRüWLORU�FRPEDWDQ L�URPkQL��vQ�IUXQWH�FX�JHQHUDOXO�0RüRLX�460

3H�IRQGXO�vQFRUG ULL�VLWXD LHL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH��OD����PDL�������FHOH�GRX �JXYHUQH� DX� KRW UkW� V � RUJDQL]H]H� PDQHYUH� PLOLWDUH� FRPXQH� vQ� WRDPQD�DFHOXLDüL�DQ��3ULPXO�PLQLVWUX�URPkQ��*K��7 W UHVFX�D�FHUXW��%HOJUDGXOXL�vQ�YDUD�DQXOXL�������XQ�U VSXQV�SULYLQG�GDWD�RUJDQL] ULL�PDQHYUHORU�SHQWUX�FD�DFHVWHD�V �SRDW �IL�ELQH�SUHJ WLWH��3ULPXOXL�PLQLVWUX�URPkQ�VROLFLWD�V � i se DUDWH� RPRORJXOXL� V X� LXJRVODY� F � vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH� JXYernul maghiar DPHQLQ D� FX� GHQXQ DUHD� FODX]HORU� PLOLWDUH� DOH� WUDWDWXOXL� GH� OD� 7ULDQRQ��aceste manevre militare comune erau “mai mult decât oricând” oportune.

5 VSXQVXO�OXL�6WRLDGLQRYLþ�QX�D�IRVW�GHORF�vQFXUDMDWRU��SHQWUX�SDUWHa URPkQ ��2PXO�SROLWLF� LXJRVODv� DU WD� F � %HOJUDGXO� D� KRW UkW� FX�PXOW� WLPS��vQDLQWH�GHVI üXUDUHD�XQRU�PDQHYUH�PLOLWDUH�vQ�UHJLXQHD�.DUORYDW]-Belgrad, cu HIHFWLYH�üL�FKHOWXLHOL�PDUL��ÍQ�DFHDVW �VLWXD LH�SURLHFWXO�PDQHYUHORU�PLOLWDUH�comune româno-LXJRVODYH�D�F ]XW�

Reprezentatul României� OD� %HOJUDG�� 9�� & GHUH�� D� YHQLW� FX� R� QRX �SURSXQHUH�GH�FRODERUDUH��GLYL]LD�LXJRVODY �GH�OD�6XERWLFD�V �ILH�FRQFHQWUDW �üL�V -üL�GHVI üRDUH�SUHJ WLUHD�PLOLWDU �vQ�DSURSLHUHD�IURQWLHUHL�FX�5RPkQLD��vPSUHXQ � FX� GLYL]LD� PLOLWDU � GH� OD� 7LPLüRDUD�� FRQFHQWUDW � vQ zona vQYHFLQDW 461��'LQ�S FDWH�üL�DFHDVW �YDULDQW �D�F ]XW�

ÍQ� SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ����� RIL HULL� ûFROLL� GH� FDYDOHULH� GH� OD� 6LELX� DX�vQWUHSULQV�R�YL]LW � vQ� ,XJRVODYLD��DYkQG�FD�SXQFW� ILQDO�%HOJUDGXO��&RQIRUP�UDSRUWXOXL� GLSORPDWLF� UHDOL]DW� GH� 9�� & GHUH�� YL]LWD� D reprezentat o PDQLIHVWDUH�IHULFLW �SHQWUX�FXQRDüWHUHD�üL�VWUkQJHUHD�UHOD LLORU�vQWUH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�armatelor noastre462��7RW�vQ�DFHODüL�DQ�FDQRQLHUD�URPkQHDVF �´'XPLWUHVFXµ�D�vQWUHSULQV� R� YL]LW � vQ� DSHOH� WHULWRULDOH� LXJRVODYH�� LDU� OD� 6SOLW� PDULQDULL�români�DX�IRVW�SULPL L�GH�F WUH�DXWRULW LOH�ORFDOH�LXJRVODYH463.

La manevrele militare ale armatei iugoslave (septembrie 1937) printre LQYLWD LL�VWU LQL�V-D�QXP UDW�üL�üHIXO�6WDWXOXL�0DMRU�DO�DUPDWHL�URPkQH464.

/D�vQFHSXWXO� OXQLL�IHEUXDULH������R�GHOHJD LH�D�RIL HUilor Batalionului ,,,�� JU QLFHUL� GLQ� ) J UDü� D� YL]LWDW� %HOJUDGXO� SHQWUX� D� vQPkQD� FRPDQ-GDQWXOXL�V X�RQRULILF��SULQFLSHOXL�UHJHQW�3DXO��GDUXUL�vQ�VHPQ�GH�RPDJLX465.

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109

ÍQ� FRQGL LLOH� GLVSDUL LHL� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� vQ� SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ������guvernul României a reanalizat raporturile militare româno-iugoslave. $VWIHO��OD���DSULOLH�������SULPXO�PLQLVWUX�DO�5RPkQLHL�$UPDQG�& OLQHVFX��i-a WUDQVPLV�üHIXOXL�GLSORPD LHL��*U��*DIHQFX��DIODW�vQ�YL]LW �OD�%HOJUDG��R�QRW �vQ� FDUH� VH� DU WD� F � QX�PDL� H[LVWD� QLFL� GH� IDSW�� QLFL� GH� GUHSW�� R� FRQYHQ LH�PLOLWDU �FDUH�V �GHILQHDVF �PRGXO�GH�FRRSHUDUH�vQWUH�DUPDWD�URPkQ �üL�FHD�LXJRVODY � vQ� FD]XO� XQXL� DWDF� GLQ� SDUWHD� 8QJDULHL�� $FHDVWD� GHRDUHFH�FRQYHQ LD�PLOLWDU �URPkQR-LXJRVODY �GLQ�������D�IRVW�vQORFXLW �FX�FRQYHQ LD�PLOLWDU � D� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� LDU� GLQ� DFHO� PRPHQW� FRRSHUDUHD� PLOLWDU �împotriva Ungariei s-D� WUDWDW� GRDU� vQ� FDGUXO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL466. Conform 3URWRFROXOXL�&RQILGHQ LDO�vQFKHLDW�OD�%XFXUHüWL�vQ�IHEUXDULH�������s-a reintrat vQ�FDGUXO�&RQYHQ LHL�GH�DOLDQ �GHIHQVLY �URPkQR-iugosODY �GLQ������ XUPkQG�V �VH� vQFKHLH� R� QRX � FRQYHQ LH� PLOLWDU �� $UPDQG� & OLQHVFX� VROLFLWD� FD� DFHDVW �SUREOHP � V � ILH� GLVFXWDW � GH� F WUH� *U�� *DIHQFX� FX� FRQGXFHUHD� SROLWLF � D�,XJRVODYLHL�SHQWUX�VD�VH�YHGHD�GDF �DFHDVWD�HUD�GH�DFRUG�FD�6WDWHOH�0DMRUH�ale celor�GRX �DUPDWH�V �VH� vQWUXQHDVF � imediat în vederea încheierii unei FRQYHQ LL�PLOLWDUH467.

La 2 martie 1939, Marele Stat Major al armatei române îl informa pe PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�*U��*DIHQFX�F �vQ�FRQGL LLOH�XQXL�DWDF�EXOJDU��FRQGL LLOH�GH� FRRSHUDUH� PLOLWDU � româno-LXJRVODY � HUDX� GHILQLWH� SULQ� FRQYHQ LLOH�PLOLWDUH� vQFKHLDWH� vQ�FDGUXO� ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�� ÍQ�SULYLQ D�8QJDULHL��QLFL�vQ�DFHO�PRPHQW��QX�HUD�VWDELOLW�PRGXO� vQ�FDUH�XUPD�V �DLEH�ORF�FRRSHUDUHD�PLOLWDU ��

/D���PDL�������vQ�WLPSXO�vQWUHYHGHULL�& GHUH -�0DUNRYLþ��PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH� LXJRVODY� D� UHFXQRVFXW� F � SULQ� DFWXO� GH� OD� ��� IHEUXDULH� �����FRQYHQ LD�PLOLWDU �URPkQR-LXJRVODY �HUD�ipso facto�vQ�YLJRDUH��ÍQ�FRQVHFLQ ��0DUNRYLþ� D� DFFHSWDW� FD� GRL� RIL HUL� DL� 6WDWXOXL�0DMRU� 5RPkQ� V � LD� vQ�PRG�strict confiGHQ LDO�FRQWDFWXO�FX�6WDWXO�0DMRU�DO�DUPDWHL�LXJRVODYH�SHQWUX�D�IL�SXV � OD� SXQFW� FRQYHQ LD�PLOLWDU � vQ� FRQIRUPLWDWH� FX� XOWLPHOH� HYROX LL� DOH�VLWXD LHL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�

ÍQ� RSLQLD� OXL� & GHUH� QX� WUHEXLD� V � ILH� GLVFXWDW � R� QRX � FRQYHQ LH�PLOLWDU �GHRDUHFH�WUDWDtivele puteau vQWkPSLQD�GLILFXOW L468.

/D� ��� PDL�� 0DUHOH� 6WDW� 0DMRU� LXJRVODY� HUD� VROLFLWDW� V � FRPXQLFH��0DUHOXL� 6WDW� 0DMRU� URPkQ� SXQFWXO� V X� GH� YHGHUH� vQ� SULYLQ D� DOLDQ HL�militare româno-iugoslave. Forului militar de la Belgrad i� VH�FHUHD�V � IDF �propuneri� FRQFUHWH� vQ� YHGHUHD� VWDELOLULL� XQRU� FRQWDFWH� vQWUH� UHSUH]HQWD LL�FHORU�GRX �DUPDWH�FDUH�V �DQDOL]H]H�FRODERUDUHD�PLOLWDU �URPkQR-iugoslav

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110

vQ� FD]XO� XQXL� DWDF�PDJKLDUH�� 3kQ � OD� ��� LXQLH� ����� QX� V-a primit nici un U VSXQV� GH� OD� %HOJUDG�� IDSW� FH� O-a determinDW� SH� *U�� *DIHQFX� V -L� FHDU �UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL� GLSORPDWLF� URPkQ� GH� OD� %HOJUDG�� 9�� & GHUH� V � LQWHUYLQ �SHQWUX� XUJHQWDUHD� U VSXQVXOXL� 0DUHOXL� 6WDW� 0DMRU� LXJRVODY469. În urma vQWUHYHGHULL�GLQWUH�DWDüDWXO�PLOLWDU� URPkQ�üL� üHIXO�6WDWXOXL�0DMRU� LXJRVODY��generalul 6LPRYLþ��DFHVWD�GLQ�XUP �D�DU WDW�F �U VSXQVXO�V X�FX�SULYLUH�OD�VROLFLW ULOH� URPkQHüWL� D� IRVW� vQDLQWDW�0LQLVWHUXOXL� $IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� GH� OD�Belgrad. Marele Stat Major al armatei iugoslave considera ca angajamentele PLOLWDUH�UHFLSURFH�U PkQHDX�YDODELOH�vQ continuare. În cazul în care Marele 6WDW�0DMRU� URPkQ� FUHGHD� F � HUDX� QHFHVDUH� QRL� GLVFX LL� WHKQLFH�� VH� SXWHDX�IDFH�SURSXQHUL�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV��SDUWHD�LXJRVODY �QHDYkQG�QLPLF�vPSRWULY �FD�R�FRPLVLH� PLOLWDU � URPkQ � V � VRVHDVF � OD� %HOJUDG� vQ� FHO� PDL� VWULFW� VHFUHt pentru a purta negocieri.

/D�vQFHSXWXO�OXQLL�LXOLH�������*U��*DIHQFX�vL�FRPXQLFD�OXL�9��& GHUH�F �OW�� FRO��/HRQLGD�GLQ�0DUHOH�6WDW�0DMRU�URPkQ�XUPD�V �VRVHDVF �� vQ�FHO�PDL�VWULFW�VHFUHW�OD�%HOJUDG�SHQWUX�D�SXUWD�GLVFX LL��SULYLWRDUH�OD�DOLDQ D�PLOLWDU �româno-LXJRVODY �470

/D����LXOLH�������9��& GHUH�vO�LQIRUPD�SH�*U��*DIHQFX�F �PLVLXQHD�OW��FRO��/HRQLGD�D�IRVW�vQFXQXQDW �FX�VXFFHV��S-au luat toate preparativele necesare SHQWUX� SXQHUHD� OD� SXQFW� D� DFRUGXOXL�PLOLWDU� XUP ULW��5HPDUF� F � DFRUGXO�PLOLWDU�din 1922� VH� ED]HD] � SH� FRQYHQ LD� SROLWLF � GLQ� ����� GH� XQGH� UH]XOW � R� SULP �QHSRWULYLUH��FDUH�VH��YD�UH]ROYD�SULQ�DFWH�FH�YRU�XUPD�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�PDMRUH, conchidea diplomatul român471.

La 1 august 1939, Marele Stat Major român a înaintat la Belgrad un proiect de protocol special472.

3DUWHD�LXJRVODY �QX�D�GDW�QLFL�XQ�U VSXQV�SULYLWRU�OD�DFHVW�SURLHFW�vQ�FXUVXO� DQXOXL� ������ vQ� FLXGD� IDSWXOXL� F � üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� LXJRVODYH� V-a DQJDMDW� vQ� ID D� DPEDVDGRUXOXL� URPkQ� OD� %HOJUDG� F � YD� LQWHUYHQL� SH� OkQJ �Marele Stat Major�LXJRVODY�vQ�YHGHUHD�XUJHQW ULL�H[DPLQ ULL�SURLHFWXOXL��/D�24 ianuarie 1940, Gr. Gafencu îi cerea reprezentantului diplomatic al 5RPkQLHL� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD� V � RE LQ � XQ� U VSXQV� JUDEQLF� GLQ� SDUWHD�0DUHOXL�Stat Major iugoslav cu privire la proiectul românesc pentru a se putea vQFKHLD� FkW� PDL� UHSHGH� FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU 473�� ÍQ� XUPD� DFHVWHL� LQWHUYHQ LL��%HOJUDGXO� D� U VSXQV� F � 0DUHOH� 6WDW� 0DMRU� SUHJ WHD� XQ� SURWRFRO� FDUH� V �UHFRQILUPH� FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU � vQ� GRL�� SUHFXP� üL� XQ� SURWRFRO� WHKQLF� FDUH�XUPD�V �DGDSWH]H�SUHYHGHULOH�YHFKLL�FRQYHQ LL�OD�VLWXD LD�LQWHUQD LRQDO �GLQ�

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DFHO�PRPHQW�� LQkQGX-VH�VHDPD�üL�GH�SURSXQHULOH�IRUPXODWH��GH�F WUH�6WDWXO�Major român în august 1939474.

/D� VIkUüLWXO� OXQLL� LDQXDULH� ������ üHIXO� 0DUHOXL� 6WDW� 0DMRU� URPkQ��JHQHUDOXOXL� )�� HQHVFX� vL� VROLFLWD� OXL� *U�� *DIHQFX� V � SXQ � vQ� GLVFX LD�&RQVLOLXOXL� 3HUPDQHQW� DO� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� FRRSHUDUHD�PLOLWDU � URPkQR-LXJRVODY � vPSRWULYD� 8QJDULHL� HUD� DSOLFDELO � GRDU� GDF �8QJDULD� FRPLWHD� DJUHVLXQHD� VLQJXU � VDX� vPSUHXQ � FX� %XOJDULD�� VDX� GDF �era viabLO �üL�vQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�DJUHVLXQHD�PDJKLDU �DYHD�ORF�FRQFRPLWHQW�FX�agresiunea unei alte puteri 475.

0LQLVWUXO� GH� U ]ERL� DO� 5RPkQLHL�� ,�� ,OFXü�� DQDOL]kQG� SURLHFWXO�SURWRFROXOXL�VHFUHW�UHDOL]DW�GH�F WUH�0DUHOH�6WDW�0DMRU�LXJRVODY�FRQVWDWD�OD�10 februarie 1940�F �DFHVWD�UHSXQHD�vQ�YLJRDUH�FRQYHQ LD�PLOLWDU �GLQ�������FDUH�� DYkQG� OD� ED] � R� VLWXD LH�PLOLWDU � üL� JHRSROLWLF � IRDUWH�GLIHULW � GH� FHD�DFWXDO �� SUHYHGHD� FRQGL LLOH� GH� FRRSHUDUH� PLOLWDU � FRQWUD� %XOJDULHL��8QJDULHL� VDX� 8QJDULHL� üL� %XOJDULHL� vPSUHXQ �� cu toWXO� QHVDWLVI F WRDUH� D]L. Pentru cooperarea româno-LXJRVODY �FRQWUD�%XOJDULHL��SURWRFROXO� LXJRVODY�G GHD� VDWLVIDF LH� WH]HL� URPkQHüWL� GLQ� DXJXVW� ������ vQ� VHQVXO� F � SUHYHGHD�vQORFXLUHD� GLVSR]L LLORU� FRQYHQ LHL� PLOLWDUH� GLQ� DXJXVW� ����� FX� FODX]HOH�&RQYHQ LHL�PLOLWDUH�DOH�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��ÍQ�SULYLQ D�FRRSHU ULL�PLOLWDUH�în eventualitatea unei agresiuni maghiare sau maghiaro-bulgare, proiectul LXJRVODY� SUHFL]D� F � VH� YD� SURFHGD� OD�PRGLILF ULOH� QHFHVDUH�� ÍQ� FRQVHFLQ ��DU WD�PLQLVWUXO� GH� U ]ERL� URPkQ�� GLQ� SXnct de vedere militar, protocolul VHFUHW�SURSXV�GH�,XJRVODYLD�QX�DGXFHD�R�GHILQLUH�üL�R�DFWXDOL]DUH�D�QRUPHORU�GH�FRRSHUDUH�PLOLWDU �FRQWUD�8QJDULHL�GHFkW�FX�FRQGL LD�üL�vQ�P VXUD�vQ�FDUH�XQ�DOW�SURWRFRO�DQH[ �VDX�WHKQLF�R�YD�IDFH��ÍQ�DFHDVW �VLWXD LH��HUD necesar ca ��SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO�0LQLVWHUXOXL�$IDFHULORU�6WU LQH��%XFXUHüWLXO�V � LQWHUYLQ �SH� OkQJ �0DUHOH� 6WDW�0DMRU� LXJRVODY� SHQWUX� D� IL� SHUIHFWDW� FkW�PDL� XUJHQW�protocolul tehnic476.

'HüL� 0DUNRYLþ� D� SURPLV� F � YD� LQWHUYHQL� SHUVRQDO� SHQWUX� UHOXDUHD�OXFU ULORU� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � 6WDWH� 0DMRUH� vQ� YHGHUHD� GHILQLWLY ULL� DOLDQ HL�militare româno-iugoslave, acest lucru nu s-D� PDL� UHDOL]DW� SkQ � vQ�septembrie 1940 477.

&RODERUDUHD� PLOLWDU � URPkQR-LXJRVODY �� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� XQXL� DWDF�germano-maghiar asupra României, a fost anaOL]DW � OD����VHSWHPEULH������GH�F WUH�GLSORPDWXO�URPkQ�9��& GHUH�üL�QRXO�PLQLVWUX�GH�U ]ERL�LXJRVODY��JHQHUDOXO� 1HGLþ� �IUDWHOH� RPXOXL� SROLWLF� FX� DFHODüL� QXPH��� 1HGLþ� DU WD� F �atâta timp cât trupele germane erau ocupate în Polonia, pericolul nu era de

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112

actuaOLWDWH��GDU�WRWXüL�LSRWH]D�WUHEXLD�OXDW �vQ�VHULRV��ÍQ�HYHQWXDOLWDWHD�XQXL�astfel de atac, vD� IL� GHVFKLV� IURQWXO� EDOFDQLF� üL, vQ� FRQVHFLQ �� FRODERUDUHD�PLOLWDU � URPkQR-LXJRVODY � WUHEXLD� V � IXQF LRQH]H� GHRDUHFH� SULPHMGLD� HUD�FRPXQ �� ÍQ� FD]XO� XQHL� DJUHVLXQL� JHUPDQH�� WUHEXLD� VRPDW � üL�� HYHQWXDO�OLFKLGDW ��%XOJDULD�GH�F WUH�DUPDWHOH�URPkQR-turce, pentru a se avea spatele OLEHU�� 3UREDELO� F � OD� R� DVWIHO� GH� RSHUD LH�� DUPDWD� LXJRVODY � QX� YD� SXWHD�SDUWLFLSD�� HD� ILLQG� RFXSDW � vQ� GLUHF LD� QRUG-vest478, preciza ministrul iugoslav.

În anii 1939-�����PDWHULDOHOH�GH�U ]ERL�GHVWLQDWH�,XJRVODYLHL�üL�FDUH�VH�DIODX�vQ�WUDQ]LW�SULQ�5RPkQLD��DX�EHQHILFLDW�GH�XQ�UHJLP�H[FHS LRQDO��$VWIHO��l-i s-DX� DFRUGDW� DXWRUL]D LLOH� GH� WUDQ]LW� vQ�PRG� JOREDO� üL� SUHDODELO� SHQWUX� XQ�QXP U�PDL�PDUH� GH� YDJRDQH�� LDU�QX�SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� WUDQVSRUW� vQ� SDUWH�� I U � D� � VH�OLPLWD� OD� YUHXQ� WHUPHQ� RDUHFDUH� YDODELOLWDWHD� DFHVWRU� DXWRUL]D LL�� /D� UkQGXO� V X�%XFXUHüWLXO�VROLFLWD�DXWRULW LORU�LXJRVODYH�V �ILH�VLPSOLILFDWH�SURFHGXULOH�GH��tranzit prin Iugoslavia a PDWHULDOHORU� GH� U ]ERL� FRPDQGDWH� vQ� *HUPDQLD��0DUNRYLþ�vO�DVLJXUD�SH�9��& GHUH�la����DXJXVW������F �FHUHUHD�URPkQHDVF �YD�IL�VDWLVI FXW �GH�F WUH�DXWRULW LOH�LXJRVODYH479. Astfel, în septembrie 1939, %HOJUDGXO�D�DXWRUL]DW�WUDQ]LWXO�D������GH�WXEXUL�üL�����GH�SLHVH�GH�PLWUDOLHU �comandate în Belgia480.

ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� PLQLVWUXO� GH� U ]ERL� LXJRVODY� VROLFLWD� DXWRULW LORU�FRPSHWHQWH�URPkQHüWL�SODQXUL�SULYLQG�PRGDOLW LOH�GH�VWRFDUH�D�EHQ]LQHL�vQ�DG SRVWXUL�EHWRQDWH�VDX�FLVWHUQH�VXEWHUDQH481.

7RWRGDW �� *U�� *DIHQFX� D� LQWHUYHQLW� SH� OkQJ � 6DUDGMRJOX� SHQWUX�UHDOL]DUHD� XQXL� WUDQ]LW� PDL� UDSLG� SULQ� *UHFLD� D� PDWHULDOXOXL� GH� U ]ERL�destinat Iugoslaviei482.

&RODERUDUHD�PLOLWDU � V-D� GHVI üXUDW� üL� vQ� FDGUXO�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� üL� D�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�

La 14 septembrie 1923 a fost sHPQDW � FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU � URPkQR-FHKRVORYDF -LXJRVODY �FDUH�DQXOD�FRQYHQ LD�PLOLWDU �URPkQR-LXJRVODY ��GDU�FX�XQHOH�PRGLILF UL��SUHOXD�DFHOHDüL�SUHYHGHUL��'LQ�FRQYHQ LH�I FHD�SDUWH�üL�DQH[D� �� GLQ� FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU � URPkQR-LXJRVODY � FX� SULYLUH� OD� DMXWRUXO�mLOLWDU�SH�FDUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L�HUDX�REOLJDWH�V �üL-l acorde în cazul unui atac din partea Bulgariei483.

3kQ � vQ� DQXO� ������ QX� D� DYXW� ORF� QLFL� R� FRQVI WXLUH� D� UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU�PLOLWDUL� GLQ� FDGUXO� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� ÍQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQU XW LULL� VLWXD LHL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH��OD����PDL�������OD�%XFXUHüWL�D�IRVW�vQFKHLDW �R�FRQYHQ LH�PLOLWDU �XQLF �D�VWDWHORU�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��&RQYHQ LD�SUHYHGHD�P VXULOH�GH�DS UDUH�FDUH�

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113

WUHEXLDX� OXDWH� vQ�FD]XO� vQ�FDUH�8QJDULD�DWDFD�XQD�GLQ�S U LOH�FRQWUDFWDQWH�� ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�V-D�KRW UkW�FD�DQXDO�V �DLE �ORF�vQWkOQLUL�OD�QLYHO��GH�VWDWH�PDMRUH�DOH�FHORU� WUHL� UL484�� $VWIHO� GH� FRQVI WXLUL� DX� DYXW� ORF� vQ� DQLL� FDUH� DX� XUPDW��realizându-VH� R� VHULH� GH� SODQXUL� PLOLWDUH� GHIHQVLYH� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� HYROX LD�VLWXD LHL� LQWHUQD LRQDOH�� $VWIHO�� vQ� FDGUXO� vQWkOQLULORU� üHILORU� GH� VWDW� PDMRU� DL�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� GLQ� DXJXVW� ������ D� IRVW� DQDOL]DW � SUREOHPD� UHLQVWDXU ULL�+DEVEXUJLORU�vQ�$XVWULD��SUHFXP�üL�D�vQF OF ULL�FODX]HORU�PLOLWDUH�GLQ�WUDWDWHOH�GH� SDFH� GH� F WUH� $XVWULD� üL� P ULUHD� HIHFWLYHORU� PLOLWDUH� DOH� Ungariei485. 7RWRGDW � DX� IRVW� VHPQDWH� R� VHULH� GH� vQ HOHJHUL� GH� QDWXU �PLOLWDU � FXP� DU� IL��DFRUGXO� SULYLQG� WUDQVSRUWXO� üL� WUDQ]LWXO� PDWHULDOHORU� GH� U ]ERL� �semnat la %XFXUHüWL�vQ��������DFRUGXO�SULYLQG�WUDQVSRUWXO�üL�WUDQ]LWXO�WXWXURU�PLMORDFHORU�GH� OXSW � �%XFXUHüWL�� PDUWLH� ������� DFRUGXO� SULYLQG�PRGDOLWDWHD� GH� IRORVLUH� D�PDWHULDOXOXL� QDYLJDQW� GH� U ]ERL� �%XFXUHüWL�� PDUWLH� ������� DFRUGXO� SULYLQG�PRELOL]DUHD� üL� GXFHUHD� U ]ERLXOXL� GH� F WUH� VWDWHOH� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� �3UDJD��noiembrie 1934)486, protocolul privind comandamentul comun al armatelor ULORU�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL�� RUJDQL]DUHD� RSHUD LXQLORU� FRPXQH� FRQWUD�8QJDULHL� üL�

SODQXO�GH�RSHUD LXQL�DO�VWDWHORU�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� vQ�FD]XO�XQXL�FRQIOLFW�JHQHUDO�(Praga, 1936), acordul cu privire la schimbul de personal în caz de U ]ERL487.

În noiembrie 1935, la Belgrad a avut loc prima întâlnire a UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU�PLOLWDUL�DL�,XJRVODYLHL��7XUFLHL�üL�5RPkQLHL��&X�DFHVW�SULOHM�D�IRVW� SDUDIDW � FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU � LXJRVODYR-româno-WXUF �� FDUH� D� IRVW�VHPQDW �vQ�����488.

Un an mai târziu la %XFXUHüWL�� D� IRVW� VHPQDW � FRQYHQ LD� GLQWUH�5RPkQLD�� ,XJRVODYLD��*UHFLD� üL�7XUFLD�� FXSULQ]kQG�P VXULOH�GH�DS UDUH� FH�WUHEXLDX� DGRSWDWH� GH� F WUH� DOLD L� vQ� FD]XO� XQXL� DWDF� GLQ� SDUWHD� %XOJDULHL��Albaniei sau Ungariei489��7RWRGDW �D�PDL�IRVW�VHPQDW �R�FRQYHQ LH�PLOLWDU �vQWUH�,XJRVODYLD��7XUFLD�üL�5RPkQLD490.

7UDWDWHOH� vQFKHLDWH� vQWUH� ,XJRVODYLD� üL� %XOJDULD� LQWUDX� vQV � vQ�FRQWUDGLF LH� FX� FRQYHQ LD� PLOLWDU � URPkQR-LXJRVODY �� SUHFXP� üL� FX�FRQYHQ LLOH�PLOLWDUH�vQFKHLDWH�vQ�FDGUXO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH491.

În februarie 19���D�DYXW�ORF�R�XOWLP �vQFHUFDUH�GH�FRODERUDUH�PLOLWDU �vQWUH� VWDWHOH� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� 6-a propus astfel ipoteza studierii unui SODQ�GH�UH]LVWHQ �FRPXQ � vQ� ID D�XQHL� LQYD]LL�GH�QDWXU �H[WUDEDOFDQLF 492. 'DU� HYHQLPHQWHOH� LQWHUQD LRQDOH� FDUH� VH� GHVI üXUau rapid au împiedicat WUDQVSXQHUHD�vQ�SUDFWLF �D�XQXL�SODQ�FRPXQ�GH�DS UDUH�

ÍQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � DX� IRVW� UHDOL]DWH� FRQWDFWH� vQWUH� 0LQLVWHUHOH�$IDFHULORU� ,QWHUQH� DOH�5RPkQLHL� üL� ,XJRVODYLHL��$VWIHO�� OD� ��� LDQXDULH� ������

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114

Belgradul a venit cu propunerea privind stabilirea unui contact strâns între 3ROL LD�URPkQ �üL�FHD�LXJRVODY ��SUHFXP�üL�vQWUH�ELURXULOH�GH�LQIRUPD LL�DOH�FHORU� GRX � DUPDWH493�� /D� ��� LDQXDULH� SDUWHD� URPkQ � V-D� SURQXQ DW� vQ�IDYRDUHD� XQHL� FRODERU UL� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � SROL LL�� LQVSHFWRUXO� URPkQ de SROL LH��1LN\�ûWHI QHVFX��GHSODVkQGX-VH�OD�%HOJUDG�vQ�YHGHUHD�UHDOL] ULL�XQHL�vQ HOHJHUL�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV494.

/D�vQFHSXWXO�OXQLL�IHEUXDULH�������FRODERUDUHD�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �SROL LL�D� IRVW� WUDQVSXV � vQ� SUDFWLF �� vQ� XUPD� XQHL� DF LXQL� D� SROL LHL� LXJRVODYH��deVI üXUDW �vQ�ORFDOLWDWHD�8]GLQ�GLQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY�üL�OD�FDUH�D�SDUWLFLSDW�XQ�LQVSHFWRU�DO�SROL LHL�URPkQH��DX�IRVW�DUHVWDWH�PDL�PXOWH�SHUVRDQH�FDUH�DX�J ]GXLW� vQ� ORFXLQ HOH� ORU� OHJLRQDUL� IXJL L�GLQ�5RPkQLD� üL� FDUH�XUP UHDX�V �DMXQJ �vQ�*HUPDQLD495.

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115

NOTE

1 M. Milin, 5HOD LLOH� SROLWLFH� URPkQR-iugoslavH� vQ� HSRFD� PRGHUQ �� %XFXUHüWi, Ed. Academiei

Române, 1992. 2 Gh. I. Demian, 3HQWUX� %DQDWXO� URELW�� ,VWRULFXO� WUDWDWLYHORU� GXVH� SHQWUX� RE LQHUHD� %DQDWXOXL�

iugoslavesc (1914-1923)��7LPLüRDUD��7LSRJUDILD�5RPkQHDVF ��������S����� 3 Al. Marghiloman, Note politice��%XFXUHüWL��(G��6FULSWD���993, p. 285. 4 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 3-6. 5 7UDWDWHOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DOH�5RPkQLHL������– 1920, %XFXUHüWL��(G��ûWLLQ LILF �üL�(QFLFORSHGLF ��S��

410-411. 6�'LUHF LD�MXGH HDQ �7LPLü�D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH��IRQG�&RQVWDQWLQ�% UDQ, d. 1, f. 18-19. 7 GheorghH�,DQFX��*HRUJH�&LS LDQX��La consolidation de la Transylvanie et de la Roumanie (1919-

1920). Temoignages francais��%XFXUHüWL��(G��(QFLFORSHGLF ��������S������ 8�9DVLOH�5 PQHDQ X��2FXSD LD�PLOLWDU �iugoslavHDVF �vQ�MXGH XO�7LPLü�– Torontal, în Banatica, 13,

2, 1995, pp. 384-388. 9�'LUHF LD�MXGH HDQ �7LPLü�D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH��IRQG�3UHIHFWXUD�7LPLü-Torontal, d. 16/1919,

f. 2. 10 Ibidem, d. 24/1920, f. 442. 11 Ibidem, d. 24/1920, f. 804. 12 Ibidem, d. 22/1919, f. 103. 13 P. Ciobanu, 8QLUHD�%DQDWXOXL�üL�vQFRUSRUDUHD�7LPLüRDUHL�OD�5RPkQLD, p. 74-75. 14�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�Vaida Voevod, d. 67/1919, f. 1-2. 15 Radu Rosetti, 0 UWXULVLUL�������– 1919)��%XFXUHüWL��(G��0RGHOLVP��������S������ 16 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 11-13. 17�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWi, fond IDPLOLD�%U WLDQX��d. 238/19, f. 2. 18 Idem, fond Vaida Voevod, d. 69/1919, f. 1. 19 Ibidem, d. 81/1919, f. 5. 20�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO������ 21 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 17-18 22 Radu Rosetti, op. cit., p. 376. 23�*K��,DQFX��*��&LS LDQX��op. cit., p. 135. 24�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme, Iugoslavia, rola 131, cadrul 252. 25 Idem, microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO����� 26 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 17-18. 27�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO������ 28� *K�� ,�� %U WLDQX��$F LXQHD� SROLWLF � üL� PLOLWDU � D� 5RPkQLHL� vQ� ����,� vQ� OXPLQD� FRUHVSRQGHQ HL�GLSORPDWLFH�D�OXL�,RQ�,�&��%U WLDQX��%XFXUHüWL��(G��&DUWHD�5RPkQHDVF ��������S����-36.

29�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO������ 30 Ibidem, cadrul 406 – 407. 31 Ibidem, loc.cit. 32 Ibidem, rola 182, cadrul 411. 33 Ibidem, cadrul 405.

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34 Idem, microfilme, Iugoslavia, rola 131, cadrul 345. 35 Gligor Popi, Jugoslovensko-Rumunski odnosi 1918-1941, Vrsac, 1984, p.32. 36 7UDWDWHOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DOH�5RPkQLHL������– 1920, %XFXUHüWL��(G��ûWLLQ LILF �üL�(QFLFORSHGLF ��S��

410-411. 37 Apostol Stan, Iuliu Maniu��%XFXUHüWL��(G��6DHFXOXP��������S����� 38 Arhivele Ministerului Afacerilor Externe (MAE), fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 4-13. 39 Sever Bocu, La question du Banat, Paris, Imprimerie generale Lahure, 1919, p. 23-25. 40 Ibidem, p. 27-28. 41 Ibidem, p. 32. 42 Ibidem, p. 33. 43�*K��,��%U WLDQX��op. cit., p. 32. 44 Take Ionescu, 3ROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�5RPkQLHL�üL�FKHVWLXQHa Banatului��%XFXUHüWL��������S����� 45 Ibidem, p. 53. 46�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO������ 47 Grigor Popi, op. cit., p. 35. 48 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 11. 49�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD����� cadrul 254. 50 Idem, microfilme, Iugoslavia, rola 131, cadrul 247. 51 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 12. 52�*K��,��%U WLDQX��op. cit., p. 49. 53�*K��,��%U WLDQX��op. cit., p. 47-48. 54�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme, Iugoslavia, rola 127, cadrul 370. 55 Idem, microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO������ 56 'HV YkUüLUHD�XQLW LL�QD LRQDO-statale a poporului român, 1986, vol. III, p. 186-188. 57 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 12. 58�&RQVWDQWLQ�.LUL HVFX��,VWRULD�U ]ERLXOXL�SHQWUX�UHvQWUHJLUHD�5RPkQLHL��%XFXUHüWL��(G��ûWLLQ LILF �üL�(QFLFORSHGLF ��������YRO��,,��S������

59�5RPXOXV�6HLüDQX��3ULQFLSLXO�QD LRQDOLW LORU��%XFXUHüWL��(G��$OEDWURV��������S�����-364. 60 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 13-14. 61�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�Vaida Voevod, d. 69/1919, f. 2-3. 62 Ibidem, d. 81/1919, f. 5. 63 Maria, regina României, ÍQVHPQ UL�]LOQLFH��%XFXUHüWL��(G��$OEDWURV��������S����� 64 Ibidem, p. 89. 65 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 14. 66�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROD������FDGUXO������ 67 Ibidem, rola 182, cadrul 521. 68�5RPXOXV�ûHLüDQX��op. cit., p. 365. 69 A. Stan, op. cit., p. 105. 70 Ibidem, p. 100. 71 5RPkQLD�üL�&RQIHULQ D�GH�SDFH�GH�OD�3DULV, Cluj-Napoca, Ed. Dacia, 1983, p. 397. 72 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 19. 73 Al. Vaida Voevod, op. cit., vol. II, p. 56. 74 5RPkQLD�üL�&RQIHULQ D�GH�SDFH�GH�OD�3DULV, p. 399-400. 75 Ibidem, p. 401.

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76 Gh. I. Demian, op. cit., p. 21-22. 77 Monitorul Oficial, 18 iunie 1924. 78 Silviu Dragomir, Sârbii din Banatul românesc (1919 – 1940)��S�����0XO XPLP�üL�SH�DFHDVW �

cale domnulXL�SURIHVRU�1LFRODH�%RFüDQ�SHQWUX�SHUPLVLXQHD�GH�D�FRQVXOWD�DFHVW�PDQXVFULV�� 79 Banatul românesc, 12 august 1920, p. 1. 80 Ibidem, 18 decembrie 1920, p. 1. 81 George Popoviciu, Memorii cu privire la integritatea Banatului��&UDQVHEHü������� 82 Banatul românesc, 15 iulie 1920, p. 1. 83 Gligor Popi, op. cit , p. 35. 84�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�Vaida Voevod, d. 65/1919, f. 13-15. 85 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 37. 86�*K��,��%U WLDQX��op. cit., p. 109-110. 87�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��microfilme��)UDQ D��UROa 131, cadrul 621-622. 88 Idem, fond Vaida-Voevod, dos. 50, 1919, f. 2-3. 89 Ibidem d.65/1919, f. 1 90 Ibidem d.123/1920, f. 1-2 91 Ioan I. Lapedatu, 0HPRULL�üL�DPLQWLUL��,DüL��(G��,QVWLWXWXOXL�(XURSHDQ��������S������� 92 Viorica Moisuc, 3UHPLVHOH�L]RO ULL�SROLtice a României��%XFXUHüWL��(G��+XPDQLWDV��������S����-75. 93 Milan Vanku, 0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� üL� SROLWLFD� H[WHUQ � D� ,XJRVODYLHL (1920-1938)�� %XFXUHüWL�� (G��3ROLWLF ��������S������

94 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 76-101. 95 Ibidem, p. 102-104. 96 Ibidem, p. 104-105. 97 Ibidem, p.104-106. 98 Ibidem, p.106-107. 99 Ibidem, p.108-110. 100 Monitorul Oficial, 10 iulie 1921. 101 R.Bossy, $PLQWLUL�GLQ�YLD D�GLSORPDWLF , vol.I, Bucuresti, Ed.Humanitas, p. 50-51. 102 Cf. M. Vanku, 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�,XJRVODYLHL, p. 86. 103 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 47. 104 Ibidem, p. 48. 105 Ibidem, p. 49. 106�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 34/1922, f. 49. 107 Ibidem, f. 36. 108 Ibidem, f. 41.V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 128-129. 109�$�3O P GHDO ��&RQWULEX LL�LVWRULFH�SULYLQG�SHULRDGD 1918-1939, Elie Miron Cristea, documente, vQVHPQ UL�üL�FRUHVSRQGHQ H, Sibiu, 1987, p. 331-332.

110�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 34/1922, f. 62. 111 Ibidem, f. 61. 112 Ibidem, f. 63. 113 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 68, f. 328. 114 A.Pl P GHDO ��op. cit., p. 332. 115 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 31-32. 116 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 128-129.

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117 Ibidem, p. 130. 118 E.I. Bold, op. cit., p. 89-90. 119 I.G. Duca, Memorii��%XFXUHüWL��(G��0DFKLDYHOL��������YRO�����S������ 120 Ibidem, p. 267-268. 121 N. Titulescu, Documente diplomatice��%XFXUHüWL��(G��3ROLWLF ��������S������ 122 I.G. Duca, op. cit., p. 270. 123 Ion I. Lapedatu, op. cit., p. 226-227. 124 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 81. 125 Arhiva M. A. E., fond Mica Intelegere, vol. 1, f. 25. 126 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 40. 127 Ibidem, loc. cit. 128 Ibidem, p. 111-112. 129 Grigor Popi, op. cit., p. 57. 130 $UKLY �0$(, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 60-61. 131 Ibidem, f. 71. 132 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 1, f. 15. 133 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 73. 134�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 126/1920, f. 197. 135 Idem, IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO ��dos. 27/1925, f. 109. 136 Ibidem, d.28/1925, f. 168-170. 137 Eliza Campus, ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF ��%XFXUHüWL��(G��$FDGHPLHL�565��������S����-22. 138 Grigor Popi, op. cit., p. 65. 139 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 47. 140 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 7, f. 5. 141 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 50. 142 Grigor Popi, op. cit. p. 67. 143 Ibidem, p. 75-76. 144 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 239-240. 145 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 78. 146 Ibidem, p. 85. 147 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 54-55. 148 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 7, f. 120. 149 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 3. 150 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 89. 151�'HVSUH�FRQ LQXWXO�SODQXOXL�<RXQJ�üL�FRQVHFLQ HOH�VDOH�DVXSUD�,XJRVODYLHL�üL�5RPkQiei vezi

E. Bold, op. cit., p. 170-204. 152 Ibidem, p. 204-206. 153 Ibidem, p. 219-220. 154 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 290-292. 155 Ibidem, p. 316-319. 156 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 464. 157 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 1, f. 257. 158 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 320-321. 159 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 497-498.

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160 Ibidem, p. 515-517. 161 R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 223-224. 162�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 101/1930, f. 1, 4-5. 163 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 9, f. 264, 267. 164 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 98. 165 Ibidem, f. 268. 166�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 173/1932, f.13. 167 Ibidem, f. 10. 168 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 331. 169 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 110. 170 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 471-473. 171�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 118/1933, f. 3. 172 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 515-517 173 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 1, f. 410. 174 Walter M. Bacon Jr., Nicolae Titulescu, Iaüi, Institutul European, 1999, p. 226. 175 Ibidem, p. 227. 176 R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 229. 177 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 154. 178 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 535-537. 179 Idem, 3ROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�5RPkQLHL��p. 84. 180 Idem, Documente diplomatice, p. 541. 181 Ibidem, p. 556-558. 182 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 2, f. 58-59. 183 Ibidem, f. 68. 184 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 100-103. 185 Walter M. Bacon, op. cit., p. 235. 186 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 571. 187 Ibidem, p. 574-575. 188�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 126/1920, f. 401-402. 189 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 107-109. 190 Walter M. Bacon Jr., Nicolae Titulescu, p. 208-209. 191 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 577. 192 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 32-33. 193 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 124. 194 E. Bold, op. cit., p. 92-97. 195 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 194-196. 196 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 242. 197 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 296-302. 198 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 55. 199 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 512-515. 200 Ibidem, p. 573. 201 E. Bold, op. cit., p. 225. 202 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 130. 203 Ibidem, p. 134-135.

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204 Ibidem, p. 131-133. 205 Walter M. Bacon, op. cit., p. 266-267. 206 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 187. 207 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 635-636. 208 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 3, f. 3. 209 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 138. 210 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 671-673. 211 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 122-123. 212 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 139. 213 Walter M. Bacon Jr., op. cit., p. 267. 214 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 671-673. 215 M. Vanku, op. cit. p. 124. 216 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 3, f. 138. 217 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 704-706. 218 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 125. 219 Ibidem, p. 127. 220 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 3, f. 298. 221 Ibidem, loc.cit. 222 Idem, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��YRO������I����-60. 223 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 334-336. 224 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 722. 225 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 151-54. Aceasi parere este exprimata si de catre istoricul Gligor Popi

in op. cit.. p. 143. 226 Ibidem, p. 154-155. 227 Ibidem, p. 124. 228 Ibidem, p. 156. 229 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 14, f. 35. 230 Ibidem, f. 175. 231 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 753-755. 232 Idem, 3ROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�5RPkQLHL, p. 161-167. 233 Idem, Documente diplomatice, p. 778. 234 Ibidem, p. 812-813. 235 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 15, f. 2. 236 Ibidem, f. 58-60. 237 R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 286. 238 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 159. 239 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 151. 240 Walter M. Bacon Jr., op. cit., p. 268. 241 Ibidem, p. 273. 242 Rebecca Haynes, Politica Romaniei fata de Germania intre 1936 si 1940, Iasi, 2003, p. 21. 243 Ibidem, p. 174. 244 Ibidem, p. 37, 39. 245 Ibidem, p. 16. 246 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 170.

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247 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 320-321. 248 M. Vanku, op. cit.,, p. 183. 249 Ibidem, p. 174-178. 250 Ibidem, p. 180. 251 Ibidem, p. 178-179. 252 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 5, f. 39. 253 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 173-174. 254 Ibidem, p. 183. 255 N. Titulescu, 3ROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�5RPkQLHL, p. 72-77. 256 Alexandru Cretzianu, Ocazia pierduta, Iasi, 1998, p.46-47. 257 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, f. 70-71. 258 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 154. 259 Ibidem, p. 162. 260 Ibidem, p. 157. 261 R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 296-298. 262 Ibidem, p. 312. 263 N. Titulescu, op. cit., p. 171. 264 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 5, f. 96, 128. 265 Ibidem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 34-35. 266 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 184. 267 Ibidem, p. 186-187. 268 R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 327-333. 269 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 5, f. 239-240. 270 Ibidem, f. 241. 271 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 194-195. 272 Ibidem, p. 194. 273 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 83-85. 274 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 29. 275 Ibidem, p. 32. 276 Ibidem, p. 36. 277 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 199-200. Vezi si Eugene Boia, Romania’ s Diplomatic Relations with

Iugoslavia in the Interwar Period, 1919-1941, 1993, p. 231, apud Rebecca Haynes, op. cit. p.46. 278 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 196. 279 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 49-51. 280Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 48, 60. 281�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d.117/1938, f. 1, 3. 282 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 60-61. 283 Idem, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 18, f. 31. 284 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 227-229. 285 0DUHD�FRQIODJUD LH�PRQGLDO �D�VHFROXOXL�;;��%XFXUHüWL��(G��3ROLWLF ��������S����� 286 Ibidem, p. 52. 287 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 128-130. 288 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 210-211. 289 Ibidem, p. 207-209.

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290 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 132-134. 291 V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 339-341. 292 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 223. 293 R. Bossy, op. cit., vol. II, p. 31-32. 294 Gligor Popi, op. cit. p. 178. 295 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 94. 296V. Moisuc, op. cit., p. 341-351 297Ibidem., p. 341-345. 298 A.J.P. Taylor, Originile celui de-DO�GRLOHD�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO, Ed. Polirom, 1999, p. 149. 299 Arhiva M. A. E. fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 95. 300 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 226. 301 M.A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 19, f. 60. 302 Ibidem. 303�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d.153/1938, f.6. 304 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 19, f. 155. 305 Ibidem, f. 173-174. 306 Ibidem, f.184. 307 Ibidem,vol. 51, f. 178. 308 Ibidem, f.181-184. 309 Ibidem, f. 184. 310 Ibidem, f.187-189. 311 Ibidem, f. 192. 312 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p.178. 313 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 57-58. 314 Ibidem, p. 61. 315 Gligor Popi, op. cit. p.184. 316 Arhiva M. A. E., fond71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 166. 317 Raoul Bossy, op. cit., p.95. 318 Arhiva M.A.E., fond Mica Intelegere, vol. 19, f. 173. 319M.Vanku, op. cit., p.247. 320Gligor Popi. op. cit., p. 187. 321 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 247. 322 Arhiva M. A. E., fond Mica Intelegere, vol. 19, f. 61. 323 Arhiva MAE. fond 71 Iugoslavia ,vol.51,f.160. 324 M. Vanku, op. cit., p. 226. 325Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 70, f. 252-257. 326 Idem, fond Mica In elegere, vol. 31, f. 66. 327 Iidem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6. f. 90. 328 Gr. Gafencu, Preliminarii la r zboiul din r s rit, Bucureüti, Ed. Globus, 1996, p. 230. 329 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 95. 330 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 284. 331 Ibidem, f. 277. 332 Ibidem, f. 388-389. 333 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 94.

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334Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, f.283. 335 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 34. 336 Ibidem, f. 32. 337 Calafeteanu, Diploma ia româneasca în sud estul Europei, Bucureüti, Ed. Politica, 1980, p. 60. 338 Ibidem, p. 61-66. 339 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 38. 340 Ibidem, f. 38-40. 341 Ibidem, f. 80. 342 Armand C linescu, Însemn ri politice, Bucureüti, Ed. Humanitas, 1990, p. 414. 343 Ibidem, p. 418. 344 R. Bossy, op. cit., vol. II, p. 135. 345 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 234. 346 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 94. 347 R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 137-140. 348 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 92-93. 349 Ibidem, f. 93. 350 Ibidem, f. 93. 351 Ibidem, vol. 6, f. 280-281. 352 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 239-240. 353Ibidem. 354Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 304. 355Ibidem, f. 307. 356 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 208. 357R. Bossy, op. cit., p. 142. 358 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 319. 359 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 112. 360 Ibidem, f. 118. 361 Ibidem, f. 104. 362 Ibidem, f. 103. 363 Ibidem, f. 112-118. 364 Ibidem, f. 107. 365 Ibidem, f. 121. 366 Ibidem, vol. 6, f. 355-356. 367 Fl. Constantiniu, Între Hitler üi Stalin. România i pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov, Bucure ti, Ed.

Danubius, 1991, p. 58. 368 Ibidem. 369 Ibidem, p. 59. 370 Ibidem. 371 Ibidem. 372 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 142. 373 Ibidem, f. 150. 374 Ibidem, f. 138. 375 Idem, fond Mica Intelegere, vol. 31, f.36. 376 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 156.

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377 Idem, fond Mica Intelegere, vol. 31, f. 144. 378 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 164.. 379 Ibidem, vol. 11, f. 44. 380 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 168. 381 Ibidem, vol 11, f. 52. 382 Fl. Constantiniu, op. cit., p. 60-61. 383 Ibidem, p. 62-64. 384Al. Cretzianu, op. cit., p. 53. 385 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 233. 386 Ibidem,p. 54. 387 Ibidem. 388 Ibidem,p. 366. 389 Rebcca Haynes, op. cit., p. 125. 390 Ibidem, p.129. 391 Al. Cretzianu, op. cit., p. 55. 392 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 182. 393 Ibidem, vol. 11, f. 80. 394 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 319. 395 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 191-192. 396 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 11, f. 84-88. 397 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 320-321. 398 Ibidem, p. 321-322. 399 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 205-209. 400 Ibidem, vol. 11, f. 130-131. 401 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 336-337. 402 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 200. 403 Ibidem, vol. 11, f. 177-179. 404 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 330-334. 405 Ibidem, p. 334. 406 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 11, f. 185-186. 407 Ibidem, f. 190. 408 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 222-223. 409 Ibidem. 410 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 342. 411 Arhiva M. A. E. fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 6, f. 433. 412 Carol al II-lea, Însemnari zilnice, Bucuresti, vol.I, p. 379. 413 I. Calafeteanu, op. cit., p. 241. 414 Ibidem, p. 242-243. 415 Rebecca Haynes, op. cit., p. 131. 416 Ibidem, p. 139. 417 Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 244-255. 418 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 349. 419Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 262-263. 420Arhiva M. A. E., fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 12, f. 105.

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421 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 282. 422 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 281. 423 E. Campus, op. cit., p. 360-361. 424 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 282-286. 425 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 334. 426 Ibidem, f. 337. 427 Dacia, 27 mai 1940, p. 8. 428 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 53, f. 2. 429 Ibidem, vol. 13, f. 55. 430 Ibidem, vol. 53, f. 3. 431 Al. Cretzianu, op. cit., p. 72. 432 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 351. 433 Ibidem, f. 357. 434 Ibidem, vol. 53, f. 496. 435 Ibidem, f. 3. 436 Ibidem. 437 Ibidem, f. 497. 438 Ibidem, f. 497-498. 439 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 373. 440 0DUHD�FRQIODJUD LH�PRQGLDO �D�VHFROXOXL�;;, p. 118-119. 441 M. Manoilescu, Memorii, iulie-august 1940. Dictatul de la Viena�� %XFXUHüWL�� (G��(QFLFORSHGLF ��S�����

442 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 13, f. 151. 443 Ibidem, vol. 53, f. 498. 444 Ibidem, vol. 13, f. 157. 445 Gr. Gafencu, Ultimele zile ale Europei��%XFXUHüWL��(G��(QFLFORSHGLF ��������S������ 446 Idem, 3UHOLPLQDULL�OD�U ]ERLXO�GLQ�U V ULW�� p. 139-142. 447 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 53, f. 442-447. 448 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 273-283. 449 Al. Cretzianu, op. cit., p. 61. 450 Gr. Gafencu, op. cit., p. 278. 451 Ibidem, p. 123. 452 Ibidem, p. 244. 453 Al. Cretzianu, op. cit., p. 63. 454 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 28 februarie 1932, p. 4. 455 M. Vanku, &RODERUDUHD� SDUODPHQWDU � GLQWUH� ,XJRVODYLD� üL� 5RPkQLD� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � U ]ERDLH�

mondiale, în Lumina, nr. 3-4, 1974, p. 209-211. 456 Ibidem, p. 210-211. 457 Arhiva Ministerului afacerilor externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol.50, f. 328 458 ArhivelH�QD LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 27, 1925.,f. 53, 459 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 49,f. 150-151, 460 Ibidem f. 303, 206, 461 Ibidem, vol. 51, f. 41-43. 462 Ibidem,vol. 5, f. 290.

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463 Ibidem, f. 297. 464 Ibidem, f. 291-292. 465�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 15-1938, f. 1. 466� 'XPLWUX� 7X X��$OLDQ H� PLOLWDUH� DOH� 5RPkQLHL� �����-1939), în 3UREOHPH� GH� SROLWLF � H[WHUQ � D�

României.1918-1940��%XFXUHüWL��(GLWXUD�0LOLWDU ��������YRO��,,��S� 148. 467 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, Vol. 50, f. 326. 468 Ibidem, f. 330. 469 Ibidem, f. 334. 470 Ibidem, f. 336-337. 471 Ibidem, f. 338. 472�'XPLWUX�7X X��op. cit. p. 148. 473 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol.50, f. 341. 474 Ibidem, f. 343. 475 Ibidem, f. 344. 476 Ibidem, f. 347-348. 477 Ibidem, f. 349. 478 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol.52, f. 198- 199. 479 Ibidem, vol. 11, f. 39, 42. 480 Ibidem, f. 139. 481 Ibidem, f. 141. 482 Ibidem, vol. 12, f. 86. 483�'XPLWUX�7X X��op. cit., p. 110. 484 Milan Vanku, op. cit., p. 63. 485 Ibidem, p. 239. 486 Ibidem, p. 235-236. 487 Ibidem, p. 239. 488 DXPLWUX�7X X��op. cit., p. 128. 489 Ibidem, p. 130. 490 Eliza Campus, ÍQ HOHJHUHD�%DOFDQLF , p. 205. 491 Ibidem, p. 210. 492 Ibidem, p. 350. 493 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol .52, f. 236. 494 Ibidem, f. 258. 495 Ibidem, vol. 12, f. 65.

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'H� DVHPHQHD�� vQ� DQXO� ������ LPHGLDW� GXS � DSDUL LD� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD� D�volumului “Stari srpski radoslavi i letopisi”, Nicolae Iorga l-D� I FXW�cunoscut prin intermediul studiului “L’element roumain dans les annales serbes”25.

3UHRFXS UL� OHJDWH� GH� LVWRULD� VWDWXOXL� YHFLQ� üL� LQWHUIHUHQ HOH� LVWRULFH�româno-iugoslavH�DX�DYXW�üL�DO L� LVWRULFL�URPkQL��$VWIHO��6LOYLX�'UDJRPLU�D�SUH]HQWDW� vQ� FDGUXO� VHF LXQLL� ,VWRULH� D� $FDGHPLHL� 5RPkQH� H[SXQHUHD�´2ULJLQHD�FRORQLLORU�GLQ�,VWULDµ��XWLOL]kQG�üL�OXFU UL�Ge specialitate ale unor FHUFHW WRUL�iugoslavL�üL�L]YRDUH�LVWRULFH�GLQ� DUD�YHFLQ �

Într-R� DOW � FRQIHULQ �� DFHODüL� LVWRULF� D� VXV LQXW� OXFUDUHD� ´0RUPkQWXO�OXL�0LKDL�9LWHD]XO�üL�YHFKHD�FDWHGUDO �GH�OD�$OED�,XOLDµ��vQ�HODERUDUHD�F UHLD�D� XWLOL]DW� üL� OXFUDUHD� OXL� ,RYDQ� 5DGRQLþ� –� ´*URI� *�� %UDQNRYLþ� L� QMHJRYR�YUHPHµ�üL�FURQLFD�OXL�%UDQNRYLþ�GH�OD�6UHPVNL�.DUORYDF26.

În 1926 Ion Filitti a publicat “Une lettre du prince de Serbie au prince GH�9DODFKLH� HQ� ����µ�� vQ� FDUH� UHOLHIHD] � XQ�PRPHQW� DO� UHOD LLORU� URPkQR-iugoslavH� GLQ� SHULRDGD� GRPQLLORU� OXL� *KHRUJKH� %LEHVFX� üL� $OH[DQGUX�.DUD RU HYLþ27.

În anul 1928, Institutul Sud-EVW�(XURSHDQ�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL�D�RUJDQL]DW�XQ�FLFOX�GH�FRQIHULQ H�´,XJRVODYLD�– Bulgaria”28��LDU�vQ�DSULOLH�DO�DFHOXLDüL�DQ�a fost publicat în revista cuOWXUDO � ´%DQDWXOµ� VWXGLXO� OXL� 0LKDLO� *DüSDU�“Banatul în preajma lui 1848”29.

3UH]HQWkQG� UH]XOWDWHOH� FHUFHW ULORU� DUKHRORJLFH� HIHFWXDWH� vQ� ����� OD�3DQ HYR��0LRGUDJ�*UELþ� IDFH� DQDORJLL� vQWUH� FHUDPLFD�SLFWDW �GH�DLFL� üL� FHD�GHVFRSHULW �OD�7XUGDü��vQ�7UDQVLOYDnia30.

ÍQ� ����� D� Y ]XW� OXPLQD� WLSDUXOXL� OXFUDUHD� OXL� &�%�� 2EHGHDQX� ´/HV�UHODWLRQV�KLVWRULTXHV�HW�SROLWLTXHV�GHV�5RXPDLQV�DYHF�OHV�6HUEHVµ��SUHID DW �GH�üHIXO�OHJD LHL�LXJRVODYH�OD�%XFXUHüWL��%��-�� RODN�–�$QWLþ31.

Alexandru Marcu lansa în 1930 lucrarea “ConsSLUDWRUL� üL� FRQVSLUD LL�vQ�HSRFD�UHQDüWHULL�SROLWLFH� �D�5RPkQLHLµ�� vQ�FDUH�VXQW�VXEOLQLDWH� OHJ WXULOH�româno-iugoslave din vremea domniei lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza, fiind DPLQWLW�üL�SODQXO�SULYLQG�UHDOL]DUHD�XQHL�FRQIHGHUD LL�FDUH�V �LQFOXG �6HUELD��Ungaria üL�3ULQFLSDWHOH�5RPkQH32.

1�9�� &KULVWX� SXEOLFD� vQ� ´*UDLXO� 5RPkQHVFµ� VWXGLXO� ´(PLJU ULOH�SRSXOD LHL�GLQ�2KULGD� vQ�6HUELD�9HFKHµ33, iar G.T. Djuvara, la Paris, “Mes mission diplomatique. Belgrade, Sofia, Constantinopole”34��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS��

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în revista “ArhivelH�%DVDUDELHLµ�VH�WLS UHD�OXFUDUHD�OXL�*�7��%XODW�´$MXWRDUH�URPkQHüWL�SHQWUX�UHYROX LRQDULL�iugoslavi (1809)35.

/D����PDUWLH�������LVWRULFXO�3�3��3DQDLWHVFX�D�VXV LQXW�OD�,QVWLWXWXO�GH�studii sud-HVW�HXURSHQH�FRQIHULQ D�´5RPkQLL�üL�L]YRDUHOH�LVWRULFH�iugoslave üL� EXOJDUHµ�� HYLGHQ LLQG� LPSRUWDQ D�XQRU� DQDOH�� JHQHDORJLL� üL� ELRJUDILL� DOH�istoriografiei vechi iugoslavH�SHQWUX�LVWRULFLL�URPkQL��GDWH�ILLQG�LQIRUPD LLOH��DGHVHD�XQLFH��SH�FDUH�DFHVWHD� OH�FRQ LQ�� vQ�VSHFLDO�SHQWUX�HSRFD� OXL�0LUFHD�FHO� % WUkQ� üL� D� XUPDüLORU� V L�� ,VWRULFXO� URPkQ�PDL� VXEOLQLD� F � vQ� SHULRDGD�GRPLQD LHL� WXUFHüWL� LVWRULRJUDILD� iugoslav �D�S VWUDW�VWUkQVH�OHJ WXUL�FX�FHD�GLQ� ULOH�5RPkQH��H[HPSOX�ILLQG�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�RSHUD�OXL�*��%UDQNRYLþ�GH�OD�VIkUüLWXO�VHFROXOXL�DO�;9,,-lea36.

$FHODüL� LVWRUic a publicat în “Revue internationale des études balkaniques” articolul “Un episode des relations serbo-roumaines en 1844”, FH� FXSULQGH� GDWH� GHVSUH� PLVLXQHD� OXL� 6W�� 6LPLþ� SH� OkQJ � GRPQLWRUXO�muntean Gh. Bibescu37.

Într-R� DOW � OXFUDUH�� ´0LQHOH� GH� DUDP � DOH� OXL� 0LUFHD� FHO� % WUkQµ��WUDVHD] �R�SDUDOHO �vQWUH�PRGXO�GH�H[SORDWDUH�D�PLQHORU�vQ�VHFROXO�DO�;,9-lea SH�WHULWRULXO�6HUELHL�üL�SH�FHO�DO�0XQWHQLHL��&HUFHW WRUXO�D�DMXQV�OD�FRQFOX]LD�F � WHUPLQRORJLD�PLQLHU � vQWUHEXLQ DW � SH� WHULWRULXO� 6HUELHL� HUD� LGHQWLF � Fu FHD� IRORVLW � vQ� 0XQWHQLD�� ÍQ� UHDOL]DUHD� VWXGLXOXL� DX� IRVW� XWLOL]DWH� XQHOH�OXFU UL�DOH�OXL�6WDQRMH�6WDQRMHYLþ�üL�&��-LUH HN38.

5HOD LLOH� GLSORPDWLFH� URPkQR-iugoslavH� GLQ� HSRFD� PRGHUQ � DX� IRVW�DQDOL]DWH� üL� GH� F WUH� LVWRULFXO� URPkQ� *KHRUJKH� %U WLDQX� vQ� VWXGLXO� V X�´3ROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�OXL�&X]D�9RG �üL�GH]YROWDUHD�LVWRULF �URPkQ µ39��$FHODüL�LVWRULF� D� SUH]HQWDW� vQ� FDGUXO� VHF LXQLL� GH� ,VWRULH� D� $FDGHPLHL� 5RPkQH� R�FRQIHULQ �SULYLQG�OHJ WXULOH�LVWRULFH�GLQWUH�JUHFL�üL�iugoslavi40.

5DGX�5RVHWWL�D�FRQIHUHQ LDW� vQ�FDGUXO�DFHOXLDüL�SUHVWLJLRV�IRU�FXOWXUDO�URPkQHVF� GHVSUH� FRUHVSRQGHQ D� LQHGLW � D� SULQFLSHOXL�0LODQ� DO� 6HUELHL� FX�FRORQHOXO� *KHRUJKH� &DWDUJL� vQ� WLPSXO� U ]ERLXOXL� GLQ� ����-1878. Au fost SUH]HQWDWH� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM� üL� XQHOH� DVSHFWH� DOH� UHOD LLORU� UXVR-iugoslave, animozitatea iugoslavLORU�ID �GH�EXOJDUL�SUHFXP�üL�JHOR]LD�SH�FDUH�R�VLP HD�SULQFLSHOH� 0LODQ� ID � GH� RPRORJXO� V X� URPkQ� &DURO�� /XFUDUHD� D� IRVW�UHFHQ]DW � GH� F WUH� LVWRULFXO� iugoslav� 9�� RURYL 41�� 2� DOW � FRQIHULQ � D� OXL�5DGX�5RVHWWL��VXV LQXW �OD����PDUWLH 1933, privea “Începuturile artei militare vQ�FXSULQVXO�5RPkQLHL�GH�D]Lµ��ÍQ�FDGUXO�H[SXQHULL�HUD�WUDVDW �R�SDUDOHO �FX�RUJDQL]DUHD�PLOLWDU �OD�VODYL��ILLQG�IRORVLW �üL�OXFUDUHD�LVWRULFXOXL�iugoslav C. -LUH HN��´*HVFKLFKWH�GHU�6HUEHQµ42.

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132

ÍQ� ����� D� DS UXW� LPSRUWDQWD� OXFUDUH� D� LVWRULFXOXL� üL� GLSORPDWXOXL�URPkQ� 5DRXO� 9�� %RV\� ´$JHQ LD� GLSORPDWLF � D� 5RPkQLHL� vQ� %HOJUDG� üL�OHJ WXULOH� SROLWLFH� URPkQR-iugoslave sub Cuza-YRG µ�� OXFUDUH� FH� VFRDWH� vQ�HYLGHQ �FX�FODULWDWH�UHOD LLOH�VWUkQVH�FH�DX�H[LVWDW�vQ�HSRFD�UHVSHFWLY �vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �SRSRDUH43.

3UHRFXS UL�SULYLQG�LVWRULD�6HUELHL�D�DYXW�üL�,��1LVWRU��P UWXULH�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�VWkQG�FRQIHULQ HOH�VDOH�FX�VXELHFW� LVWRULF��SULYLQG�´2FXSD LD�DXVWULDF �în principate (1854 –� ������ GXS � UDSRDUWHOH� OXL�&RURQLQLµ� üL� ´3ULQFLSDWHOe URPkQH�VXE�RFXSD LD�UXVHDVF ����LXOLH������– 17 septembrie 1854”44.

ÍQ� üHGLQ D� GLQ� �� QRLHPEULH� ����� D� VHF LXQLL� ,VWRULFH� D� $FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH��,RDQ�/XSDü��vQ�H[SXQHUHD�VD�´8Q�YO GLF �URPkQ�Q S VWXLW�OD�DQXO������� &LQH� SXWHD� IL"µ� D� XWLOL]DW� R� VXUV � LVWRULRJUDILF � iugoslav � – “Fragmente din cronica iugoslavHDVF �D�OXL�*K��%UDQFRYLFLµ��SXEOLFDW�GH�6��'UDJRPLU� vQ�´$QXDUXO�,QVWLWXWXOXL�GH�,VWRULH�1D LRQDO �GLQ�&OXMµ���FURQLF �ce sintetiza prigonirile calvine asupra românilor45.

Istoricul I.C. Filitti, în studiul V X�´8QH�PLVVLRQ�URXPDLQH�D�%HOJUDGH�HQ�����µ��HYLGHQ LD�SUH]HQ D�vQ�FDSLWDOD�6HUELHL�D�XQHL�GHOHJD LL�URPkQH�WULPLVH�GH�&DURO� ,�SHQWUX�D� DVLVWD� OD�GHFODUDUHD�PDMRUDWXOXL�SULQ XOXL�0LODQ�DO� 6HUELHL46. $FHODüL�LVWRULF�URPkQ�D�PDL�FHUFHWDW�XQ�HSLVRG�DO�UHOD Lilor româno-iugoslave, în lucrarea “Despina, Princesse de Valachie, fille présumeé de Jea Brankovitch”47.

/D] U�,��&LRP�D�SXEOLFDW�VWXGLXO�´8Q�YHFKL�PRQXPHQW�HSLJUDILF�VODY�OD�7XUQX�6HYHULQ��2�UXJ FLXQH�– descântec slavo-iugoslav �GLQ�VHFROXO�;,,,-XIV”, desSUH�FDUH�D�VFULV�vQ�]LDUXO�´2E]RUµ�üL�SURIHVRUXO�iugoslav�6WM��,YåL 48, LDU� 'DPLDQ� 3�� %RJGDQ�� vQ� UHDOL]DUHD� OXFU ULL� VDOH� ´'LSORPDWLFD� VODYR� – URPkQ � GLQ� VHFROHOH� ;,9-XV” a utilizat o serie de izvoare istorice iugoslave49.

Referiri la istoria iugoslavilor înWkOQLP�üL� vQ�DUWLFROXO� OXL�$XUHO�'HFHL�´$� SDUWLFLSDW� 0LUFHD� FHO� % WUkQ� OD� OXSWD� GH� $QNDUD"µ50 iar un aspect al FRODERU ULL�URPkQR-iugoslavH�vQ�HSRFD�PRGHUQ �HVWH�UHOLHIDW�GH�VWXGLXO�OXL�Nicolae Gioga Sinefache –�´2ULJLQHD�HWQLF �D�OXL�,RUGDFKH�2OLPSLRWXOµ51.

(PLO� 7XUGHDQX� D� IRVW� SUHRFXSDW� GH� DFWLYLWDWHD� OXL� *�� %UDQNRYLþ��SXEOLFkQG� VWXGLLOH� ´*�� %UDQFRYLFL� HW� OHV� SD\V� URXPDLQVµ�� FH� D� DS UXW� vQ�actele celui de-DO� WUHLOHD� FRQJUHV� LQWHUQD LRQDO� GH� VODYLVWLF � FH� XUPD� V � VH�LQ � OD�%HOJUDG��XWLOL]kQG�PDQXVFULVH�DOH� OXL�%UDQNRYLþ�DIODWH� vQ�%LEOLRWHFD�UHJDO �GLQ�%HOJUDG52��SUHFXP�üL�´/·RHXYUH�LQFRQQXH�GH�*HRUJHV�%UDQNRYLþµ��vQ� WLPSXO� GRFXPHQW ULL� SHQWUX� vQWRFPLUHD� DFHVWHL� OXFU UL�� FHUFHW WRUXO�

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URPkQ� D� GHVFRSHULW� vQ� ELEOLRWHFD� $FDGHPLHL� UHJDOH� GLQ� %HOJUDG� GRX �manuscrise�URPkQHüWL�vQWRFPLWH�OD�9LOQD�vQ�DQXO������53.

0DULQD�/XSDü�D�SXEOLFDW�vQ������OD�&OXM�OXFUDUHD�SULYLQG�PLWURSROLWXO�6DYD� %UDQNRYLþ54, iar P.P. Panaitescu a abordat un subiect discutat în SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF �� SULYLQG� ´2FWRLKXO� OXL� 0DFDULH� ������� üL� RULJLQLOe WLSRJUDILHL�vQ� DUD�5RPkQHDVF ��7LSRJUDILD�F U LL�ELVHULFHüWLµ55��7RWRGDW ��vQ�septembrie 1939, apreciatul istoric P. P. Panaitescu, s-a aflat la Belgrad cu RFD]LD�FRQJUHVXOXL�VODYLüWLORU56.

7UHEXLH� UH LQXW� üL� IDSWXO� F � vQ�QXP UXO�GLQ���� LXQLH������DO�]LDUului ´8QLYHUVXOµ�D�IRVW�UHSURGXV�XQ�DUWLFRO�FH�D�DS UXW�vQ�FRWLGLDQXO�EHOJU GHDQ�´3ROLWLNDµ�� LQWLWXODW� ´8Q� HSLVRG� LVWRULF� LQWHUHVDQWµ� üL� FDUH� VH� UHIHUHD� OD�colonelul iugoslav� 0LOLYRMH� 3HWURYLþ� %OD]QRYDF�� WULPLVXO� VSHFLDO� DO�principelui iugoslav la Alexandru Ioan Cuza în toamna anului 186357.

/D� UkQGXO� ORU�� üL� LVWRULFLL� iugoslavL� DX� DYXW� SUHRFXS UL� vQ� GLUHF LD�DQDOL]HL�UHOD LLORU�iugoslavo-române de-a lungul istoriei.

5DQNR�0ODGHQRYLþ�� vQ� OXFUDUHD�VD�´hEHU�GHU�KLVWRULVFKHU�8KUVSUXQJ�der südslavischer Staat. Die zweite Regierung des Fürster Michail Obrenovitsch III von Serbien (1860-�����µ��DS UXW �vQ�������WUDWD�üL�DVSHFWH�DOH�LVWRULHL�3ULQFLSDWHORU�5RPkQH�vQ�WLPSXO�OXL�$OH[DQGUX�,RDQ�&X]D�üL�DOH�UHOD LLORU�DFHVWRUD�FX�iugoslavii58.

5HIHULUL� OD� VLWXD LD� 3ULQFLpatelor Române din perioada 1791 – 1794 vQWkOQLP� vQ� VWXGLXO� OXL�'XåDQ� 3DQWHOLþ� ´/H� 3DFKDOLN� GH� %HOJUDGH� DSUès la paix de Svichtov, 1791-179�µ�� DS UXW� OD� %HOJUDG� vQ� ������ VXE� HJLGD�Academiei iugoslavH�üL�FDUH�XWLOL]HD] �L]YRDUH�LVWRULFH�LQHGLWH�GLQ�DUKLYHOH iugoslave59.

Într-XQ� RSXVFXO�� 'XåDQ� 3RSRYLþ� D� SUH]HQWDW� LVWRULD� SRSXOD LHL�macedo-URPkQH� FH� WU LD� SH� WHULWRULXO� 5HJDWXOXL� iugoslavo-croato-sloven, SUHFXP�üL�FRQWULEX LD�DFHVWHLD�OD�GH]YROWDUHD�UHJDWXOXL60.

/D�=DJUHE��1LNR�=XSRYLþ��vQWU-un studiu publicat în revista “Narodne 6WDULQDµ� SULYLQG� FHUDPLFD� GHVFRSHULW � SH� WHULWRULXO� LXJRVODY�� D� SUH]HQWDW�DQDORJLL�DOH�DFHVWHLD�FX�FHUDPLFD�GHVFRSHULW �SH�WHULWRULXO�5RPkQLHL61.

ÍQ� FDGUXO� UHYLVWHL� ´6SRPHQLNµ� �%HOJUDG��� 0�� &RVWH� üL� 3�� .RVWLþ� DX�DQDOL]DW� HYROX LD� LQGXVWUiei iugoslave�� ÍQ� UHDOL]DUHD� DFHVWHL� OXFU UL�FHUFHW WRULL�DX�DYXW� vQ�YHGHUH� OXFUDUHD�SURIHVRUXOXL�1LFRODH� ,RUJD��´,VWRULD�industriei în România”62.

ÍQ� VIHUD� SUHRFXS ULORU� SULYLQG� LVWRULD� PHGLHYDO � GLVWLQJHP� VWXGLXO�LVWRULFXOXL�*��5DGRM Lþ��´/D�FKURQRORJLH�Ge la bataille de Rovine”63.

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ûL�vQ�GHFHQLXO�DO�SDWUXOHD�VH�SRDWH�FRQVWDWD�R�FRQWLQXDUH�D�LQWHUHVXOXL�istoricilor iugoslavL� SHQWUX� LQWHUIHUHQ HOH� URPkQR-iugoslave de pe diferite SODQXUL��$VWIHO�� vQ�UHYLVWD�´6SRPHQLNµ�D�$FDGHPLHL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�D�DS UXW�un act HODERUDW� GH� F WUH� SULQFLSHOH� *KHRUJKH� 5DNRF]L� DO� 7UDQVLOYDQLHL� OD�185664.

5HIHULUL� OD� LVWRULD� URPkQLORU� SRW� IL� vQWkOQLWH� üL� vQ� OXFUDUHD� OXL� 0LORå�0ODGHQRYLþ�´/·eWDW�VHUEH�DX�PR\HQ�kJH��VRQ�FKDUDFWHUµ65��SUHFXP�üL�vQ�FHD�D�OXL�'XåDQ�3DQWH�FRQVDFUDW �U ]ERLXOXi austro-WXUF�GLQ�D�GRXD�MXP WDWH�D�secolului al XVIII-lea66��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS��*��%RåNRYLþ�D�SXEOLFDW�vQ�SHULRGLFXO�“Starinar” un articol cuprinzând referiri la teritoriul Olteniei în epoca PRGHUQ 67�� 5HYLVWD� GH� GUHSW� LQWHUQD LRQDO� üL� GUHSW� FRPSDUDW� D� J ]GXLt în SDJLQLOH� VDOH� DUWLFROXO� OXL� 9�� 5DGRYDQRYLþ� ´/H� 'DQXEHH� PDULWLPH� HW� OH�réglement du différend relatif aux compétences de la Commission européene sur la secteur Galatz –�%U LODµ68.

$VSHFWH� DOH� HYXOXL� PHGLX� URPkQHVF� DX� LQWUDW� üL� vQ� DWHQ LD� OXL� -��5DGRQLþ� care, într-XQ�DUWLFRO�DS UXW�vQ�������I FHD�UHIHULUL�OD�0ROGRYD�vQ�FHD�de-a doua parte a secolului al XV-lea69.

8Q� PRPHQW� LPSRUWDQW� vQ� FDGUXO� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � üFROL�istoriografice s-D�SHWUHFXW�OD����PDL�������FkQG��vQ�FDGUXO�VHF LXQLL�,VWRULH�D $FDGHPLHL� 5RPkQH�� GU�� $OHNVD� ,YLþ� �SURIHVRU� XQLYHUVLWDU� OD� 6XERWLFD�� D�VXV LQXW�FRQIHULQ D�´'RFXPHQWH�SULYLWRDUH�OD�PLüFDUHD�OLWHUDU �üL�FXOWXUDO �D�URPkQLORU�GLQ�8QJDULD�vQ�VHFROHOH�;9,,,�üL�;,;µ70��$FHDVWD�I FHD�UHIHULUH��SH�ED]D�XQXL�QXP U�GH����GH�GRFXPHQWH�SURYHQLQG�GH� OD�&DQFHODULD�XQJDU �GH�FXUWH�üL�&DQFHODULD� LOLULF �GH�FXUWH�� VHF LD� iugoslav �� � OD�SHULRDGD�GLQWUH�DQLL������üL�������7UHEXLH�VXEOLQLDW�IDSWXO�F ��WUDGXFHUHD�GRFXPHQWHORU�GLQ�limba iugoslav � DSDU LQH� SURWRSRSXOXL� iugoslav� 8URå� .RYLQ Lþ� üL�protopopului român Gh. Ciuhandu (ambii din Arad)71.

7RW� vQ� DFHDVW � SHULRDG � D� DS UXW� SULPXO� YROXP� DO� PRQRJUDILHL�DUKHRORJLFH� ´3UDLVWRULMVND� 9LQ Dµ� DO� OXL� 0LORMH� 0�� 9DVLþ�� F UXLD� PDUHOH�LVWRULF� üL� DUKHRORJ� URPkQ� 9ODGLPLU� 'XPLWUHVFX� L-a dedicat o recenzie IDYRUDELO �� $FHVWD� VXEOLQLD� IDSWXO� F � OXFUDUHD� OXL� 9DVLþ� FRQVWLWXLD� SULPD�OXFUDUH�GH�VSHFLDOLWDWH�VWU LQ �FDUH�XWLOL]D�SH�VFDU � ODUJ �XOWLPHOH�UH]XOWDWH�DOH� LQYHVWLJD LLORU� DUKHRORJLFH� GLQ� 5RPkQLD� üL� DUWLFROHOH� GH� VSHFLDOLWDWH�URPkQHüWL�UHFHQWH72.

N.D. AnaVWDVLMHYLþ�D�SXEOLFDW�´/HWRSLVH XO�GH�OD�ELVHULFD�6I��1LFRODHµ��QHFXQRVFXW�SkQ �OD�DFHD�GDW �üL�FDUH�FXSULQGH�üWLUL�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�URPkQL73.

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5HOD LLORU� iugoslavo-URPkQH� GLQ� SHULRDGD� PRGHUQ � OH-au fost consacrate o serie de interesante studii, dintre care amintim pe cel al lui 3HURYLþ�5DGRVODY�´'LQ�DUKLYD�OXL�+DJL�,RQDü������-1819)”, întocmit pe baza FRUHVSRQGHQ HL� QHJXVWRUXOXL� FUDLRYHDQ� �DIODW � OD� $UKLYHOH� 6WDWXOXL� GLQ�%XFXUHüWL��üL�FRQGXF WRUL�DL�UHYROX LHL�iugoslave. Dintre aceste scrisori, cele mai imporWDQWH��vQ�QXP U�GH�üDSWH��HUDX�DGUHVDWH�OXL�0LORå�2EUHQRYLþ��GLQ�FRQ LQXWXO�DFHVWRUD�UHLHüLQG�F �QHJXVWRUXO�URPkQ�HUD�XQ�LPSRUWDQW�IXUQL]RU�al armatei iugoslave74�� $OWH� OXFU UL� WUDWkQG� DFHVW� VXELHFW� VXQW�� ´&RQIOLFWXO�diplomatic pentru trecerea armelor iugoslave� SULQ� 5RPkQLD� vQ� ����µ� üL�´=LDUXO� OXL� -HUHPLMD� *D Lþµ� �VHFUHWDUXO� 6IDWXOXL� QD LRQDO� GLQ� WLPSXO�UHYROX LHL� OXL� .DUD RU H�� SUH]HQW� vQ� ����� OD� %XFXUHüWL� SHQWUX� D� VROLFLWD�DMXWRUXO�GRPQLWRUXOXL�&RQVWDQWLQ�,SVLODQWH���=LDUXO�DFHVWXLD�FRQ LQHD�üL�üWLUL�privitoare la luptele ruso-WXUFH� GHVI üXUDWH� vQ� HSRF � SH� WHULWRULXO�Moldovei75.

8Q�DVSHFW�DO� UHOD LLORU� FXOWXUDOH� URPkQR-iugoslave a fost surprins de 3��0LKDLORYLþ�vQ�OXFUDUHD�´0DQXVFULVH�üL�F U L�URPkQHüWL�vQ�,XJRVODYLDµ76.

7RW� DLFL� WUHEXLH� DPLQWLWH� OXFU ULOH� OXL� -�� 5DGRQLþ�� ´2GQRVL� 6UED� L�Rumuna u prošlost” (în special volumul VIII din 1921, pp. 97-103), K.N. 0LOXWLQRYLþ�� ´7UL� SURMHNWD� EDONDQVNH� NRQIHGHUDFLMHµ�� *�� 5DGRM Lþ�� ´Listina monastira Petre od oktobra 1395. god kao izvor hronologije bitke na Rumunima”77.

7UHEXLH� DPLQWLW � üL�GRQD LD�GLQ������D�JXYHUQXOXL� iugoslavo-croato-VORYHQ��I FXW �0X]HXOXL�PLOLWDU�QD LRQDO�GLQ�%XFXUHüWL��FXSULQ]kQG�R�IRDUWH�ERJDW �üL�ELQH�DOF WXLW �FROHF LH�GH�DUPH��HFKLSDPHQW�PLOLWDU�üL�IRWRJUDILL�DOH�armatei iugoslave din timpul prLPXOXL�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO78.

ÍQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF ��RILFLDOLW L�iugoslavH�üL-DX�H[SULPDW�GRULQ D�GH�D�ULGLFD�vQ�'REURJHD�XQ�PRQXPHQW�vQFKLQDW�RVWDüLORU�iugoslavL�F ]X L�DLFL�OD�GDWRULH� vQ� SULPXO� U ]ERL� PRQGLDO�� 0LQLVWHUXO� URPkQ� GH� U ]ERL� DU WD� vQ�U VSXQVXO� V X� OD� FHUHUHD� vQWRFPLW � GH� JHQHUDOXO� iugoslav� 6WMHSDQ� +D Lþ��SUHüHGLQWHOH�FRPLWHWXOXL�SHQWUX�ULGLFDUHD�PRQXPHQWXOXL��F �YD�DFRUGD�WRDW �DWHQ LXQHD�UHDOL] ULL�DFHVWXLD��6H�DU WD�DVWIHO�F �PLQLVWHUXO�URPkQ�YD�DVLJXUD�mâna de lucru, mijloace de transport feroYLDU�üL�UXWLHU�üL�VSHFLDOLüWL79. Tot în YHGHUHD� ULGLF ULL� DFHVWXL� PRQXPHQW�� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� D� DFRUGDW� VFXWLUL�YDPDOH�SHQWUX�RSW�YDJRDQH�FX�PDUPXU �üL�XWLODMHOH�QHFHVDUH�FRQVWUXF LHL��ÍQ�DQXO� ������ IRüWLL� YROXQWDUL� LXJRVODYL� DX� vQWUHSULQV� XQ� SHOHULQDM� OD�monumentul eroilor ridicat la Medgidia80.

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ÍQ� GRPHQLXO� üWLLQ HORU� ILORORJLFH�� vQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � DX� IRVW�HODERUDWH� VWXGLL� SULYLQG� HYROX LD� OLQJYLVWLF � D� FHORU� GRX � SRSRDUH� üL�FRQWULEX LD�OLPELL�iugoslavo-FURDWH�OD�SO VPXLUHD�VXEVWUDWXOXL�VODY�DO�OLPELL�romkQH�� ÍQ� DFHVW� VHQV� WUHEXLH� UHPDUFDWH� OXFU ULOH� OLQJYLüWLORU� URPkQL� 1��'U JDQ�� ´5RPkQLL� vQ� YHDFXULOH� ,;� – XIV, pe bazD� WRSRQLPLHL� üL�onomasticii”81�� 3�� 3DSDKDJL�� ´'LQ� HSRFD� GH� IRUPD LXQH� D� OLPELL� URPkQH��Probleme etno-lingvistice”; “Numiri etnice la Aromâni”, pentru care a vQWUHSULQV�R�F O WRULH�GH�GRFXPHQWDUH�vQ�]RQD�1Lå-ului82��*K��1DQGULü��´&X�privire la editarea documentelor slavo – române”83�VDX�6��3XüFDULX��´6WXGLL�istroromâne”84.

Un rol important în acest domeniu l-D� DYXW� üL� ,�� % UEXOHVFX�� FX�OXFU ULOH�´8�]QD DMX� UXPXQVNH� ILORORORJLML�]D�SURX DYDQMH� VUSVNRJ� MH]LND� L�NQLçHYQRVWLµ�üL�´,QGLYLGXDOLWDWHD�OLPELL�URPkQH�üL�HOHPHQWHOH�VODYH�YHFKLµ85; E. Petrovici, cu “Sârbescul ‘grajati’ –�D�YRUEL��üL�URPkQHVFXO�¶D�JU L·µ��VWXGLX�DS UXW� vQ�UHYLVWD�FOXMHDQ �´'DFR-romania”86��´*UDLXO�FDUDüRYHQLORU�� VWXGLX�GH�GLDOHFWRORJLH�VODY �PHULGLRQDO µ87�üL�´µ5RPkQLL�GLQ�6HUELD�RFFLGHQWDO µ��SHQWUX�HODERUDUHD�F UXLD�D�HIHFWXDW�FHUFHW UL�GH�GRFXPHQWDUH�vQ�WHUHQ�88; G. Pascu, “Rumanische Elemente in der Balkansprache”89; Al. Rosetti, ´$VXSUD�UHSDUWL] UHL�GLDOHFWDOH�D�LVWURURPkQLOL90�üL�3��&DUDPDQ��´&RQWULEX LL�ELEOLRJUDILFH�OD�VWXGLXO�5RPkQLORU�GLQ�,VWULD�üL�DO�OLPELL�ORUµ��SHQWUX�FDUH�DX�fost utilizate izvoare croate)91�� 'H� DVHPHQHD�� WUHEXLH� DPLQWLW � H[SXQHUHD�UHDOL]DW � OD�$FDGHPLD�5RPkQ �GH�7K��&DULGRU�SULYLQG�´(OHPHQWXO� VODY� vQ�GLDOHFWXO� DURPkQµ�� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD� F UHLD� D� IRVW� IRORVLW � OXFUDUHD� OXL� -��-LUH HN� DS UXW � vQ� ������ ´6WDDW� XQG� *HVHOOVFKDIW� LQ� 0LWWHODOWHUOLFKH�Serbien”92.

'LQWUH� OXFU ULOH� OLQJYLüWLORU� iugoslavi în acest domeniu amintim pe FHOH� DOH� OXL� 6�� 6WDQRMHYLþ� ´/L QD� LPHQD� L� QDURGQRVW� X� 6UELML� VUHGQMHJD�veka”93�� 3�� 6NRN�� ´6ODYLL� GLQ� VXG� üL� SRSRDUHOH� WXUFHüWLµ�� ´6kUELWD� OXL�&RQVWDQWLQ�SH�%LVWUL D�vQ�*UHFLDµ94, “La términologie chrétienne en slave: le parroir, la marraire et lH� ILOOHXOµ� �VWXGLX� vQ� FDUH� VXQW� I FXWH� QXPHURDVH�FRPSDUD LL� FX� YRFDEXODUXO� OLPELL� URPkQH�95, “Toponomastika Voivodinei”96, “Quelques observation sur changements sémantiques verbaux en roumain”97�� 7UHEXLH� DPLQWLWH� GH� DVHPHQHD� FRQWULEX LLOH� OXL� 6��7ULMDQRYLþ� - “Prilog tajnim jezicima”98�� 9ODGLPLU� RURYLþ� -� ´/HJ WXULOH� üL�LQIOXHQ HOH� UHFLSURFH� vQWUH� YHFKLOH� vQVHPQ UL� VODYHµ�� OXFUDUH� UHFHQ]DW � GH�F WUH�'DPLDQ�3��%RJGDQ��FDUH�R�J VHD�LQFRPSOHW �GLQ�SXQFWXO�GH�YHGHUH�DO�bibliografiei utilizate99�� -��3RSRYLþ�– “Einige Bemerkungen über die serbo-

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UXPlQLVFKHQ� /HKQZ|UWHµ� üL� FHOH� DOH� OXL� -�+�� %DULþ�� ´$OEDQRUXPlQLVFKH�6WXGLHQµ�üL�´8]DMDPQLP�RGQRVLPD�EDONDQVNLK�MH]LNDµ��,100.

ÍQ� FH� SULYHüWH� WUDGXFHUHD� XQRU� RSHUH� OLWHUDUH�� OD� ����� /LD� +kUVX�WUDGXFHD�vQ�OLPED�URPkQ �OXFUDUHD�´9DUWRORPHL�DUJDWXO�üL�GUHSWXO�V Xµ�D�OXL�,YDQ� DQNDU�� $X� PDL� IRVW� WUDGXVH� OXFU UL� DSDU LQkQG� OXL� -RYDQ� 'X Lþ��UHSUH]HQWDQW� GLSORPDWLF� DO� ULL� VDOH� vQ� 5RPkQLD� vQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF ��FDUH�D�GHSXV�HIRUWXUL�PHULWXRDVH�SHQWUX�R�PDL�EXQ �FXQRDüWHUH�D�OLWHUDWXULL�iugoslavH�� ´&RPRDUD� vPS UDWXOXL� 5DGRPDQµ� �������� ´&HW L� üL� KLPHUHµ�(1939), “Legende albastre” (1939). Episcopului de Ohrida, Nikolaj 9HOLPLURYLþ�� L-D� IRVW� WUDGXV � OXFUDUHD�´&XJHW UL�GHVSUH�ELQH� üL� U Xµ��7RDWH�DFHVWH� WUDGXFHUL� DSDU LQ� OXL� %�� 3LVDURY�� OHFWRr de limba iugoslav � OD�8QLYHUVLWDWHD� GLQ� %XFXUHüWL101�� ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS�� OD� vQFHSXWXO� GHFHQLXOXL� DO�SDWUXOHD�� vQ� FDGUXO� )DFXOW LL� GH�/LWHUH� üL� )LORVRILH�GH� OD�8QLYHUVLWDWHD� GLQ�%XFXUHüWL� D� DS UXW� FXUVXO� GH� OLWHUDWXU � iugoslav � HODERUDW� GH� 3HWUH�Cancel102.

Referindu-VH� OD� QHFHVLWDWHD� XQHL� DSURSLHUL� VSLULWXDOH� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX �SRSRDUH��LVWRULFXO�URPkQ�,�'��6XFLX�DU WD�F �DFHVW�GH]LGHUDW�VH�SRDWH�vPSOLQL�doar printr-R�VHULRDV �WUDGXFHUH�D�VFULLWRULORU�UHSUH]HQWDWLYL�DL�FHORU�GRX �QD LXQL�vQ�OLPED�URPkQ �üL�FHD�iugoslav 103.

ÍQ� DQXO� ����� DS UHD� vQ� OLPED� iugoslav � DQWRORJLD� ´)UDJPHQWH� GLQ�SUR]D�URPkQ µ104 iar opere ale lui Panait Istrati erau traduse în iugoslavo-FURDW �üL�VORYHQ ��6FULLWRUXO�URPkQ��vQ�GUXPXULOH�VDOH�VSUH�)UDQ D��D�SRSRVLW�OD� /MXEOMDQD�� XQGH� üL-D� I FXW� SULHWHQL� üL� QXPHURüL� DGPLUDWRUL105. Revista OXQDU � ´5Hþ� L� VOLNDµ� FH�DS UHD� OD�%HOJUDG�D�SXEOLFDW� vQ� FXUVXO� DQXOXL� �����WUDGXFHUHD�SLHVHL�´3 FDWµ�D�OXL�,�/��&DUDJLDOH106.

În domeniul teoriei literaturii pot fi consemnate, în perioada LQWHUEHOLF ��XQHOH�FRQWULEX LL�GH�VSHFLDOLWDWH��$VWIHO���1��%D DQLD�D�VXV LQXW�OD�Institutul de studii sud-HVW� HXURSHQH�� vQ� �� PDUWLH� ������ FRQIHULQ D�´(OHPHQWXO� URPkQ� vQ� SRH]LD� HSLF � URPkQHDVF µ107, iar N. Cartojan, în üHGLQ D�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH�GLQ����DSULOLH�������FRQIHUHQ LLQG�SH�WHPa “Fiore di virtu� vQ� OLWHUDWXUD� URPkQHDVF µ�� D� I FXW� UHIHULUL� OD� OXFU ULOH� OXL� 3HWDU�.ROHP Lþ�üL�0LODQ�5HVHWDU108.

ÍQ� DFHHDüL� SHULRDG � DX� DS UXW� OXFU ULOH� OXL� 3�� 3RSRYLþ�� ´2� JU NRP�SUHYRGX�'RVLWHMHYD�¶æLYRWD·�,�UXPXQVNRP�SUHYRGX�¶·6DEUDQLMD·µ�üL�3��6NRN��“Iz rumunske literature o balkanskim vlasima”, “Iz balkanske NRPSDUDWLYQH�OLWHUDWXUHµ��´5XPXQVNH�SDUDOHOHµ�üL�´=LGDQMX�6NRGUDµ109.

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ÍQ�5RPkQLD�DX�Y ]XW�OXPLQD�WLSDUXOXL�R�VHULH�GH�YROXPH�GH�UHSRUWDMH��FXP�DU�IL�FHOH�DSDU LQkQG�OXL�3�1��3DVFX��´,XJRVODYLD��GUXPXri dalmatine” VDX� *K�� %UDWX�� ´3ULQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODYµ�� üL� FX� FDUDFWHU� LQIRUPDWLY��´3DUODPHQWXO� URPkQHVF�� QXP U� VSHFLDO� ,XJRVODYLDµ�� vQ� ����110��� GDU� üL�OXFUDUHD�E Q HDQXOXL�$XUHO�&RVPD�MU���´&RQVWLWX LD�UHJDWXOXL�LXJRVODYµ111.

)ROFORUXO� FHORU� GRX � SRSRDUH� D� FRQVWLWXLW�� üL� vQ� SHULRDGD� GLQWUH� FHOH�GRX � U ]ERDLH�PRQGLDOH�� XQ� VXELHFW� GH� VWXGLX� SHQWUX� VSHFLDOLüWL�� FDUH� DX�HYLGHQ LDW�H[LVWHQ D�XQRU� WU V WXUL�FRPXQH��GLQ�DFHVW�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH��DOH�FHORU�GRX �FXOWXUL��6H� FLUFXPVFULX�DFHVWXL� VXELHFW� OXFU ULOH� OXL�$��*RUovei, “Les peuples balkaniques dans le folklore roumaine”112�� 0�� ûWHI QHVFX��“Din trecutul Iugo-6ODYLORU�üL�DO�5RPkQLORUµ�GHVSUH�KDLGXFL�üL�KDLGXFLH�� vQ�FDUH� DXWRDUHD�� XWLOL]kQG� üL� OXFUDUHD� SURI�� '�� 3RSRYLþ� ´'HVSUH� KDLGXFLµ��DS UXW � OD� %HOJUDG� vQ� ������ DMXQJH� OD� FRQFOX]LD� F � H[LVW � OD� URPkQL� üL�iugoslavL�WU V WXUL�FRPXQH�DOH�DFHVWXL�JHQ�GH�YLD ����113.

&�� %U LORLX�� vQ� OXFUDUHD� VD� ´$UKLYD� GH� IRONORUH� D� 6RFLHW LL�&RPSR]LWRULORU� 5RPkQL�� 6FKL � D� XQHL� PHWRGH� GH� IRONORUH� PXVLFDOµ��UHDOL]HD] �XQ�SDUDOHOLVP� vQ�DFHVW domeniu cu Serbia114 iar Elene Eftimiu a SXEOLFDW�OXFUDUHD�´1XPHOH�'XQ ULL�vQ�SRH]LD�SRSXODU �URPkQHDVF µ115.

&HUFHW WRUXO�iugoslav�,OLMD�-LYDQ HYLþ��vQ�OXFUDUHD�´6kUEL�üL�URPkQLµ�vQ�OHJ WXU �FX�OHJHQGD�]LGLULL�RUDüXOXL�6NRGUD��D]L�6KNRGsU��vQ�$OEDQLD���I FHD R� DSURSLHUH� vQWUH� OHJHQGD�PHüWHUXOXL�0DQROH� üL� FHD� D� FRQVWUXLULL� RUDüXOXL�albanez116.

/MHSRVDYD� 3DYORYLþ� D� SXEOLFDW� YROXPXO� ´3ULOR]L� SUR DYDQMX�narodne”117� LDU�6��3DYORYLþ� OXFU ULOH�´5XPXQVND�QDURGQD�SMHVPD�– Prilozi SURX DYDQMX�QDURGQH�SRH]LMHµ�üL�´'RM LQ�X�rumunskoj narodnoj pjesmi”118.

ÍQ� DFHHDüL� VIHU � GH� LQWHUHV� VH� vQVFULH� üL� FRQWULEX LD� OXL� 9�� 9XOLþ�� GLQ�UHYLVWD� 6RFLHW LL� GH� üWLLQ H� iugoslavH� GLQ� 6NRSOMH�� UHIHULWRDUH� OD� WUDGL LLOH��IROFORUXO�üL�YLD D�FRWLGLDQ �D�URPkQLORU�FH�WU LDX�vQ�]RQD�UHVSHFWLY 119.

RHOD LLOH�FXOWXUDOH�URPkQR-iugoslave s-DX�PDWHULDOL]DW�üL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�muzicii. Astfel, corul “Cântarea României” dirijat de Marcel Botez avea în UHSHUWRULXO� V X� üL� SLHVH� GH� R� IDFWXU � DSDUWH�� FH� UHIOHFWDX� VHQVLELOLWDWHD�VSHFLILF �D�SRSRUXOXL�iugoslav120.

În iXOLH�������PX]LFLOH�PLOLWDUH�URPkQH�DX�VXV LQXW�FRQFHUWH�OD�%HOJUDG�üL� =DJUHE�� UHSXUWkQG� XQ� VXFFHV� GHRVHELW�� FRQIRUP� UDSRUWXOXL� vQWRFPLW� GH�F WUH�/HJD LD�URPkQ �GLQ�,XJRVODYLD121.

7RW�vQ�DFHODüL�DQ��2UFKHVWUD�VLPIRQLF �D�3DODWXOXL�UHJDO�DO�,XJRVODYLHL�D�întUHSULQV�XQ�WXUQHX�vQ�5RPkQLD��FRQFHUWkQG�OD�%XFXUHüWL�üL�OD�7LPLüRDUD��vQ�

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sala Teatrului comunal122�� 3H� VFHQD� DFHVWHL� GLQ� XUP � LQVWLWX LL� FXOWXUDOH� D�VXV LQXW�XQ�FRQFHUW�üL�&RUXO�XQLYHUVLWDU�GLQ�%HOJUDG��PDQLIHVWDUH�XUPDW �GH�un program de dans la Cazinoul militar123.

/D���PDL�������´5HXQLXQHD�GH�FkQW UL� iugoslave�GLQ�7LPLüRDUDµ� üL-a V UE WRULW� FHL� ��� GH� DQL� GH� H[LVWHQ �� &X� DFHVW� SULOHM�� V-D� GHVI üXUDW� XQ�concert la care au participat corul bisericii iugoslave din Szombor, corul surorilor iugoslave din PetrovgUDG�üL�FRUXO�PL[W�´,RQ�9LGXµ�GLQ�/XJRM124.

În perioada 16 –����PDUWLH�������FRUXO�´,RQ�9LGXµ��FDUH�vüL�V UE WRUHD�în acel an cea de-a 100 aniversare, a întreprins un turneu în Iugoslavia. 3ULPLUHD�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�D�IRVW�GHRVHELW�GH�F OGXURDV ��LDU�FRUXO�D�VXV inut aici FRQFHUWH�vQ�VDOD�8QLYHUVLW LL�SRSXODUH��OD�5DGLR�%HOJUDG125�üL�vQ�FDGUXO�XQXL�IHVWLYDO�RUJDQL]DW�GH�$VRFLD LD�LXJRVODYR-URPkQ 126.

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$UKLWHFWXUD�UHOLJLRDV �FRQVWLWXLH�VXELHFWXO�VWXGLLORU�OXL�1LFRlae Iorga, “Notes roumaines sur l’architecture religieuse serbe”133� üL� *�� %DOü��“Influence du plan serbe sur le plan des églises roumaines”. Acesta din XUP � VXV LQHD� RULJLQHD� DWKRQLVW � D� SODQXOXL� ELVHULFLORU� URPkQHüWL� GLQ�0XQWHQLD��WUHFXW �SULQ�ILOLHU �iugoslav 134.

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vQVFULD�üL�H[WLQGHUHD�HL��SULQ�vQILLQ DUHD�GH�ILOLDOH�OD�=DJUHE��6SOLW��/MXEOMDQD��Skopje etc.

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ÍQ� GRPHQLXO� RUJDQL]D LLORU� GH� WLQHUHW�� vQ� PDL� ������ 7�� 6LGRURYLFL��FRQGXF WRUXO� ´6WU MLL� ULLµ� D� HIHFWXDW� R� YL]LW � OD� %HOJUDG�� FDUH� D� IRVW�DSUHFLDW � FD�PDUFkQG� vQFHSXWXO� DSURSLHULL� GLQWUH� RUJDQL]D LD� GH� WLQHUHW� D�5RPkQLHL�üL�FHD�LXJRVODY �– “Sokoli”157.

La 7 martie 1939, într-R�GLVFX LH�SXUWDW �GH�F WUH�VHFUHWDUXO�DPEDVDGHL�României la Belgrad cu� VHFUHWDUXO�JHQHUDO�DO�0LQLVWHUXOXL�(GXFD LHL�)L]LFH�LXJRVODY�$UD Lþ�� DFHVWD� GLQ� XUP � üL-D� H[SULPDW� GRULQ D� GH� D� VH� VWDELOL� XQ�FRQWDFW�VWUkQV�vQWUH�FRQGXF WRULL�LQVWLWX LLORU�FDUH�DYHDX�vQ�JULMD�ORU�HGXFDUHD�WLQHUHWXOXL��VXJHUkQG�üL�RUJDQL]DUHD�XQRU�FRQIHULQ H�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV��7RWRGDW ��$UD Lþ�D�FHUXW�LQIRUPD LL�GHVSUH�DFWLYLWDWHD�RUJDQL]D LHL��6WUDMD� ULL�158.

3H�XQ�DOW�SDOLHU��XQ�HYHQLPHQW�FDUH�D�FRQWULEXLW�OD�vQW ULUHD�OHJ WXULORU�GLQWUH� URPkQL� üL� iugoslavi l-a reprezentat raliul automobilistic de la începuWXO� OXQLL� LXQLH� ������ $XWRPRELOLüWLL� URPkQL� DX� IRVW� vQWkPSLQD L� OD�LQWUDUHD� vQ�%HOJUDG� FX�R� VLPSDWLH�GHRVHELW ��SULPDUXO�RUDüXOXL�RIHULQG�XQ�EDQFKHW� � vQ�RQRDUHD�RDVSH LORU�� 6-au rostit toasturi pentru unirea ambelor SRSRDUH��QX�QXPDL�SROLWLF �FL�üL�VXIOHWHDVF ��5HJHOH�$OH[DQGUX�,�D�DVLVWDW�OD�XOWLPD�SURE �GLQ�FRQFXUV��ILLQGX-,�SUH]HQWD L�SDUWLFLSDQ LL�URPkQL��8OWHULRU��DFHüWLD� DX� I FXW� R� H[FXUVLH� SHQWUX� D� YHGHD� XQHOH� GLQ� FHOH� PDL� IUXPRDVH�ORFXUL�GLQ� DUD�JD]G 159.

$VSHFWH�DOH�UHOD LLORU�URPkQR�– iugoslave în domeniul cultelor între 1919 - 1940 �ÍPS U LUHD� %DQDWXOXL� vQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� Regatul Sârbo – Croato -

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%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �5RPkQ �GLQ�%DQDWXO�iugoslav se confrunta imediat GXS � U ]ERL�� FX� R� VLWXD LH�GLILFLO � GDWRUDW � vQ� VSHFLDO� H[SURSULHULL� DYHULORU�ELVHULFHüWL� vQ� ED]D� UHIRUPHL� DJUDUH�� D� GHVILLQ ULL� üFROLORU� FRQIHVLRQDOH� üL�QD LRQDOL] ULL� HGLILFLLORU� üFRODUH� FDUH� VH� J VHDX� vQ� SRVHVLD� FRPXQHORU�ELVHULFHüWL�� SUHFXP� üL� D� LQWHU]LFHULL� GUHSWXOXL� SUHR LORU� URPkQL� GH� D� SUHGD�UHOLJLD�vQ�üFROLOH�SULPDUH162.

7RDWH�DFHVWH�P VXUL�OXDWH�GH�DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave au determinat un QXP U� PDUH� GH� SUHR L� URPkQL� GLQ� %DQDWXO� iugoslav� V � VH� UHIXJLH]H� vQ�România. Astfel, Theodor Emandi, reprezentantul diplomatic al României în Regatul Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ�� HYLGHQ LD� F � GDF � vQ� DMXQXO� SULPXOXL�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO�vüL�GHVI üXUDX�DFWLYLWDWHD�vQ�SURYLQFLH����GH�SUHR L�URPkQL��vQ� ����� DX� PDL� U PDV� GRDU� ���� $XWRULW LOH� iugoslavH� DU WDX� F � DFHDVW �HYROX LH� VH� GDWRUD� VF GHULL� QXP UXOXL� SRSXOD LHL� URPkQH� GLQ� %DQDWXO�iugoslav, argument care în opinia diplomatului român era neserios163.

ÍQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHüWH� %LVHULFD� 2UWRGR[ � 6kUE � GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF��Consiliul Dirigent, prin adresa nr.18344 din 20 aprilie 1920��D�VXEOLQLDW�F �YD�UHVSHFWD� DXWRQRPLD� üL� WRDWH� FHOHODOWH� GUHSWXUL� DOH� DFHVWHLD�� DFRUGkQGX-I vQWUHJXO�V X�VSULMLQ�PRUDO�üL�PDWHULDO� vQ�YHGHUHD�XQHL�IXQF LRQ UL�QRUPDOH��&RQVLOLXO� 'LULJHQW� vüL� H[SULPD� FRQYLQJHUHD� F � üL� URPkQLL� GLQ� %DQDWXO�iugoslav vor benefLFLD�GH�DFHOHDüL�GUHSWXUL164.

2�VLWXD LH�FRPSOH[ �vQWkOQLP�üL�vQ�0DFHGRQLD�LXJRVODY ��XQGH�SRSXOD LD�DURPkQ � EHQHILFLD� GH� ELVHULFL� SURSULL� vQF � GLQ� WLPSXO� RFXSD LHL� WXUFHüWL��GDWRULW � OHJLVOD LHL� WXUFHüWL�� VWDWXO� URPkQ� D� VSULMLQLW�PDWHULDO� ELVHULFD� GH� DLFL�prin intermediul unor particulari români). Acest statut s-D�PHQ LQXW�üL�GXS �FH�SURYLQFLD�D�IRVW�DOLSLW �OD�6HUELD�SkQ �vQ������FkQG�HD�D�IRVW�RFXSDW �GH�F WUH�trupele bulgare165�� 'XS � ������ OXFUXULOH� V-DX� VFKLPEDW� UDGLFDO�� DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave�DILUPkQG�F �SRSXOD LD�DURPkQ �QX�PDL�SXWHD�EHQHILFLD�GH�GUHSWXULOH�GLQDLQWH�GH�U ]ERL�GHRDUHFH�5RPkQLD�QX�D�UHVSHFWDW�WUDWDWXO�vQFKHLDW�vQ������FX�6HUELD��%HOJUDGXO�PDL�VXEOLQLD�üL�IDSWXO�F �WRDWH�vQ HOHJHULOH�vQFKHLDWH�vQDLQWH�GH�1914 erau înlocuite prin noile tratatH�DGRSWDWH�OD�&RQIHULQ D�3 FLL�GH�OD�3DULV166.

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ÍQ� YHGHUHD� QRUPDOL] ULL� VLWXD LHL� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�� vQWUH� %XFXUHüWL� üL� %HOJUDG� V-D� GHVI üXUDW� R� LQWHQV � DFWLYLWDWH�GLSORPDWLF �vQ�vQWUHDJD�SHULRDG �LQWHUEHOLF ��7RWRGDW ��/HJD LD�URPkQ �Gin Belgrad a sesizat, în repetate rânduri, comportamentul abuziv al DXWRULW LORU�iugoslave�ID �GH�SUHR LL�URPkQL�FH�vüL�GHVI üXUDX�DFWLYLWDWHD�vQ�,XJRVODYLD��$VWIHO�HVWH�UHODWDW�FD]XO�XQXL�SUHRW�UHSDUWL]DW�GH�F WUH�HSLVFRSXO�GH� &DUDQVHEHü� vQ� ORFDOLWDWHD� 'HOLEODWR� üL� FDUH� D� IRVW� H[SXO]DW� GH� F WUH�DXWRULW LOH� iugoslave� VXE� DFX]D LD� GH� DPHVWHF� vQ� SROLWLFD� LQWHUQ � D�Regatului Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ��5DSRUWXO�SUHFL]D�F �DFHVW�SUHWH[W�HUD�IRORVLW�GH�F WUH�DXWRULW L�SHQWUX�WR L�LQWHOHFWXDOLL�URPkQL�FDUH�vüL�I FHDu datoria de D�DS UD�LQWHUHVHOH�FRQD LRQDOLORU�ORU��7UHEXLH�DU WDW�WRWXüL�IDSWXO�F �vQ�XUPD�LQWHUYHQ LHL�%XFXUHüWLXOXL�RUGLQXO�GH�H[SXO]DUH�D�IRVW�UHYRFDW167.

La 20 ianuarie 1920, Theodor Emandi îl informa pe ministrul de H[WHUQH�URPkQ��7DNH�,RQHVFX��F �UHIXJLD LL�UXüL�DIOD L�SH�WHULWRULXO�5HJDWXOXL�Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ� �vQ� VSHFLDO� SUHR L�� F XWDX� V � VH� LQILOWUH]H� vQ� VDWHOH�URPkQHüWL�GH�DLFL��$FHüWLD�VH�EXFXUDX�GH�VSULMLQXO�DXWRULW LORU�iugoslavH�üL�XUP UHDX�V �ILH�GHVHPQD L�FD�SUHR L� vQ�ORFXO�FHORU�URPkQL�FDUe, din cauza SHUVHFX LLORU��DX�S U VLW�5HJDWXO�6kUER-Croato-Sloven168.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� 0DFHGRQLHL� iugoslave�� UDSRUWXO� /HJD LHL� URPkQH� GH� OD�%HOJUDG� GLQ� �� QRLHPEULH� ����� UHODWD� F � SUHRWXO� iugoslav din Bitolije avea SUHWHQ LD�V � vL� ILH�SUH]HQWDW�EXJHWXO�ELVHULFLL� URPkQH�GLQ�RUDü�� LDU�VHUYLFLXO�UHOLJLRV�V �QX�vQFHDS �I U �DFRUGXO�V X��ÍQ�XUPD�LQWHUYHQ LHL�üHIXOXL�/HJD LHL�române din Belgrad, comportamentul acestuia a devenit mai moderat169. 7RWXüL�� VLWXD LD� QX� V-a schimbat în ansamblu: un alt raport diplomatic redacWDW�OD�VIkUüLWXO�DFHOXLDüL�DQ�VXEOLQLD�F �vQ�0DFHGRQLD�iugoslavHDVF �vüL�GHVI üXUD�DFWLYLWDWHD�OD�DFHD�GDW �GRDU��ELVHULFD�GLQ�%LWROLMH��6H�PDL�SUHFL]D�IDSWXO�F �DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave�HUDX�IHUP�KRW UkWH�FD�DWkW�vQ�0DFHGRQLD�FvW�üL� vQ� %DQDWXO� iugoslav�� V � VH� SURFHGH]H� OD� R� VLVWHPDWLF � üL� ULJXURDV �GH]QD LRQDOL]DUH�D�URPkQLORU��ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWXL�SHULFRO��HUD�QHFHVDU �UHDOL]DUHD�XQHL� SURWHF LL� HIHFWLYH� GLQ� SDUWHD� VWDWXOXL� URPkQ�� vQ� VSHFLDO� vQ� GRPHQLXO�bisericesc170.

6LWXD LD� SUHFDU � D� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLn Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven s-D�DIODW�üL�vQ�DWHQ LD�VLQRGXOXL�HSDUKLDO�DO�'LHFH]HL�2UWRGR[H�D�&DUDQVHEHüXOXL��$FHVWD��vQWUXQLW�vQ�������LQYLWD�FRQVLVWRULXO�GLHFH]DQ�V �VH�adreseze guvernului român pentru a interveni la Belgrad în vederea DVLJXU ULL�XQHL�IXQF LRQ UL�QRUPDOH�D�DFWLYLW LL�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�GLQ�UHJDWXO�YHFLQ�� vQ� WHPHLXO� UHFLSURFLW LL�� ÍQ�DFHODüL� WLPS��IRUXO�ELVHULFHVF�

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DPLQWLW�PDL�VXV�DFX]D�JXYHUQXO�F �D�V YkUüLW�R�PDUH�JUHüHDO �DWXQFL�FkQG�D�DFFHSWDW� UHIXJLHUHD� vQ� 5RPkQLD� D� SUHR LORr români din Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven171.

Referindu-VH� OD� DFHHDüL� SUREOHP ��0LQLVWHUXO� &XOWHORU�� vQWU-R� DGUHV �WULPLV �0LQLVWHUXOXL� $IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH�� � SUHFL]D� F � iugoslavLL� WUHEXLDX� V �respecte drepturile românilor din Banatul iugoslav de a se organiza într-un YLFDULDW� DXWRQRP�� UHVSHFWLY� D� XQHL� HSLVFRSLL� URPkQH�� FDUH� V � GHSLQG � GH�%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �6kUE �QXPDL�vQ�SUREOHPHOH�VSLULWXDOH172.

3R]L LD� S U LL� iugoslavH� vQ� SULYLQ D� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLQ�Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven, a fost exprLPDW �GH�F tre primul ministru N. 3DåLþ�OD����PDL�������FkQG�DFHVWD�D�U VSXQV�OD�R�LQWHUSHODUH�D�3DUODPHQWXOXL�de la Belgrad. Liderul iugoslav�D�FRQGDPQDW�5RPkQLD�F �QX�D�WUDQVSXV�vQ�SUDFWLF � SUHYHGHULOH� WUDWDWXOXL� GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL� vQ�PRPHQWXO� FkQG� 6HUELD� D�fost atacaW ��%XFXUHüWLXO�GHFODUkQG� F � U ]ERLXO� vQFHSXW� HVWH�PRQGLDO� üL�QX�EDOFDQLF�� 3DåLþ� D� UHODWDW� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH� FD]XO� XQXL� SUHRW� FDUH� D� GHFODUDW� F �HVWH� VXSXV� URPkQ� üL� FDUH� D� GHVFKLV� ELVHULF � vQ� FDUH� RGLQLRDU � VH� RILFLDX�VOXMEH� UHOLJLRDVH� URPkQHüWL�� 3UHRWXO� D� IRVW� vPSLHGLFDW� GH� F WUH� DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave�V �DFWLYH]H�QX�SHQWUX�F �VOXMHD�vQ�OLPED�URPkQ ��FL�GRDU�SHQWUX�F �HUD� VXSXV� URPkQ�� ÍQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� URPkQLL� DU� DFFHSWD� FD� SUHR L� VXSXüL�iugoslavL�V �RILFLH]H�vQ�5RPkQLD��%HOJUDGXO�DU�DFRUGD�DFHODüL�GUHSW�SUHR Llor VXSXüL�URPkQL��$U WkQG�F �GDF �FRPXQHOH�URPkQHüWL�GLQ�VXGXO�'XQ ULL�V-ar fi adresat guvernului iugoslav în vederea redeschiderii bisericilor lor, ar fi SULPLW�DFHDVW �DSUREDUH��3DåLþ�SURSXQHD�GUHSW�VROX LH�vQ�YHGHUHD�UH]ROY ULL�SUREOHPHL�ELVHULFHüWL�SULQFLSLXO�UHFLSURFLW LL�ÍQ�vQFKHLHUHD�GLVFXUVXOXL�V X��cunoscutul om politic iugoslav� D� VXEOLQLDW� GRULQ D� %HOJUDGXOXL� GH� D�vQWUH LQH� UHOD LL� SULHWHQHüWL� FX� 5RPkQLD173�� $QDOL]kQG� LQWHUYHQ LD� OXL� 3DåLþ�din Parlamentul iugoslav, reprezentantul român din capitala Regatului Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ�� 7K�� (PDQGL�� � VXEOLQLD� QHFHVLWDWHD� FD� DXWRULW LOH�URPkQH� V -,� FHDU � DFHVWXLD� DSOLFDUHD� SULQFLSLXOXL� UHFLSURFLW LL�� GHRDUHFH�iugoslavLL�Q VFX L�vQ�6HUELD��üL�FDUH�HUDX�VXSXüL�DL��5HJDWXOXL�6kUER-Croato-6ORYHQ��IXQF LRQDX�vQ�DFHO�PRPHQW�FD�SUHR L�vQ�%DQDWXO�URPkQHVF174.

Pentru stingerea acestui conflict, la 7 iunie 1921, s-D�DMXQV� OD�R�SULP �vQ HOHJHUH� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L�� $VWIHO�� 1�� 3DåLþ� üL� 7DNH� ,RQHVFX� DX� KRW UkW�FRQVWLWXLUHD�D�GRX �GHOHJD LL�FDUH�XUPDX�V �UH]ROYH�SUREOHPD�ELVHULFHDVF �SH�ED]D�SULQFLSLXOXL� UHFLSURFLW LL��&RQYRUELULOH� UHIHULWRDUH� OD�DFHVWH�FKHVWLXQL�DX�fost purtate în temeiul Protocolului suplimentar nr. 3, ce a fost anexat la 7UDWDWXO�GH�DOLDQ �GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�vQFKHLDW�OD���LXQLH�����175. S-a stabilit

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În perioada care a urmat încheierii acestui acord, Ministerul de ([WHUQH� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� D� LQWHUYHQLW� OD� %HOJUDG� SHQWUX� VROX LRQDUHD�FKHVWLXQLL�� 8Q� DVWIHO� GH� GHPHUV� D� IRVW� UHDOL]DW� GH� F WUH� üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL�URPkQHüWL�� ,�*�� 'XFD� vQ� vQWUHYHGHUHD� SH� FDUH� D� DYXW-R� FX� RPRORJXO� V X�iugoslav� 0�� 1LQ Lþ� FX� SULOHMXO� FRQIHULQ HL� GH� OD� /DXVDQQH� �������� FHL� GRL�pronun kQGX-VH�SHQWUX�UH]ROYDUHD�JUDEQLF �D�SUREOHPHL�ELVHULFHüWL��$X�PDL�DYXW� ORF�GH�DVHPHQHD�R�VHULH�GH� vQWkOQLUL� vQWUH�7K��(PDQGL�üL�0��1LQ Lþ177. La 15 mai 1922, într-XQ� UDSRUW� F WUH� 'XFD�� (PDQGL� DU WD� F � SHQWUX�UH]ROYDUHD� DFHVWHL� SUREOHPH�� %XFXUHüWLXO� WUHEXLD� V � SURILWH� GH� F V WRULD�UHJHOXL�$OH[DQGUX�FX�SULQ HVD�0 ULRDUD178.

ÍQ�YHGHUHD�SUHJ WLULL�SULPHL�FRQIHULQ H�D�FRPLVLHL�PL[WH�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�(oct. 1922), consistoriul mitropolitan de la Sibiu a elaborat un material privitor la organizarea Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven (9 sept. ������� 6H� SUHFL]D� FX� DFHDVW � RFD]LH� F � ELVHULFD� üL�FUHGLQFLRüLL� HL� GLQ� 5HJDWXO� 6kUER-Croato-6ORYHQ� WUHEXLDX� V � U PkQ � vQ�OHJDWXUL� FDQRQLFH� FX� HSDUKLLOH� OD� FDUH� DX�DSDU LQXW� vQDLQWH�GH� VWDWRUQLFLUHD�noilor frontLHUH�� ILLQG� RUJDQL]D L� GXS � OHJHD� ELVHULFHDVF � FXSULQV � vQ�statutul organic al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române�� LDU� GXS � UH]ROYDUHD�SUREOHPHL� RUJDQL] ULL� FHORU� GRX � ELVHULFL�� HUD� QHFHVDU� V � VH� WUHDF � OD�VROX LRQDUHD� FHORUODOWH� FKHVWLXQL� SHQGLQWH�� D� P Q VWLULORU� SUHFXP� üL� D�IXQGD LHL�7UDQGDILO179.

ÍQ�YHGHUHD�vQFKHLHULL�FRQYHQ LHL�üFRODU-ELVHULFHüWL��V-a întâlnit la Belgrad, vQ� RFWRPEULH� ������ FRPLVLD� PL[W � URPkQR-iugoslav �� ÍQF � GH� OD� vQFHSXW�SR]L LLOH�FHORU�GRX �S U L�DX�IRVW�GLIHULWH��UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�iugoslavi au DU WDW�F �în cadrul Regatului Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ� H[LVWD� GRDU� R� VLQJXU � ELVHULF �� FHD�RUWRGR[ �iugoslav ��ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL�%HOJUDGXO�DGPLWHD�FD�%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �5RPkQ � V -üL� GHVI üRDUH� DFWLYLWDWHD� VXE� MXULVGLF LD� XQXL� HSLVFRS� iugoslav. Statul iugoslav uUPD� V � JDUDQWH]H� OLEHUWDWHD� OLPELL� OLWXUJLFH� URPkQHüWL�� ÍQ�SULYLQ D� FDQGLGD LORU� GH� SUHR L� URPkQL�� DFHüWLD� XUPDX� V � ILH� LQVWUXL L� vQWU-o VHF LH�URPkQ �GH�SH�OkQJ �XQXO�GLQ�VHPLQDULLOH�iugoslave, având un program GH�SUHJ WLUH�PL[W180.

ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS�� GHOHJD ii iugoslavL� DX� GHFODUDW� F � JXYHUQXO� ORU� HUD�GLVSXV� V � UHQXQ H� OD�(SLVFRSLD�2UWRGR[ �GH� OD�7LPLüRDUD��PXO XPLQGX-se FX� XQ� WUDWDPHQW� GH� UHFLSURFLWDWH� SHQWUX� %LVHULFD� 2UWRGR[ � 6kUE � GLQ�Banatul românesc.

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'HOHJD LL�URPkQL�DX�DU WDW�vQ�FXUVXO�QHJRFLHULORU�F �%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �5RPkQ � HVWH� R� ELVHULF � QD LRQDO �� FDUH� DYHD� XQ� GUHSW� LVWRULF� vQ� %DQDW�� HD�existând în provincie înainte de venirea iugoslavilor, iar tratatele de pace GH�OD�3DULV�DVLJXUDX�WXWXURU�GUHSWXO�GH�D�VH�RUJDQL]D��7RWRGDW ��V-a subliniat IDSWXO�F guvernul român a recunoscut autonomia Bisericii Ortodoxe Sârbe din România, acordându-i-VH� VSULMLQ� PRUDO� üL� PDWHULDO�� 7RWXüL�� GDWRULW �LQWUDQVLJHQ HL�GHOHJD LHL�iugoslave negocierile au fost întrerupte181.

Referindu-VH� OD�DFHVWH� WUDWDWLYH��üHIXO�GHOHJD LHL�române N. Petrescu-&RPQHQ� DU WD� F � HOH� DX� HüXDW� DWkW� GDWRULW � vPSRWULYLULL� OXL�3DåLþ�� GDU� üL� D�Bisericii Ortodoxe Sârbe, care nu era de acord ca pe teritoriul Regatului Sârbo-Croato-Sloven,� V � IXQF LRQH]H� R� %LVHULF � 2UWRGR[ � 5RPkQ �DXWRQRP ��ÍQ�DFHVW�VHQV��HSLVFRSXO�/HWLþ�DU WD�F �vQWU-un stat nu pot exista GRX �ELVHULFL�RUWRGR[H182.

ÍQ�FLXGD�HüHFXOXL�FRQIHULQ HL�GH� OD�VIkUüLWXO�DQXOXL�������GHPHUVXULOH�vQWUHSULQVH�GH�SDUWHD�URPkQ �vQ�YHGHUHD�UHJOHPHQW ULL�FKHVWLXQLL�ELVHULFHüWL�DX�FRQWLQXDW�üL�vQ�FXUVXO�DQXOXL�������7RWRGDW ��%XFXUHüWLXO�HYLGHQ LD�F �GLQ�SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� FXOWXUDO� üL� VSLULWXDO� VLWXD LD� URPkQLORU� DIOD L� SH� WHULWRULXO�statului vecin nu s-D� vPEXQ W LW� GHORF�� $VWIHO�� vQ� 0DFHGRQLD� ELVHULFD�URPkQ �IXQF LRQD�GRDU�vQ�%LWROLMH��GDU�vQ�FRQGL LL�IRDUWH�GLILFLOH��DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave� LPSXQkQG� SUHRWXOXL� GH� DLFL� V � YHUVH� WRDWH� IRQGXULOH� OD� FDVD�0LWURSROLHL� 2UWRGR[H� 6kUEH�� V � vQWRFPHDVF � DFWHOH� GH� ERWH]�� FXQXQLH� üL�GHFHV�� SUHFXP� üL� UHJLVWUHOH� DGPLQLVWUDWLYH� vQ� OLPED� iugoslav �� V � RILFLH]H�slujbele religioasH� GRDU� vQ� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH� HUD� DVLVWDW� GH� SUHRWXO�iugoslav183.

&X� SULOHMXO� FRQIHULQ HL� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� GH� OD� 6LQDLD� �RFW�� �������PLQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH� URPkQ� ,�� *�� 'XFD�� DWU JHD� DWHQ LD� RPRORJXOXL� V X�iugoslav�0��1LQ Lþ��DVXSUD�VLWXD LHL�UHOLJLRDVH�D�DURPkQilor din Macedonia, VROLFLWkQG�vPEXQ W LUHD�DFHVWHLD184.

La 19 noiembrie 1923 s-D� GHVFKLV� OD� 7LPLüRDUD� R� QRX � UXQG � GH�QHJRFLHUL�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L�vQ�YHGHUHD�VROX LRQ ULL�SUREOHPHORU�üFRODUH�üL�ELVHULFHüWL�� 'HRDUHFH�� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM�� S U LOH� DX� VWDELOLW� V � DQDOL]H]H� GRDU��SUREOHPD�üFRODU ��VLWXD LD�UHOLJLRDV �QX�D�PDL�IRVW�DERUGDW �OD�7LPLüRDUD185.

ÍQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��PLQLVWUXO�URPkQ�GH�H[WHUQH�O-a delegat în ianuarie ����� SH� üHIXO� /HJD LHL� URPkQH� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� V � FRQWLQXH� WUDWDWLYHOH� FX�factorii decizionali iugoslavL�vQ�YHGHUHD�VROX LRQ ULL�SUREOHPHORU�ELVHULFHüWL�existente� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH186. Având acest mandat, Th. Emandi s-a întâlnit cu ministrul iugoslav� DO� FXOWHORU�� -DQLþ�� SURSXQkQGX-i încheierea

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XQHL� FRQYHQ LL� ELVHULFHüWL�� SH� ED] � GH� UHFLSURFLWDWe, dar a respins cererea S U LL� iugoslave�FD�ELQHFXYkQWDUHD�SHQWUX�FRQVDFUDUHD�SUHR LORU�V �ILH�GDW �de episcopul eparhial pentru fiecare preot în parte187. În aprilie 1924, GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ�D�DYXW�R� vQWUHYHGHUH�FX�PLQLVWUXO� FXOWHORU� OD�DFHD�GDW ��7ULIXQRYLþ�� FDUH� D� IRVW� GH� DFRUG� F � QX� V-a realizat nici un progres în UH]ROYDUHD�FKHVWLXQLL�ELVHULFHüWL�� DFX]kQGX-l pentru aceasta pe Pašici188. În cadrul convorbirilor pe care Th. Emandi le-a avut cu ministrul de externe iugoslav� 1LQ Lþ�� DFHVWD� üL-a exprimat protestXO� ID � GH� DFX]D LLOH� DGXVH�guvernului iugoslav�GH�F WUH�XQLL membrii ai Senatului României cu privire OD�VLWXD LD�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�GLQ�5HJDWXO�6kUER-Croato-Sloven.

7RWRGDW ��üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�iugoslavH�D�HYLGHQ LDW�F �vQ�]RQD�&Oisurii 'XQ ULL�� ��� ORFDOLW L�� FX�SRSXOD LH�PDMRULWDU � iugoslav ��QX�GLVSXQHDX�GH�biserici proprii189�� /D� UkQGXO� V X�� GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ� D� DU WDW� F � vQ�0DFHGRQLD�O FDüXULOH�URPkQHüWL�GH�FXOW��UHVSHFWDWH�GH�WXUFL��QX�IXQF LRQDX�VXE� DGPLQLVWUD LH� iugoslav �� LDU�� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� VDODUL]DUHD� SUHR LORU�iugoslavL� GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF� HUD� VXSRUWDW � GH� VWDWXO� URPkQ�� OXFUX� SH�care Belgradul nu-l realiza pentru SUHR LL� URPkQL� FH� vüL� GHVI üXUDX�activitatea în Banatul iugoslav.

$QDOL]kQG� VLWXD LD� GLQ� &OLVXUD� 'XQ ULL� HYRFDW � GH� 0�� 1LQ Lþ��'HSDUWDPHQWXO�&XOWHORU�üL�,QVWUXF LHL�3XEOLFH�GLQ�5RPkQLD�DU WD�F �vQ�FHOH����ORFDOLW L�SUREOHPD�ELVHULFLORU�HUD�UH]ROYDW ��QXPLULOH�GH�SUHR L�ILLQG�HIHFWXDWH�GH� F WUH� YLFDULDWXO� iugoslav� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD� I U � DPHVWHFXO� VWDWXOXL� URPkQ��([LVWHQ D�ELVHULFLORU�iugoslave�SH�&OLVXU ��VH�DUDW �vQ�FRQWLQXDUHD�UDSRUWXOXL���D�IRVW�FRQILUPDW �üL�GH�9LFDULDWXO�2UWRGR[�6kUE�GLQ�7LPLüRDUD�SULQ�DGUHVD�QU�����GLQ� ��� DSULOLH� ������ FH� D� IRVW� DGUHVDW � 0LQLVWHUXOXL� &XOWHORU�� ÍQ� SOXV�� VWDWXO�URPkQ�SO WHD�VDODULLOH�DFHVWRU�SUHR L��GHüL�PXO L�GLQWUH�HL�QX�SRVHGDX�FDOLILFDUHD�QHFHVDU ��ILLQG�VLPSOL�F OXJ UL�YHQL L�GLQ�%RVQLD190.

Într-un memoriu trimis Ministerului de Externe român, Th. Emandi VXEOLQLD� F � SUREOHPD� ELVHULFHDVF � GLQ� %DQDWXO� iugoslav� WUHEXLD� V � ILH�UH]ROYDW �FRQFRPLWHQW�FX�VROX LRQDUHD�SUREOHPHORU�URPkQLORU�GLQ�7LPRF�üL�0RUDYLD�� $QDOL]kQG� SRVLELOLWDWHD� UHDOL] ULL� DFHVWRU� GH]LGHUDWH�� GLSORPDWXO�URPkQ�VXEOLQLD�F �WRDWH�JUXS ULOH�SROLWLFH�GLQ�5HJDWXO�6kUER-Croato-Sloven, HUDX�VROLGDUH�vQ�SULYLQ D�SROLWLFLL�H[WHUQH��UDGLFDOLL�fiind cei mai anti-români. Politicienii iugoslavL� FUHGHDX� F � 5RPkQLD� QX� YD� UHDF LRQD� KRW UkW� SHQWUX�UH]ROYDUHD�FKHVWLXQLL�ELVHULFHüWL�GLQ�FDX]D�LQVWDELOLW LL�HL�LQWHUQH�üL�H[WHUQH��3HQWUX� VROX LRQDUHD� VLWXD LHL� GLQ� 0DFHGRQLD�� üHIXO� /HJD LHL� URPkQH� GLQ�Regatul Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ� vüL� SURSXQHD� V � vQWUHSULQG � GHPHUVXULOH�

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QHFHVDUH� SH� OkQJ � DXWRULW LOH� iugoslave� vQ� VFRSXO� GHVFKLGHULL� D� vQF � WUHL�ELVHULFL� URPkQHüWL� vQ� SURYLQFLH� �.UXåHYR�� 2KULG�� 6NRSOMH��� SUHFL]kQG� F �acestea erau fie proprietatea statului român�� ILH� D� FRPXQLW LL� DURPkQH�UHVSHFWLYH�� 'DWRULW � VLWXD LHL� H[WHUQH� GLILFLOH� vQ� FDUH� VH� DIOD� OD� DFHD� GDW �Regatul Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ� �UDSRUWXUL� UHFL� FX� ,WDOLD�� UHOD LL� WHQVLRQDWH� FX�*UHFLD� GDWRUDWH� GHQXQ ULL� FRQYHQ LHL� GH� DOLDQ ��� 5RPkQLD� WUHEXLD� V �inteUYLQ � HQHUJLF� SH� OkQJ � JXYHUQXO� DFHVWXLD� SHQWUX� D� IL� VROX LRQDW �problema Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Banatul iugoslav. Se solicita WULPLWHUHD�XQHL�QRWH�vQ�FDUH�V �VH�DUDWH�F �JXYHUQXO�URPkQ�QX�YD�PDL�WROHUD�VLWXD LD�FXOWXUDO �üL�VSLULWXDO �vQ�FDUH�VH�J VHDX�URPkQLL�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�üL�YD�UHFXUJH� OD� LQVWLWXLUHD� XQXL� UHJLP� GH� UHFLSURFLWDWH� ID � GH� iugoslavii din 5RPkQLD��'HVSUH�DFHVW�GHPHUV�GLSORPDWLF�XUPD�V �ILH� vQüWLLQ DW �üL�3UDJD��$OWH�YDULDQWH�SURSXVH�FX�DFHVW�SULOHM�HUDX�VXVSHQGDUHD�LPHGLDW �D�VDODULLOor, SUHFXP�üL�D�WXWXURU�FHORUODOWH�DYDQWDMH�GH�FDUH�VH�EXFXUDX�SUHR LL�iugoslavi GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF�� vQüWLLQ DUHD� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU�� vQ� XUPD� XQHL�WHPHLQLFH� SUHJ WLUL� GRFXPHQWDUH� GHVSUH� VLWXD LD� URPkQLORU� GLQ� 5HJDWXO�Sârbo-Croato-Sloven; amânarea viitRDUHL� vQWUXQLUL� D� 0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL��DU WkQGX-VH� F � 5RPkQLD� � GRUHüWH� PDL� vQWkL� H[HFXWDUHD� DQJDMDPHQWHORU� vQ�vigoare191.

6LWXD LD� vQ� FDUH� VH� DIOD� %LVHULFD� 2UWRGR[ � 5RPkQ � GLQ� %DQDWXO�iugoslav� D� IRVW� DQDOL]DW � GH� F WUH� GU�� 3HWUH� ,RQHVFX�� EXQ� FXQRVF WRU� D�problePHORU�ELVHULFHüWL� ��FD�üL�D�FHOHL�üFRODUH�GH�DOWIHO�� vQWU-un memoriu pe care l-a adresat lui I. G. Duca. Cu acest prilej el s-D�UHIHULW�OD�FRQILVF ULOH�GH�S PkQW�HIHFWXDWH�GXS �U ]ERL�GH�F WUH�DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave în detrimentul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Banatul iugoslav������GH�MXJ UH�DSDU LQkQG�(SLVFRSLHL� &DUDQVHEHüXOXL� OD� FDUH� V-D� DG XJDW� S PkQWXO� DIODW� vQ� SRVHVLD�LQYHQWDUXOXL�)XQGD LHL�7UDQGDILO�192.

2� QRX � vQFHUFDUH� GH� D� VH� DMXQJH� OD� R� vQ HOHJHUH� vQ� SUREOHPD�ELVHULFHDVF � D� DYXW� ORF� vQ� LXQLH� ������ Fu prilejul vizitei la Belgrad a lui )LORGRU��GDU�QLFL�GH�DFHDVW �GDW �QX�V-a ajuns la nici un rezultat, demnitarul URPkQ� QHUHXüLQG� V � RE LQ � GLQ� SDUWHD� %HOJUDGXOXL� GHFkW� SURPLVLXQHD�YHUEDO � F �SURLHFWXO� OHJLL� FRQIHVLXQLORU�RGDW �YRWDW� vQ�3DUODPHQW� V �QX� ILe aplicat în cazul românilor din Banatul Sârbesc. Dar, de fapt, legea a fost DGRSWDW � vQ�3DUODPHQW� üL� DVWIHO� VH� LQWHU]LFHD� DXWRQRPLD�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�Române din Banatul iugoslav193�� ÍQ� LXQLH� ������ 9DVLOH� *ROGLü�� WLWXODUXO�0LQLVWHUXOXL� &XOWHORU� üL� $UWHORU� OD� DFHD� GDW �� D� WUDQVPLV� PLQLVWUXOXL� GH�H[WHUQH� URPkQ� ,�0�� 0LWLOLQHX�� XQ� PHPRULX� FDUH� V � ILH� GLVFXWDW� FX�

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iugoslavLL� HUDX� GLVSXüL� V � PHQ LQ �� vQ� SUREOHPD� ELVHULFHDVF �� VLWXD LD�H[LVWHQW �OD�DFHD�GDW ��

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ÍQ�U VSXQVXO�V X�0LQLVWHUXO�&XOWHORU�üL�$UWHORU�GLQ�5RPkQLD�VROLFLWD�V �VH� GHSXQ � WRDWH� LQVLVWHQ HOH pentru ca iugoslavLL� V � DFFHSWH� Dlegerea unui DUKLHUHX�URPkQ�FDUH�V �DLE �GUHSWXO�GH�D�KLURWRQLVL�SUHR L��'RDU�vQ�FD]XO�XQXL�refuz definitiv din partea iugoslav �� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� URPkQL� XUPDX� V �SURSXQ � KLURWRQLVLUHD� SUHR LORU� GH� F WUH� HSLVFRSXO� &DUDQVHEHüXOXL��aplicându-se în acest caz prLQFLSLXO�UHFLSURFLW LL��'H�DVHPHQHD�QX�VH�DGPLWHD�FD�SUHR LL�URPkQL�V �ILH�KLURWRQLVL L�GH�F WUH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�%LVHULFLL�6kUEH215.

3HQWUX� UH]ROYDUHD� SUREOHPHL� ELVHULFHüWL�� UHSUH]HQWDQWXO� URPkQ�GH� OD�%HOJUDG�� 7K�� (PDQGL�� D� GXV� üL� R� FDPSDQLH� GH� lobby pe lâng � PLQLVWUXO�prevederilor sociale din guvernul iugoslavo-croato-VORYHQ��0LDYLþ��FDUH�HUD�GH�RULJLQH�URPkQ��Q VFXW�vQ�7LPRF��üL�SH�OkQJ �PLQLVWUXO�FHK�GH�OD�%HOJUDG��bun prieten al primului ministru iugoslav216��7RWRGDW �(PDQGL�SURSXQHD�FD�episcopul iugoslav dLQ� 7LPLüRDUD� V � GHYLQ � PHPEUX� DO� VLQRGXOXL� GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL��I U �UHFLSURFLWDWH��LDU�%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �5RPkQ �V �DLE �HSLVFRS�român în Banatul iugoslav217.

Privitor la negocierile de la Belgrad, sinodul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române a adoptat un punct de vedere foarte clar, respectiv ca problema ELVHULFHDVF �V �ILH�VROX LRQDW �SH�WHPHLXO�GHSOLQHL�UHFLSURFLW L218.

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1HJRFLHULOH�DX�FRQWLQXDW�üL�GXS �DXJXVW�������FHOH�GRX �S U L�YHQLQG�FX�R�VHULH�GH�SURSXQHUL�vQ�YHGHUHD�vQFKHLHULL�FRQYHQ LHL�ELVHULFHüWL��$VWIHO�OD�3 noiembrie 1927, Consistoriul Mitropoliei Ardealului, reafirma necesitatea PHQ LQHULL�VW ULL�GH�IDSW�H[LVWHQWH�vQ�SULYLQ D�RUJDQL] ULL�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�Române din Banatul iugoslav�� ÍQ� HYHQWXDOLWDWHD� vQILLQ ULL� XQXL� HSLVFRSDW�sau vicariat român în provincia DPLQWLW � PDL� VXV�� WUHEXLD� FD� DFHDVW �LQVWLWX LH�V �RE LQ �WRDWH�JDUDQ LLOH�OHJDOH�SHQWUX�D�SXWHD�S VWUD�WUDGL LRQDOXO�V X� FDUDFWHU� QD LRQDO� RUWRGR[� URPkQ�� 7RWRGDW � VH� VROLFLWD� FD� SULQWU-un

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DUWLFRO� VSHFLDO� V � VH� SUHYDG � FD� OLPED� URPkQ � V � ILH� IRORVLW � vQ� WRate IXQF LXQLOH� OLWXUJLFH� üL� vQ� WRDWH� DIDFHULOH� LQWHUQH� ELVHULFHüWL�� ÍQ� vQFKHLHUH��FRQVLVWRULXO� 0LWURSROLHL� $UGHDOXOXL� üL-D� H[SULPDW� FRQYLQJHUHD� F � VLWXD LD�românilor din Banatul iugoslav� DU� IL� IRVW�PDL�EXQ �GDF � DXWRULW LOH�GH� OD�%XFXUHüWL�DU�IL�SXWXW�PHQ LQH�üFROLOH�FRQIHVLRQDOH�URPkQHüWL220.

Belgradul s-D� SURQXQ DW� vQ� DFHDVW � SHULRDG � SHQWUX� DFRUGDUHD� XQHL�largi autonomii Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Banatul Sârbesc sub DXWRULWDWHD� MXULVGLF LHL�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�6kUEH�� VROX LH� UHVSLQV �GH�SDUWHD�URPkQ �� 5HSUH]HQWDQ LL� URPkQL� DX� FHUXW� R� MXULVGLF LH� HSDUKLDO � SH� ED]D�status-quo-XOXL�� DGLF � PHQ LQHUHD� GHSHQGHQ HL� LHUDUKLFH� ID � GH� HSLVFRSXO�URPkQ�GLQ�&DUDQVHEHü��vQ�WLPS�FH�%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �6kUE �GLQ�5RPkQLD�V �GHSLQG � LHUDUKLF� GH� HSLVFRSXO� iugoslav din KikLQGD�� 6H� PDL� SUHYHGHD� üL�FUHDUHD�XQXL�RUJDQ�LHUDUKLF�VXSHULRU�VXE�GHSHQGHQ D�HSLVFRSXOXL�URPkQ�üL�a celui iugoslav, având în frunte un vicar episcop rezidând în România, respectiv în Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven221.

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$YkQG�GUHSW� ED] � SULQFLSLXO� UHFLSURFLW LL�� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� URPkQL� VH�SURQXQ DX�vQ�FRQWLQXDUH�SHQWUX�GHSHQGHQ D�LHUDUKLF �D�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�ID �GH�HSLVFRSLD�&DUDQVHEHüXOXL223.

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5HJXODPHQWXOXL� FH� HUD� vQ� YLJRDUH� SHQWUX� %LVHULFD� 2UWRGR[ � 5RPkQ � GLQ�TransLOYDQLD� SkQ � vQ� ������ &HOH� GRX � ELVHULFL� XUPDX� V � VH� DIOH� VXE�autoritatea a câte unui episcop, iar în problemele spirituale, dogmatice, GLVFLSOLQDUH�� HSLVFRSXO� URPkQ� GH� OD� 9UåDF� V � GHSLQG � GH� � VLQRGXO� GH� OD�%HOJUDG�� vQ� WLPS� FH� RPRORJXO� V X� iugoslav din TimLüRDUD� GH� VLQRGXO�român225.

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La 18 aprilie 1929 partea iugoslav �D�HYLGHQ LDW�F � WUDWDWLYHOH�SHQWUX�O UJLUHD�FRPSHWHQ HL�%LVHULFii Ortodoxe Române din Banatul iugoslav putea V � DLE � ORF� SH� XUP WRDUHOH� ED]H�� acordarea unei largi autonomii Bisericii 2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�FX�FRQGL LD�FD�DFHDVWD�V �ILH�VXSXV �DXWRULW LL�VXSHULRDUH�üL�MXULVGLF LHL�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�6kUEH��SH�SULQFLSLXO�UHFLSURFLW LL��7RWRGDW ��%LVHULFD� 2UWRGR[ � 5RPkQ � XUPD� V � VWHD� FHO� SX LQ� vQWU-R� GHSHQGHQ �LHUDUKLF �de episcopul locului�vQ�SUREOHPHOH�GRJPDWLFH�üL�VSLULWXDOH��'HOHJD LD�URPkQ � D� DU WDW� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM� SXQFWXO� V X� GH� YHGHUH�� %LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �5RPkQ � GLQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODY� V � GHSLQG � GH� HSLVFRSLD� &DUDQVHEHüXOXL, VXV LQkQG�WRWRGDW �GUHSWXO�HL de a-üL�SHUIHF LRQD�RUJDQL]DUHD�H[LVWHQW ��GH�D�FUHD�XQ�RUJDQ�GH�FRQGXFHUH�SHQWUX� URPkQLL�RUWRGRFüL�GH�DLFL� vQ� IUXQWH�FX�XQ�SUHüHGLQWH��YLFDU�HSLVFRSDO�FDUH�V �ILH�VXSXV�HSLVFRSXOXL�GH�&DUDQVHEHü��SH�WHPHLXO�UHFLSURFLW LL227.

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WUDWDWXO� PLQRULW LORU� DFRUGD� GUHSWXO� ILHF UHL� PLQRULW L� GH� D� VH� Rrganiza OLEHU� VXE� UDSRUWXO� FUHGLQ HL� üL� DO� FXOWXOXL�� (O� VH� PDL� SURQXQ D� SHQWUX�WULPLWHUHD� FkW�PDL� JUDEQLF � D� XQXL� HSLVFRS� vQ� %DQDWXO� iugoslav, deoarece SUHR LPHD�URPkQ �GH�DFROR�HUD�GH]ELQDW 228.

/XkQG�vQ�GLVFX LH�üL�VLWXD LD�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�GLQ�0Dcedonia, $O�� *XU QHVFX� DU WD� F � HUD� QHFHVDU� V � ILH� VHPQDW� vQWUH� FH� OH� GRX � VWDWH� XQ�SURWRFRO�SULQ�FDUH�SDUWHD�LXJRVODY �V �VH�DQJDMH]H�´�V �DLE �WRDW �EXQ YRLQ Dµ��ID � � GH� %LVHULFD� 5RPkQ � GLQ� 0DFHGRQLD229�� 6H� PDL� VROLFLWD� RE LQHUHD�DXWRUL]D LHL�GH� UHGHVFKLGere a Bisericii Române de la Kruševo, a paraclisului URPkQHVF�GLQ�6NRSOMH�� LDU� vQ�ELVHULFD�URPkQ �GLQ�2KULGD��VHUYLFLXO�UHOLJLRV�V �ILH� HIHFWXDW� vQ� OLPED� URPkQ �� 7RWRGDW � VH� GRUHD� FD� SUHR LL� URPkQL� V � ILH�DXWRUL]D L� V � RILFLH]H� VLQJXUL�� I U � SUH]HQ D� SUHRWului iugoslav. Trebuia, în DFHODüL� WLPS�� GHFODQüDW � DFWLYLWDWHD� GH� RE LQHUH� D� WXWXURU� WLWOXULORU� GH�SURSULHWDWH�SH�FDUH�OH�DYHD�VWDWXO�URPkQ�DVXSUD�LPRELOHORU�XQGH�D�IXQF LRQDW�ELVHULFD�URPkQ �GLQ�0DFHGRQLD��LDU�SHQWUX�D�GD�DXWHQWLFLWDWH�DFHVWRU�WLWOXUL�VH propunea constituirea unei comisii mixte româno-iugoslave230.

/D� vQFHSXWXO� DQLORU� ¶��� DX� IRVW� UHDOL]DWH� üL� XQHOH� SURJUHVH�� $VWIHO�� FX�DFRUGXO� DXWRULW LL� iugoslave�� D� IRVW� UHSDUDW � ELVHULFD� GH� OD� .UXåHYR�� SUHRWXO�iugoslav� GLQ� ORFDOLWDWH� FRQWULEXLQG� OD� UHXüLWD� DFHVWHL� DF LXQL�� ILLQG� UHI FXW �WRWRGDW � üL� ELVHULFD� GLQ� %LWROLMH�� SUHFXP� üL� FLPLWLUXO� GLQ� DFHLDüL� ORFDOLWDWH�� /D�WRDWH� DFHVWH� UHDOL] UL�� XQ� DSRUW� vQVHPQDW� O-a avut consulul român de la Skoplje231.

Stabilirea statului Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Iugoslavia, precum üL� SUREOHPD� SURFHVHORU� GH� VHSDUD LH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � ELVHULFL� DX� IRVW�DERUGDWH�üL�GH�F WUH�FHL�GRL�PLQLüWULL�GH�H[WHUQH�FX�SULOHMXO�FRQIHULQ HL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL�GLQ�PDL�����232.

ÍQ� PDL� ������ üHIXO� GLSORPD LHL� URPkQHüWL� ,�'�� *KLFD� GHFODU � F � XQ�HPLVDU�URPkQ�VH�YD�DIOD�vQ�YDUD�DFHOXLDüL�DQ�OD�%HOJUDG��XQGH��SH�OkQJ �DOWH�probleme controversate, va aborda cu partea iugoslav � üL� SUREOHPD�ELVHULFHDVF �� FDUH� D� vQWkU]LDW� SkQ � DFXP� SDUWH� üL� GLQ� SULFLQD� IUD LORU� QRüWUL� GLQ�Banatul Iugoslav, robi ai discordiei233.

La 21 decembrie 1932 în cursul convorbirilor ce au avut loc la Belgrad vQWUH� 1�� 7LWXOHVFX� üL� RPRORJXO� V X� iugoslav� %�� -HYWLþ�� V-a stabilit ca la vQFHSXWXO�DQXOXL������V �VH�GHVI üRDUH�vQ�FDSLWDOD�,XJRVODYLHL�WUDWDWLYH�vQWUH�FHOH� GRX � S U L� vQ� YHGHUHD� UH]ROY ULL� SUREOHPHL� OHJDWH� GH� )XQGD LD�Trandafil, recunoscându-se cu acest prilej drepturile legitime ale 0LWURSROLHL�$UGHDOXOXL�vQ�SULYLQ D�IXQGD LHL�

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Banatul româneVF� QX� UHSUH]HQWDX� QLPLF�� HL� ILLQG� VDFULILFD L� SHQWUX� FD�executivul iugoslav�V �DLE �PkQ �OLEHU �vQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY�ID �GH�FUHGLQFLRüLL�URPkQL� vQGRL L� FD� QXP U�� 3ULQ� PRDUWHD� HSLVFRSXOXL� *K�� /HWLþ�� LQWHUHVXO�conducerii Bisericii Ortodoxe Sârbe pentru populD LD� iugoslav � RUWRGR[ �GLQ� 5RPkQLD� D� VF ]XW� OD� UkQGX-L�� LDU� vQ� DFHVWH� FRQGL LL� vPEXQ W LUHD�statutului religios al românilor din Banatul iugoslav pe baza de reciprocitate era mai greu de realizat265.

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La 19 noiembrie 1923 s-D�GHVFKLV�OD�7LPLüRDUD�R�QRX �UXQG �GH�QHJRFLHUL�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L� vQ�YHGHUHD�VROX LRQ ULL�FKHVWLXQLORU�üFRODUH�üL�ELVHULFHüWL��stabilindu-VH� V � ILH� DERUGDW � vQWkL� SUREOHPD� üFRODU 304��'HOHJD LL� DX� F ]XW�GH�DFRUG�FD�üFROLOH�PLQRULWDUH�GLQ�%DQDW�V �ILH�üFROL�GH�VWDW��GDU�vQ�DFHODüL�WLPS�VH�SXWHDX�vQILLQ D�üL�üFROL�FRQIHVLRQDOH�vQWUH LQXWH�GH�FRPXQD�UHVSHFWLY ��OLPED�GH�SUHGDUH�vQ�üFROLOH�GLQ�%DQDW�V �ILH�FHD�URPkQ ��UHVSHFWLY� iugoslavo-FURDW ��LDU�din clasa a III-D�HUD�REOLJDWRULH�vQY DUHD�OLPELL�VWDWXOXL��vQY WRULL�GLQ�üFROLle PLQRULWDUH�WUHEXLDX�V �ILH�GH�DFHLDüL�FRQIHVLXQH�üL�QD LRQDOLWDWH�FD�üL�PDMRULWDWHD�HOHYLORU��vQ�VFRSXO�SUHJ WLULL�vQY WRULORU�XUPD�V �VH�GHVFKLG �SH�OkQJ �ûFRDOD�QRUPDO �GLQ�9UåDF�R�VHF LH�URPkQ ��LDU�SH�OkQJ �ûFRDOD�QRUPDO �GLQ�7LPLüRDUD�R� VHF LH� iugoslav �� 'LQ� S FDWe� DFHVW� SURLHFW� vQWRFPLW� OD� 7LPLüRDUD� QX� D� IRVW�acceptat de guvernul de la Belgrad305.

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ÍQ� YHGHUHD� UH]ROY ULL� VLWXD LHL� vQY PkQWXOXL� URPkQHVF�GLQ�%DQDWXO�iugoslav s-D� SURQXQ DW� üL� /LJD� E Q HQLORU� UHIXJLD L372. Într-un memoriu DGUHVDW� GH� DFHDVW � OLJ � 0LQLVWHUXOXL� ,QVWUXF LXQLL� 3XEOLce al României se FHUHD� LQWHUYHQ LD� DXWRULW LORU� URPkQHüWL� OD� %HOJUDG� SHQWUX� QRUPDOL]DUHD�VLWXD LHL� vQY PkQWXOXL� URPkQHVF� vQ� OLPED� URPkQ � GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD�� DVWIHO�vQFkW� vQY WRULL� UHIXJLD L� vQ� 5RPkQLD� V � SRDW � UHYHQL� vQ� ORFDOLW LOH� ORU�natale pentru a profesa373.

3UHVD�LXJRVODY �D�UHVSLQV�PXOWH�GLQWUH�FHUHULOH�S U LL�URPkQH��UHOHYDQW�în acest sens fiind articolul din ziarul “Politika” din 29 noiembrie 1923, care VXEOLQLD�F �5RPkQLD�SUHWLQGHD�FD� vQ�%DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�V � ILH�GHVFKLVH� üFROL�SXU�URPkQHüWL��FX�vQY WRUL�üL�PDQXDOH�GLQ�5RPkQLD374.

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ÍQ� XUPD� DFHVWHL� KRW UkUL�� DXWRULW LOH� URPkQHüWL� O-au delegat pe GLUHFWRUXO� 0X]HXOXL� %DQDWXOXL� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD� V � VH� GHSODVH]H� OD� %HOJUDG�pentru a identifica bunurile muzeului ridicate de trupele iugoslave� üL�transferate pe teritoriul iugoslav379.

Ioachim Miloia a sosit la Belgrad în ziua de 7 martie 1933, purtând într-R�SULP �HWDS �FRQYRUELUL�FX�SUHüHGLQWHOH�FRPLVLHL�FH�IXVHVH�FRQVWLWXLW ��vQ�YHGHUHD� LGHQWLILF ULL�EXQXULORU� URPkQHüWL� UHFKL]L LRQDWH�GH�F WUH�DUPDWD�iugoslav �� ÍQ� FDGUXO� DFHVWRU� GLVFX LL�� SDUWHD� iugoslav � D� DFFHSWDW�� GXS �LQVLVWHQ Hle�RILFLDOLORU�URPkQL��FD�SURFHVXO�YHUEDO�vQWRFPLW�OD����LXQLH������üL�care FRQ LQH� IHOXO� FXP�V-D� FRQVXPDW�UHFKL]L LD� RELHFWHORU�PX]HXOXL�QRVWUX� V � ILH�OXDW� FD� ED] � D� GLVFX LLORU� XOWHULRDUH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L�� $� XUPDW� DSRL�întrevederea cu delegatul MinLVWHUXOXL� ,QVWUXF LHL� 3XEOLFH� üL� $UWHORU� GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��9HOMNR�3HWURYLþ��6-a discutat cu acest prilej despre organizarea IRVWHL�6RFLHW L�GH�,VWRULH�üL�$UKHRORJLH��VLWXD LD�HL�MXULGLF �ID �GH�VWDW��MXGH ��RUDü�� GHVSUH� SHUVRDQHOH� FDUH� HIHFWXDVHU � UHFKL]L ia din partea armatei iugoslavH� üL� FDUH� IXVHVHU � GHFODUDWH� GH� F WUH� FRPLVLD� iugoslav � FD� ILLQG�ILFWLYH�� ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWHL�SR]L LL�� ,RDFKLP�0LORLD�D�SUH]HQWDW�DGUHVHOH�GLQ�DFHO�moment ale persoanelor respective, pe care mi le-am putut procura în decursul cerFHW ULORU� GLQ� DQLL� GLQ� XUP �� ÍQ� ID D� DFHVWRU� HYLGHQ H�� 3HWURYLþ� D� DFFHSWDW�întru totul valabilitatea procesului verbal din 18 iunie 1919. S-D�KRW UkW�FD�,��0LORLD� V � vQWUHSULQG � FHUFHW UL� vQ� YHGHUHD� GHVFRSHULULL� FROHF LLORU�revendicate de Muzeul B Q HDQ�GLQ�7LPLüRDUD�� ÍQ� DFHVW� VHQV� D�YL]LWDW� � üL�FHUFHWDW� OD� %HOJUDG� 0X]HXO� 1D LRQDO�� XQGH� D� Y ]XW� üL� FDWDORDJHOH� GH�DFKL]L LH�� 0X]HXO� HWQRJUDILF�� 0X]HXO� PRGHUQ�� 0X]HXO� PXQLFLSDO�� Fk LYD�DQWLFDUL� GH� VHDP �� OD� 1RYL� 6DG� D� YL]LWDW� FROHF LD� GH� WDEORXUL� D� 6RFLHW LL�“0DWLFD�6USVNDµ��R�FROHF LH�SDUWLFXODU ��vQWkOQLQGX-VH�üL�FX�3HWDU�.UVWRQRVLN��FDUH�GH LQXVH�UROXO�GH�H[SHUW�FX�SULOHMXO�UHFKL]L LHL�GLQ������

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7RW� FX� RFD]LD� HYDFX ULL� %DQDWXOXL� GH� F WUH� WUXSHOH� iugoslave a fost WUDQVSRUWDW � vQ� ,XJRVODYLD� vQWUHDJD� DUKLY � D� ,QVSHFWRUDWXOXL� FDGDVWUDO� GLQ�7LPLüRDUD��SUHFXP�üL�vQWUHDJD�DUKLY �D�,QVSHFWRUDWXOXL�PLQLHU�GLQ�2UDYL D���$VWIHO��OD���LXOLH������OD�F SLW QDWXO�PLQLHU�2UDYL D�V-D�SUH]HQWDW�R�HFKLS �GH�UHFKL]L LL� iugoslav �� FRPSXV � GLQ� LQJLQHUXO� .RODNRYLþ�� UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�PLQLVWHUXOXL� GH� UHVRUW� GH� OD� %HOJUDG�� ORFRWHQHQ LL� 5DGLYRM�0LORYDQRYLþ� üL�$OHNVDQGDU�1RYDNRYLþ��vQVR L L�GH���MDQGDUPLL�iugoslavL��FDUH�DX�SUHOXDW�üL�WUDQVSRUWDW� SH� WHULWRULXO� LXJRVODY� vQWUHDJD� DUKLY � D� F SLW QDWXOXL� PLQLHU��vPSUHXQ � FX�PRELOLHUXO� H[LVWHQW��$UKLYD� FRQ LQHD� UHJLVWUHOH� GH� H[SORUDUH��F U LOH� PLQLHUH� GH� FRQFHVLXQL�� F U LOH� IXQGXDUH� PLQLHUH�� Ioile cadastrale, K U L�PLQLHUH�HWF��

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'XS � R� VHULH� GH� DPkQ UL� DOH� S U LL� iugoslave, la 27 aprilie 1923 0LQLVWHUXO� $IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� D� FRPXQLFDW� F � JXYHUQXO Regatului Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ� D� UDWLILFDW� FRQYHQ LD� vQFKHLDW � OD� 5RPD�DVXSUD� DUKLYHORU� üL� F � DüWHDSW � FD� DFHVW� GRFXPHQW� V � ILH� UDWLILFDW� üL� GH�guvernul român pentru a se putea proceda la schimbul de arhive conform

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SUHYHGHULORU�DFHVWHL�FRQYHQ LL�LQWHUQD LRnale. În cazul în care executivul de OD�%XFXUHüWL�QX�LQWHQ LRQD�V �UDWLILFH�DFHDVW �FRQYHQ LH��JXYHUQXO�5HJDWXOXL�Sârbo-Croato-Sloven propunea încheierea unui aranjament special între FHOH� GRX � VWDWH�� SH� ED]D� F UXLD� XUPD� V � VH� IDF � VFKLPEXO�� 5RPkQLD� D�U VSuns la 16 mai 1923, propunând încheierea unui aranjament special în ED]D�FRQYHQ LHL�GH�OD�5RPD�LDU�OD����LXOLH��SHQWUX�D�HYLWD�QRL�WHUJLYHUV UL��V-a FRPXQLFDW� S U LL� iugoslavH� F � JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� D� KRW UkW� V � UDWLILFH� I U �vQWkU]LHUH�üL�I U �LQWHUYHQ LD�SDUODPHQWXOXL�FRQYHQ LD�GH�OD�5RPD�UHIHULWRDUH�la restituirea arhivelor. Cu toate acestea, la 31 ianuarie 1924 Ministerul $IDFHULORU�6WU LQH�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�DFX]D�5RPkQLD�F �D�UHVSLQV�FHUHULOH�VDOH�GH�restituire a arhivelor care interesau statul iugoslav382. În fa D� DFHVWRU�DFX]D LL�� � UHSUH]HQWDQWXO� 5RPkQLHL� vQ� FDSLWDOD� 5HJDWXOXL� 6kUER-Croato-6ORYHQ�D�UHDILUPDW�GRULQ D�5RPkQLHL�GH�D�HIHFWXD�VFKLPEXO�GH�DUKLYH�vQWUH�FHOH� GRX � VWDWH�� /D� UkQGXO� V X�� JXYHUQXO� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� D� SURSXV� OD� ��IHEUXDULH������R�SURFHGXU �GH�XUPDW� vQ�YHGHUHD�HIHFWX ULL�DFHVWXL�VFKLPE��FRQVWLWXLUHD� XQHL� GHOHJD LL� GLQ� SDUWHD� ILHF UXL� VWDW�� DOF WXLW � GLQ� FkWH� XQ�GHOHJDW�DO�PLQLVWHUHORU�GH�-XVWL LH��)LQDQ H��,QWHUQH��,QVWUXF LH�SXEOLF ��&XOWH�üL� 5 ]ERL�� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� XUPD� DSRL� V � IL[H]H� GDWD� vQWkOQirii dintre cele GRX � GHOHJD LL�� ÍQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� XQ� GRFXPHQW� DU� IL� LQWHUHVDW� DPEHOH� UL��RULJLQDOXO�XUPD�V �ILH�S VWUDW�GH�VWDWXO�XQGH�VH�DIOD��FHO ODOW�DYkQG�GUHSWXO�de a realiza, pe cheltuiala lui, copii legalizate. Partea iugoslav � D� PDL�revendicat originalul sau copiile materialului cartografic luat de români din Budapesta privind noile teritorii atribuite Regatului Sârbo-Croato-Sloven. /D�UkQGXO�V X��0LQLVWHUXO�GH�,QWHUQH�LXJRVODY�D�FHUXW�FD�VFKLPEXO�GH�DUKLYH�V �QX�VH�SURGXF �SkQ �FkQG�SDUWHD�URPkQ �QX�UHVWLWXLH�YDORULOH�üL�ELMXWHULLOH�DSDU LQkQG� IXQGD LLORU�GHSDUWDPHQWDOH� üL� LQVWLWX LHL�GLVWULFWXDOH� D� V UDFLORU�GLQ�9HOLNL�%H NHUHN�>D]L�=UHQMDQLQ@��FDUH�V-DU�IL�J VLW��FRQIRUP�LQIRUPD LLORU�GH LQXWH� GH� UHVSHFWLYXO� PLQLVWHU�� OD� 7LPLüRDUD�� ILLQG� DGXVH� vn 1919 de DXWRULW LOH�URPkQH�GLQ�%XGDSHVWD��SUHFXP�üL�D�YDORULORU�üL�ELMXWHULLORU�DIODWH�vQ� WHULWRULLOH�DWULEXLWH�5RPkQLHL� üL� FDUH�DSDU LQHDX� LQVWLWX LLORU� üL� VXSXüLORU�Regatului Sârbo-Croato-Sloven383.

Referindu-se la valorile revendicate de iugoslavi, care s-ar fi aflat la 7LPLüRDUD��SDUWHD� URPkQ �D�SUHFL]DW�F �QX�D�J VLW� DVWIHO�GH�YDORUL�� ÍQ� UHVW��guvernul român a acceptat propunerile celui iugoslav, cu un singur amendament, privind actele, documentele etc. care interesau ambele state, ale F URU originale�U PkQ�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQGH�VH�J VHDX�vQ�PRPHQWXO�DUPLVWL LXOXL�GLQ�������FHO ODOW�VWDW�DYkQG�GUHSWXO�GH�D�GH LQH�R�FRSLH�OHJDOL]DW . România solicita

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&X�RFD]LD�VHVLXQLL�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL�GLQ���– 11 mai 1925, PLQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH� URPkQ� ,�*�� 'XFD� D� UHPLV� RPRORJXOXL� V X� iugoslav 1LQ Lþ� XQ�PHPRULX� SULYLQG� HIHFWXDUHD� VFKLPEXOXL� GH� DUKLYH��'LSORPDWXO�iugoslav a promis rezolvarea� FkW�PDL� JUDEQLF � D� DFHVWHL� SUREOHPH� vQWU-un spirit amical385.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� DUKLYHL� PLQHORU� GLQ� 2UDYL D�� OD� �� GHFHPEULH� ������directorul minelor, într-XQ� UHIHUDW� vQWRFPLW� F WUH� 0LQLVWHUXO� $IDFHULORU�6WU LQH�DO�5RPkQLHL�VXEOLQLD�IDSWXO�F �DFHVWH�GRFXPHQWH�sunt�GH�R�GHRVHELW �LPSRUWDQ �SHQWUX�DGPLQLVWUDUHD�GRPHQLXOXL�PLQLHU�WUHFXW�vQ�SURSULHWDWHD�VWDWXOXL�SULQ� DUW�� ��� GLQ� &RQVWLWX LD� 5RPkQLHL�� (OH� HUDX� IRDUWH� LPSRUWDQWH� üL� SHQWUX�SDUWLFXODUL��GDW� ILLQG� F � în aceste registre sunt trecute toate drepturile miniere dobândite sub vechiul regim minier�� 6H� PDL� SUHFL]D� F � GLUHF LD� PLQHORU�efectuase o serie de demersuri pentru recuperarea acestor arhive, atât pe FDOH� GLSORPDWLF � FkW� üL� direct�� GDU� QX� RE LQXVH� QLFL� XQ� UH]XOWDW�� ([LVWDX�LQIRUPD LL� SRWULYLW� F URUD� F U LOH� IXQGXDUH�PLQLHUH� UHIHULWRDUH� OD� GRQD LLOH�PLQLHUH�GH�SH� WHULWRULXO� MXGH XOXL�&DUDü� VH�DIODX� OD� WULEXQDOXO�GLQ�%LVHULFD�$OE ��%HOD�&UNYD���VROLFLWkQGX-VH�LQWHUYHQ LD�0LQLVWHUXOXL�$IDFHULORU�6WU LQH�pentru rezolvarea acestor probleme386.

La 18 mai 1935 MinisterXO� $IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� LQIRUPD� IRUXULOH�FRPSHWHQWH�PLQLHUH�F �/HJD LD�URPkQ �GLQ�%HOJUDG�FRPXQLFDVH�F �UHJLVWUH�üL�F U LOH�FDGDVWUDOH�PLQLHUH�DOH�FLUFXPVFULS LHL�2UDYL D�QX�DX�SXWXW�IL�J VLWH��/HJD LD�DU WD�F �HOH�DU�SXWHD�IL�UHJ VLWH�SULQWUH�DUKLYHOH�DGPLQistrative care XUPDX� V � ILH� VFKLPEDWH� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� FRQIRUP� SUHYHGHULORU�&RQYHQ LHL� DVXSUD� DUKLYHORU� GLQ� ����387�� 7RWXüL�� OD� ��� GHFHPEULH� ������Ministerul de Externe al României, într-R� DGUHV � F WUH� 'LUHF LD� PLQHORU��LQIRUPD�F �OD�%LVHULFD�$OE ��%HOD�&UNYD��IXVHVHU �GHSR]LWDWH�GRDU�UHJLVWUHOH�IXQFLDUH�DOH�PLQHORU��UHJLVWUH�FH�IXVHVHU �SUHGDWH�S U LL�URPkQH�vQ�����388.

ÍQ� WRDPQD� OXL� ������0LQLVWHUXO�$JULFXOWXULL� üL�'RPHQLLORU� D� DSUREDW�DFRUGXO�SULYLQG� VFKLPEXO�GRFXPHQWHORU�JHRGH]LFH� üL� FDGDVWUDOH� LQWHUYHnit vQWUH� FHOH�GRX � VWDWH�� 6-DX�SUHGDW� DVWIHO� ,XJRVODYLHL� WRDWH� OXFU ULOH�SULYLQG�FDOFXOHOH� JHRGH]LFH� DOH� &URD LHL�� 6ORYHQLHL� üL� %DQDWXOXL� LXJRVODY� LDU� GLQ�SDUWHD�%HOJUDGXOXL�DX�IRVW�SULPLWH�K U LOH�üL�OXFU ULOH�FDGDVWUDOH�DOH�MXGH HORU�&DUDü��6HYHULQ��7LPLü�üL�$UDG389.

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SRSXOD LH� URPkQHDVF � GHVWXO� GH� QXPHURDV � D� GHWHUPLQDW� H[LVWHQ D� XQRU�raporturi culturale, SH� GH� R� SDUWH� vQWUH� LQVWLWX LLOH� SROLWLFH� üL� RDPHQLL� GH�FXOWXU �GLQ�5RPkQLD�üL�URPkQLL�GLQ�VWDWXO�YHFLQ��

2� VHULH� GH� SHUVRQDOLW L� SROLWLFH� GLQ� 5RPkQLD� HUDu� FRQüWLHQWH� GH�QHFHVLWDWHD�DFRUG ULL�XQXL�VSULMLQ�UHDO�URPkQLORU�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��vQ�YHGHUHD�vPEXQ W LULL�DWkW�D�VWDWXWXOXL�ORU�SROLWLF�FkW�üL�DO�FHOXL�FXOWXUDO��ÍQ�DFHVW�VHQV�s-D� SURQXQ DW� GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ� 7K�� (PDQGL�� FDUH�� vQWU-un raport trimis 0LQLVWHUXOXL� $IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL�� VXEOLQLD� QHFHVLWDWHD� FD�5RPkQLD� V -i sprijine financiar pe românii din Banat iugoslav, pentru ca DFHüWLD� V � SRDW � SDUWLFLSD� OD� DOHJHULOH� SDUODPHQWDUH� GLQ� UHJDWXO� YHFLQ��$U WkQG� F � URPkQLL� GLQ� %DQDWXO� iugoslav, nu dispuneau de resurse ILQDQFLDUH�VXILFLHQWH��HO�DILUPD�F �DU�IL�XQ�PDUH�S FDW�V �QX-i�DMXW P390.

În 1931, üHIXO� OHJD LHL� 5RPkQLHL� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD�� $O�� *XU QHVFX��VXV LQHD�F �HUD�QHFHVDU�FD�%XFXUHüWLXO�V -üL�LQWHQVLILFH�DF LXQLOH�GH�DMXWRUDUH�în plan cultural a românilor din Banat, oferind ca exemplu demersurile 0LQLVWHUXOXL�$IDFHULORU�6WU LQH�GH� OD�%HOJUDG�SH� OkQJ �DXWRULW LOH� URPkQH�vQ� YHGHUHD� DFRUG ULL� GH� YL]H� JUDWXLWH� PHPEULORU� GLIHULWHORU� RUJDQL]D LL�FXOWXUDOH� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD� FDUH� SDUWLFLSDX� OD� V UE WRULUHD� XQRU� HYHQLPHQWH�LVWRULFH� üL� FXOWXUDOH� GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF�� ILLQG� LQYLWDWH� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV� GH�F WUH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�iugoslavilor din provincie391.

2�VHULH�GH� LVWRULFL� DX�DYXW�SUHRFXS UL�SULYLQG� LVWRULD� URPkQLORU� FDUH�WU LDX� vQ� 5HJDWXO� iugoslavo-croato-sloven. În acest sens, C. Rudneanu a publicat studiul “Un istoric român uitat”392 iar P. Bizerea “Românii din BanDWXO� LXJRVODYµ�� vQ� FDUH� D� WUDWDW� LVWRULFXO�� IROFORUXO� üL� OLPED� DFHVWRUD��PHQ LRQkQG� XQHOH� SHUVRQDOLW L� FD� 3DXO� ,RUJRYLFL�� 7LQFX� 9HOHD�� ,JQD LH�Vuia393��/D�UkQGXO�V X��0LKDLO�*DüSDU��D�VFULV�GHVSUH�´5RPkQLL�GLQ�3RWORJLµ�üL�´%DQDWXO�vQ�SUHDMPD�OXL�����µ394, iar�9��9 UG UHVFX�´%DQDWXO�VXE�XQJXUL�üL�sub iugoslavi”395.

$X� DYXW� ORF� üL� R� VHULH� GH� FRQIHULQ H�� FXP� DU� IL� FHD� VXV LQXW � GH�$O��/DSHGDWX� ´2ULJLQHD� HOHPHQWXOXL� URPkQHVF� GLQ� 6HUELD� üL� %DQDWµ396 iar în cadrul Institutului sud-HVW� HXURSHDQ� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� *K�� 9kOVDQ a vorbit GHVSUH�´5RPkQLL�WLPRFHQL�GLQ�6HUELDµ��vQ�WLPS�FH�*��*LXJOHD�D�WUDWDW�DFHHDüL�SUREOHP �GLQ�SHUVSHFWLY �IROFORULF 397.

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Au ajuns în Banatul iugoslav� üL� UHYLVWH�GH�FXOWXU �FD�´/XFHDI UXOµ411 VDX� ´%DQDWXOµ�� &RPLWHWXO� GH� UHGDF LH� DO� DFHVWHLD� GLQ� XUP � �$�� &RWUXü�� &��*URIüRUHDQ�� 0�� *DüSDU�� vüL� SURSXQHD� V � GLVWULEXLH� JUDWXLW� XQ� QXP U�însemnat de exemplare în Banatul iugoslav� üL� vQ� FkWHYD� VDWH� GH� SH�9DOHD�Timocului412.

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ÍQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � üL-au� GHVI üXUDW� DFWLYLWDWHD�� vQ� GLYHUVH�GRPHQLL�� URPkQL� Q VFX L� SH� WHULWRULXO� %DQDWXOXL� iugoslav. Astfel, dr. Savu %XWRDUF ��DEVROYHQW�DO�8QLYHUVLW LL�GLQ�Cluj, doctor în filozofie, matematici VXSHULRDUH�üL�IL]LF �H[SHULPHQWDO �üL-D�GHVI üXUDW�R�SDUWH�D�DFWLYLW LL�VDOH�FD�DVLVWHQW� OD� ,QVWLWXWXO� GH� SHGDJRJLH� DO� 8QLYHUVLW LL� GLQ� &OXM�� 1LFRODH�,PEURDQH� D� VXV LQXW� üL� HO�� vQ� SHULRDGD� DQDOL]DW �� R� LQWHQV � DFWLYLtate SXEOLFLVWLF ��FXOWXUDO �üL�SROLWLF �vQ�5RPkQLD432.

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5HOD LLOH�FXOWXUDOH�DOH�iugoslavilor din Banatul românesc cu Iugoslavia La rândul lor, etnicii iugoslavL�GLQ�%DQDWXO�URPkQHVF�DX�GHVI üXUDW��vQ�

perioada interbeOLF ��R�LQWHQV �DFWLYLWDWH�FXOWXUDO ��$FHDVWD�V-D�GHVI üXUDW�vQ�FDGUXO� XQRU� VRFLHW L� FXOWXUDOH� üL� ILODQWURSLFH�� FXP�DX� IRVW� ´5HXQLXQHD�GH�FkQW UL�JUHFR-RUWRGR[H�=25$µ��GLQ�7LPLüRDUD��´6RFLHWDWHD�GH�ELQHIDFHUH�D�femeilor iugoslavH� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUDµ435, “Uniunea tinerilor iugoslavi” din 7LPLüRDUD436��´6RFLHWDWHD�GH�OHFWXU �iugoslavHDVF µ�GLQ�&HQHL437�üL�VRFLHW LOH�muzicale iugoslave�GLQ�ORFDOLW LOH�*HOX��9DULDü��6kQSHWUX�0DUH438, Moldova Veche, Becicherecu Mic439 etc.

$X�IRVW�RUJDQL]DWH�R�VHULH�GH�PDQLIHVW UL�FXOWXUDOH, unele cu ocazia unor LPSRUWDQWH�V UE WRUL�UHOLJLRDVH��OD�FDUH�DX�SDUWLFLSDW�üL�LQYLWD L�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��$VWIHO�� OD� VILQ LUHD� FORSRWHORU� ELVHULFLL� RUWRGR[H� iugoslavH� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD� D�SDUWLFLSDW�üL�FRUXO�PL[W�GLQ�.LNLQGD440, iar la 27 decembrie 1925, “Reuniunea femeilor iugoslavHµ�GLQ�7LPLüRDUD�D�RUJDQL]DW�XQ�SURJUDP�FXOWXUDO�OD�&D]LQRXO�PLOLWDU��OD�FDUH�D�SDUWLFLSDW�üL�´5HXQLXQHD�GH�FkQW ULµ�GLQ�9UåDF441.

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ÍQ������HUD�SO QXLW � UHXQLUHD� WXWXURU� FRUXULORU� iugoslave într-unul singur, LDU� FO GLUHD� WHDWUXOXL� RU üHQHVF� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD� D� IRVW� vQFKLULDW � vQ� YHGHUHD�RUJDQL] ULL�V UE WRULL�GH�6I��6DYD��3UD]QLFXO�D�IRVW� LQXW� vQ�WRDWH� ORFDOLW LOH�FX� SRSXOD LH� iugoslavHDVF � GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF�� OD� %HFLFKHUHFXO� 0LF�având loc chiar un bal iugoslav�FX�P üWL442.

ÍQ� SULPD� SDUWH� D� DQXOXL� ������ 6RFLHWDWHD� GH� PX]LF � iugoslavHDVF �“Orao” a organizat o întâlnire a corurilor iugoslave, cu scopul unei SURPRY UL�PDL�LQWHQVH�D�PX]LFLL�SRSXODUH�iugoslave în Banat. Cu acest prilej s-a vizitat Societatea de cânt UL� ´/LUDµ� GLQ� ORFDOLWDWHD� 6kQSHWUX443. La 27 IHEUXDULH� ����� D� IRVW� FRQVWLWXLW � 8QLXQHD� IRUPD LLORU� GH� PX]LF �iugoslavHDVF �GLQ�7LPLüRDUD�üL�8QLXQHD�FkQW UH LORU�iugoslavi din România, FX�VHGLXO�WRW�OD�7LPLüRDUD��)RUPD LLOH�FRUDOH�´=RUDµ�üL�´6ORJDµ�DX�RFXSDW un ORF�LPSRUWDQW�vQ�FDGUXO�DFHVWHL�XQLXQL�GH�IRUPD LL444.

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ÍQ�DFHHDüL�SHULRDG �IRUPD LL�DUWLVWLFH�iugoslave din Banatul românesc DX� RUJDQL]DW� VSHFWDFROH� vQ� GLIHULWH� ORFDOLW L� DOH� SURYLQFLHL�� /D� vQFHSXWul OXQLL�PDUWLH�������´6RFLHWDWHD�PX]LFDO � iugoslav µ�GLQ�*HOX�D� VXV LQXW�XQ�concert la Sânpetru Mare448.

8Q�HYHQLPHQW� LPSRUWDQW� D� DYXW� ORF� OD� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ������ FkQG� OD�7LPLüRDUD� D� IRVW� GHVFKLV � H[SR]L LD� SLFWRUXOXL� ,VDF� -RYDQ�� FDUH� H[SXQHD�numeroase luFU UL�UHDOL]DWH�vQ�,XJRVODYLD449.

/D� VIkUüLWXO� DFHOXLDüL� DQ�� ILUPD� GH� WXULVP� ´3XWQLNµ� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD� D�SXV�vQ�FLUFXOD LH�SULPXO�WUHQ�GH�YDFDQ �SH�UXWD�7LPLüRDUD�- Belgrad450.

'LQ�S FDWH��HYROX LLOH�GH�SH�VFHQD�SROLWLF �HXURSHDQ �GH�GXS ������DX�avut repercusLXQL�GLQWUH�FHOH�PDL�JUDYH�DVXSUD�DFHVWXL�GRPHQLX�DO�UHOD LLORU�GLQWUH� FHOH�GRX � UL��5HOD LLLOH� FXOWXUDOH�GLQWUH�5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD�YRU�FXQRDüWH�R�SHULRDG �GH�UHJUHV��F UHLD�QLFL�XQXO�GLQWUH�FRQWHPSRUDQL�QX�L-ar IL� SXWXW� SUHYHGHD� GXUDWD�� $FHDVW � VLWXD LH� YD� OXD� VIküLW� DELD� OD� vQFHSXWXO�GHFHQLXOXL�DO�üDSWHOHD��

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NOTE

1 Miodrag Milin, 5HOD LLOH�SROLWLFH�URPâno-iugoslavH�vQ�HSRFD�PRGHUQ ��%XFXUHüWL��(G��$FDGHPLHL�

Române, 1992, p. 44. 2 Ibidem, p. 45. 3 Ibidem, p. 45-48. 4 Radu Flora, 5HOD LLOH�iugoslavo-române��3DQ HYR��(G��/LEHUWDWHD��������S����� 5 Nicolae Iorga, Relations entre Serbes et Roumains��%XFXUHüWL��,PSULPHULD�&XOWXUDO �´1HDPXO�

Românesc”, 1922. 6 Idem, 5RPkQL�üL�VODYL��5RPkQL�üL�XQJXUL��%XFXUHüWL��(G��,QVWLWXWXOXL�VXG-est – european, 1922. 7 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�LVWRULH��VHULD�,,,��WRPXO�,,,-IV, 1924-1925, p. 37. 8 Nicolae Iorga, Hi stoire de Etats balcaniques jusqu’a 1924, Paris, Librairie Universitarire J.

Gomber, 1925. 9 Idem, ÍQ�6HUELD�GH�GXS �U ]ERLX��%XFXUHüWL������� 10 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�LVWRULH��VHULD�,,,��WRPXO�;,,,������-1933, p. 57-67. 11 Revue historique du sud-est européen (în continuare Revue historique…) 1-3, iulie-sept., 1932,

p. 233-307. 12 Idem, 10-12, oct. – dec. 1932, p. 350-366. 13 Idem, 10-12, oct. – dec. 1933, p. 350-366. 14 Idem, 1-3, ian. - mart. 1934, p. 81-102. 15 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�istorie, seria III, tomul XIX, 1937, p. 249-272. 16 Idem, p. 153-�����,RVLI�%RåNRYLþ�D�IRVW�XQ�VSLULW�HQFLFORSHGLF��UHPDUFkQGX-se în domenii ca

matematica, fizica etc. 17 Revue historique…, 10-12, oct. – dec. 1937, p. 265-282. 18 Idem, 10-12, oct. – dec. 1936, p. 323-333. 19 Idem, 1-3, ian. – mart. 1938, p. 33. 20 Lumina, nr. 6, 1968, p. 392. 21�9H]L�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�FROHF LD�LQWHUEHOLF �D�UHYLVWHL�Revue historique… . 22 Revue historique…, 1-3, ian. – mart. 1940, p. 74-75. 23 Idem, 4-6, aprilie-iunie 1931, p. 148. 24 Ibidem, p. 119-120. 25 Revue historique…, 7-9, iulie – sept. 1927, p. 223-229. 26 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�LVWRULH��VHULD�,,,��WRPXO�,,������-1924, p. 201-220. 27 Revue historique…, 4-6, aprilie – iunie, 1926, p. 92. 28 Banatul, febr. – mart. 1928, p. 44. 29 Banatul, aprilie – mai 1928, p. 12-19. 30 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. II, 1931, p. 194. 31 C.B. Obedeanu, Les relations historiques et politiques des Roumains avec les Serbes��%XFXUHüWL��*HOOHU������� 32 Alexandru Marcu, ConspiratorL�üL�FRQVSLUD LL�vQ�HSRFD�UHQDüWHULL�SROLWLFH��D�5RPkQLHL��%XFXUHüWL��)XQGD LD�,�&��%U WLDQX��(G��´&DUWHD�5RPkQHDVF µ�������

33 Graiul Românesc, IV, 1930, p. 195-200. 34 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. II, 1931, p. 203.

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35 Ibidem, p. 203. 36 Ibidem, p. 224. 37 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXV- MCMXXXVI, vol. V-VI, 1935-1936, p. 526. 38 Idem, MCMXXXVII, vol. VII, fasc. III-IV, 1937, p. 258-267. 39 Idem, MCMXXXII, vol. II, fasc. II-III, 1932, p. 136-142. 40 Ibidem, p. 143. 41 Idem, seria III, tomul XVII, 1935, p. 1-49. 42 Idem, seria III, tomul XIV, 1933, p. 1. 43 Raoul V. Bosy , $JHQ LD�GLSORPDWLF �D�5RPkQLHL�vQ�%HOJUDG�üL�OHJ WXULOH�SROLWLFH�URPkQR-iugoslave

sub Cuza-YRG ��%XFXUHüWL��,PSULPHULD�1D LRQDO ������� 44 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�LVWRrie, seria III, tomul XX, 1938, p. 133-195; 221-253. 45 Idem, seria III, tomul, XXI, 1939, p. 141-159. 46 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXV- MCMXXXVI, vol. V-VI, 1935-1936, p. 549. 47 Idem, MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. III, 1931. 48 Idem, MCMXXXVIII, vol. VIII, p. 210-234. 49 Ibidem, p. 95-123. 50 Idem, MCMXXXVII, vol. VII, fasc. III-IV, 1937, p. 339-357. 51 Ibidem, p. 391. 52 Idem, MCMXXXIX, vol. IX, 1939, p. 409. 53 Ibidem, p. 463. 54 Idem, MCMXXXIX, vol. IX, 1939. 55 Ibidem, p. 460. În istoriografia iugoslav �D�DERUGDW�DFHDVW �SUREOHP �'�6��5DGRM Lþ��O prvom

vlaškom štamparu Makariji i o prvom vlaškim štamparijama, vezi R. Flora, op.cit., p. 31. 56�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH��)RQG�3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 251/1939, f. 16. 57 Universul, 14 iunie 1931, p. 2. 58 Revue historique…, nr. 7-9, iulie – sept., 1926, p. 246-249. 59 Idem, nr. 7-9, iulie – septembrie, 1928, p. 274-275. 60 Idem, nr. 4-6, aprilie – iunie, 1928, p. 265. 61 Idem, nr. 4-6, aprilie – iunie, 1924, p. 197. 62 Idem, nr. 4-6, aprilie – iunie, 1927, p. 141. 63 Idem, nr. 10-12, oct. – dec., 1928, p. 136-139. 64 Revue historique…, 4-6, aprilie – iunie 1931, p. 151. 65 Idem, 10-12, oct. – dec. 1931, p. 319. 66 Idem, 1-3, ian. – mart. 1932, p. 121. 67 Idem, 4-6, aprilie – iunie 1932, p. 195. 68 Idem, 1-3, ian. – mart. 1933, p. 100. 69 Idem, 4-6, apr. – iunie 1936, p. 213. 70 Idem, 10-12, oct. – dec. 1938, p. 387-393. 71 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�LVWRULH��VHULD�,,,��WRPXO�;9,,,��������S�����-153. 72 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXIII, vol. III, fasc. I, p. 102. 73 Idem, MCMXXXIV, vol. IV, 1934, p. 366. 74 Idem, MCMXXXVIII, vol. VIII, 1938, p. 307. 75 Idem, MCMXXXIX, vol. IX, 1930, p. 423. 76 Idem, MCMXXXII, vol. I, fasc. II, 1931, p. 198.

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77 Lumina, nr. 6, 1968, p. 393-394. 78 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 253. 79 Idem, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 70, f. 95, 97. 80 Ibidem, f. 253. 81 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 13-57. 82 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�OLWHUDU ��VHULD�,,,��WRP�,,,��������S�����-169. 83 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXVIII, vol. VIII, 1938, p. 48-55. 84�6��3XüFDULX��Studii istroromâne��,,��%XFXUHüWL�������� 85 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 15. 86 Ibidem, p. 317. 87 Ibidem, p. 50. 88 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXIX, vol. IX, 1939, p. 472. 89 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXII, vol. I, fasc. I, 1932, p. 107. 90 Idem, MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. II, 1931. 91 Idem, MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. II, 1391, p. 390. 92 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�OLWHUDU ��VHULD�,,,��WRPXO�,,��������S�����-379. 93 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 309. 94 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXVIII, vol. VIII, 1938, p. 288. 95 Idem, MCMXXXII, vol. I, fasc. IV, 1932, p. 442. 96 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 56. 97 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXIX, vol. IX, 1939, p. 506. 98 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 49. 99 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXIX, vol. IX, 1939, p. 347-350. 100 Lumina, nr. 6, 1968, p. 388, 394. 101 Idem, p. 369. 102 Idem, p. 372. 103 Dacia, 25 mai 1940, p. 2. 104 Lumina, nr. 6, 1968, p. 372. 105 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 43. 106 Ibidem, p. 40. 107 Banatul, febr. – mart. 1928, p. 44. 108 Memoriile Academiei Române��VHF LD�OLWHUDU ��VHULD�,,,��WRPXO�,9������-1929, p. 85-193. 109 Lumina, nr. 6, 1968, p. 394-395. 110 Idem, p. 368. 111 Aurel Cosma jr., &RQVWLWX LD�UHJDWXOXL�LXJRVODY��7LPLüRDUD������� 112 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXVIII, vol. VIII, 1938, p. 333. 113 Idem, MCMXXXII, 1931, p. 218. 114 Idem, MCMXXXII, vol. II, fasc. II-III, 1932, p. 333. 115 Idem, MCMXXXII, vol. II, fasc. IV, 1932, p. 439. 116 Idem, MCMXXXVII, vol. VII, fasc. III-IV, 1937, p. 476. 117 Revue historique…, 7-9, iul.-sept., 1936, p. 302. 118 Lumina, nr. 6, 1968, p. 393. 119 Revue historique…, 1-3, ian. – mart. 1926, p. 78-79. 120 Societatea de mâine, 7 februarie 1926, p. 104.

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121 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 2, f. 129. 122�'LUHF LD� MXGH HDQ �7LPLü� D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH�� IRQG�3ULP ULD�PXQLFLSLXOXL� 7LPLüRDUD, d.

16/1937, f. 3. 123 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 17 mai 1936, p. 3. 124�'LUHF LD� MXGH HDQ �7LPLü� D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH�� IRQG�3ULP ULD�PXQLFLSLXOXL� 7LPLüRDUD, d.

16/1937, f. 20. 125 Dacia, 7 aprilie 1940, p. 2. 126 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 228. 127 Dacia, 7 aprilie 1940, p. 2. 128 Idem, 10 mai 1940, p. 2. 129 Idem, 8 mai 1940, p. 2. 130 I. Miloia, în Banatul, an II, nr. 6, p. 9-14. 131 Societatea de mâine, nr. 10, 17 octombrie 1926, p. 662. 132 'LUHF LD�MXGH HDQ �7LPLü�D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH��IRQG�3UHIHFWXUD�7LPLü-Torontal, d. 2/1938, f. 117. 133 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. III, 1931, p. 243. 134 Idem, MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. I, 1931, p. 101. 135 Idem, MCMXXXV-MCMXXXVI, vol. V-VI, 1935-1936, p. 584. 136 /XFHDI UXO��QU�����7LPLüRDUD��������S����-22. 137 R. Flora, op.cit., p. 152-156. 138 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 170. 139 Ibidem, vol. 50, f. 155. 140 Idem, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 14, f. 193. 141 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 170. 142 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 287-288. 143 1 GHMGHD, 7 iulie 1929. 144 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 287. 145 1 GHMGHD, 31 august 1930, p. 2. 146�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 75/1939, p. 13. 147 Vezi în acest sens Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia��YRO������]LDUHOH�URPkQHüWL�FH�DS UHDX�OD�7LPLüRDUD�vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF �SUHFXP�üL�FDSLWROHOH�GHVSUH�UHOD LLOH�SROLWLFH�üL�HFRQRPLFH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�GLQ�DFWXDOD�OXFUDUH�

148 Arhiva MAE, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 20, f. 185. 149 Cuvântul, 28 august 1926, p. 1-��üL�LGHP�����DXJXVW�������S���-2. 150 Societatea de mâine, 5 iunie 1927, p. 292. 151 Ibidem. 152 1 GHMGHD, 31 august 1930, p. 2. 153�9H]L�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�]LDUXO�´3UDYGDµ�GLQ����PDL�������DUWLFROXO�´6 UE WRULUHD�]LOHL�GH����mai GLQ�5RPkQLDµ��FH�UHDOL]HD] �XQ�LVWRULF�DO�VHPQLILFD LHL�DFHVWHL�]LOH�SUHFXP�üL�DO�ORFXOXL�HL�vQ�istorLD�SRSRUXOXL�URPkQ��´3ROLWLNDµ�GLQ����PDL�������DUWLFROXO�´$]L�5RPkQLD�V UE WRUHüWH�DQLYHUVDUHD� LQGHSHQGHQ HL� VDOH� üL� DQLYHUVDUHD� LQVWLWXLULL�5HJDWXOXLµ��´9UHPHµ�GLQ����PDL�������FDUH�D�UHODWDW�GHVSUH�V UE WRULUHD�]LOHL� OD�%HOJUDG��VOXMED�UHOLJLRDV �GH�OD�Ambasada 5RPkQLHL�� XUPDW �GH� UHFHS LD� OD� FDUH� DX�SDUWLFLSDW� üL�PHPEULL� DL�$VRFLD LXQLL� LXJRVODYR-URPkQH��´3ROLWLNDµ�GLQ����PDL�������DUWLFROXO�´6 UE WRULUHD�VROHPQ �D�V UE WRULL�QD LRQDOH�române în întreaga Românie”.

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154�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��fond PrHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 235/1939, f. 31. 155 Vladimir Dumitrescu, 2DPHQL�üL�FLREXUL��(G��0X]HXO�'XQ ULL�GH�-RV��& O UDüL��S����-34. 156 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 171. 157 Ibidem, loc.cit. 158 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 18. 159 Ibidem, vol. 49, f. 274. 160 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (1918-1941), 7LPLüRDUD�� (GLWXUD� GH� YHVW�� ������

Idem, Jugoslovensko – rumunski odnosi, 1918-1941, 9UåDF��������,RDQ�/XSDü��Istoria românilor, %XFXUHüWL��(G��6FULSWD�������

161 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (1918-1941), p.180. 162 Ibidem, p.180-181. 163 Arhiva Ministerului de Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol.71, f. 44. 164 Ibidem, vol.69, f. 249. 165 Ibidem, vol 37, f. 57. 166 Ibidem, vol. 68, f. 50. 167 Ibidem, vol. 70, f. 12. 168 Ibidem, vol. 49, f. 24. 169 Ibidem, vol. 68, f. 50. 170 Ibidem, f. 48-40. 171 Ibidem, vol. 69, f. 249. 172 Ibidem, vol. 68, f. 71-72. 173 Ibidem, f. 231. 174 Ibidem, f. 232. 175 Gligor Popi, op. cit. , p. 135. 176 Arhiva Ministerului de Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 69, f. 5. 177 Ibidem, vol. 69, f. 1. 178 Ibidem, vol. 68, f. 328. 179 Ibidem, f. 408. 180 Ibidem, vol. 69, f. 616. 181 Ibidem, f. 617. 182 Ibidem, vol. 76, f. 17. 183 Ibidem. 184 Ibidem, vol. 69, f. 499. 185 Ibidem, vol 68, f. 361. 186 Ibidem, vol.69, f. 319. 187 Ibidem, f. 424. 188 1 GHMGHD, 25 aprilie 1924, p. 2. 189 Arhiva Ministerului de Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 69, f. 376. 190 Ibidem, f. 376. 191 Ibidem, f. 221. 192 Ibidem, vol. 70, f. 78, 80. 193 Ibidem, f. 149. 194 Ibidem, f. 187. 195 Ibidem, f. 104.

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196 Ibidem, f. 211. 197 Ibidem, f. 272. 198 Ibidem, f. 227. 199 Ibidem, f. 229. 200 Ibidem, f. 352. 201 Ibidem, vol.71, f. 112. 202 Ibidem, f. 257. 203 Ibidem, f. 13. 204 Ibidem, f. 38. 205 Ibidem��I�������'HPHWUX�% O QHVFX��VXSXV�iugoslav��FX�GRPLFLOLX�vQ�%LVHULFD�$OE ��GHFHGDW�OD���PDL�������D�SUHY ]XW�SULQ�WHVWDPHQW�GRQDUHD�DYHULL�VDOH�ILH�F WUH�6RFLHWDWHD�&XOWXUDO �´$675$µ� GLQ� 6LELX�� ILH�0LWURSROLHL�2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLQ� 6LELX�� vQ� VFRSXO� DFRUG ULL� GH�EXUVH�WLQHULORU�RUWRGRFüL�URPkQL�VXSXüL�iugoslavL��FDUH�XUPDX�V �VWXGLH]H�vQ�FDGUXO�üFROLORU�medii, superioare, comerciale sau la academiile agricole. ASTRA a cedat fondurile acestei IXQGD LL�%LVHULFLL�RUWRGR[H�române din Sibiu.

206 Ibidem, f. 273. 207 Ibidem, f. 310. 208 Ibidem, f, 318. 209 Ibidem, f. 309. 210 Ibidem, f. 311. 211 Ibidem, vol. 76, f. 37. 212 Ibidem, vol. 7, f. 207. 213 Ibidem. f. 357. 214 Ibidem, vol. 72, f. 23. 215 Ibidem, f. 24. 216 Ibidem, f. 30. 217 Ibidem, f. 63. 218 Ibidem, f. 74. 219 Ibidem, f. 82. 220 Ibidem, f. 207. 221 Ibidem, vol. 73, f. 13. 222 Ibidem, f. 14. 223 Ibidem, f. 64. 224 Ibidem, f. 30. 225 Ibidem, f. 31. 226 Ibidem, f. 33. 227 Ibidem, f. 4. 228 Ibidem, vol. 72, f. 23. 229 Ibidem, f. 231. 230 Ibidem, f. 231, 238, 260. 231 Ibidem, f. 386. 232 Idem, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 8, f. 181-182. 233 Ibidem, vol. 9, f. 121. 234 Ibidem, f. 295.

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235 Arhiva Ministerului de Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 73, f. 429. 236 Ibidem, f. 436. 237 Ibidem, vol. 74, f. 18. 238 Ibidem, vol. 73, f. 443-449. 239 Ibidem, f. 477. 240 Ibidem, f. 522. 241 Ibidem, vol. 74, f. 25. 242 Ibidem, vol. 74, f. 27. 243 Ibidem, f. 108. 244 Ibidem, f. 128. 245 Ibidem, f. 131. 246 Ibidem, f. 197. 247 Ibidem, f. 199. 248 Ibidem, f. 554. 249 Ibidem, f. 555. 250 Ibidem, vol. 75, f. 7. 251 Ibidem, vol. 50, f. 172. 252 Ibidem, vol. 75, f. 51. 253 Ibidem, f. 180. 254 Ibidem, f. 189. 255 Ibidem, f. 259. 256 Ibidem, f. 312. 257 Ibidem, f. 313. 258 Ibidem, f. 314. 259 Ibidem, f. 315. 260 Ibidem, f. 337. 261 Ibidem, f. 336. 262 Ibidem, f. 338. 263 Ibidem, f. 339. 264 Ibidem, f. 342. 265 Ibidem, f. 351. 266 Ibidem, vol. 76, f. 133. 267 Ibidem, f. 134. 268 Ibidem, f. 135. 269 Ibidem, f. 179. 270 Ibidem, f. 393. 271 Ibidem, f. 259. 272 Ibidem, f. 187. 273 1 GHMGHD, 27 octombrie 1929, p. 2. 274 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (1918-1941), p. 183. 275 1 GHMGHD, 26 ianuarie 1930. 276 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 21 august 1938, p. 4. 277 G. Popi, op.cit., p. 183-184. 278 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 16 iunie 1925, p. 1.

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279 Idem, 2 septembrie 1934, p. 2. 280 Idem, 11 septembrie 1932, p. 3. 281 Idem, 11 noiembrie 1924, p. 2. 282 Arhiva Ministerului de Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 5. 283 Banatul, noiembrie – decembrie 1928, p. 59-61. 284�$UKLYD�1D LRQDO �%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 126/1920, f. 103-106. 285 Ibidem, f. 255, p. 228. 286 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 19 martie 1933, p. 2. 287 Vezi în acest sens ziarele 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, Vestul, 1 GHMGHD���GLQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF � 288� 3RPSLOLX� '�� ûHUE QHVFX�� 1D LRQDOLVPXO� RUJDQL]DW� �&kWHYD� DVSecte din Iugoslavia de azi), 7LPLüRDUD��(G��5HYLVWHL��´*UDQL Dµ��������S����-36.

289 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXVII, vol. VII, fasc. III-IV, 1937, p. 477. 290 Petre Nemoianu, 6kUELL�üL�URPkQLL, Craiova, 1930. 291 Banatul, noiembrie – decembrie 1928, p. 59-61. 292 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (l918 – 1941), p. 132-134. 293 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 71, f. 44. 294 Gligor Popi, op. cit.,p. 136. 295 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 68, f. 50. 296 Ibidem, f. 48. 297 Ibidem, f. 42. 298 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 136. 299 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 68, f. 231. 300 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (l918 – 1941), 135. 301 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 302 Idem, vol. 69, f. 616. 303 Idem, vol. 76, f. 16. 304 Idem, vol. 68, f. 361. 305 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (l918 – 1941), p. 137. 306 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 69, f. 413. 307 Ibidem, f. 323. 308 Ibidem, f. 321. 309 Ibidem, f. 415. 310 Ibidem, f. 424. 311 Ibidem, f. 376. 312 Ibidem, f. 149. 313 Ibidem, f. 183. 314 Ibidem, f. 272. 315 Ibidem, f. 229. 316 Ibidem, f. 38. 317 Ibidem, f. 273. 318 Ibidem, f. 309. 319 Idem, vol. 72, f. 9. În decembrie 1925 a foVW�SURPXOJDW �/HJHD�SULYLQG�üFROLOH�SRSXODUH��FDUH�JDUDQWD�PLQRULW LL�iugoslavH�GUHSWXO�GH�D�DYHD�üFROL�FRQIHVLRQDOH�

320 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 7, f. 207.

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321 Ibidem, f. 357. 322 Idem, vol. 72, f. 13. 323 Ibidem, f. 26. 324 Ibidem, f. 28. 325 Ibidem, f. 46. 326 Ibidem, f. 47. 327 Ibidem, f. 49. 328 Ibidem, f. 60. 329 Ibidem, f. 86-87. 330 Idem, vol. 76, f. 47. 331 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 142-143. 332 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 23. 333 Ibidem, vol. 73, f. 4. 334 Ibidem, f. 27. 335 Ibidem, vol. 72, f. 339. 336 Ibidem, vol. 73, f. 77. 337 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 144-145 338 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 73, f. 295-307. 339 Ibidem, f. 157. 340 Ibidem, f. 167. 341 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 8, f. 181-182. 342 Idem, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 73, f. 393-394. 343 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 73, f. 395. 344 Idem, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 9, f. 302. 345 Idem, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 73, f. 433-434. 346 Ibidem, f. 455. 347 Ibidem, f. 464. 348 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (1918-1941), p. 256-263. 349 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 75, f. 38. 350 Ibidem, f. 48. 351 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 149 352 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 74, f. 298. 353 Ibidem, vol. 75, f. 163. 354 Gligor Popi, op.cit., p. 150-152. 355�7U LO �6S ULRVX��ÍQY PkQWXO�SULPDU�URPkQHVF�GLQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY�vQ�VHFROXO�DO�;;-lea, Ed.

Libertatea��3DQ HYR��������p. 42-43. 356 Ibidem, p. 44. 357 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 75, f. 82. 358 Ibidem, f. 359. 359 Ibidem, f. 386. 360 Ibidem, f. 395. 361 Ibidem, I�������2�VLWXD LH�vQWRFPLW �GH�3UHIHFWXUD�MXGH XOXL�7LPLü –�7RURQWDO�vQ������DU WD�F � vQ� MXGH XO� $UDG� H[LVWDX� üFROL� SULPDUH� FRQIHVLRQDOH� iugoslave� vQ� ORFDOLW LOH� 1 GODF��Pecica, Arad, Arad –�*DL��7XUQX� LDU� vQ� MXGH XO�7LPLü�– Torontal la Checea, Becicherecul

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0LF�� %HUHJV X� 0DUH�� &HQHL�� &HQDGXO� 0DUH�� &LDFRYD�� &UDORY �� 'HMDQ�� 'HQWD�� 'LQLDü��)HOQDF�� )RHQL�� *DG�� *HOX�� *LHUD�� ,YDQGD�� /XFDUH �� 0 Q VWLUH�� 0XQDU�� 0 Q üWXU�� 3DU D��Petrovaselo, Rudna, Saravale, Satchinez, Satu Mare, Sângeorge, Sânmartinu Sârbesc, 6kQQLFRODX�0DUH��6kQSHWUX�0DUH��6RFD��6WDEFLRYD��7ROY GLD��9DULDü�üL�7LPLüRDUD��ÍQ�&DUDü�H[LVWDX� üFROL� SULPDUH� FRQIHVLRQDOH� OD� %HOREUHüFD�� &kPSLD�� 'LYLFL�� /LXEFRYD�� 0 FHüWL��0ROGRYD�9HFKH��3RMHMHQD�GH�6XV��5DGLPQD��6RFRO��=ODWL D���LDU�vQ�MXGH XO�6HYHULQ�OD�6YLQL D��ûFROL�SULPDUH� iugoslave�GH� VWDW� H[LVWDX�� vQ� MXGH XO�&DUDü� OD�&DUDüRYD��&ORFRWLFL�� ,DEDOFHD��/XSDF�� 5DIQLF�� 9RGQLF� LDU� vQ� 7LPLü� –� 7RURQWDO� OD� &KHFHD� üL� 5HFDü� �9H]L� $UKLYD� 6WDWXOXL�7LPLüRDUD��IRQG�3UHIHFWXUD�MXGH XOXL�7LPLü�– Torontal, d. 67/1939, f. 56.

362 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 75, f. 51. 363 Ibidem, f. 53. 364 Ibidem, f. 54. 365 Ibidem, f. 55. 366 Ibidem, vol. 76, f. 187-192, 259. 367 Ibidem, vol. 76, f. 179. 368 Ibidem, f. 180. 369 Ibidem, f. 185. 370 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 22 mai 1932, p. 1. 371 Vezi Banatul românesc, 4 aprilie 1922��S���� üL���DSULOLH�������S�����Vestul (perioada1930 –

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Ungurianu (1845 – 1929)��7LPLüRDUD��(G��0LUWRQ��������p. 71-75. 373 Ibidem, p. 73. 374 G. Popi, op.cit., p. 137. 375� 3HQWUX� VWDWXWXO� 0X]HXOXL� %DQDWXOXL� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD� SkQ � vQ� ������ YH]L� OXFUDUHD� )ORULQ�0HGHOH ��1LFROHWD�7RPD��0X]HXO�%DQDWXOXL��)LOH�GH�FURQLF ��,��7LPLüRDUD��(G��0LUWRQ�������

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377 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 9, f. 239. 378 Ibidem, f. 295. 379�$UKLYD�LVWRULF �D�0X]HXOXL�%DQDWXOXL��'RVDU�Chestiunea obiectelor duse de iugoslavi în 1919

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381 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 108-109. Cu privire OD� DUKLYD� PLQLHU � 2UDYL D�� YH]L�� $UKLYHOH� JHQ��� )RQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL��'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO , d. 132/1933, f. 4.

382 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 110. 383 Ibidem, f. 111. 384 Ibidem, f. 112. 385 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 6, f. 197. 386�$UKLYHOH�QD LRQDOH��)RQG�0LQLVWHUXO�,QGXVWULHL�üL�&RPHU XOXL��'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO , d. 132/1933,

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388 Ibidem, f. 24. 389 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 7 octombrie 1934, p. 3. 390 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 69, f. 221. 391 Ibidem, vol. 50, f. 5. 392 Banatul, nr. 8-9, 1927, p. 17-19. 393 Idem, nov. - dec., 1928. 394 Idem, aprilie 1928, p. 12-19. 395 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXX, vol. I, fasc. II, 1931, p. 206. 396 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, f. �����&RQIHULQ D�D�IRVW�FULWLFDW �vQ�SUHVD�iugoslav ��FDUH�D�GHFODQüDW�FX�DFHVW�SULOHM�R�FDPSDQLH�DQWL-URPkQHDVF ��$�IRVW�QHYRLH�GH�LQWHUYHQ LD�üHIXOXL�GLSORPD LHL�URPkQHüWL�,�*��'XFD��FDUH�D�LQIRUPDW�%HOJUDGXO�F �H[SR]HXO�LVWRULcului român a IRVW�SXU� üWLLQ LILF�� VROLFLWkQG� WRWRGDW � vQFHWDUHD�DFHVWHL� FDPSDQLL��GHRDUHFH�SHQWUX� WU LQLFLD�DOLDQ HL�WRQXO�SUHVHL�iugoslavH�WUHEXLH�V �VH�FDOPH]H��RSLQLD�SXEOLF �URPkQ �ILLQG�LULWDW .

397 Banatul, febr.-mart. 1928, p. 44. 398 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF �5RPkQ , MCMXXXI, vol. I, fasc. IV, 1931, p. 442. 399 Idem, MCMXXXIII, vol. III, fasc. IV. 400 Idem, MCMXXXV-MCMXXXVI, vol. V-VI, 1935-1936, p. 629. 401 Idem, MCMXXXVII, vol. VII, fasc. III-IV, p. 471. 402 Banatul, nr. 7-8, 1927, p. 61. 403 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 189. 404 Ibidem 405 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 217. 406�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH��%XFXUHüWL��)RQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d.27/1925, f. 27. 407 1 GHMGHD, 14 iulie 1929, p. 2. 408 Idem, 5 mai 1929. 409 Idem, 26 aprilie 1929. 410 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 16 mai 1937, p. 1. 411 Gligor Popi, op. cit., p. 215. 412 Banatul, febr.-mart. 1928, p. 43. 413 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 215-217. 414 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. 53, f. 280. 415 Revista Institutului Social Banat –�&ULüDQD, nr. 37-38, 1940, p. 633-638. 416 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 190-193. 417 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL, 6 iunie 1926, p. 3. 418 /XFHDI UXO, anul III, nr. 9, sept. 1936, p. 420. 419 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 191. 420 9RLQ D�Banatului, 5 mai 1935, p. 2. 421 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 191-192. 422 9RLQ D�%DQDWXOXL����VHSW��������S����üL����VHSW��������S���� 423 Lumina, nr. 9, 1988, p. 69. 424 Idem, nr. 4-7, 1991, p. 72. 425 Idem, nr. 11-12, 1990, p. 27. 426 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav (1918-1941), p. 193-196. 427 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 206.

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428 Ibidem, p. 202. 429 Gligor Popi, Românii din Banatul iugoslav, (1918-1941), p. 205 430 Ibidem, p. 206-208. 431 Ibidem, p. 192. 432 Vasile Zaberca, 5RPkQLL�GLQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY�üL�0DUHD�8QLUH��7LPLüRDUD��(G��+HVWLD��������S��

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&DUDFWHUXO� DJUDU� DO� FHORU� GRX � HFRQRPLL� D� LQIOXHQ DW� vQ� PRG�VHPQLILFDWLY� VFKLPEXULOH� HFRQRPLFH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX state. În linii mari, UDSRUWXULOH� HFRQRPLFH� GLQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � DX� S VWUDW� DFHOHDüL�FDUDFWHULVWLFL�GLQ�DQLL�GH�GLQDLQWHD�SULPXOXL�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO2.

/D�VIkUüLWXO�SULPXOXL�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO��X]LQHOH�GLQ�5HüL D�DYHDX�R�VHULH�GH�OHJ WXUL�FRPHUFLDOH�FX�VWDWXO vecin, reprezentând de fapt o continuitate vQ� DFHVW� GRPHQLX�� GDF � H� V � VH� LQ � VHDPD� GRDU� GH� IDSWXO� F � PDWHULDOHOH�IRORVLWH�vQ�FRQVWUXF LD�SRGXOXL�GH�SHVWH�6DYD�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�vQ�������OD�DFHD�GDW �XQXO�GLQWUH�FHOH�PDL�PDUL�GLQ�(XURSD��IXVHVHU �IDEULFDWH�OD�5HüL D3.

La 28 noiembrie 1919, Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven, prin Ministerul $IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� GH� OD� %HOJUDG�� D� VROLFLWDW� %XFXUHüWLXOXL� DFRUGDUHD� GH�DXWRUL]D LH� GH� H[SRUW� SHQWUX� XUP WRDUHOH� PDWHULDOH� GH� FDOH� IHUDW � FH�IXVHVHU � FRPDQGDWH� OD� 5HüL D�� ���� üLQH� GH� FDOH� IHUDW �� ���� FX]LQHWH�� ������FUDPSRDQH�FX����GH�EDUH�GH� ILHU��'H�DVHPHQHD��D� IRVW�VROLFLWDW �DSUREDUHD�SHQWUX� LHüLUHD� GLQ� DU � D� XQRU� SLHVH� FH� IXVHVHU � FRPDQGDWH� vQ� WLPSXO�U ]ERLXOXL�GH�F WUH�GLUHF LD�F LORU�IHUDWH�ERVQLDFH4.

/D� UkQGXO� HL��GLUHF ia UDR cerea aprobarea de a exporta în Regatul Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ������GH�SOXJXUL�üL�DOWH�XQHOWH�DJULFROH��FDUH�QX�SXWHDX�IL� XWLOL]DWH� vQ� DU �� ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS�� GDWRULW � FUL]HL� GH� ILHU� YHFKL� FX� FDUH� VH�FRQIUXQWDX�X]LQHOH�GLQ�5HüL D��vQ�PDL������FRQGXFHUHD�DFHVWRUD�D�RE LQXW�GH�OD� DXWRULW LOH� JXYHUQDPHQWDOH� GLQ� VWDWXO� YHFLQ�SHUPLVLXQHD� GH� D� LPSRUWD�1000 de vagoane fier vechi în schimbul a 100 vagoane fier nou (bare) SUHFXP�üL�üLQ �GH�FDOH�IHUDW ��´GHFRXYLOOHµ�5.

$XWRULW LOH� URPkQH�V-DX�DU WDW� IDYRUDELOH�acestor schimburi, printre FHL� FDUH� DX� VSULMLQLW� DFHVWH� OHJ WXUL� QXP UkQGX-VH� üL� $OH[DQGUX� 9DLGD�9RHYRG��vQ�SHULRDGD�vQ�FDUH�D�GH LQXW�IXQF LD�GH�SULP-ministru al României. /D���PDUWLH������JXYHUQXO�URPkQ�D�GLVSXV�UHVWLWXLUHD�F WUH�5HJDWXO�6kUER-Croato-SloYHQ� D� vQWUHJXOXL� PDWHULDO� UXODQW� GH� FDOH� IHUDW � FRPDQGDW� GH�DFHVWD� üL� DIODW� SH� WHULWRULX� URPkQHVF�� SUHFXP� üL� D� PDWHULDOXOXL� QHFHVDU�FRQVWUXLULL�SRGXOXL�GH� OD�6HPOLQ��/D� UkQGXO� V X��JXYHUQXO�GH� OD�%HOJUDG�D�OXDW�P VXUL�SHQWUX�JDUDQWDUHD�OLEHUW LL�WUDQ]LWXOXL�VSUH�5RPkQLD�üL�SHQWUX�UHVWLWXLUHD�P UIXULORU�üL�EDJDMHORU�UHIXJLD LORU�URPkQL�FH�VH�J VHDX�vQ�WUDQ]LW�SH� WHULWRULXO� VWDWXOXL� YHFLQ� üL� FDUH� IXVHVHU � UH LQXWH� GH� DXWRULW LOH�iugoslave6.

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ÍQ� SULPLL� DQL� LQWHUEHOLFL�� 8]LQHOH� 5HüL D� DX� SULPLW� QRL� FRPHQ]L� GLQ partea regatului vecin (fiind comandate printre altele 75 de piese de schimb QHFHVDUH�F LORU�IHUDWH�GLQ�%RVQLD�����GH�EDQGDMH�����GH�JDUQLWXUL�GH�ELIXUFDUH�üL����GH�D[H�GH�WU VXU �GHVWLQDWH�6RFLHW LL�GH�WUDPYDLH�GLQ�$JUDP��SUHFXP�üL�SLHVH�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX podul de peste Sava). Într-R�SULP �ID] �DX�S U VLW�5RPkQLD�����EXF L�üLQ ������FX]LQHWH������EXF L�FUDPSRDQH�ü�D��7.

În 1926, primul generator electric destinat exportului (un alternator GH� ���� .:�� SURGXV� OD� 5HüL D� D� IRVW� IXUQL]DW� H[SORDW ULL� PLQLHUH� GH la Smederevo8�� $FHHDüL� SUHVWLJLRDV � X]LQ � URPkQHDVF � SRDWH� IL� UHJ VLW � vQ������FD�DF LRQDU �OD�´6RFLHWH�DQRQ\PH�VHUEH�PLQLHUH�HW�PHWDOOXUJLTXHµ�GLQ�%HOJUDG��XQGH�GH LQHD��������GLQ�DF LXQL9.

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7RWXüL�� SHQWUX�QRUPDOL]DUHD� üL� DSRL� GH]YROWDUHD� FRHUHQW � D� UHOD LLORU�FRPHUFLDOH� GLQWUH� VWDWXO� URPkQ� üL� FHO� iugoslavo-croato-sloven se impunea vQFKHLHUHD�XQXL� WUDWDW� FRPHUFLDO� vQWUH� FHOH�GRX �VWDWH��$FHDsta cu atât mai PXOW�FX�FkW�OD����DSULOLH������D�IRVW�GHQXQ DW �&RQYHQ LD�GH�FRPHU �GLQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�6HUELD�LDU�JXYHUQXO�iugoslav�D�DSOLFDW�P UIXULORU�GLQ�5RPkQLD��FRQVLGHUDW � FD� DU � QHFRQWUDFWDQW � WDULIXO� PD[LPDO�� ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS��DXWRULW LOH� URPkQH� DX� FRQWLQXDW� V � DSOLFH�P UIXULORU� SURYHQLWH�GLQ� VWDWXO�YHFLQ�YHFKLXO�WDULI�XQLF��FHHD�FH�D�SXV�5RPkQLD��VH�DU WD�vQWU-un document DO� GLSORPD LHL� URPkQHüWL�� într-R� Y GLW � VWDUH� GH� LQIHULRULWDWH� ID � GH� 5HJDWXO�Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ�vQ�SULYLQ D�VFKLPEXOXL�GH�P UIXUL��$FHDVWD�D�I FXW�FD�SURGXF LD�XQRU� LQWUHSULQGHUL� LQGXVWULDOH�� vQ� VSHFLDO�GLQ�%DQDWXO� URPkQHVF��FDUH� UHXüLVHU � V -üL� DVLJXUH� SLH H� PDUL� GH� GHVIDFHUH� SH� WHULWRULXO� VWDWXOXL�YHFLQ�� V � VFDG � VLP LWRU�� FHHD� FH� D� SURYRFDW� PDUL� SDJXEH� HFRQRPLHL�URPkQHüWL��3HQWUX�D�SXQH�FDS W�DFHVWHL�VW UL�GH� IDSW��%XFXUHüWLXO�D�SURSXV�vQF � GLQ� RFWRPEULH� ����� %HOJUDGXOXL�� SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO� /HJD LHL� 5HJDWXOXL�Sârbo-Croato-Sloven din capitala României, încheierea unui aranjament FRPHUFLDO�SURYL]RULX��ED]DW�SH�FODX]D�QD LXQLL�FHOHi mai favorizate. Partea iugoslav �QX�D�U VSXQV�OD�DFHDVW �QRW ��DVWIHO�vQFkW�OD���PDL������H[HFXWLYXO�URPkQ�D� vQV UFLQDW�/HJD LD�5RPkQLHL�GH� OD�%HOJUDG�V � WUDQVPLW � IDFWRULORU�GH�GHFL]LH�LXJRVODYL�R�QRX �YDULDQW �GH�FRODERUDUH�HFRQRPLF ��6H�SURSXQHD�ca printr-XQ� VFKLPE� GH� QRWH� V � ILH� vQFKHLDW� XQ� DUDQMDPHQW� SURYL]RULX� GH�

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FRPHU ��SH�ED]D�F UXLD�V �VH�DSOLFH�P UIXULORU�SURYHQLQG�GLQ�VWDWXO�YHFLQ��OD�LQWUDUHD�DFHVWRUD�SH�WHULWRULXO�5RPkQLHL��FODX]D�QD LXQLL�FHOHL�PDL�IDYRUL]DWH�LDU�P UIXULORU� URPkQHüWL� H[SRUWDte în Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven tariful minimal.

ÍQ� XUPD� LQVLVWHQ HORU� DXWRULW LORU� GH� OD� %HOJUDG� SHQWUX� vQFKHLHUHD�XQHL�FRQYHQ LL�FRPHUFLDOH�FX�5RPkQLD��UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�JXYHUQXOXL�URPkQ�vQ�Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven, Theodor Emandi, a fost împuternicit la 24 IHEUXDULH� ����� V � GHFODUH� F � JXYHUQXO� SH� FDUH-l reprezenta nu considera SRVLELO�� vQ� VLWXD LD� HFRQRPLF � FH� H[LVWD� OD� DFHD� GDW � üL� PDL� DOHV� ID � GH�VFKLPEXO�GH�P UIXUL�FH�VH�GHVI üXUD�în acel moment�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L��V �încheie un tratat comerciaO�� vQ� VFKLPE� HUD� JDWD�� GXS � FXP� PDL� IXVHVH�SURSXV�� � V � VHPQH]H� üL� FX� 5HJDWXO� 6kUER-Croato-Sloven aranjamente FRPHUFLDOH�SURYL]RULL��SH�ED]D�FODX]HL�QD LXQLL�FHOHL�PDL� IDYRUL]DWH��3DUWHD�iugoslav �QX�D�GDW�QLFL�XQ�U VSXQV�DFHVWXL�GHPHUV�URPkQHVF�

La 25 decembrie 1924 a fost notificat guvernului Regatului Sârbo-Croato-6ORYHQ� F � vQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� DFHVWD� FRQWLQXD� V � DSOLFH� P UIXULORU�URPkQHüWL� WDULIXO� V X�PD[LPDO�� 5RPkQLD� VH� YHGHD� QHYRLW � V � DSOLFH� üL� HD�P UIXULORU� SURYHQLWH� GLQ� DFHVW� UHJDW� DFHODüL� WUDWDPHQW�� SkQ � OD� vQFKHLHUHD�XQXL� DUDQMDPHQW� FRPHUFLDO� SURYL]RULX� ED]DW� SH� FODX]D� QD LXQLL� FHOHL� PDL�favorizate11.

ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWHL�SR]L LL��%HOJUDGXO�D�DQXQ DW�OD���PDUWLH������vQFHSHUHD�DSOLF ULL��GH�OD����PDUWLH��D�WDULIXOXL�PLQLPDO�SHQWUX�P UIXULOH�URPkQHüWL�FH�intr �SH�WHULWRULXO�5HJDWXOXL�6kUER-Croato-Sloven12.

În mai 1928, în cadrul întrevederii dintre ministrul de externe 0DULQNRYLþ�üL�UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�5RPkQLHL�vQ�FDSLWDOD�5HJDWXOXL�6kUER-Croato-Sloven, diplomatul iugoslav�D�GHFODUDW�F �D�FRQVWDWDW��FX�RFD]LD�XQHL�vizite HIHFWXDWH� OD� 2UDYL D�� FYDVL-LQH[LVWHQ D� UHOD LLORU� FRPHUFLDOH� vQ� ]RQD� GH�IURQWLHU �GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH��3HQWUX�UHPHGLHUHD�DFHVWHL�VLWXD LL�XUPD�V �SURSXQ � OD� YLLWRDUH� vQWkOQLUH� FX� SDUWHD� URPkQ � R� VHULH� GH�P VXUL� SHQWUX�vQOHVQLUHD� UHOD LLORU� FRPHUFLDOH� GLQWUH� ORFXLWRULL� GLQ� ]RQD� GH� IURQWLHU �� &X�DFHODüL�SULOHM��0DULQNRYLþ�D�DSUHFLD�vQ�JHQHUDO�UHOD LLOH�FRPHUFLDOH�URPkQR�– LXJRVODYH�FD�ILLQG�SUHD�SX LQ�GH]YROWDWH13.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� VWUXFWXULL� LPSRUWXOXL� -� H[SRUWXOXL� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL��aceasta s-D� PHQ LQXW� vQ� JHQHUDO� DFHHDüL�� DWkW� vQ� GHFHQLXO� WUHL� FkW� üL� vQ�GHFHQLXO�SDWUX��,XJRVODYLD�H[SRUWD�vQ�5RPkQLD�IDVROH��SUXQH�XVFDWH��VHPLQ H�pentru ulei, minereuri, cupru neprelucrat, extracte vegetale pentru W E FLUHD�SLHLORU��KkUWLH�GH� LJDUHWH��SLHL�GH�DQLPDOH�üL�LPSRUWD�GH�DLFL�SHWURO��

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EHQ]LQ �� L HL�� VDUH�� VHPLQ H�� XOHLXUL�� PDV � GH� KkUWLH� GLQ� FHOXOR] etc. &DUDFWHUXO� DVHP Q WRU� DO� HFRQRPLLORU� FHORU� GRX � UL� D� GHWHUPLQDW� R�FRQFXUHQ � vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL� SH� SLD D� LQWHUQD LRQDO �� GDWRULW � VWUXFWXULL�DVHP Q WRDUe a exporturilor14.

%DODQ D� FRPHU XOXL� H[WHULRU� DO� 5RPkQLHL� FX� 5HJDWXO� 6kUER-Croato-Sloven se prezenta astfel15:

Anul 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 +30 +73 +354 +375 +359 554 +629 +444 +562 +227

7RW� vQ�DFHDVW �SHULRDG ��SRWULYLW�UDSortului trimis de Th. Emandi lui

1�� 7LWXOHVFX� vQ� ��� GHFHPEULH� ������ GLSORPDWXO� URPkQ� üL-a oferit bunele RILFLL� SH� OkQJ � DXWRULW LOH� LXJRVODYH�� OD� VROLFLWDUHD� *UHFLHL�� vQ� YHGHUHD�vQFKHLHULL� FRQYHQ LHL� GH� WUDQ]LW� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH�� SULQ� 6DORQLF� – Ghevagheli16.

ÍQFHSkQG�GLQ�������FUL]D�HFRQRPLF �PRQGLDO �D�DIHFWDW�DWkW�5RPkQLD�FkW�üL�5HJDWXO�6kUER-Croato-Sloven.

ÍQ� 5RPkQLD�� FUL]D� D� vQWUHUXSW� OLQLD� DVFHQGHQW � D� YLH LL� HFRQRPLFH��SURYRFkQG� vQFKLGHUHD�XQRU� vQWUHSULQGHUL�� IDOLPHQWH��SU EXüLUHD�SUH XULORU��üRPDj, cu grave repercusiuni în plan social.

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/D� ��� VHSWHPEULH� ������ SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO� /HJD LHL� VDOH� GLQ� FDSLWDOD�5RPkQLHL��0LQLVWHUXO�$IDFHULORU� 6WU LQH� DO�5HJDWXOXL� LXJRVODY�DQXQ D� F �D�OXDW�QRW �GH�SURSXQHUHD�I FXW �OD�vQFHSXWXO�DFHOHLDüL�OXQL�GH�F WUH�JXYHUQXO�român, privind începerea negocierilor bilaterale în vederea încheierii WUDWDWXOXL� HFRQRPLF� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH�� %HOJUDGXO� D� U VSXQV� IDYRUDELO�GHPHUVXOXL� URPkQHVF�� SURSXQkQG� FD� GDW � SUR[LP � GH� vQFHSHUH� D�FRQYRUELULORU�PLMORFXO�OXQLL�RFWRPEULH��*XYHUQXO�URPkQ�HUD�UXJDW�V �IL[H]H�GDWD�H[DFW �D�vQWkOQLULL�üL�ORFXO�GH�GHVI üXUDUH�D�DFHVWHLD��XQD�GLQ�FHOH�GRX �FDSLWDOH���3DUWHD�URPkQ �D�SURSXV�FD�QHJRFLHULOH�V �vQFHDS �OD����RFWRPEULH�������OD�%XFXUHüWL18.

&RQWDFWHOH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L� DX� FRQWLQXDW� üL� vQ� FXUVXO� DQXOXL�1930. Astfel, cu prilejuO� &RQIHULQ HL� YDPDOH� GH� OD� *HQHYD� D� DYXW� ORF� R�vQWkOQLUH� vQWUH� PLQLVWUXO� GH� ILQDQ H� URPkQ� 9�� 0DGJHDUX� üL� PLQLVWUXO�FRPHU XOXL�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��vQ�FDGUXO�F UHLD�DX�IRVW�DERUGDWH�WRDWH�DVSHFWHOH�

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SUREOHPHORU� HFRQRPLFH� GH� LQWHUHV� FRPXQ�� DOH� F UHL� UH]XOWDWH� DX� Iost FRQVLGHUDWH� GUHSW� PXO XPLWRDUH� SHQWUX� SDUWHD� iugoslav �� 7RWRGDW �� 1��Filodor a avut o întrevedere cu ministrul de externe iugoslav Kumanudi, F UXLD� L-D� SUH]HQWDW� SURLHFWHOH� URPkQHüWL� SULYLQG� FRQYHQ LD� FRPHUFLDO � üL�FHD�YHWHULQDU 19.

La 14 martie 1930, üHIXO� /HJD LHL� 5RPkQLHL� OD� %HOJUDG� D� DYXW� R�FRQYRUELUH�FX�6H HURY��FRQVLOLHU�DO�&RQVLOLXOXL�OHJLVODWLY��FDUH�D�VXEOLQLDW�F �HUD�vQ�LQWHUHVXO�DPEHORU�S U L�V �VH�DSHUH�vPSRWULYD�FRQFXUHQ HL�HFRQRPLFH�VWU LQH�� ÍQ� RSLQLD� VD�� WUHEXLD� V � ILH� DQDOL]DW � SRVLELOLWDWHD� IRUP ULL� XQXL�WHULWRULX� HFRQRPLF� XQLF�� GH� OD� 0DUHD� 1HDJU � OD� 0DUHD� $GULDWLF �� V � ILH�DOF WXLWH� WDULIH� SUHIHUHQ LDOH� üL� UHDOL]DW � R� XQLXQH�YDPDO ��$FHDVW � XQLXQH�XUPD�V �UHSUH]LQWH�ED]D�XQHL�XQLXQL�D�VWDWHORU�(XURSHL�FHQWUDOH��RUJDQL]D LH�vQ�FDGUXO�F UHLD�,XJRVODYLD�üL�5RPkQLD�XUPDX�V �GH LQ �UROXO�SULQFLSDO��6-a mai subliniat de partea iugoslav � F �DFHDVW � LGHH�HUD�ELQH�SULYLW �GH�F WUH�0DULQNRYLþ��

5HSUH]HQWDQWXO� 5RPkQLHL�� )LORGRU�� D� HYLGHQ LDW� vQ� FDGUXO� GLVFX LLORU�JUHXW LOH� SH� FDUH� VWDWXO� URPkQ� OH� vQWkPSLQD� OD� DFHD� GDW � vQ� SULYLQ D�WUDQ]LWXOXL�YLWHORU�VSUH�6DORQLF�üL�,WDOLD��FHUkQG�S U LL�LXJRVODYH�V �DQDOL]H]H�R�YLLWRDUH�SRVLELO �vPEXQ W LUH�D�DFHVWHL�VLWXD LL�

ÍQ� FRQFHS LD� OXL� 6H HURY� VH� SXWHD� DMXQJH� XOWHULRU� OD� XQ� UH]XOWDW�VDWLVI F WRU� SHQWUX� SDUWHD� URPkQ �� WUDQ]LWXO� XUPkQG� V � ILH� OLEHU�� VWDWXWXO�OHJDO� DO� YLWHORU� XUPkQG� V � ILH� FHO� DO� XQRU� DQLPDOH� GH� SURYHQLHQ �LXJRVODY 20.

ÍQ� YDUD� DQXOXL� ������ 0DULQNRYLþ� üL-D� H[SULPDW� GRULQ D� GH� D� YL]LWD�%XFXUHüWLXO�� SHQWUX� D� GLVFXWD� PDL� DOHV� SUREOHPHOH� GH� QDWXU � HFRQRPLF ��XUPkQG� D� SURSXQH� R� XQLXQH� HFRQRPLF � PDL� VWUkQV � vQWUH� ,XJRVODYLD� üL�România (cu asentimentul Cehoslovaciei)21.

/D� ��� LXQLH� ������ /HJD LD� ,XJRVODYLHL� OD� %XFXUHüWL� D� WUDQVPLV�JXYHUQXOXL� URPkQ� R� QRW � YHUEDO � FXSULQ]kQG� SURSXQHULOH� %HOJUDGXOXL�pentru încheierea unui aranjament comercial provizoriu (modus vivendi), FDUH�V �SUHYDG �FODX]D�QD LXQLL�FHOHL�PDL�IDYRUL]DWH�SHQWUX�WRDWH�SURGXVHOH�VROXOXL� üL� LQGXVWULDOH� LXJRVODYH� H[SRUWDWH� vQ� 5RPkQLD�� vQ� FRQGL LL� GH�UHFLSURFLWDWH� SHQWUX� SURGXVHOH� URPkQHüWL� H[portate în Iugoslavia. $UDQMDPHQWXO�XUPD�V �VH�vQFKHLH�SH�R�GXUDW �GH�XQ�DQ22.

$UDQMDPHQWXO�HFRQRPLF�SURYL]RULX�D�IRVW�vQFKHLDW�OD���DXJXVW������üL�D�IRVW�DSUREDW�GH�&RQVLOLXO�GH�0LQLüWUL�DO�5RPkQLHL�OD����DXJXVW�������(O�D�IRVW�SUHOXQJLW�vQ�LDQXDULH�üL�LXnie 193223.

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$UWLFROXO� �� SUHYHGHD� F � VXSXüLL� üL� vQWUHSULQGHULOH� FHORU� GRX � VWDWH��DYkQG� SHUVRQDOLWDWH� MXULGLF �� VH� EXFXUDX� SH� WHULWRULXO� FHOXLODOW� VWDW�� vQ� FH�SULYHD�SHUVRDQD�üL�EXQXULOH�VDOH��GH�WUDWDPHQWXO�DFRUGDW�QD LXQLL�FHOHL�PDL�favorizate, pentru tot FHHD� FH�SULYHD� VWDELOLUHD�� H[HUFLWDUHD� FRPHU XOXL� VDX�LQGXVWULHL�ORU�SUHFXP�üL�vQ�FHHD�FH�SULYHD�LPSR]LWHOH�üL�DOWH�WD[H���

7UDWDPHQWXO�QD LXQLL�FHOHL�PDL�IDYRUL]DWH�QX�VH�DSOLFD�vQ�XUP WRDUHOH�VLWXD LL�

a) Favorurile speciale care au fost sau vor fi acordate statelor limitrofe, SHQWUX�D�XüXUD�WUDILFXO�GH�IUXQWDULH�

b) 5HJLPXO� VSHFLDO� GH� LPSRUW�� GHVWLQDW� D�XüXUD� UHJOHPHQWHOH� ILQDQFLDUH��UH]XOWkQG�GLQ�U ]ERLXO�GH�OD������– 1918.

c) 'UHSWXULOH� � üL� SULYLOHJLLOH� DFRUGDWH� VDX� FDUH� DU� SXWHD� IL� DFRUGDWH� vQ�viitor unuia sau mai multor altor state limitrofe, în vederea încheierii XQHL�vQ HOHJHUL�HFRQRPLFH�VDX�XQHL�8QLXQL�9DPDOH�

d) 'UHSWXULOH�üL�SULYLOHJLLOH�FDUH�DU�SXWHD�IL�DFRUGDWH�vQ�YLLWRU��GH�XQD�GLQ�3 U LOH� &RQWUDFWDQWH�� VWDWHORU� WHU H�� vQ� &RQYHQ LXQL� SOXULODWHUDOH�� OD�carH�FHDODOW �SDUWH�Q-DU�SDUWLFLSD�üL�GDF �DFHVWH�GUHSWXUL�VDX�SULYLOHJLL�VXQW� VWLSXODWH� vQ� &RQYHQ LXQL� SOXULODWHUDOH� GH� LQWHUHV� JHQHUDO��vQFKHLDWH� VXE� DXVSLFLLOH� 6RFLHW LL� 1D LXQLORU�� vQUHJLVWUDWH� GH� HD� üL�GHVFKLVH�DGH]LXQLL�WXWXURU�VWDWHORU��GDF �FHDODOW �SDUWH�FRQWUDFWDQW �QX�DFRUG �UHFLSURFLWDWH�

$�IRVW�vQFKHLDW�XQ�SURWRFRO�SULYLQG�WUDWDPHQWXO�YHWHULQDU�OD�LPSRUW�üL�WUDQ]LWXO�DQLPDOHORU�üL�SURGXVHORU�DQLPDOH�EUXWH��(O�SUHYHGHD�F �FHOH�GRX �S U L� vüL� G GHDX� PXWXDO� DVLJXUDUHD� F � vQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHüWH� LPSRUWXO� üL�WUDQ]LWXO� DQLPDOHORU�� SURGXVHORU� DQLPDOH� EUXWH� SUHFXP� üL� PDWHULLORU� VDX�obiectelor putând servi drept vehicul de contagiune, din teritoriul uneia GLQ� S U L� SH� WHULWRULXO� FHOHLODOWH�� GLVSR]L LLOH� SUHY ]XWH� vQ� OHJLOH� üL�regulamentele veterinare în vigoarH� SH� WHULWRULXO� XQHLD� GLQ� S U LOH�FRQWUDFWDQWH� YRU� IL� DSOLFDWH� vQ� LQWHUHVXO� FHOHL� PDL� PDUL� ORLDOLW L� üL� EXQHL�YRLQ L�SRVLELOH� üL�QXPDL� vQ� VFRSXO�GH�D�DVLJXUD�SURWHF LD� VDQLWDU �D�YLWHORU�indigene24�� 7RW� DFXP� D� IRVW� vQFKHLDW� üL� XQ� 3URWRFRO� SULYLQG� WUDQVSRUWXO� üL�WUDQ]LWXO� P UIXULORU�� vQ� FDUH� VH� SUHYHGHD�� SHQWUX� D� XüXUD� SULQ� WDULIH� GH�WUDQVSRUW�FRPXQH��SULQ�UDFRUG UL�GH�OLQLL�GH�FDOH�IHUDW �üL�SULQ�DOWH�PLMORDFH�WUDQVSRUWXO� üL� WUDQ]LWXO� P UIXULORU� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL�� vQFHSHUHD�negocierilor pentru încheierea cât mai curând posibil a unui acord feroviar üL�D�XQXLD�IOXYLDO25.

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Tot în vara anului 1930 (în 31 iulie – 1 august), a avut loc la Sinaia FRQIHULQ D�URPkQR�– iugoslav � vQ�FDUH�D�IRVW�GH]E WXW �SUREOHPD�UHDOL] ULL�XQLXQLL�YDPDOH�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH26.

PlaQXO�QX�D�IRVW�SULPLW�IDYRUDELO�GH�F WUH�PHPEULL�8QLXQLL�FHQWUDOH�D�VLQGLFDWHORU� DJULFROH� üL� FHL� DL� &RPLWHWXOXL� XQLXQLL� VLQGLFDWHORU� YLWLFROH� GLQ�5RPkQLD��$FHüWLD�DX�DGUHVDW�OD���DXJXVW������XQ�PHPRULX�UHJHOXL�&DURO�DO�II-OHD�� vQ� FDUH� VH� DU WD� F � FHOH� GRX � sindicate s-au întrunit în urma &RQIHULQ HL�GH�OD�6LQDLD��DO�F UHL�FRPXQLFDW�ILQDO�VXEOLQLD�F �SHQWUX�XüXUDUHD�FUL]HL� DJULFROH� GLQ� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� HUD� XWLO � vQFKHLHUHD� XQLXQLL� YDPDOH��$U WkQG� F � FHOH�GRX � FRPLWHWH� VLQGLFDOH�QX� IXVHVHU � FRQVXOWDWH� vQ� DFHDVW �SUREOHP �� DFHVWHD� VH� SURQXQ DX� vPSRWULYD� XQHL� XQLXQL� YDPDOH� FX� R� DU �H[FOXVLY�DJUDU ��XQLXQH�FRQVLGHUDW �D�vQVHPQD�R�QLYHODUH�D�WXWXURU�SUH XULORU�SURGXVHORU� DJULFROH� OD� FHO� PDL� VF ]XW� SUH � GLQ� ILHFDUH� DU � üL� QX� YD� DYHD� GUHSW�rezultat decât egalizarea mizeriei comune. Memoriul propunea realizarea nu a XQHL�XQLXQL�YDPDOH�FL�D�XQHL�DOLDQ H�YDPDOH�FX� ULOH�DJULFROH�FDUH�� O VkQG�QHüWLUELW �HQWLWDWHD�ORU�HFRQRPLF ��V �OH�XQHDVF �SXWHULOH�SHQWUX�D�RE LQH�GH�OD� ULOH�LQGXVWULDOH�LPSRUWDWRDUH�DYDQWDMH�OD�H[SRrturile lor agricole. $OLDQ D�YDPDO �D� ULORU�DJULFROH�RIHULQG� ULORU�LQGXVWULDOH�XQ�GHEXüHX�PDL�vQVHPQDW�GHFkW�DO� ILHF UHL� UL� vQ� SDUWH�� YD� SHUPLWH� V � LPSXQHP� ULORU� LQGXVWULDOH� FXPS UDUHD�SURGXVHORU�DJULFROH�vQ�FRQGL LXQL�GH�SUHIHULQ �üL�SH�ED] �GH�FRQWLQJHQ H�UHFLSURFH27.

8Q� PRPHQW� LPSRUWDQW� vQ� FDGUXO� UHOD LLORU� FRPHUFLDOH� URPkQR� – LXJRVODYH�D�VXUYHQLW�vQ�SULP YDUD�DQXOXL�������FkQG�OD�%HOJUDG�D�OXDW�ILLQ �´&RPLWHWXO� LXJRVODY� SHQWUX� SURPRYDUHD� OHJ WXULORU� HFRQRPLFH� FX�România”. Luând contact cu reprH]HQWDQ LL� /HJD LHL� URPkQH� GLQ� %HOJUDG��GLUHFWRUXO� 2ILFLXOXL� LXJRVODY� GH� H[SRUW�� -�� 7RPL Lþ�� D� DU WDW F � SHQWUX�LQWHQVLILFDUHD� UHOD LLORU� HFRQRPLFH� FX� 5RPkQLD�� FDUH� vQ� RSLQLD� VD� IXVHVHU �SkQ � OD� DFHD� GDW � FRPSOHW� QHJOLMDWH�� V-a ajuns la întocmirea statutelor DFHVWXL�FRPLWHW��6WDWXWHOH�IXVHVHU �DSUREDWH�GH�JXYHUQ�LDU�vQILLQ DUHD�DFHVWXL�FRPLWHW�IXVHVH�SULPLW � IDYRUDELO�GH�F WUH�SUHV ��'DWRULW � OLSVHL�GH�IRQGXUL��partea iugoslav �QX�FRQVLGHUDVH�QHFHVDU �vQILLQ DUHD�XQXL�FRPLWHW�PL[W�VDX�a unei Camere de comer �URPkQR�– iugoslave.

ÍQ� UDSRDUWHOH� VDOH� WULPLVH� %XFXUHüWLXOXL�� üHIXO� /HJD LHL� URPkQH��*XU QHVFX��SURSXQHD�vQILLQ DUHD�OD�%XFXUHüWL�D�XQXL�&RPLWHW�URPkQ�SHQWUX�intensificarea raporturilor economice cu Iugoslavia28.

/D�LQDXJXUDUHD�&RPLWHWXOXL��GU��-��7RPL Lþ�HYLGHQ LD�F ��vQ�PRPHQWXO�GHFODQü ULL� FUL]HL� SURGXVHORU� DJULFROH�� ,XJRVODYLD� V-D� J VLW� DO WXUL� GH�5RPkQLD� vQ� F XWDUHD� F LORU� üL� PLMORDFHORU� QHFHVDUH� FRODERU ULL�� SHQWUX� D�

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SXWHD� IDFH� ID � JUHXW LORU� JUDYH� FH� DS UXVHU � vQ� DFHVW� VHFWRU� HFRQRPLF��$U WkQG� F � 'XQ UHD� UHSUH]HQWD� R� LPSRUWDQW � FDOH� GH� VFXUJHUH� D� SURGXVHORU�QRDVWUH� DJULFROH� F WUH� GHEXüHXULOH�PDUL�� HD� QH� OHDJ � GH� 5RPkQLD� vQ� YHGHUHD� XQHL�FRODERU UL� FRPXQH�� YRUELWRUXO� VXEOLQLD� F � OHJ WXULOH� HFRQRPLFH� QX� HUDX� OD�DFHD�GDW �DWkW�GH�EXQH�SH�FkW�DU�IL�SXWXW�IL��OLSVLQG�FXQRDüWHUHD�UHFLSURF �D�UHDOLW LORU� HFRQRPLFH� GLQ� FHOH� GRX � UL�� 'DWRULW � DFHVWHL� VLWXD LL� IXVHVH�FUHDW� ´&RPLWHWXO� LXJRVODY� SHQWUX� SURPRYDUHD� OHJ WXULORU� HFRQRPLFH� FX�5RPkQLDµ��ÍQ�FRQFHS LD�GLUHFWRUXOXL�2ILFLXOXL�FRPHU XOXL�H[WHULRU�LXJRVlav, 5RPkQLD� MRDF � DVW ]L� XQ� PDUH� URO� vQ� FRPHU XO� QRVWUX� GH� WUDQ]LW� üL� HVWH� FODU� F �multe din produsele noastre industriale pot - printr-R� VLVWHPDWLF �S WUXQGHUH�SH�SLD D�URPkQHDVF �–�V �MRDFH�GH�DVHPHQHD�XQ�URO�vQVHPQDW��vQ�VFKLPEXO�P UIXULORU�dintre ambHOH� UL��SUHFXP�«�HVWH�VLJXU�F �üL�5RPkQLD�GLVSXQH�GH�DQXPLWH�DUWLFROH�FDUL�� RGDW � FXQRVFXWH� SXEOLFXOXL� QRVWUX� FRQVXPDWRU�� SRW� V � vQYLRUH]H� UHOD LLOH�noastre economice. Potrivit demnitarului iugoslav, intensificarea schimbului UHFLSURF�GH�WXULüWL�SRDWH inIOXHQ D�IDYRUDELO�DVXSUD�OHJ WXULORU�GLQWUH�DPEHOH� UL�üL�SRDWH�FRQWULEXL�FRQVLGHUDELO�OD�FXQRDüWHUHD�UHFLSURF �üL�D�FHORUODOWH�FRQGL LXQL�vQ�YHGHUHD�XQHL�VWUkQVH�FRODERU UL�üL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�VRFLDO�üL�FXOWXUDO29.

/D�UkQGXO�V X��PLQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�URPkQ�*KLFD�vüL�H[SULPD��vQ�PDL�������GRULQ D�GH�D� LQWHQVLILFD� OHJ WXULOH�HFRQRPLFH�FX�,XJRVODYLD��SH�FDUH�üL�noi le-DP�QHJOLMDW��FXP�DX�IRVW�GH�SLOG �FHOH����FRQYHQ LXQL�FH�] FHDX�vQ�VHUWDUHOH�0LQLVWHUXOXL� GH� H[WHUQH� GLQ� DQXO� ����� SkQ � OD� YHQLUHD� PHD. Tot atunci,� üHIXO�GLSORPD LHL�URPkQH�SUHFRQL]D�R�LQWHUYHQ LH�SH�FDOH�GLSORPDWLF �OD�%HOJUDG��vQ� YHGHUHD� VF GHULL� WD[HORU� GH� WUDQVSRUW� SHQWUX� FHUHDOHOH�� IXUDMHOH� üL�SURGXVHOH� OHPQRDVH� URPkQHüWL� FH� WUDQ]LWDX� ,XJRVODYLD�� H[LVWkQG� vQ� DFHVW�VHQV�R�VHULH�GH�QHPXO XPLUL�H[SULPDWH�GH�FHUFXULOH�HFRQRPLFH�E Q HQH30.

ÍQ� UDSRUWXO� vQWRFPLW� GH� F WUH� *XU QHVFX� vQ� GHFHPEULH� ����� VH�PHQ LRQD� QHFHVLWDWHD� vQFHSHULL� QHJRFLHULORU� SHQWUX� vQFKHLHUHD� XQXL� QRX�tratat economic, solicitat în repetate rânduri de guvernul iugoslav, precum üL�DGRSWDUHD�XQRU�KRW UkUL�vQ�YHGHUHD�UHOX ULL�WUDQ]LWXOXL�YLWHORU�URPkQHüWL�SH� WHULWRULXO� ,XJRVODYLHL�� WUDQ]LW� FH� IXVHVH� vQWUHUXSW� GH� F WUH� DXWRULW LOH�statului vecin31.

&X� SULOHMXO� vQWkOQLULL� -HYWLþ� – Titulescu de la Belgrad din decembrie ������ üHIXO� GLSORPD LHi iugoslave l-D� UXJDW� SH� RPRORJXO� V X� URPkQ� V �LQWHUYLQ � SH� OkQJ � 9�� 0DGJHDUX� � �FX� FDUH� DYXVHVH� R� FRQYRUELUH� vQ� DFHVW�VHQV��SHQWUX�QXPLUHD�LPHGLDW �D�XQHL�FRPLVLL�GH�H[SHU L�ILQDQFLDUL��YDPDOL�üL�FRPHUFLDOL�FDUH�V �VWXGLH]H�SRVLELOLWDWHD�SXQHULL�vQ�SUDFWLF �D�XQHL�8QLXQL�

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YDPDOH� vQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD�� LQkQGX-VH� FRQW� üL� GH� UDSRUWXULOH�economice cu Cehoslovacia32.

Din punct de vedere statistic, schimburile comerciale româno – iugoslave au cunoscut, în perioada 1927 –�������XUP WRDUHD�HYROX LH�

România a importat din Iugoslavia33:

An 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Tone 11.919 40.267 64.916 23.532 2.772 3.030 5.290 Val. / mii lei 100.340 78.950 275.883 79.600 55.597 45.285 89.749

vQ�YUHPH�FH�VWUXFWXUD�H[SRUWXULORU�URPkQHüWL�VH�SUH]HQWD�DVWIHO34:

An 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Tone 195.026 217.274 182.846 242.750 170.761 176.081 137.048 Val. / mii lei 544.424 641.056 503.081 509.558 247.219 229.793 184.242

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�EDODQ HL�FRPHUFLDOH�D�5RPkQLHL�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�,XJRVODYLD�vQ�

perioada 1929 – 1933, ea se prezenta astfel35:

Anul 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 +444 +562 +227 +420 +192 +178 +94

Din Iugoslavia s-a exportat în România, prin intermediul unor firme,

ciment (“Portland” a livrat în 1931 175.500 kg ciment, în valoare de 66.500 dinari)36��SOXPE�vQ�SO FL�QHSUHOXFUDWH���������������NJ�vQ�YDORDUH�GH���������dinari; 1930: 175.047 kg în valoare de 974.600 dinari)37��SLHL�EUXWH�üL�V UDWH��FH� GH LQHDX� R� SRQGHUH� LPSRUWDQW � vQ� VWUXFWXUD� H[SRUWXOXL� LXJRVODY� vQ�România), prin intermediul firmHL�.UVWLþ��3RUPLWLþ�üL� DMQRYLþ38.

$X�PDL� I FXW� FHUHUL� GH� D� H[SRUWD� vQ� 5RPkQLD� ILUPHOH� ´$�� 'XSUR]µ�(Belgrad, rachete de tenis), “J. Hanau” (Belgrad, sulf)39, “Societatea LXJRVODY �SHQWUX�GLVWLODUHD�OHPQXOXLµ�GLQ�7HVOLþ��%RVQLD�40 etc.

Au existat, în perioada 1929 –��������üL�XQHOH�LQFLGHQWH�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L� vQ� GRPHQLXO� FRPHU XOXL�� $VWIHO�� ILUPD� ´+RULRSµ� D� H[SHGLDW� vQ� �����&DVHL� ´$FHWLOR[µ� GLQ� %XFXUHüWL� �� NJ� GH� SXOEHUH� vQ� VFRSXO� HIHFWX ULL� XQHL�SUREH� SUHDODELOH� vQ� YHGHUHD� UHSUH]HQWDQ HL� JHQHUDOH� SHQWUX� Yknzarea DFHVWXL� SURGXV� vQ�5RPkQLD�� )LUPD� LXJRVODY � QX� D� SULPLW� QLFL� XQ� U VSXQV�din partea firmei române, care nu achitase nici cheltuielile de transport ale SUREHL������GLQDUL���)LUPD�´$FHWLOR[µ�D�DFFHSWDW�UHFODPD LD�S U LL�iugoslave,

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dar a justificat neplaWD� FKHOWXLHOLORU� SULQ� UHVWULF LLOH� LPSXVH� vQ� RE LQHUHD�GHYL]HORU�� 6H� VXJHUD� UH]ROYDUHD� SUREOHPHL� SULQ� DFFHSWDUHD� GH� F WUH�FRQVXODWXO�,XJRVODYLHL�GLQ�%XFXUHüWL�D�FRQWUDYDORULL�vQ�OHL�D�VXPHL�GH�����GH�dinari41.

)DEULFD�GH�JLSV�GLQ�$JKLUHü�FHUHD�IRUXULOH�FRPSHWHQWH�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL�V � LD� vQ� FRQVLGHUDUH�� vQ� HYHQWXDOLWDWHD� XQRU� WUDWDWLYH� FRPHUFLDOH� FX�%HOJUDGXO��VLWXD LD�H[SRUWXOXL�GH�JLSV�vQ�,XJRVODYLD��GHRDUHFH�DFHVW�SURGXV��din cauza taxelor vamale prohibitive impuse de partea iugoslav ��SLHUGXVH�FRPSOHW� SLD D iugoslavHDVF �� 6H� VROLFLWD� R� LQWHUYHQ LH� RILFLDO � vQ� YHGHUHD�GHVILLQ ULL�DFHVWHL�WD[H�SURKLELWLYH42.

ÍQ� GRPHQLXO� FRPHU XOXL� FX� SURGXVH� DJULFROH�� WUHEXLH� PHQ LRQDW �KRW UkUHD�0LQLVWHUXOXL�$JULFXOWXULL�GH�OD�%HOJUDG��FDUH�OD����QRLHPEULH������D� KRW UkW� FD� GXEOLL� SURSULHWDUL�� VXSXüL� LXJRVODYL�� FDUH� SRVHGDX� S PkQW� vQ�5RPkQLD� V � SRDW � LPSRUWD� – respectând prevederile Regulamentului SULYLWRU� OD� LPSRUWXO� üL� WUDQ]LWXO� FDUWRILORU� – cartofii provenind de pe SURSULHW LOH� ORU� DIODWH� SH� WHULWRULXO� URPkQHVF�� I U � FD� WUDQVSRUWXO� V � ILH�vQVR LW�GH�FHUWLILFDWHOH�GH�RULJLQH�üL�V Q WDWH��ÍQDLQWH�GH�D�IL�SXV �vQ�YkQ]DUH��PDUID� WUHEXLD� vQV �H[DPLQDW �GH�RUJDQHOH�VWD LXQLL�DJULFROH�GH�FRQWURO�GLQ�7RS LGHU�LDU�VWDWXO�vüL�UH]HUYD�GUHSWXO�GH�D�RSUL�LPSRUWXO43.

ÍQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�DX�H[LVWDW�FRODERU UL�üL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�SURGXFHULL�üL�GLVWULEXLULL� HQHUJLHL� HOHFWULFH�� 3DUWHD� URPkQ � D� VWXGLDW� OXFUDUHD� ´6WDWLVWLFD�FHQWUDOHORU� HOHFWULFH� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLDµ� üL� KDUWD� GH� HOHFWULILFDUH� D� ,XJRVODYLHL��WULPLVH� GH� ´$VRFLD LD� SURGXF WRULORU� GH� HQHUJLH� HOHFWULF � GLQ� ,XJRVODYLDµ��FDUH�D� VROLFLWDW� OD� UkQGXO�HL� IRUXULORU� URPkQHüWL� OHJLVOD LD�� UHJXODPHQWHOH�üL�GLVSR]L LLOH�PLQLVWHULDOH� SULYLWRDUH� OD� HOHFWULILFDUHD� 5RPkQLHL��$X�PDL� IRVW�VROLFLWDWH� üL� WH[WHOH� OHJLL� DSHORU�� D� GLVSR]L LLORU� SULYLWRDUH� OD� FRQVWUuirea FHQWUDOHORU� HOHFWULFH�� SUHFXP� üL� OHJHD� SULYLQG� RUJDQL]DUHD� vQWUHSULQGHULORU�FRPHUFLDOH�üL�D�EXQXULORU�VWDWXOXL44.

Între 8-10 aprilie 1933, la Novi Sad a fost organizat târgul de vite, care D� IRVW� YL]LWDW� üL� GH� DWDüDWXO� FRPHUFLDO� DO� 5RPkQLHL�� OD� LQYLWD LD� ´$VRFLD LHL�DJULFXOWRULORUµ� GLQ� VWDWXO� YHFLQ�� ÍQ� GLVFX LLOH� SXUWDWH� FX� SUHüHGLQWHOH�DVRFLD LHL�V-D�SURSXV�FD�OD�YLLWRDUHOH�WkUJXUL�GH�DFHVW�IHO�V �SDUWLFLSH�üL�YLWH�URPkQHüWL�LDU�FUHVF WRULL�LXJRVODYL�V �H[SXQ �DQLPDOH�OD�WkUJXUL�URPkQHüWL45.

Analizând UDSRUWXULOH� FRPHUFLDOH�GLQWUH� FHOH�GRX � VWDWH� OD� vQFHSXWXO�deceniului al patrulea, reprezentantul diplomatic al României la Belgrad, *XU QHVFX�� DU WD� F � vQ� SULPHOH� üDVH� OXQL� DOH� DQXOXL� ����� V-a înregistrat o WHQGLQ � GH� FUHüWHUH� D� VFKLPEXOXL� GH� P UIXUL� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL,

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FRPSDUDWLY� FX� DFHHDüL� SHULRDG � D� DQXOXL� SUHFHGHQW�� ([SRUWXO� LXJRVODY� vQ�România crescuse de la 3.326.864 dinari la 16.125.607 dinari, în timp ce YDORDUHD�LPSRUWXOXL�GH�SURGXVH�URPkQHüWL�FUHVFXVH�GH�OD������������GLQDUL�la 36. 176. 822 dinari46.

În ciuda acestui progres, valoarea exporturilor iugoslave s-D�PHQ LQXW�OD� FRWH� GHVWXO� GH� UHGXVH� üL� vQ� SHULRDGD� ����� –� ������ ([SOLFD LD� WUHEXLH�F XWDW � vQ�SULPXO�UkQG�vQ�FDUDFWHUXO�DQDORJ�DO�VWUXFWXULL�HFRQRPLFH�D�FHORU�GRX � VWDWH� YHFLQH��3H�SLD D� URPkQHDVF �� SURGXVHOH� iugoslave� HUDX�SX LQH��ILLQG�J VLWH�vQ�VSHFLDO�SLHL�GH�FRUQXWH�PDUL��GH�RDLH��PLHO etc.��EUXWH��V UDWH��GHVWLQDWH� W E F ULLORU� üL� IDEULFLORU� GH� vQF O PLQWH�� H[WUDFWHOH� SHQWUX�W E FLWXO�SLHLORU��PLQHUHXUL��FXSUX��]LQF��SOXPE���KkUWLD�GH� LJDUHWH��FDQWLW L�QHvQVHPQDWH�GH�ILH��DUWLFROH�GH�ILHU�üL�IHURVLOLFLX�

$FHHDüL� VLWXD LH� VH� UHJ VHüWH� vQ� SULYLQ D� SURGXVHORU� URPkQHüWL�H[SRUWDWH�SH�SLD D� LXJRVODY ��'LQWUH�DFHVWHD��SURGXVHOH�SHWUROLIHUH�RFXSDX�primul loc (firmele importatoare iugoslave VH�SOkQJHDX�GH� IDSWXO� F �%15�UHIX]D� SODWD� vQ� OHL� HIHFWLYL� H[WHUQL��� VHPLQ HOH� ROHDJLQRDVH� �LPSRUWDWH� vQ�special de fabricile de uleiuri vegetale din nordul Iugoslaviei), material de FDOH� IHUDW �üL�DUWLFROH�GLQ� ILHU� �H[SRUWDWH� vQ�VSHFLDO�GH�8]LQHOH�5HüL D�� sare JHP etc.47.

ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� UHSUH]HQWDWXO� 5RPkQLHL� OD� %HOJUDG�� *XU QHVFX��HYLGHQ LD�IDSWXO�F �vQ�XOWLPXO�WULPHVWUX�DO�DQXOXL������WUDQ]LWXO�P UIXULORU�LXJRVODYH� SULQ� SRUWXO� %U LOD� D� IRVW� GH� RSW� RUL� PDL� PDUH� GHFkW� vQ� DFHHDüL�SHULRDG �D�DQXOXL�SUHFHGHQt48��'LSORPDWXO�URPkQ�UHPDUFD�vQ�PDUWLH������F �vQ� ����� WUDILFXO� GH�P UIXUL� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� V-D�PHQ LQXW� OD� DFHODüL�QLYHO�FD�üL� vQ�DQLL�WUHFX L��GHüL�LPSRUWXO�üL�H[SRUWXO�WRWDO�GH�P UIXUL� iugoslave a VXIHULW� R� PLFüRUDUH� DFFHQWXDW � ID � GH� DQLL� SUHFHGHQ L. Dintre produsele URPkQHüWL��FHOH�SHWUROLHUH�üL�VDUHD�FRQWLQXDX�V �DLE �üL� vQ������XQ�GHEXüHX�FRQVWDQW�SH�SLD D�iugoslav ��

La începutul anului 1934 se afla în curs de perfectare un contract pentru aprovizionarea Regiei iugoslave a monopolurilor de stat cu 30.000 t. VDUH�JHP ��GDU��vQ�WLPSXO�WUDWDWLYHORU��V-D�LYLW�FRQFXUHQ D�üL�PDL�SXWHUQLF �D�V ULL�SRORQH]H�

7RWRGDW �� /HJD LD� URPkQ � GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD� DWU JHD� DWHQ LD� IRUXULORU�FRPSHWHQWH� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� F � JXYHUQXO� iugoslav era pe cale de a stabili bazele unei politici comerciale49.

ÍQ� WRDPQD� DQXOXL� ����� JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� D� KRW UkW� F � WRDWH� VXPHOH�GDWRUDWH�GH�F WUH�LPSRUWDWRULL�iugoslavL�GH�SURGXVH�URPkQHüWL�V �ILH�GHSXVH�

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OD� E QFLOH� DXWRUL]DWH� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD�� vQ� FRQWXO� GLQDULORU� EORFD L� SURYL]RULX. Sumele bORFDWH�SXWHDX�VHUYL�SHQWUX�SO LOH�RELüQXLWH�GLQ�LQWHULRUXO� ULL�VDX�pentru plata produselor iugoslave exportate în România50.

Valoarea importului românesc din Iugoslavia s-a situat în 1934 la nivelul a 64.791,3 t (92.940 mii lei) iar a exportului românesc în Iugoslavia la 138.044 t (151.125 mii lei)51.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� EDODQ HL� FRPHUFLDOH� SH� DQXO� ����� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � UL��DFHDVWD� HUD� IDYRUDELO � 5RPkQLHL�� ���� GLQWUH� LPSRUWXULOH� iugoslave de P UIXUL� SH� UHOD LD� 5RPkQLD� ILLQG� SURGXVH� SHWUROLIHUH�� SHQWUX� H[SRUWXO�c URUD�%DQFD�QD LRQDO �D�5RPkQLHL�SUHWLQGH�GHYL]H52.

7RW� vQ� DFHODüL� DQ�� vQWUH� ��-30 septembrie, a avut loc la Belgrad &RQJUHVXO�FRRSHUDWRULORU�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��OD�FDUH�DX�SDUWLFLSDW�üL�GHOHJD L�GLQ�5RPkQLD��DO WXUL�GH�FHL�GLQ�%XOJDULD53.

Un moment important îQ�UHOD LLOH�FRPHUFLDOH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L�D�IRVW� üL� DSOLFDUHD� vQ� SULP YDUD� DQXOXL� ����� D� DFRUGXOXL� GH� clearing. Acesta SUHYHGHD�FD�SO LOH�V �ILH�HIHFWXDWH�SULQ�FRQWXUL�JOREDOH�GH�clearing, pe care FHOH� GRX � E QFL� GH� HPLVLXQH� üL� OH� GHVFKLGHDX� UHFLSURF� Astfel, FRQWUDYDORDUHD� H[SRUWXOXL� LXJRVODY� vQ� 5RPkQLD� WUHEXLD� Y UVDW � OD� %15��SHQWUX�FRQWXO�% QFLL�QD LRQDOH�LXJRVODYH��H[SRUWDWRULL�FDUH�DYHDX�FUHDQ H�vQ�5RPkQLD� ILLQG� REOLJD L� V � FHDU � FD� DFHVWH� FUHDQ H� V � ILH� GHSXVH� OD� %15�pentru contul BNI.

3O LOH� XUPDX� V � ILH� I FXWH� vQ� PRQHGD� QD LRQDO �� GHFRQW ULOH�efectuându-VH� OD� SDULWDWH� OHJDO � GH� �� GLQDU� � ����� OHL�� &RQWUDYDORDUHD�P UIXULORU� IDFWXUDWH� vQ� DOW � PRQHG � GHFkW� GLQDUXO� VDX� OHXO� XUPD� V � ILH�FRQYHUWLW �OD�FXUVXO�GH�VFKLPE�RILFLDO�IL[DW�OD�%HOJUDG�VDX�%XFXUHüWL��

Contul clearing�FX�5RPkQLD�FRPSRUWD�GRX �PRGXUL�GH�Y UV PkQW��SH�PRWLYXO� F � P UIXULOH� SH� FDUH� ,XJRVODYLD� OH� LPSRUWD� GLQ� 5RPkQLD� VH�vPS U HDX� vQ� GRX � FDWHJRULL�� SHQWUX� SHWURO� üL� GHULYD LL� DFHVWXLD� VH� SXWHD�Y UVD�vQ�GLQDUL�����GLQ�FRQWUDYDORDUH��LDU�UHVWXO�WUHEXLD�SO WLW� vQ�GHYL]H�vQ�contul BNR; pentru celelalte articole exista un cont de clearing� RELüQXLW��FRQWUDYDORDUHD�P UIXULORU�ILLQG�DFKLWDW �LQWHJUDO�vQ�GLQDUL54.

7RW� vQ�DQXO������� vQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL� ,XJRVODYLD�D� vQFHSXW�VFKLPEXO�GH�depozite confoUP� &RQYHQ LHL� GLQ� ��� PDUWLH� ����� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH��$FHVWH�GHSR]LWH�DX�IRVW�SUHOXDWH�GH�F WUH�PDJKLDUL� vQ� WLPSXO�U ]ERLXOXL�üL�GXVH� OD� %XGDSHVWD�� LDU� GXS � WHUPLQDUHD� FRQIOLFWXOXL� PRQGLDO� DX� IRVW�WUDQVSRUWDWH�OD�7LPLüRDUD��3RWULYLW�vQ HOHJHULL�GLQ�PDUWie 1933, depozitele ce DSDU LQHDX� S U LL� iugoslavH� HUDX� FHGDWH� GLUHF LXQLORU� ILVFDOH� FRPSHWHQWH��

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FDUH�OH�UHVWLWXLDX�IRüWLORU�SURSULHWDUL��ÍQ�DFHODüL�WLPS��D�IRVW�SUHOXQJLW�SkQ �OD���� GHFHPEULH� ����� DUDQMDPHQWXO� FRPHUFLDO� SURYL]RULX� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX �state55.

ÍQ� UDSRUWXO� DWDüDWXOXL� FRPHUFLDO� URPkQ� GH� OD� %HOJUDG�� *ULJRUH� ,��*KLD �� SULYLQG� VFKLPEXULOH� FRPHUFLDOH� URPkQR-iugoslave pe primul VHPHVWUX�DO� DQXOXL� ������ VH� DU WD� F � FHOH�GRX �S U L� H[SRUWDX� üL� LPSRUWDX�DFHOHDüL� P UIXUL� FD� üL� vQ� DQLL� SUHFHGHQ L�� ÍQ� SHULRDGD� DPLQWLW �� DX� IRVW�H[SRUWDWH� vQ� 5RPkQLD� ������� W� P UIXUL� vQ� YDORDUH� GH� ���������� GLQDUL� �vQ������� vQ� DFHHDüL� SHULRDG � FLIUD� ILLQG� GH� ������� W�� vQ� YDORDUH� GH� �����������GLQDUL�� LDU� LPSRUWXO�SURGXVHORU� URPkQHüWL� D� IRVW�GH� ������� W� vQ�YDORDUH�GH�27.319.395 dinari (în primul semestru al anului 1934 el fusese de 60.458 t, în valoare de 33.965.567 dinari). Soldul activ în favoarea României era de �����������GLQDUL�� FHHD�FH�UHSUH]HQWD� vQ�PRQHG �URPkQHDVF ������������ OHL�(conform prevederilor acordului de clearing). Comparativ, soldul activ al României pe primul semestru al anului 1934 (18.669.597 dinari) era inferior FX� ���������� GLQDUL� ID � GH� DFHODüL� VHPHVWUX� DO� DQXOXL� ����56�� )DSWXO� F �EDODQ D�FRPHUFLDO �HUD�GHILFLWDU �SHQWUX�,XJRVODYLD�LDU�GLQDUXO�HUD�VRFRWit la FXUVXO� GH� ����� OHL� DX� SURGXV� R� GHSUHFLHUH� D� OHXOXL� SH� SLD D� iugoslav 57. 6WDWLVWLF�� OD� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ����� VLWXD LD� VFKLPEXULORU� FRPHUFLDOH� VH�prezenta astfel: valoarea importurilor României din Iugoslavia se situa la 43.120,5 t (57.388 mii lei) iar� FHD� D� H[SRUWXULOH� URPkQHüWL� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD� OD�139.899,6 t (180.460 mii lei)58.

ÍQ� UDSRUWXO� vQWRFPLW� GH� F WUH� DXWRULW LOH� URPkQH� SULYLQG� VLWXD LD�conturilor clearing�DOH�,XJRVODYLHL�üL�D�SO LORU�GLQWUH�5RPkQLD�üL�,XJRVODYLD��OD� �� RFWRPEULH� EDODQ D� GH� SO L� HUD� vQ� IDYRDUHD� %HOJUDGXOXL�� LDU� EDODQ D�FRPHUFLDO �GLQ�VFKLPEXO�GH�P UIXUL�vQUHJLVWUD�OD���VHSWHPEULH������XQ�VROG�GHILFLWDU� SHQWUX� ,XJRVODYLD� GH� ��� PLOLRDQH� GLQDUL�� 'DWRULW � clearing-ului SDVLY�SHQWUX�5RPkQLD��VDODULLOH�DQJDMD LORU�/HJD LHL��FDUH�VH�Y UVDX�GH�F WUH�%15�vQ�GLQDUL��OD�FXUVXO�VWDELOLW�SHQWUX�SODWD�P UIXULORU��QX�DX�IRVW�SO WLWH�vQ�VHSWHPEULH�������GHRDUHFH�%15�QX�DYHD�DFRSHULUH��$FHDVW �VLWXD LH��SRWULYLW�/HJD LHL�URPkQH�GH�OD�%HOJUDG��VH�GDWRUD�ILH�IDSWXOXL�F �%15�QX�FRQVWUkQJHD�pe exportaWRULL�URPkQL�V �LQWUH�vQ�SRVHVLD�VXPHORU�GDWRUDWH�GH�LPSRUWDWRULL�iugoslavL� ILH� F � H[SRUWDWRULL� URPkQL� GH� SURGXVH� SHWUROLIHUH� �SURGXVH� FDUH�IRUPDX�JURVXO�H[SRUWXOXL��� vQ�vQ HOHJHUH�FX�LPSRUWDWRULL� iugoslavi primeau sumele direct sau le transferau în alte p U L��HYLWkQG�DVWIHO�HIHFWXDUH�SO LORU�în sistem de clearing59.

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3UREOHPD�D�IRVW�UHDQDOL]DW �vQ�FDGUXO�UDSRUWXOXL�OXL�*XU QHVFX�GLQ����RFWRPEULH�������FDUH�DU WD�F �%15�QX�FRQVWUkQJHD�SH�H[SRUWDWRULL�URPkQL�V �intre în posesia sumelor datorate de importatorii iugoslavL�� GHüL� HUD�REOLJDW � D�R� IDFH��SULQ� FRQYHQ LD�GH� clearing�� O VkQG�H[SRUWDWRULORU� URPkQL�SRVLELOLWDWHD� FD�� vQ� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� LPSRUWDWRULL�GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD�� V �SULPHDVF �SODWD�GLUHFW��HYLWkQG�SO LOH�vQ�VLVWHP�clearing��&RQVHFLQ HOH�HUDX�G XQ WRDUH�SHQWUX� VWDWXO� URPkQ�� FDUH� QX� PDL� SXWHD� IDFH� ID � SO LORU� UHSUH]HQWkQG�FRQWUDYDORDUHD�P UIXULORU� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD� LPSRUWDWH� üL� QLFL� SO LORU� SHQWUX�/HJD LD�URPkQ �GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��FRQIRUP�DUW�����SFW��$�GLQ�$FRUGXO�GH�SO L�vQFKHLDW� GH� FHOH� GRX � E QFL� QD LRQDOH�� %DQFD� 1D LRQDO � D� 5RPkQLHL� HUD�REOLJDW � V � LQWHUYLQ � LPHGLDW� üL� V � YHULILFH� SULQ� 'LUHF LD� Y PLL� FDUH� HUD�YDORDUHD�SURGXVHORU�H[SRUWDWH�üL�FDUH�HUD�YDORDUHD�vQFDVDW �SULQ�VLVWHPXO�GH�clearing. ÎQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�VH�FRQVWDWD�F �H[SRUWDWRULL�URPkQL�DX�SULPLW�SO L�vQ�DIDU �GH�clearing��%15�WUHEXLD�V � LD�P VXUL��GHRDUHFH�U PkQHD�GHVFRSHULW �ID �GH�%DQFD�1D LRQDO �D�,XJRVODYLHL��QHSXWkQG�IDFH�ID �SO LORU�VSHFLILFDWH�în acordul de clearing60.

3ULQWUH� ILUPHOH� LXJRVODYH� LQWHUHVDWH� vQ� FRPHU XO� FX� 5RPkQLD�� OD�miMORFXO� GHFHQLXOXL� DO� SDWUXOHD�� VH� QXP UDX�� ILUPD� 5 VVOHU� GHOOD�5R]ZDQGRYVNL� GLQ� %HOJUDG� �FDUH� GRUHD� V � LPSRUWH� FLQFL� YDJRDQH� GH�usturoi)61�� IDEULFD�GH�DYLRDQH�GLQ�%HOJUDG��FDUH�GRUHD�V �FXPSHUH�OHPQ�GH�UH]RQDQ �SHQWUX�IDEULFDUHD�DYLRDQHORU��&DVD�´+XJR�%XOO\µ�FDUH�LQWHQ LRQD�V � LPSRUWH�PDVLY�DUWLFROH�GH�SRU HODQ� üL� VWLFO ULH�� ILUPD�´%ODQ� L�GUXJµ�GLQ�=DJUHE�� LQWHUHVDW � vQ� LPSRUWXO� DUWLFROHORU� GH� FHUDPLF � üL� SDUDILQ � üL�VRFLHWDWHD� ´5DGLYµ� �SLDWU � GH� DVFX LW�62�� 8QLXQHD�&DPHUHORU� GH� &RPHU � üL�Industrie comunica vQ������F �ILUPD�´ HQGLND�0OLQ�–�3DUPHQDFµ�GLQ� D DN�se putea adresa direct Casei “Suhani S-sori et M. Nits” din Gherla, care se RFXSD�FX�IXUQL]DUHD�FRMLORU�GH�VWHMDUL�vQWUHEXLQ DWH�vQ�LQGXVWULD�W E F ULHL63, iar la începutul anului 1936 fabrica “Radiatora i Kotlova” din Petrovgrad �D]L� =UHQMDQLQ�� LQWHQ LRQD� V � LQWUH� vQ� OHJ WXU � FX� IDEULFLOH� URPkQHüWL� FH-I SXWHDX�IXUQL]D�FD]DQH�üL�UDGLDWRDUH�SHQWUX�vQF O]LUH�FHQWUDO 64.

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/D� ��� QRLHPEULH� ����� D� DYXW� ORF� R� vQWkOQLUH� D� GRX � VXE-comisii româno-LXJRVODYH�SHQWUX�H[DPLQDUHD� VLWXD LHL�GH�PRPHQW�D� UHJOHPHQW ULL�FUHDQ HORU�GLQWUH� FHOH�GRX � VWDWH�� DMXQJkQGX-se la concluzLD� F �QX� H[LVWDX�FKHVWLXQL�SHQGLQWH�vQ�DFHDVW �SULYLQ 66.

ÍQ� ����� UDSRUWXULOH� FRPHUFLDOH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH� V-au situat la XUP WRULL�SDUDPHWUL�� LPSRUWXULOH�5RPkQLHL�– 91.346,4 t (77.150 mii lei) iar exporturile – 141.528,2 t (198.243 mii lei)67.

În vedeUHD�P ULULL� YROXPXOXL� VFKLPEXULORU� FRPHUFLDOH�� OD� ���PDUWLH�1937 s-D� VHPQDW� OD� %XFXUHüWL� ´$UDQMDPHQWXO� FRPHUFLDO� vQWUH� 5HJDWXO�5RPkQLHL� üL� 5HJDWXO� ,XJRVODYLHLµ�� $UWLFROXO� �� SUHYHGHD� F � UHVWULF LLOH� OD�LPSRUW� �FRQWLQJHQWH�� SHUPLVH� GH� LPSRUW�� DXWRUL]D LL� GH� SO L� VDX� WUDQVIHU��care existau sau care s-DU�VWDELOL�XOWHULRU�YRU�IL�DSOLFDWH�P UIXULORU�XQHLD�VDX�FHOHLODOWH�S U L�FRQWUDFWDQWH�vQ�PRG�ELQHYRLWRU��FH�OH-ar permite traficul liber üL� UHJXODW� FHO� SX LQ� SkQ � OD� FRQFXUHQ D� PHGLH� DWLQV � vQ� SHULRDGD� ����� – 19����2SHUD LXQLOH�SHQWUX� HOLEHUDUHD�SHUPLVHORU�XUPDX� V � ILH� VLPSOLILFDWH��*XYHUQXO�5RPkQLHL�� vQ� DUW�� ��� vüL� OXD� DQJDMDPHQWXO� GH� D� HOLEHUD�SHUPLVHOH�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�LPSRUWXO�XUP WRDUHORU�SURGXVH�LXJRVODYH��SHüWH�üL�SURGXVH�GLQ�SHüWH��KkUWLH��SLSHU�URüX��IHURsiliciu, fier laminat în foi (pentru butoaie), FLPHQW�GHQWDU�üL�DOWH�SURGXVH�GH�X]�VWRPDWRORJLF��WULFORUHWLOHQ ��PRUILQ �üL�GHULYDWH��ÍQ�DUW����DO�$UDQMDPHQWXOXL��JXYHUQXO�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�VH�DQJDMD�V �QX�DSOLFH� LPSRUWXULORU� GLQ�5RPkQLD� UHJLPXO� UHVWULF LLORU� stabilit de Decretul-OHJH�GLQ� �� DSULOLH� ����� üL� GH�'HFL]LD�0LQLVWHUXOXL� GH� )LQDQ H�GLQ� ��� LXQLH�1936.

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La 13 mai 1937 a fost semnat la Belgrad “Tratatul de stabilire, de FRPHU � üL� GH�QDYLJD LXQH� vQWUH�5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLDµ�� GH� F WUH�PLQLVWUXO�URPkQ� DO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 9DOHULX� 3RS� üL� RPRORJXO� V X� iugoslav Milan� 9UEDQLþ69�� 0RWLYD LD� FRPXQ � D� FHORU� GRX � S U L� VHPQDWDUH� HUD�VLQWHWL]DW �DVWIHO��'RULQG�GH�R�SRWULY �V � vQW UHDVF �UHOD LXQLOH�GH�DPLFL LH�FDUH-i XQHVF�üL�V �GHVYROWH�UHOD LXQLOH�FRPHUFLDOH�üL�GH�QDYLJD LXQH��vQWUH�FHOH�GRX � UL��DX�GHFLV�V �vQFKHLH�XQ�7UDWDW�GH�VWDELOLUH��GH�FRPHU �üL�GH�QDYLJD LXQH�«. Articolul 1,

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primul aliniat, prevedea: 6XSXüLL�ILHF UHL�GLQ�ÍQDOWHOH�3 U L�&RQWUDFWDQWH�VH�YRU�EXFXUD� SH� WHULWRULXO� FHOHLODOWH�� vQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHüWH� SHUVRDQD� ORU�� VLWXD LXQHD� ORU�MXULGLF ��EXQXULOH�ORU��GUHSWXULOH�üL�LQWHUHVHOH�ORU��GH�DFHOHDüL�GUHSWXUL��SULYLOHJLL�üL�DYDQWDMH�FD�üL�QD LRQDOLL��DWkW�WLPS�FkW�OHJLOH�QX�GLVSXQ�DOWIHO��ÍQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�OHJLOH�DU� FRQ LQH� GLVSR]L LXQL� VSHFLDOH� SULYLWRDUH� OD� VWU LQL�� VXSXüLL� ÍQDOWHORU� 3 U L�Contractante se vor bucuUD� GH� DFHOHDüL� GUHSWXUL� FD� VXSXüLL� QD LXQLL� FHOHL� PDL�favorizate70�� /D� DFHHDüL� GDW �� FHL� GRL� GHPQLWDUL� DX� VHPQDW� üL� ´&RQYHQ LD�VDQLWDU � YHWHULQDU � vQWUH� 5HJDWXO� 5RPkQLHL� üL� 5HJDWXO� ,XJRVODYLHLµ�� FDUH�prevedea limitarea traficului de tranzit al animalelor, aO�S U LORU�GH�DQLPDOH��DO�SURGXVHORU�üL�PDWHULLORU�EUXWH�DQLPDOH��SUHFXP�üL�DO�RELHFWHORU�FH�SXWHDX�WUDQVSRUWD� JHUPHQL� GH� HSL]RRWLL� OD� DQXPLWH� SXQFWH� GH� LQWUDUH� üL�REOLJDWLYLWDWHD�DPEHORU�S U L�GH�D�HIHFWXD�FRQWUROXO�YHWHULQDU�GH�IURQWLHU 71.

În luna apriliH������5RPkQLD�RFXSD�ORFXO����vQWUH� ULOH�H[SRUWDWRDUH�în Iugoslavia, înregistrându-VH� R� vQVHPQDW � FUHüWHUH� ID � GH� DFHHDüL�SHULRDG �D�DQXOXL�������ÍQ�FLIUH�DEVROXWH��LPSRUWXO�URPkQHVF�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�HUD�vQ�SULP YDUD�DQXOXL������vQ�FUHüWHUH72.

ÍQWUH� ULOH�FDUH�H[SRUWDX�SURGXVH� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD��5RPkQLD�GH LQHD� vQ�aprilie 1937 o pondere de 3,6%73�� /D� VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL�� VLWXD LD� VWDWLVWLF � D�VFKLPEXULORU�FRPHUFLDOH�HUD�XUP WRDUHD��5RPkQLD�LPSRUWDVH�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�R� FDQWLWDWH�GH����������� W� ���������PLL� OHL�� üL� H[portase 193.770,3 t (433.872 PLL� OHL��� 7UHEXLH� UHPDUFDW� IDSWXO� F � GLQ� WRWDOXO� H[SRUWXOXL� UHDOL]DW� GH�%HOJUDG� �vQ� YDORDUH� GH� �������������� GLQDUL�� SRQGHUHD� FRPHU XOXL� VSUH�5RPkQLD�HUD�GH��������H[SRUWXO�ILLQG�RULHQWDW�PDL�DOHV�VSUH� UL�FD�(JLSWXO��Argentina, Ungaria, Grecia74.

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H[SRUWXO� F UEXQHOXL� URPkQHVF� D� FXQRVFXW� R� VF GHUH�� GDU�� OD� PRPHQWXO�UHGDFW ULL� GRFXPHQWXOXL�� VH� vQWUHYHGHD� R� UHODQVDUH� D� FRPHU Xlui cu acest produs75.

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YROXPXOXL� GH� DIDFHUL� vQWUH� ULOH� QRDVWUH�� WUHEXLH� V � FRQWLQXH� SkQ � OD� VIkUüLW� OD�VSRULUHD� SURVSHULW LL� JHQHUDOH� üL� OD� vQW ULUHD� VHQWLPHQWXOXL� GH� VROLGDULWDWH� FDUH�XQHüWH� SRSRDUHOH� QRDVWUH. S-D� DSUHFLDW� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM� F �YROXPXO� FRPHU XOui GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�FRQWLQXDVH�V �FUHDVF �vQ�SHULRDGD�DQWHULRDU 82.

ÍQ������5RPkQLD�D�H[SRUWDW� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD������������ WRQH�P UIXUL�� vQ�YDORDUH�GH���������PLL�OHL�üL�D�LPSRUWDW���������WRQH�P UIXUL��vQ�YDORDUH�GH�163.633 mii lei83.

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ÍQFHSkQG�GLQ������XQ�FDSLWRO�DSDUWH�DO�UHOD LLORU�FRPHUFLDOH�O-a constituit OLYU ULOH� GH� PDWHULL� SULPH� QHFHVDUH� DUPDWHORU� FHORU� GRX � VWDWH�� 6FKLPEXULOH�XUPDX�V �ILH�HIHFWXDWH�FRQIRUP�SURWRFROXOXL�GLQ����VHSWHPEULH������VHPQDW�OD�%XFXUHüWL�GH�FHL�GRL�SULP-PLQLüWUL��*K��7 W U VFX�üL�0��6WRMDGLQRYLþ85. Scopul acestor schimburi era constituirea rezervelor strategice de produse petrolifere (pentru Iugoslavia) respectiv de cupru (pentru România)86.

În 29-��� QRLHPEULH� üL� �-4 decembrie 1936 la Belgrad au avut loc FRQYRUELUL�WHKQLFH�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L�vQ�YHGHUHD�IL[ ULL�WHUPHQLORU�GH�FDOLWDWH��FDQWLWDWH�üL�SUH �üL�D�FRQGL LLORU�GH livrare a cuprului brut. Tratativele au fost GLILFLOH��GLQ�FDX]D�SUH XOXL�VF ]XW�DO�FXSUXOXL��FDUH�REOLJD�JXYHUQXO�iugoslav�V �OLYUH]H�5RPkQLHL�R�FDQWLWDWH�GXEO �ID �GH�SUHYHGHULOH�LQL LDOH��ÍQ�ILQDO�V-a ajuns OD�R� vQ HOHJHUH�SULYLQG� OLYUDUHD�FXSUXOXL�� vQ�GRX �HWDSH��GH�F WUH�X]LQHOH�GLQ�Bor87�� /D� VIkUüLWXO� FRQYRUELULORU� D� IRVW� vQFKHLDW� XQ� SURWRFRO� WHKQLF� SULYLQG�OLYU ULOH� GH� EHQ]LQ � üL� UHVSHFWLY� GH� FXSUX�� $FHVW� SURWRFRO� SUHYHGHD�angajamentul guvernului român de a procura pentru guvernul iugoslav o cantitaWH�GH�FLUFD��������WRQH�SURGXVH�SHWUROLHUH��FH�XUPD�V �ILH�OLYUDW �vQ�GRX �WUDQüH�� SULPD� �FFD�� ������� W�� vQ� GHFHPEULH� ����� üL� LDQXDULH� ����� LDU� FHD� GH-a doua (cca. 43.000 t) în anul 1937, începând cu luna iulie 1937.

*XYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� VH� DQJDMD� V � UHPLW � 0LQLVWHUXOXL� ,QGXVWULHL� üL�&RPHU XOXL�GLQ�5RPkQLD�vQ�FHO�WkU]LX����]LOH�GH�OD�GDWD�vQFKHLHULL�SURFHVXOXL�YHUEDO�GH�UHFHS LH�ERQXUL�GH�WH]DXU�HPLVH�GH�0LQLVWHUXO�GH�)LQDQ H�LXJRVODY�SHQWUX�FRQWUDYDORDUHD�ILHF UHL� OLYU UL�GH�SURGXVH�SHWUROLHUH��$FHVWH�ERQXUL�XUPDX�V �ILH�RQRUDWH�vQ�OLUH�VWHUOLQH�DXU�üL�H[FHSWDWH�GH�WRDWH�LPSR]LWHOH�VDX�RULFH�DOWH�WD[H��3HQWUX�D�IDFLOLWD�ILQDQ DUHD��ERQXULOH�GH�WH]DXU�SXWHDX�V �ILH�Y UVDWH�OD�%DQFD�1D LRQDO �5RPkQ �VDX�OD�DOW �LQVWLWX LH�ILQDQFLDU �URPkQ ��la alegerea guvernuluL� URPkQ�� ,QVWLWX LLOH� ILQDQFLDUH� URPkQH� F URUD� OH�UHYHQHDX�ERQXULOH�GH�WH]DXU�QX�OH�SXWHDX�YLQGH�VDX�UHVFRQWD�GHFkW�% QFLL�

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1D LRQDOH� 5RPkQH�� %RQXULOH� GH� WH]DXU� DIHUHQWH� DFHVWRU� OLYU UL� XUPDX� V �SRDUWH�VFDGHQ D�GLQ����VHSWHPEULH�D�ILHF UXL�DQ��vQ�PRG�H[FHS ional prima WUDQü �XUPD�V �DLE �VFDGHQ D�OD���QRLHPEULH��������

$UWLFROXO���SUHYHGHD�F �JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�VH�DQJDMD�IHUP�V �SURFXUH�üL� V � YkQG � OD� WHUPHQHOH� SUHY ]XWH� LDU� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� VH� DQJDMD� V �FXPSHUH� FXSUX� HOHFWUROLWLF� SHQWUX� FRQWUDYDORDUHD� WRWDO � D� OLYU ULORU� GH�SURGXVH�SHWUROLHUH�SUHY ]XWH�vQ�FRQYHQ LH��/LYU ULOH�GH�FXSUX�XUPDX�V �VH�IDF � vQWU-R� SHULRDG � GH� üDVH� DQL�� vQ� WUDQüH� FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH� FRQWUDYDORULL�bonurilor de tezaur.

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'LQ�SDUWHD�5RPkQLHL�DX�IXUQL]DW�SURGXVH�SHWUROLHUH�VRFLHW LOH�´$VWUD�5RPkQ µ��´6RFLHWDWHD�5RPkQR�–�$PHULFDQ µ��´&UHGitul Minier”89.

La 15 mai 1937 guvernul de la Belgrad s-D� LQWHUHVDW�GH� FRQGL LLOH� vQ�FDUH�VH�SXWHD�PRGLILFD�DFRUGXO�H[LVWHQW�FX�5RPkQLD�SHQWUX�FD�� vQ�DIDU �GH�FXSUX��SDUWHD�LXJRVODY �V �OLYUH]H�üL�bombe de aeroplan de circa 12 kg90.

La 1 noiembrie 1937 statul iugoslav, nedispunând de cupru HOHFWUROLWLF�D�RIHULW�FXSUX�QHJUX��0LQLVWHUXO�$S U ULL�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL�QX�DYHD�QHYRLH�GH�DFHVWD��KRW UkQGX-se cedarea lui la R.I.M.M.A. pentru a fi folosit OD� IDEULFDUHD� VXOIDWXOXL� GH� FXSUX� QHFHVDU� YLWLFXOWXULL� üL� DJULFXOWurii91. În DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��vQ�FRQWXO�ERQXULORU�GH�WH]DXU�HPLVH�GH�JXYHUQXO�iugoslav în FRQWXO� 0LQLVWHUXOXL� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL� URPkQ� SHQWUX� OLYU ULOH� GH�SHWURO�I FXWH�JXYHUQXOXL�iugoslav, partea iugoslav �D�YkQGXW�FXSUX�EUXW�vQ�GRX �WUDQüH��SULPD�vQ�Gecembrie 1937 iar cea de-a doua în ianuarie 193892. ÍQ�DIDU �GH�FXSUX�EUXW��X]LQHOH�%RU�DX�PDL�OLYUDW��vQ�LXOLH�����������WRQH�GH�DUDP ��XUPkQG�FD�SDUWHD�URPkQ �V �PDL�SULPHDVF ����GH�WRQH93.

ÍQ� ��� �� üL� �� RFWRPEULH� ����� FHOH�GRX �S U L� DX�SXUWDW� OD� %HOJUDG�Qoi FRQYRUELUL� SULYLQG� IL[DUHD� FDOLW LL�� FDQWLW LL�� SUH XOXL� üL� D� FRQGL LLORU� GH�livrare a cuprului electrolitic pe care partea iugoslav � VH� DQJDMDVH� V -l OLYUH]H� 5RPkQLHL�� 1HJRFLHULOH� DX� IRVW� DPLFDOH�� GHOHJD LL� LXJRVODYL�HYLGHQ LLQG� F � vüL� YRU� vQGHSOLQL� REOLJD LLOH� DVXPDWH� SULQ�3URWRFROXO� WHKQLF�GLQ����QRLHPEULH�������5HSUH]HQWDQ LL�5RPkQLHL�DX�RE LQXW�üL�R�FRQFHVLH��FD�MXP WDWH�GLQ�FKHOWXLHOLOH�GH�WUDQVSRUW�D�FXSUXOXL�HOHFWUROLWLF�GH�OD�0HWRYQLFD�SkQ �OD�*LXUJLX��SUHFXP�üL�DVLJXUDUHD�WUDQVSRUWXULORU�V �ILH�SO WLWH�GH�F WUH�X]LQHOH� ´%RUµ� �FFD�� �������� GLQDUL� SH� R� SHULRDG � GH� �� DQL�� FRQIRUP�SDUDJUDIHORU���üL���GLQ�3URFHVXO�YHUEDO�– Acord).

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$X� H[LVWDW� vQV � vQ� FRQWLQXDUH� QHPXO XPLUL� DOH� S U LL� URPkQH� OHJDWH� GH�IXUQL]DUHD� FXSUXOXL� HOHFWUROLWLF� GH� F WUH� ,XJRVOavia. Într-un memoriu al 0LQLVWHUXOXL�,QGXVWULHL�üL�&RPHU XOXL�URPkQ�VH�DU WD�F �VWDWXO�LXJRVODY��FRQIRUP�DUW�� �� GLQ� 3URWRFROXO� WHKQLF�� HUD� GDWRU� FD� vQ� WHUPHQ� GH� ��� ]LOH� GH� OD� UHFHS LD�FDQWLWDWLY �D�SHWUROXOXL�V �HPLW �vQ�IDYRDUHD�JXYHUQXOXL�URPkQ�ERQXUL�Ge tezaur DVWIHO� vQFkW� SDUWH� URPkQ � V � SRDW � HIHFWXD� SO LOH� FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH� VRFLHW LORU�SHWUROLIHUH�URPkQHüWL��%RQXULOH� IXVHVHU � vQV �HPLVH�� FRQIRUP�PHPRULXOXL��FX�R�PDUH�vQWkU]LHUH��FXSULQV �vQWUH����üL�����GH�]LOH��SHQWUX�WUDQVSRUWXO�HIHFWXDW�OD����decePEULH������ERQXULOH�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�DMXQVHVHU �OD���DSULOLH��������3RWULYLW�DUWLFROXOXL���GLQ�SURWRFRO��VWDWXO�LXJRVODY�WUHEXLD�V �OLYUH]H�OD���QRLHPEULH������üL�15 septembrie 1938 cupru electrolitic la valoarea a 2/6 din valoarea petrolului importat din RRPkQLD��8]LQHOH�´%25µ�QX�SXWXVHU �OLYUD��DüD�FXP�V-D�DU WDW�PDL�VXV��DFHDVW �FDWHJRULH�GH�FXSUX�SkQ � OD� WHUPLQDUHD� LQVWDOD LHL�GH�HOHFWUROL] �� vQ�RFWRPEULH�������ÍQ�FRQVHFLQ ��5RPkQLHL�L-a fost furnizat cupru brut la valoarea a 1/6 din cantitatea de petrol furnizat Iugoslaviei, cupru pe care l-a cedat Regiei ÍQWUHSULQGHULORU� 0LQLHUH� üL� 0HWDOXUJLFH� DOH� VWDWXOXL� GLQ� $UGHDO�� SHQWUX�SUHSDUDUHD� VXOIDWXOXL� GH� FXSUX�� 3DUWHD� URPkQ � DU WD� F � QLFL� FXSUXO� EUXW� QX�IXVHVH�SUHGDW�OD�WHUPHQ��vQWUH���QRLHPEULH�üL���GHFHPEULH��������FL�HüDORQDW�DVWIHO��la 30 noiembrie 1937 – 300 t; la 30 ianuarie 1938 – 400 t iar în septembrie 1938 – 70 t. Cuprul electrolitic fusese predat în cursul anului 1938 astfel: la 27 octombrie – 400 t; la 14 noiembrie – 200 t; decembrie – 300 t. În acel moment uzinele “Bor” UHIX]DX� V � OLYUH]H����� WRQH��SkQ � OD� DFKLWDUHD�GREkQ]LORU�GH� vQWkU]LHUH� �SDUWHD�LXJRVODY �VROLFLWD�DFHVWH�GREkQ]L�SHQWUX�DFKLWDUHD� OD�XQ� WHUPHQ�FH�GHS üLVH����zile a trei transporturi de cupru electrolitic, în timp ce partea român �VXV LQHD�F �vQWkU]LHUHD� GLVSR]L LLORU� GH� SODW � VH� GDWRUD� IRUPDOLW LORU� GH� OD� 0LQLVWHUXO�ÍQ]HVWU ULL� $UPDWHL��� 6H� FHUHD� vQ� FRQVHFLQ � R� LQWHUYHQ LH� JXYHUQDPHQWDO � SH�OkQJ �SDUWHD�LXJRVODY ��vQ�VHQVXO�OLYU ULL�FDQWLW LL�GH�FXSUX�I U �VROLFLWDUHD�SO LL�dobânzilor de întârziere94.

ÍQ� SULYLQ D� OLYU ULORU� GH� SURGXVH� SHWUROLHUH� F WUH� ,XJRVODYLD�� OD� ��VHSWHPEULH������VLWXD LD�VH�SUH]HQWD�DVWIHO95:

Produsul Angajat / tone Predat / tone Restant / tone %HQ]LQ �DYLRQ 15.000 15.118,87 - %HQ]LQ �DXWR 25.000 12.089,606 12.910,394 3 FXU �FRPE� 9.200 9.420,698 - 0RWRULQ 3.300 2.714,431 585,569 Petrol lampant 350 30 320 Ulei 2.100 842,810 1.257,197

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/D� �� QRLHPEULH� ����� D� vQFHSXW� SUHGDUHD� F WUH� ,XJRVODYLD� D� XOWLPHL�WUDQüH� GH� SURGXVH� SHWUROLHUH�� SODQLILFDW � D� VH� WHrmina la finele lunii GHFHPEULH�D�DFHOXLDüL�DQ96.

ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS�� $GPLQLVWUD LD� &)5� DYHD� QHYRLH� GH� ���� WRQH� DUDP �QHFHVDUH� FRQIHF LRQ ULL� VkUPHi pentru trasee telefonice, ca urmare a VROLFLW ULL� 0DUHOXL� 6WDW� 0DMRU�� 3UREOHPD� D� IRVW� VROX LRQDW � SULQWU-o vQ HOHJHUH�FX�0LQLVWHUXO�ÍQ]HVWU ULL�$UPDWHL��FDUH�L-a cedat cele 500 tone de cupru dintr-XQ�WUDQVSRUW�GH������WRQH��FH�XUPD�V -O�SULPHDVF �vQ�SULP YDUD�lui 1940 din Iugoslavia97.

ÍQ�PDL� ����� D� IRVW� DFKLWDW � WUDQüD� D� SDWUD� GH� FXSUX� HOHFWUROLWLF� �����tone)98. La 30 noiembrie 1939, “Bor” a furnizat vQF ����GH�YDJRDQH�GH�FXSUX��GDU� QX� D� SULPLW� GHFkW� XQ� DYDQV� GLQ� VXPD� FH� WUHEXLD� DFKLWDW � GH� VWDWXO�român99.

La 26 septembrie� ������ GXS � WUDWDWLYHOH� SXUWDWH� GH� F WUH�UHSUH]HQWDQWXO�GLSORPDWLF�DO�5RPkQLHL�OD�%HOJUDG��9��& dere cu o serie de demnitari iugoslavL� �PLQLVWUXO� GH� H[WHUQH�� PLQLVWUXO� LQGXVWULHL� üL�FRPHU XOXL�� PLQLVWUXO� PLQHORU� üL� FHO� DO� DS U ULL��� V-a stabilit principial ca JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�V �OLYUH]H�5RPkQLHL�vQ�SOXV�FFD�����GH�YDJRDQH�GH�FXSUX�electrolitic, cca. 5000 tone zinc, minereuri de fero-siliciu, fero-crom, fero-PDQJDQH]�� PDQJDQH]� EUXW� üL�� vQ� OLPLWD� SRVLELOLW LORU�� EDULW� üL� DOXPLQLX��7RDWH� DFHVWH�PDWHULL�SULPH�XUPDX� V � ILH� OLYUDWH� vQ� VFKLPEXO�XQHL� FDQWLW L�sporite de petrol, de care guvernul iugoslav avea nevoie pentru a-üL�VSRUL�UH]HUYHOH�� 3HQWUX� VWDELOLUHD� SO LORU� XUPD� V � ILH� OXDW� FD� ED] � DFRUGXO�FRQILGHQ LDO�H[LVWHQW�üL� vQ�FXUV�GH�H[HFX LH��ÍQ�SULYLQ D�PLQHUHXULORU�GH�ILHU�QHFHVDUH� X]LQHORU� 5HüL D�� FDQWLWDWHD� OLYUDW � SXWHD� IL� P ULW � OD� QHYRLH��MinistUXO� GH� U ]ERL� LXJRVODY� D� GDW� GLVSR]L LL� FD� WUDQVSRUWXULOH� GHVWLQDWH�X]LQHORU� GLQ� 5HüL D� V � VH� H[HFXWH� vQWU-XQ� VLVWHP� SUHIHUHQ LDO100. Tot în vederea satisfacerii nevoilor de produse petroliere ale Iugoslaviei, a avut loc la 4 octombrie 1939 întâlnirea dintre�&UHW]LDQX�üL�'X Lþ��vQ�FDGUXO�F UHLD�s-D�VWDELOLW�vQ�SULQFLSLX�FD�5RPkQLD�V �OLYUH]H�FFD����������WRQH�GH�SURGXVH�SHWUROLHUH��'HRDUHFH�YHFKLXO�DFRUG�QX�D�IXQF LRQDW�VDWLVI F WRU��&UHW]LDQX�D�SURSXV� vQFHSHUHD� GH� QRL� QHJRFLHUL� HFRQRPLFH� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U i în cel PDL�VFXUW�WLPS�SRVLELO��OD�%XFXUHüWL101.

/D����VHSWHPEULH�������vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L�V-D�vQFKHLDW�üL�XQ�SURFHV�YHUEDO�SULYLQG�OLYUDUHD�LPHGLDW �D�FFD������W�GH�FXSUX�HOHFWUROLWLF��OD�XQ�SUH �FDOFXODW�GXS �FRWD LD�DIHUHQW �GH� OD�EXUVD�GLQ�1HZ�<RUN� vQ�]LXD� VHPQ ULL�SURFHVXOXL� YHUEDO� GH� UHFHS LH�� 7UDQVSRUWXO� FXSUXOXL� üL� DVLJXUDUHD� DFHVWXLD�

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GH�OD�PLQHOH�GLQ�%RU�SkQ �OD�*LXUJLX�XUPDX�V �ILH�SO WLWH�GH�0LQHOH�´%RUµ�(cca. 400.000 dinari). În 1938, cheltuielile de transport s-DX� vPS U LW� HJDO�între minele BRU�üL�VWDWXO�URPkQ102.

$XWRULW LOH� URPkQH� DX� VHPQDODW� OD� ��� RFWRPEULH� ����� F � SDUWHD�iugoslav �QX�vQFHSXVH�OLYUDUHD�FXSUXOXL�FRQIRUP�SURFHVXOXL�YHUEDO�vQFKHLDW�OD� ��� VHSWHPEULH� ����� OD� %HOJUDG�� GHüL� 5RPkQLD� vüL� vQGHSOLQLVH� WRDWH�angajamentele cu privire la OLYUDUHD�FDQWLW LL�FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH�GH�EHQ]LQ �üL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SO L103.

/D� ��� GHFHPEULH� ������ vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � S U L� D� IRVW� vQFKHLDW� XQ�DUDQMDPHQW� VSHFLDO� FRQILGHQ LDO�� SULQ� FDUH� JXYHUQXO� URPkQ� VH� REOLJD� � V �IXUQL]H]H� ,XJRVODYLHL� ������� W� EHQ]LQ � RFWDQLF �� vQ� VFKLPEXO� F UHLD�%HOJUDGXO�XUPD�V �OLYUH]H�FFD��������W�FXSUX�HOHFWUROLWLF104.

În 1940, un aide-memoire a fost transmis prin intermediul ambasadei române factorilor de decizie iugoslavi, prin care se solicita livrarea a 4 vagoane de cupru electrolitic, resWDQ �GLQ�WUDQüD�D�WUHLD��FRQIRUP�DFRUGXOXL�7 W U VFX�–�6WRMDGLQRYLþ��FX�WHUPHQ�GH�OLYUDUH�QRLHPEULH�– decembrie 1939, D�F UHL�FRQWUDYDORDUH�VH�J VHD�GHSXV �OD�%DQFD�1D LRQDO �D�,XJRVODYLHL�üL�D�215 vagoane cupru electrolitic conform angajamentului din 18 decembrie ������ FDUH� XUPDX� V � IL� UHSDUWL]DWH� DVWIHO�� ��� GH� YDJRDQH� SHQWUX� &)5�� ����YDJRDQH� SHQWUX� 0LQLVWHUXO� ÍQ]HVWU ULL� $UPDWHL�� ��� GH� YDJRDQH� FRW �VXSOLPHQWDU �� FRQIRUP� GLVFX LLORU� SXUWDWH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� vQ� DSULOLH� ������3DUWHD� URPkQ � PDL� VROLFLWD� LPSRUWXO în contingent anual de 12 vagoane QHJUX�GH�IXP��D�XQRU�FDQWLW L�IL[H�GH��������W�F UEXQL�GH�SLDWU �üL��������W�EULFKHWH��SUHFXP�üL�D�XQHL�FDQWLW L�IL[H�GH�OHPQH�GH�IRF105.

La 20 mai 1940��DPEDVDGRUXO�URPkQ�OD�%HOJUDG��9��& GHUH��vQ�FDGUXO�întrevederii avuWH� FX� PLQLVWUXO� LQGXVWULHL� üL� FRPHU XOXL� üL� FX� PLQLVWUXO�DGMXQFW�GH�H[WHUQH��D�DWUDV�DWHQ LD�DVXSUD�WHUJLYHUV ULL�DSOLF ULL�vQ HOHJHULORU�HFRQRPLFH�GH�F WUH�SDUWHD�LXJRVODY ��DU WkQG�F �JXYHUQXO�URPkQ�QX�SXWHD�continua furnizarea benzinei în schimbul doar a unor promisiuni. 'LSORPDWXO� URPkQ� D� RE LQXW� FX� DFHVW� SULOHM� R� SURPLVLXQH� IHUP � D�SDUWHQHULORU�GH�GLVFX LH�SULYLQG�OLYUDUHD�PLQHUHXOXL�GH�ILHU�GDU�FX�FRQGL LD�GH�a reda Iugoslaviei 10% în fier brut !106.

La 10 iunie 1940 România mai avea de primit cca. 400 t cupru HOHFWUROLWLF� UHVWDQWH�� /D� XOWLPD� vQWUHYHGHUH� D� ÍQ HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH�� SDUWHD�LXJRVODY �D�SURPLV�F �VH�YD�DFKLWD�GH�DFHDVW �GDWRULH107.

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XUJHQW� GHPHUVXULOH� QHFHVDUH� SH� OkQJ � JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� SHQWUX� OLYUDUHD�LPHGLDW �D�������W�IHUR-PDQJDQ������W�IHUURP�üL�SHQWUX�vQFHSHUHD�LPHGLDW �D�QHJRFLHULORU�vQ�YHGHUHD�P ULULL�FRQWLQJHQWXOXL�GH�FXSUX�üL�SHQWUX�OLYUDUHD�D�8.000 t cupru electrolitic108.

ÍQ� ]LXD� GH� ��� LXQLH� ������ GXS � UHSHWDWH� LQWHUYHQ LL� URPkQHüWL� OD�0LQLVWHUXO�GH�([WHUQH��DO�&RPHU XOXL�üL�DO�)LQDQ HORU��&RPLVDULDWXO�SHQWUX�Metale a autorizat exportul a 450 t de cupru electrolitic, din care 250 t pe loc, restul urmând s �ILH�OLYUDW�OD���DXJXVW��7RWRGDW �D�IRVW�DSUREDW�H[SRUWXO�F WUH�5RPkQLD�D�����W� IHUR-FXSUX�üL�PD[LPXP�SRVLELO�GLQ�GLVSRQLELOLW LOH�de fero-PDQJDQ�� GLQ� FDUH� ��� YDJRDQH� LPHGLDW�� 5HVWXO� XUPD� V � ILH� OLYUDW�WUHSWDW��GXS �SRVLELOLW LOH�GH�SUHOXFUDUH��VHFWRUXO respectiv nedispunând în acel moment de cocsul necesar109.

/D� ��� LXQLH� VH� VROLFLWD� LQWHUYHQ LD� SH� OkQJ � %DQFD� 1D LRQDO � D�,XJRVODYLHL� SHQWUX� FUHGLWDUHD� SkQ � OD� GDWD� GH� ��� VHSWHPEULH� ����� D�contravalorii a 16.963 kg de cupru electrolitic110.

La 19 iulie 1940 a�IRVW�RE LQXW �FDQWLWDWHD�GH�����W�FXSUX�HOHFWUROLWLF�OD�SUH XO�GH�����GRODUL�WRQ 111.

$�LQWHUYHQLW�R�QRX �vQ HOHJHUH�YHUEDO �vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L��FRQIRUP�F UHLD� ,XJRVODYLD� WUHEXLD� V � OLYUH]H� VXSOLPHQWDU� ���� W� FXSUX� HOHFWUROLWLF� vQ�VFKLPEXO�XQHL� FDQWLW L� HJDOH�GH�EHQ]LQ �FX� FLIUD�RFWDQLF �GH�����2�SULP �WUDQü �GH� ���� W� FXSUX�HOHFWUROLWLF� D� IRVW� UHFHS LRQDW � OD� VIkUüLWXO� OXQLL� LXOLH������� XUPkQG� FD� H[SHGL LD� V � VH� IDF � vQ� XUPD� XQXL� DFUHGLWLY� GHVFKLV� OD�%DQFD�1D LRQDO �D�,XJRVODYLHL��LDU�UHVWXO�GH�����W�XUPDX�V �ILH�UHFHS LRQDWH�concomitent cu prima livrare112.

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al României114� D� ULGLFDW� R� VHDP � GH� SUREOHPH� GH� QDWXU � HFRQRPLF � FH�WUHEXLDX�UH]ROYDWH�GH�F WUH�FHOH�GRX �JXYHUQH�

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impozitele. Se mai solicita delimitarea frontierei în urma schimbului SURSULHW LL�3XVWD�5DURü�FRQWUD�FRPXQHL�&RQVWDQ LD��

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Se prevedea� HOLEHUDUHD� GH� FDUQHWH�� FDUH� WUHEXLDX� DYL]DWH� vQV � üL� GH�organele competente ale statului român. Punctele de trecere ale frontierei XUPDX� V � ILH� IL[DWH� GH� DXWRULW LOH� DPEHORU� VWDWH�� WUHFHUHD� IURQWLHUHL�putându-VH�HIHFWXD�GRDU�vQWUH�U V ULWXO�üL�DSXVXO�VRDUHOXL��7UDILFXO�HUD�IL[DW�SHQWUX� WRDW � SHULRDGD� DQXOXL�� FX� H[FHS LD� OXQLORU� GHFHPEULH�� LDQXDULH� üL�IHEUXDULH��ÍQ�DFHVWH�OXQL�GHSODVDUHD�vQ�VWDWXO�YHFLQ�VH�I FHD�GRDU�SULQ�RILFLLOH�YDPDOH� SHUPDQHQWH�� 3HUVRDQHOH� vQVFULVH� vQ� FDUQHWH�� FD� üL� OXFU WRULL� üL�FLREDQLL� SXWHDX� V � U PkQ � SH� WHULWRULXO� VWDWXOXL� YHFLQ� GRDU� üDSte zile, cu H[FHS LD�FLREDQLORU�FDUH�FRQGXFHDX�WXUPHOH�OD�LHUQDW��ÍQOHVQLULOH�VH�DFRUGDX�doar persoanelor absolut sigure, iar cei ce intrau pe teritoriul statului vecin XUPDX�V �ILH�vQGHDSURDSH�VXSUDYHJKHD L�GH�F WUH�DXWRULW LOH�ORFDOH�SHQWUX�a se constatD� GDF � XUP UHDX� VDX� QX� DF LXQL� FH� SXWHDX� SXQH� vQ� SHULFRO�RUGLQHD� GH� VWDW�� 7LWXODUXO� FDUQHWXOXL� QX� DYHD� YRLH� V � S U VHDVF � ORFXO� GH�GHVWLQD LH�üL�QX�L�VH�SHUPLWHD�V �GHS üHDVF �]RQD�GH����NP�GH�IURQWLHU �

7UDQVSRUWXO� XQHOWHORU� üL� DOH� FHORUODOWH� PDWHULDOH� QHcesare muncilor DJULFROH� HUDX� VFXWLWH� GH� WD[H� YDPDOH�� $FHODüL� VWDWXW� vO� DYHDX� SURGXVHOH�DJULFROH� UHFROWDWH� GH� SH� S PkQWXO� ORU� �SHQWUX� DFHDVWD� JUkXO� WUHEXLD�WUDQVSRUWDW� vQ� VQRSL�� SRUXPEXO� QHE WXW��� FX� H[FHS LD� SURGXVHORU�PRQRSROL]DWH�vQ�XQD�VDX�vQ�FHDODOW �GLQ�S U LOH�FRQWUDFWDQWH120.

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&KHVWLXQHD� H[SURSULHULL� URPkQLORU� DWkW� vQ� ]RQD�GH� IURQWLHU � FkW� üL� vQ�LQWHULRUXO� ,XJRVODYLHL� D� IRVW� GLVFXWDW � GH� F WUH� IDFWRULL� GLSORPDWLFL� DL� FHORU�GRX � UL�OD�WRDWH�vQWUXQLULOH�FDUH�DX�DYXW�ORF�vQ�SHULRDGD�����-1931121.

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În cadrul întâlnirii din decembrie 1932 de la Belgrad dintre N. 7LWXOHVFX� üL� %�� -HYWLþ�� guvernul iugoslav� üL-a luat angajamentul de a GHVS JXEL� SH� URPkQLL� H[SURSULD L� vQ� ]RQD� GH� IURQWLHU 124. În comunicatul SXEOLFDW�OD�VIkUüLWXO�FRQYRUELULORU�RILFLDOH�GLQWUH�FHL�GRL�PLQLüWULL�GH�H[WHUQH�VH� DU WD� F � VXSXüLL� URPkQL�� SURSULHWDUL� vQ� ]RQD� IURQWLHUHL� üL� H[SURSULD L� vQ�virtutea legilor DJUDUH�LXJRVODYH�XUPDX�V �ILH�GHVS JXEL L�GH�F WUH�JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�GDF �DFHVWD�FRQVLGHUD�F �UHVWLWX LD�vQ�QDWXU �QX�HUD�SRVLELO ��SHQWUX�YDORDUHD� EXQXULORU� GH� FDUH� DX� IRVW� OLSVL L�� SULQWU-R� MXVW � LQGHPQL]D LH��$FHODüL�SULQFLSLX�XUPD�V �ILH�DSOLFDW�vQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�VXSXüLL�LXJRVODYL�HUDX�H[SURSULD L�vQ�]RQD�GH�IURQWLHU ��FRQWUDU�DUW�����DOLQLDWXO���DO�FRQYHQ LHL�GLQ������� 8UPD� FD� vQ� LDQXDULH� ����� GHOHJD LLOH� FHORU� GRX � VWDWH� V � SXQ � vQ�H[HFX LH�DFHVWH�GLVSR]L LL125.

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UHOD LL�GH�UXGHQLH� vQWUH� ORFXLWRULL� VLWXD L� OD� IURQWLHUD�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH��&RQGXFHUHD�&DPHUHL�GH�&RPHU � üL� ,QGXVWULH�GLQ�7LPLüRDUD�SURSXQHD�üL�R�VROX LH�SULYLQG�vQFXUDMDUHD�WXULVPXOXL�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX � UL��DSOLFDUHD�XQXL�WLPEUX� WXULVWLF� SH� ILHFDUH� DXWRUL]D LH� HOLEHUDW � ORFXLWRULORU� FH� DYHDX�SURSULHW L�vQ�VWDWXO�YHFLQ127.

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ÍQ� SHULRDGD� XUP WRDUH� SDUWHD� URPkQ � D� DFX]DW� %HOJUDGXO� F � QX� D�respectat clauzele aranjamentului provizoriu137� üL� F � D� vQWkU]LDW� vQFHSHUHD�negocierilor pentru încheierea acoUGXOXL�GHILQLWLY��IDSW�UHFXQRVFXW�GH�F WUH�demnitarul iugoslav� 1LQ Lþ�� &HOH� GRX � S U L� DX� KRW UkW� vQWUXQLUHD�SOHQLSRWHQ LDULORU� OD� 7LPLüRDUD� SH� GDWD� GH� ��� RFWRPEULH� ����� vQ� YHGHUHD�începerii tratativelor pentru încheierea acordului. La 2 noiembrie 1924 au IRVW� vQWRFPLWH�üL�SDUDIDWH�SURLHFWHOH�XQHL�FRQYHQ LL�üL�D�XQXL�SURWRFRO� ILQDO�FX� SULYLUH� OD� QDYLJD LD� SH� UkXO� üL� FDQDOXO� %HJD�� 3HQWUX� D� VH� HYLWD� QRL�vQWkU]LHUL��GHOHJD LL�V-au angajat printr-un proces-YHUEDO�V �HIHFWXH]H�D�GRXD�üL�XOWLPD�FLWLUH�D�&RQYHQ LHL�OD����GHFHPEULH������WRW�OD�7LPLüRDUD��vQ�VFRSXO�QRWLILF ULL�HL�SkQ �OD����LDQXDULH�������DVWIHO�vQFkW�HD�V �LQWUH�vQ�YLJRDUH�FHO�mai târziu la 15 februarie 1925138. Partea iugoslav �D�DPkQDW�vQV �SURLHFWDWD�vQWUXQLUH�GH� OD�7LPLüRDUD�� IDSW� FDUH�D�GHWHUPLQDW�%XFXUHüWLXO� V �DQXQ H�F �DUH�vQ�YHGHUH�LQWHUQD LRQDOL]DUHD�UkXOXL��SUHFXP�üL�D�vQWUHJXOXL�FDQDO��/D����GHFHPEULH������D�IRVW�WUDQVPLV �OD�%HOJUDG�R�QRW �H[SOLFDWLY �SULYLWRDUH�OD�GLYHUJHQ HOH�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �S U L�SULYLQG�VWDWXWXO�UkXOXL�%HJD��

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6WDWLVWLF�� VFKLPEXO� GH�P UIXUL� vQ� FDGUXO�0LFLL� ÍQ HOHJHUL� VH� SUH]HQWD�astfel171:

An România Cehoslovacia Iugoslavia

Milioane lei

Media Milioane koroane.

Media Milioane dinari

Media

1933 2106 100 826 100 820 100

1934 2287 108 915 111 958 117

1935 2637 125 2324 160 1141 139

În 1934, GLQ�FRPHU XO�H[WHUQ�JHQHUDO�DO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��&HKRVORYDFLD�

GH LQH� �������� ,XJRVODYLD� �������� LDU� 5RPkQLD� ������172. Exportul ,XJRVODYLHL�vQ�DIDUD�]RQHL�GXQ UHQH�ILLQG�vQ�SHULRDGD�����-�����vQ�SURSRU LH�de 74,3%, iar importul de 65,4%, în timp ce al României era de 76,8% �H[SRUW��üL��UHVSHFWLY���������LPSRUW�173.

ÍQ� ID D� DFHVWHL� VLWXD LL�� 1�� 7LWXOHVFX� SURSXQHD� VWDELOLUHD� XQRU� ODUJL�UHOD LL�HFRQRPLFH�SHQWUX�WRDWH�FHOH�WUHL�VWDWH��UHOD LL�FDUH�V �GHS üHDVF �DULD�WHULWRULDO �D�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL��ÍQ�FRQFHS LD�GLSORPDWXOXL�URPkQ��RULFkW�DU�UHXüL�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH� HFRQRPLF �� JURVXO� H[SRUWXOXL� URPkQHVF�� FD� üL� DO� FHORUODOWH� GRX �VWDWH�GLQ�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�WUHEXLH�I FXW�vQ�DIDU �GH�IUXQWDULLOH�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL.174.

Potrivit istoricului iugoslav M. Vanku, cauzele care au contribuit la HüHFXO� SODQXOXL� SULYLQG� LQWHQVLILFDUHD� VFKLPEXULORU� HFRQRPLFH� GLQ� FDGUXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�vQ�FHD�GH-D�GRXD�SDUWH�D�GHFHQLXOXL�SDWUX�DX�IRVW��U ]ERLXO�italo-HWLRSLDQ�� U ]ERLXO� FLYLO� GLQ� 6SDQLD�� UHRULHQWDUHD� SROiticii externe iugoslave spre axa Roma-%HUOLQ�� VO ELUHD� LQIOXHQ HL� $QJOLHL� üL� )UDQ HL� vQ�(XURSD�&HQWUDO �vQ�IDYRDUHD�*HUPDQLHL175.

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Prima sesiune a Consiliului Economic a În HOHJHULL� %DOFDQLFH� D� DYXW�loc în ianuarie 1935 la Atena, România prezentând documentul “Plan de FRODERUDUH� HFRQRPLF � D� VWDWHORU�$QWDQWHL� %DOFDQLFHµ�� D� F UHL� LGHH� FHQWUDO �HUD� F � OHJ WXULOH� HFRQRPLFH� üL� ILQDQFLDUH� HUDX� PHQLWH� V � FRPSOHWH]H�raporturile politice.

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În chestiunea transporturilor aeriene a fost elaborat un proiect de FRQYHQ LH� SULYLQG� UHOD LLOH� DHULHQH� GLQWUH� FHL� SDWUX� SHQWUX� XQLILFDUHD�UHJXOLORU�GH�FLUFXOD LH�üL�WUDILF��FD�üL�SHQWUX�R�FRODERUDUH�HIHFWLY �D�DOLDQ HL�vQ�probleme de trafic aerian.

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ûLUXO�XQRU�DVWIHO�GH� vQWUXQLUL�D�FRQWLQXDW�üL� vQ�WRDPQD�DQXOXL�������R�SULP �FRQIHULQ �DYkQG�ORF�OD�%XFXUHüWL�vQWUH���-21 octombrie 1930. Între 11-12 noiembrie 1930, la Belgrad s-DX�UHXQLW�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�3RORQLHL��8QJDULHL��BulgarLHL�� 5RPkQLHL� üL� ,XJRVODYLHL� üL� V-au discutat probleme legate de H[SRUWXO�GH�FHUHDOH�üL�FHOH�OHJDWH�GH�FUHGLWHOH�DJULFROH�

&KHVWLXQHD� UHJLPXOXL� SUHIHUHQ LDO� vQWUH� VWDWHOH� LQGXVWULDOH� üL� FHOH�DJUDUH� D� IRVW� DQDOL]DW � vQ� WLPSXO� vQWUXQLULL�GH� OD�*HQHYD� ���-28 noiembrie

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������� XQGH� DX� SDUWLFLSDW� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� ULORU� DJUDUH�� 5RPkQLHL��,XJRVODYLHL�� %XOJDULHL�� 8QJDULHL� üL� 3RORQLHL� üL�� UHVSHFWLY�� FHL� DL� ULORU�LQGXVWULDOL]DWH��$XVWULHL��*HUPDQLHL��&HKRVORYDFLHL��,WDOLHL��)UDQ HL��(OYH LHL�

Întrunirile privind taxHOH� YDPDOH� SUHIHUHQ LDOH� OD� SURGXVHOH� DJULFROH�unde au participat üL� UHSUH]HQWDQ LL� %XFXUHüWLXOXL� üL� %HOJUDGXOXL� DX�FRQWLQXDW� üL� vQ� SHULRDGD� XUP WRDUH�� $PLQWLP� DVWIHO� FRQIHULQ D�LQWHUQD LRQDO � SHQWUX� SUREOHPD� JUkXOXL� GH� OD� 5RPD�� FRQIHULQ D� VWDWHORU�exportaWRDUH� üL� LPSRUWDWRDUH�GH�FHUHDOH� �3DULV�� ��-���PDL�������� FRQIHULQ D�statelor agrare (10-��� GHFHPEULH������� FRQIHULQ D� SULYLQG� UHIDFHUHD�HFRQRPLF � D� (XURSHL� FHQWUDOH� üL� GH� (VW� �6WUHVVD�� �-20 septembrie 1932); FRQIHULQ D� GH� OD� /RQGUD� SHQWUX� SUREOHPD� JUkXOXL (septembrie 1933); FRQIHULQ D� GH� OD� %XFXUHüWL� D� ULORU� DJUDUH� DOH� (XURSHL� GH� (VW� ��-6 iunie 1933).

Întrunirile nu au dus la nici un rezultat, deoarece statele LQGXVWULDOL]DWH�QX�DX�GRULW�V � IDF �FRQFHVLL�VWDWHORU�DJUDUH��GDW�ILLQG�IDSWXO�F � HOH� QX� GHSLQdeau de importul produselor acestora (puteau importa FHUHDOH� GLQ� ULOH� GH� SHVWH� RFHDQ��� SH� FkQG� VWDWHOH� DJUDUH� HUDX� OHJDWH� GH�SURGXVHOH�LQGXVWULDOH�üL�GH�FDSLWDOXO�HXURSHDQ194.

(YHQLPHQWHOH�SROLWLFH�DX�GHWHUPLQDW�vQV �GLVSDUL LD�FHORU�GRX �DOLDQ H�regionale�üL�LPSOLFLW�DOH�RUJDQLVPHORU�HFRQRPLFH�DOH�DFHVWRUD��

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NOTE

1 I. Saizu, Al. Tocu, (XURSD�HFRQRPLF �LQWHUEHOLF ��,DüL��,QVWLWXWXO�(XURSHDQ�������� 87-88. 2 M. Milin, 5HOD LLOH� SROLWLFH� URPkQR-iugoslavH� vQ� HSRFD� PRGHUQ �� %XFXUHüWL�� (G�� $FDGHPLHL�

Române, 1992, 206. 3 Dan Gh. Perianu, ,VWRULD�X]LQHORU�GLQ�5HüL D������-1996��5HüL D��(G��7LPSXO��������p. 168; vezi vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�üL�$UKLYD�*HQHUDO ��IRQG�3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 88/1920, f. 6.

4� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG� 0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 'LUHF LD�exportului, d. 10/1920, f. 1, 11.

5 Ibidem, f. 1, 19. 6 Ibidem, f. 12. 7 Ibidem, f. 31, 44. 8 Dan Gh. Perianu, op.cit., p. 87. 9 Ibidem, p. 196. 10�$UKLYD�*HQHUDO ��IRQG�3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL, d. 88/1920, f. 7-8. 11 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 95-96. 12 Ibidem, f. 87. 13 Ibidem, f. 181. 14 M. Vanku, 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�,XJRVODYLHL, p. 136. 15 Buletinul Statistic al României, nr. 2, aprilie-iunie 1934, p. 123. 16 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 1, f. 138. 17 I. Saizu, Al. Tocu, op.cit., p. 172. 18� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�UHOD LL�FRPHUFLDOH, d. 5/1929, f. 4.

19 Ibidem, f. 6. 20 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 49, f. 229-231. 21 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 7, f. 120. 22� � 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�UHOD LL�FRPHUFLDOH, d. 5/1929, f. 10.

23 Ibidem, d. 17/1932, f. 118. 24 Monitorul Oficial, 4 septembrie 1930, p. 7437-7438. 25 Ibidem, p. 7439. 26 M. Vanku, op.cit., p. 67. 27�'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�DUKLYHORU�VWDWXOXL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 31/1930, f. 1-2. 28 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 50, f. 88-89. 29 %XOHWLQXO�8QLXQLL�&DPHUHORU�GH�&RPHU �üL�,QGXVWULH, aprilie-mai 1932, p. 375-376. 30 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HJHUH, vol. 9, f. 121. 31 Ibidem, f. 239-�����&RQIRUP� LQIRUPD LHL� DS UXWH� vQ�9RLQ D� %DQDWXOXL, din 19 martie 1933, GXS �R�SDX] �GH����OXQL��,XJRVODYLD�D�UHGHVFKLV�WUDQ]LWXO�YLWHORU�URPkQHüWL�VSUH�,WDOLD��ILLQG�QHFHVDU �vQ�VFRS�R�DXWRUL]D LH�HPLV �GH�0LQLVWHUXO�'RPHQLLORU�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�

32 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 9, f. 262. 33 Buletinul Statistic al României, nr. 2, aprilie-iunie 1934, p. 114.

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34 Ibidem, p. 119. 35 Ibidem, p. 123. 36� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�UHOD LL�FRPHUFLDOH, d. 17/1932, f. 22.

37 Buletinul Uniunii CameUHORU�GH�&RPHU �üL�,QGXVWULH, nr. 1-2, ianuarie-februarie 1932, p. 45. 38� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�,QIRUPD LL�üL�SXEOLFD LL, d. 12/1933, f. 10.

39 Ibidem, f. 207-208. 40 Ibidem, d. 3/1928, f. 256. 41 Ibidem, d. 12/1933, f. 33, 120. 42� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�UHOD LL�FRPHUFLDOH, d. 17/1932, f. 108.

43 Idem, 6HUYLFLXO�LQIRUPD LL�üL�SXEOLFD LL, d. 12/1933, f. 230. 44 Ibidem, f. 8. 45 Ibidem, f. 5. 46 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 1, f. 361. 47�'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO� UHOD LL�

comerciale, d. 12/1933, f. 41-����9H]L�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�üL�Moniteur du petrole roumain, nr. 13, 1933. 48 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 1, f. 394. 49 Ibidem, vol. 2, f. 19-20. 50 Ibidem, f. 148. 51 Buletinul Statistic al României, nr. 5-6, mai-iunie, 1939. 52 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 2, f. 149. 53 Ibidem, f. 151. 54 Ibidem, f. 271-273. 55 Ibidem, f.273. 56� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�DWDüD L�FRPHUFLDOL, d. 13/1935, f. 49.

57 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 3, f. 140. 58 Buletinul Statistic al României, nr. 5-6, mai-iunie, 1939. 59� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�DWDüD L�FRPHUFLDOL, d. 13/1935, f. 100-101.

60 Ibidem, f. 40-41. 61 Ibidem, d. 9/1937, f. 12. 62 Ibidem, d. 13/1935, f. 87, 96, 103, 112. 63 Ibidem, f. 102. 64 Ibidem, d. 11/1936, f. 11. 65 Ibidem, f. 67. 66 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 2, f. 52. 67 Buletinul Statistic al României, nr. 5-6, mai-iunie, 1939. 68 Monitorul Oficial, 9 aprilie 1937, p. 3673-3674. 69 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 45. 70 Monitorul Oficial, 1 iulie 1937, p. 5938-5944. 71 Ibidem, p. 5945-5954.

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72� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�DWDüD L�FRPHUFLDOL, d. 7/1937, f. 22.

73 Ibidem, f. 20. 74�'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�DUKLYHORU�VWDWXOXL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 146/1938, f. 5-10. 75� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXlui, fond 0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�DWDüD L�FRPHUFLDOL, d. 7/1937, f. 28.

76 Ibidem, f. 24-25. 77� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�

personal, administrativ, secretariat, d. 9/1937, f. 12-13. 78 Ibidem, f. 28. 79 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 169. 80 Ibidem, f. 169. 81 Ibidem, vol. 52, f. 285, 287. 82 Dacia, 3 aprilie 1940, p. 3. 83 Buletinul Statistic al României, nr. 5-6, mai-iunie, 1939. 84 DirHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO�DWDüD L�FRPHUFLDOL, d. 7/1937, f. 157.

85 Idem, fond 'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 3/1937, f. 12. 86 Ibidem, d. 200/1938, f. 12. 87 Ibidem, d. 144/1936, f. 15-16. 88 Ibidem, f. 1. 89 Ibidem, d. 200/1938, f. 6. 90 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 51, f. 39. 91� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 200/1938, f. 52.

92 Ibidem, 6HUYLFLXO�DWDüD L�FRPHUFLDOL, d. 7/1937, f. 146. 93 Ibidem, �'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 144/1936, f. 44. 94 Ibidem, f. 57. 95 Ibidem, d. 178/1938, f. 58. 96 Ibidem, d. 144/1936, f. 75. 97 Ibidem, f. 161, 187. 98 Ibidem, f. 144. 99 Ibidem, f. 188. 100 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 11, f. 126-127. 101 Ibidem, f. 144. 102� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 144/1936, f. 152.

103 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 52, f. 214. 104� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 144/1936, f. 207.

105 Ibidem, f. 195-196. 106 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 12, f. 309. 107� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 144/1936, f. 196.

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108 Ibidem, f. 203. 109 Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71, Iugoslavia, vol. 13. 110� 'LUHF LD� JHQHUDO � D� DUKLYHORU� VWDWXOXL�� IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �D�PLQHORU, d. 144/1936, f. 225.

111 Ibidem, f. 228. 112 Ibidem, f. 223. 113�1��'DVF OX��&RQWULEX LD�5RPkQLHL�OD�HGLILFDUHD�VWUXFWXULORU�HFRQRPLFH�DOH�$QWDQWei Balcanice, în 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF , nr. 3-4, 1995, p. 338.

114 7UDWDWHOH�LQWHUQD LRQDOH�DOH�5RPkQLHL������-1920��%XFXUHüWL��(G��ûWLLQ LILF �üL�(QFLFORSHGLF ��S��448-449.

115 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Jugoslavia, vol. 68, f. 328. 116 Idem, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 7, f. 140. 117 Ibidem, f.140. 118 Ibidem, vol.6, f. 197. 119 Ibidem, vol.7, f. 140; 159. 120�'LUHF LD�JHQHUDO �7LPLü�D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH��IRQG�3UHIHFWXUD�7LPLü-Torontal, d. 93/1926, f.

7-8. 121 Vezi în acest sens Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Jugoslavia�� YRO����� I���� üL� fonduO�0LFD� ÍQ HOHJHUH,

vol.8, f. 181-182. 122�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL��IRQG�&DVD�5HJDO , d. 171/1932, f. 2-3. 123 Arhiva MAE, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 9, f. 239. 124 Ibidem, f. 268. 125 Ibidem, f. 303. 126 Monitorul Oficial, 25 septembrie 1937. 127� $UKLYHOH� 1D LRQDOH� %XFXUHüWL�� IRQGXO�0LQLVWHUXO� ,QGXVWULHL� üL� &RPHU XOXL�� 6HUYLFLXO� DWDüD L�

comerciali, d. 7/1937, f. 59. 128�/D�GHOLPLWDUHD�IURQWLHUHL�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�����GH�FRPXQH�DSDU LQkQG�FRPXQLW LL�GH�

avere a acestui Regiment au fost cuprinse în cadrul statului român. 129 5HYLVWD�,QVWLWXWXOXL�6RFLDO�%DQDW�&ULüDQD, ian-april. 1941, p. 124. 130 Monitorul Oficial, nr. 220, 25 septembrie 1933. 131�5HYLVWD�,QVWLWXWXOXL�6RFLDO�%DQDW�&ULüDQD��LDQ�-april. 1941, p. 124-125. 132 Ibidem, p. 125. 133 Ibidem, p. 126. 134 Ibidem, p. 127. 135 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol.49, f. 97. 136 Ibidem, f. 98. 137 Idem, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol.31, f. 238. 138 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, f. 97-98. 139 Ibidem. 140 Idem, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol.31, f. 238. 141 Ibidem. 142 Idem, IRQG�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 6, f. 197. 143 Ibidem, vol. 31, f. 238. 144 Ibidem, vol. 7, f. 207.

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145 Ibidem, vol. 31, f. 238. 146 Ibidem, vol. 9, f. 121. 147 Idem, vol. 31, f. 209. 148 Ibidem, f. 209. 149 Idem, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol.1, f. 282. 150 M. Vanku, 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�üL�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�,ugoslaviei, p. 64 151 Eliza Campus, 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH��%XFXUHüWL��(GLWXUD�ûWLLQ LILF ��������S� 77 152 M. Vanku, op.cit., p. 65 153 I. Saizu, Al. Tacu, (XURSD�HFRQRPLF �LQWHUEHOLF ��,DüL��,QVWLWXWXO�(XURSHDQ��������S� 172-173 154 Ilie Puia, 5HOD LLOH�HFRQRPLFH�DOH�5RPkQLHL�FX�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, în Revista de Istorie, tom 31, nr.

7, iulie 1978, p. 1146 155 Arhiva MAE, fond 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol.7, f. 200-201. 156 Eliza Campus, op.cit., p. 96. 157 Nicolae Titulescu, Documente diplomatice, p.409. Potrivit proiectului, statele danubiene HUDX� LQYLWDWH� V � DMXQJ � FkW� PDL� UHSHGH�� SULQ� QHJRFLHUL� GLUHFWH�� OD� DFRUGXUL� HFRQRPLFH�WDULIDUH�FRQIRUP�SXQFWXOXL�XQX��FX�REOLJD LD�GH�D� LQH�OD�FXUHQW�PDULOH�SXWHUL�FX�HYROX LD�acestor negocieri FDUH�FUHG�F �GH�VIDWXO�ORU�SRW�V �DLE �QHYRLH.

158 Ibidem, p. 405-406 159 Ibidem, p. 419-421 160 Ibidem, p. 426-427 161 Eliza Campus, ,GHHD�IHGHUDO �vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF ��%XFXUHüWL��(GLWXUD�$FDGHPLHL�5RPkQH��

1993, p. 97. 162 Arhiva MAE, fond�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, vol. 9, f. 269. 163 N. Titulescu, op.cit., p. 475 164 D. Saizu, Al. Tocu, op.cit., p. 174-175 165 Ibidem, p.175 166 Arhiva MAE, fond 71 Iugoslavia, vol. I, f. 393, 413. 167 Milan Vanku, op.cit., p. 94 168 I. Saizu, Al. Tocu, op.cit., p. 177. 169 M. Vanku, op.cit., p.137. 170 I. Saizu, Al. Tocu, op.cit., p. 177-192 171 I. Puia, RHOD LHL�HFRQRPLFH�DOH�5RPkQLHL�FX�0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH, în Revista de Istorie, Tom 31, nr. 7,

iulie 1978, p. 1152 172�$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH��IRQG�0LQLVWHUXO�,QGXVWULHL�üL�&RPHU XOXL��6HUYLFLXO�FRQYHQ LLORU�FRPHUFLDOH,

d. 13/1931-1935, f. 6 173 M. Vanku, op.cit., p.72 174 Eliza Campus, op.cit., p. 151-152 175 M. Vanku, op.cit., p. 139 176 Eliza Campus, ,GHHD� IHGHUDO � vQ� SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF , p. 111. IGHHD� FRODERU ULL� EDOFDQLFH� D�vQFHSXW�V �SULQG �FRQWXU�vQ�������YH]L�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�5HYLVWD�LVWRULF , nr.1-2, 1995, p. 44

177 I. Saizu, Al Tacu, op.cit., p. 193. 178�1��'DVF OX��&RQWULEX LD�5RPkQLHL� OD� HGLILFDUHD�VWUXFWXULL� HFRQRPLFH�DOH�$QWDQWHL Balcanice, în 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF , nr. 1-2, 1995, p. 48-49.

179 Ibidem, p. 50.

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180 Ibidem, p. 51-53. 181 Ibidem, p. 53-55. 182 Ibidem, p. 57. 183 Ibidem, p. 57-58. 184 Idem, în 5HYLVWD�,VWRULF , nr. 3-4, 1995, p. 329-331. 185 Ibidem, p. 331-332. 186 Ibidem, p. 334-335. 187 Ibidem, p. 341. 188 Ibidem, p. 338. 189 Ibidem, p. 329-331. 190� 'HVSUH� DFWLYLWDWHD� DFHVWRU� E QFL�� YH]L� 9�0�� ,RDFKLP�� % QFLOH� GH� HPLVLXQH� üL� FRODERUare HFRQRPLF �vQ�%DOFDQL, în $QDOHOH�HFRQRPLFH�üL�VWDWLVWLFH, XVIII, 1935, nr. 7-9, p. 218-228.

191�1��'DVF OX��vQ�5HYLVWD�,VWRULF , nr. 3-4, 1995, p. 336. 192 Ibidem, p. 337. 193 Ibidem, p. 339-340. 194 M. Vanku, op.cit, p. 67-68.

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CONCLUZII /D� VIküLWXO�SULPXOXL� U ]ERL�PRQGLDO� UHOD LLOH� GLSORPDWLFH� URPkQR-

iugoslave au intrat într -R�HWDS �QRX ��GDWRULW �PRGLILF ULORU�JHR-politice care s-DX� SURGXV� vQ� (XURSD� vQ� JHQHUDO� üL� vQ� VXG-estul continentului în special. Atât România, prin XQLUHD� FX� %DVDUDELD�� %XFRYLQD� üL�7UDQVLOYDQLD��FkW�üL�6HUELD��SULQ�XQLUHD�FX�&URD LD�üL�6ORYHQLD��DX�GHYHQLW�VWDWH�PDL�PDUL�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�WHULWRULDO�� FX�XQ�SRWHQ LDO�HFRQRPLF�VXSHULRU�FHOXL�GH�SkQ �DWXQFL�

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În 1938 Belgradul a acceptat Anschluss-ul, premierul iugoslav fiind FRQYLQV�F �+LWOHU�QX�YD�PHUJH�PDL�GHSDUWH�GH�IURQWLHUD�IRVWei Austrii, orice încercare de acest gen ducând la crearea unui bloc anti-JHUPDQ�DOF WXLW�GH�F WUH� ,WDOLD�� )UDQ D�� $QJOLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD�� 'HVI üXUDUHD� XOWHULRDU � D�evenimentelor a demonstrat nerealismul acestei gândiri diplomatice.

În timpul crizei cehoslovace, guvernul iugoslav a adoptat o atitudine DPELJX �� GLQ� FDUH� D� UHLHüLW� vQV � FODU� F � QX� HUD� GLVSXV� V -üL� UHVSHFWH�REOLJD LLOH�PLOLWDUH�ID �GH�DOLDWXO�V X��QHGRULQG�vQ�QLFL�XQ�FD]�V �LQWUH�vQWU-

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XQ� FRQIOLFW� FX� *HUPDQLD�� ÍQ� XUPD� GH]PHPEU ULL� &HKRVORYDFLHL�� atât 5RPkQLD�� FkW� üL� ,XJRVODYLD� DX� SLHUGXW� SH� XQXO� GLQWUH� FHL� PDL� LPSRUWDQ L�DOLD L�DL�ORU��0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH�vQFHWkQG�V �PDL�H[LVWH�

'DWRULW � RIHQVLYHL� JHUPDQH� VSUH� VXG-estul Europei, România a fost QHYRLW ��OD�vQFHSXWXO�DQXOXL�������V �vQFKHLH�XQ�WUDWDW economic cu Germania. În DFHODüL� WLPS�� GLSORPD LD� URPkQHDVF � D� XUP ULW� UHDOL]DUHD� XQXL� QRX� WUDWDW� FX�,XJRVODYLD��FDUH�V �SUHYDG �FODX]H�SUHFLVH�GH�FRODERUDUH�vQ�FD]XO�XQRU�DJUHVLXQL�PDJKLDUH�VDX�EXOJDUH��7HQGLQ HOH�OXL�6WRMDGLQRYLF�GH�D�QX�FRPSURPLWH�HIRUturile VDOH� GH� GHVWLQGHUH� üL� GH� vQ HOHJHUH� FX� %XJDULD� üL� FX� 8QJDULD� DX� vPSLHGLFDW�UHDOL]DUHD�DFHVWXL�DFRUG��ÍQ�SOXV�JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�QX�D�PDL�GRULW�V �vüL�DVXPH�QRL�DQJDMDPHQWH�QLFL�vQ�FDGUXO�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�üL�D�SULPLW�FX�UH]HUYH�DFRUGXO�anglo-franco-WXUF�GH�WHDPD�XQRU�UHDF LL�QHJDWLYH�GLQ�SDUWHD�*HUPDQLHL�üL�,WDOLHL��1LFL� LQL LDWLYD� URPkQHDVF � GLQ� WRDPQD� DQXOXL� ����� GH� FRQVWLWXLUH� D� EORFXOXL�QHXWULORU�QX�D�IRVW�SULPLW �FX�prea mult entuziasm la Belgrad.

ÍQ� FXUVXO� DQXOXL� ����� SROLWLFD� UHYL]LRQLVW �PDJKLDU � üL� EXOJDU � ID �GH�statele din sud-estul Europei s-D�LQWHQVLILFDW��ÍQFHUF ULOH�%XGDSHVWHL�GH�D�L]ROD�5RPkQLD� SULQ� vQFKHLHUHD� XQXL� DFRUG� VHSDUDW� FX� ,XJRVODYLD� DX� HüXDW� �DOLDQ D�româno-LXJRVODY � D� IXQF LRQDW� vQ� JHQHUDO� ELQH� vQ� DFHDVW � VLWXD LH��� GDU� la VIkUüLWXO� DQXOXL� ����� üL� vQFHSXWXO� DQXOXL� ����� JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� üL-D� vQWH LW�HIRUWXULOH� vQ�YHGHUHD�QRUPDOL] ULL� UHOD LLORU�GLQWUH� VWDWHOH� ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH�SH�GH�R�SDUWH�üL�%XOJDULD�üL�8QJDULD�SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH��%HOJUDGXO�VXV LQHD�F �SULQ�realizarea�DFHVWXL�GH]LGHUDW�UHJLXQHD�GHYHQHD�VWDELO ��VROLFLWkQG�DOLD LORU�V L�V �DFFHSWH� FKLDU� üL� VDFULILFLL� WHULWRULDOH� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV�� %XFXUHüWLXO� D� UHVSLQV�SURSXQHUHD�GHRDUHFH� VDFULILFLLOH� XUPDX� V � ILH� I FXWH�GRDU�GH� F WUH�5RPkQLD��guvernul iugoslav neacceptând V �FHGH]H�QLFL�R�SRU LXQH�GLQ�WHULWRULXO� ULL�

România nu a primit nici un sprijin din partea Iugoslaviei în momentul în care U.R.S.S.-ul a adresat ultimatumul din 27 iunie 1940.

Potrivit tratatului bilateral româno-iugoslav, Belgradul nu era angajat aO WXUL� GH� 5RPkQLD� vQ� FD]XO� XQXL� DWDF� VRYLHWLF� DVXSUD� DFHVWHLD�� vQ� SOXV��JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� QX� GRUHD� V � ILH� LPSOLFDW� vQ� FRQIOLFWXO� URPkQR-sovietic deoarece el lua tot mai mult în calcul ipoteza apropierii de Moscova pentru D�FRQWUDEDODQVD�SUHVLXQHD�LWDOLDQ �

'DU� DOLDQ D� URPkQR-LXJRVODY � QX� D� IXQF LRQDW� QLFL� OD� VIkUüLWXO� OXQLL�DXJXVW�������,XJRVODYLD�QHGRULQG�V �ILH�DQWUHQDW �vQWU-un conflict armat.

Desigur Belgradul a urm ULW� vQFHSkQG�FX�DQXO������V �SURPRYH]H�R�SROLWLF � GH� HFKLOLEUX� SULQ�PHQ LQHUHD� XQRU� UHOD LL� GLSORPDWLFH� QRUPDOH� FX�*HUPDQLD�üL�,WDOLD�SH�GH�R�SDUWH��üL�FX�)UDQ D�üL�$QJOLD�SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH��ÍQ�

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287

momentul izbucnirii celui de-DO�GRLOHD�U ]ERL�PRQGLDO��JXYHUQXO�LXJRVODY�D�SURPRYDW�R�SROLWLF �FDUH�XUP UHD�PHQ LQHUHD�QHXWUDOLW LL�FX�RULFH�SUH ��ÍQ�RSLQLD� %HOJUDGXOXL� DFHDVW � RULHQWDUH� HUD� VLQJXUD� FDUH� SXWHD� DVLJXUD�LQWHJULWDWHD�WHULWRULDO �D�VWDWXOXL�LXJRVODY��$ILUPD LD�ORU�S UHD�FRUHFW �vQ�ID D�evenimentelor care s-DX� SHWUHFXW� vQ� DFHL� DQL� üL� FDUH� DX� GXV� OD� SU EXüLUHD�VLVWHPXOXL� GH� DOLDQ H�� I XULW� WRFPDL�SHQWUX�PHQ LQHUHD�S FLL� SH� FRQWLQHQW��Din acest punct de vedere oamenii politici iugoslavi care au promovat DFHDVW �SROLWLF �H[WHUQ �QX�SRW�IL�FRQGDPQD L�

România, începand din 1936, a îQFHUFDW� V -üL� QRUPDOL]H]H� UHOD LLOH� FX�*HUPDQLD�� 3H� P VXU � FH� VLWXD LD� LQWHUQD LRQDO � V-D� DJUDYDW� %XFXUHütiul a devHQLW� WRW�PDL� UH]HUYDW� vQ� SULYLQ D� SDUWLFLS rii la proiectele de realizare a XQRU�DOLDQ H�FDUH�V � vmpiedice oprirea expansiunii germane (de teama unei UHDF ii negDWLYH�GLQ�SDUWHD�OXL�+LWOHU���F XWDQG�FRQFRPLWHQW�V �RE LQ �JDUDQ ii teritoriale din partea BerOLQXOXL��2GDW cu izbucnirea celui de-DO�GRLOHD�U zboi mondial RomâQLD�D�DOHV�FDOHD�QHXWUDOLW LL�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �WDEHUH�EHOLJHUDQWH��VIkUüLQG��vQ�FRQGL LLOH�vQIUkQJHULL�)UDQ HL��vQ�Pkinile Axei.

Nedorind s � VH�PDL� vQFDGUH]H� VWULFW� vQ� VLVWHPXO� GH� DOLDQ H� GLQ� FDUH�I FHD�SDUWH��,XJRVODYLD�D�FRQWULEXLW�OD�VO ELUHD�üL�FKLDU�OD�SU EXüLUHD�DFHVWHLD��&UHGHP� F � DFHDVW � VLWXD LH� SXWHD� IL� HYLWDW � GDF GLSORPD LD� URPkQ � DU� IL�intervenit ferm în momentul în care BelgradXO�D�vQF OFDW�SHnWUX�SULPD�GDW �REOLJD LLOH� SUHY ]XWH� vQ� WUDWDWH� ������ FkQG� JXYHUQXO� LXJRVODY� D� vQFKHLDW�DFRUGXUL� FX� %XOJDULD� üL� ,WDOLD��� 1HDGRSWDUHD� XQHL� DVWIHO� GH� DWLWXGLQL� D�FRQWULEXLW�OD�HüHFXO�DOLDQ HL�GLQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�

5HOD LLOH� SH� SODQ� PLOLWDU româno-iugoslave au fost întemeiate pe SUHYHGHULOH� WUDWDWXOXL� PLOLWDU� GLQ� ������ SUHFXP� üL� D� DFRUGXULORU� UHDOL]DWH� vQ�FDGUXO�0LFLL�ÍQ HOHJHUL�üL�D�ÍQ HOHJHULL�%DOFDQLFH��ÍQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF �DX�IRVW�UHDOL]DWH�PDL�PXOWH�DF LXQL�GH�FRODERUDUH�PLOLWDU ��LDr în ultimii ani de pace cele GRX �JXYHUQH�üL-DX�DFRUGDW�vQOHVQLUL�UHFLSURFH�vQ�YHGHUHD�vQ]HVWU ULL�FHORU�GRX �DUPDWH�FX�WHKQLFD�GH�OXSW �GH�FDUH�DFHVWHD�DYHDX�QHYRLH�

'HVLJXU�� QRXD� SROLWLF � GH� OD� %HOJUDG� GH� GXS � ����� D� vPSLHGLFDW�UHDOL]DUHD�XQHL�FRODERU UL�PLOLWDUH�PDL�HILFLHQWH�vQWUH�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�

/D� VIkUüLWXO� GHFHQLXOXL� SDWUX�� DXWRULW LOH� LXJRVODYH� FRPSHWHQWH� DX�SURSXV� UHDOL]DUHD� XQXL� DFRUG� GH� FRODERUDUH� vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � PLQLVWHUH� GH�interne. Au avut loc contacte în acest sens, realizându-VH�FKLDU�üL�RSHUD LXQL�FRPXQH��vQ�YHGHUHD�DQLKLO ULL�XQRU�DF LXQL�OHJLRQDUH�FDUH�SXQHDX�vQ�SHULFRO�VLJXUDQ D� QD LRQDO � D� 5RPkQLHL�� ,]EXFQLUHD� FHOXL� GH-DO� GRLOHD� U ]ERL�PRQGLDO�D�vPSLHGLFDW�R�FRODERUDUH�PDL�EXQ �vQ�DFHVW�GRPHQLX�

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/HJ WXULOH� FXOWXUDOH�GLQWUH�5RPkQLD� üi Iugoslavia s-au manifestat în SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF �SH�PDL�PXOWH�SODQXUL�

&HOH� GRX � üFROL� LVWRULRJUDILFH� DX� FRQWLQXDW� R� WUDGL LH� H[LVWHQW � vQ�HSRFD�PRGHUQ �� ,QWHUIHUHQ HOH� LVWRULFH� URPkQR-iugoslave au fost analizate GH�F WUH�LVWRULFL�GH�PDUF �GLQ�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH�FD -RYDQ�5RGRQLþ��$OHNVD�,YLþ��1LFRODH� ,RUJD�� *K�� %U WLDQX�� HWF�� ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� LVWRULFL� LXJRVODYL� DX� IRVW�LQYLWD L� vQ� 5RPkQLD� V � LQ � FRQIHULQ H�� LDU� LVWRULFL� URPkQL� V-au aflat în ,XJRVODYLD���,RYD�5RQLþ��3��3��3DQDLWHVFX��1��,RUJD��

În domeniul lingvistic avem de-D� IDFH� FX� SUHRFXS UL� FRPXQH� SULYLQG�HYROX LD�OLQJYLVWLF �D�FHORU�GRX �SRSRDUH��SUHFXP�üL FRQWULEX LD�OLPELL�iugoslave OD�SO VPXLUHD VXEVWUDWXOXL�VODY�GLQ�FDGUXO�OLPELL�URPkQH��/LQJYLüWL�GH�SUHVWLJLX�GLQ� DPEHOH� UL� �3�� 3DSDKDJL�� *K�� 1DQGULü�� 1�� 'U JDQ�� 6�� 3XüFDULX�� 3�� 6NRN��6WDQRMHYLþ��HWF���V-DX�DSOHFDW�DVXSUD�VWXGLHULL�DFHVWHL�SUREOHPH��DQDOL]D�OXFU ULORU�ORU�GRYHGLQG�R�EXQ �FXQRDüWHUH�UHFLSURF �D�SUHRFXS ULORU�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�

Au fost realizate traduceri ale unor opere din ambele literaturi, SUHFXP� üL� VWXGLL� WHRUHWLFH� SULYLQG� OLWHUDWXUD� LXJRVODY �� ÍQ� DFHODüL� WLPS� DX�DS UXW� F U L� GH� UHSRUWDMH� GHVSUH� ,XJRVODYLD�� UHPDUFkQGX-se în special lucrarea lui Nicolae Iorga ÍQ� 6HUELD� GH� GXS � U ]ERL� vQ� FDUH� HVWH� UHDOL]DW � R�H[FHOHQW � SUH]HQWDUH� LVWRULF �� IROFORULF �� PHQWDO � D� SURYLQFLLORU� 5HJDWXOXL�Sârbo-Croato-Sloven.

3UHRFXS UL�DX�H[LVWDW�üL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�IROFORULF��VSHFLDOLüWL�GLQ�FHOH�GRX �VWDWH� VWXGLLQG� HOHPHQWHOH� FRPXQH� DOH� RELFHLXULORU� üL� GDWLQLORU� FHORU� GRX �SRSRDUH��ÍQWkOQLP�OXFU UL�SULYLQG�WUDGL LLOH�URPkQLORU�FH�ORFXLDX�vQ�GLYHUVH�zone ale Iugoslaviei.

3HULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � V-a remarcat prin numeroase turnee ale unor prestigioase coruri iugoslave în România, care la rândul lor au invitat forPD LL�üL�FRUXUL�LXJRVODYH�V �VXV LQ �FRQFHUWH�vQ�,XJRVODYLD����

Mass-PHGLD�GLQ�DPEHOH�VWDWH�D�FRQWULEXLW�OD�R�FXQRDüWHUH�PDL�EXQ �D�FHORU� GRX � SRSRDUH�� (YHQLPHQWHOH�PDL� LPSRUWDQWH� GLQ� LVWRULD� FHORU� GRX �VWDWH�DX�IRVW�VFRDVH�vQ�HYLGHQ �GH�F WUH�SRVWXULOH�GH�UDGLR�üL�GH�SULQFLSDOHOH�]LDUH�üL�UHYLVWH�GLQ�FHOH�GRX � UL�

ÍQ�GHFHQLXO�SDWUX�QHFHVLWDWHD�LQWHQVLILF ULL�UHOD LLORU�FXOWXUDOH�URPkQR-LXJRVODYH� D� FRQVWLWXLW� R� SUHRFXSDUH� PDMRU � D� RDPHQLORU� GH� FXOWXU � GLQ�,XJRVODYLD�� vQ� VSHFLDO��$FHüWLD� DX� FRQVLGHUDW� F � vQWUH� FHOH�GRX � UL� YHFLQH�FRQWDFWHOH�FXOWXUDOH�HUDX�H[WUHP�GH�UHGXVH��ÍQ�DFHVW�FRQWH[W�D�DS UXW�LGHHD�vQILLQ ULL� XQRU� DVRFLD LL� FXOWXUDOH� URPkQR-iugoslave. Un prim rezultat l-a FRQVWLWXLW�´$VRFLD LD�XQLYHUVLWDU �URPkQR-LXJRVODY µ��XUPDW �GH�´$VRFLD LD�

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iugoslavo-URPkQ µ�� FDUH� D� GHVI üXUDW� R� SURSDJDQG � HILFLHQW � SHQWUX�FXQRDüWHUHD�5RPkQLHL� vQ� ,XJRVODYLD��'LQ�S FDWH�DXWRULW LOH� URPkQH nu au IRVW�SUHD�UHFHSWLYH� OD�DFHVWH�YDORURDVH�SURSXQHUL�DOH�RDPHQLORU�GH�FXOWXU �din Iugoslavia.

6SUH� VIkUüLWXO� GHFHQLXOXL� al patrulea au fost depuse eforturi pentru LQWHQVLILFDUHD�OHJ WXULORU�GLQWUH�VWXGHQ LL�URPkQL�üL� LXJRVODYL��FDUH� vQ�PDUH�SDUWH� DX� IRVW� VSRUDGLFH� vQ�SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF �� 6H�SURSXQHD� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV�SUHJ WLUHD�PLQX LRDV �D�XQRU�H[FXUVLL�UHFLSURFH��SUHFXP�üL�R colaborare la nLYHO� GH� DVRFLD LL� VWXGHQ HüWL� �VH� PDL� XUP UHD� DFHODüL� OXFUX� üL� OD� QLYHOXO�RUJDQL]D LLORU� GH� WLQHUHW� H[LVWHQWH� vQ� FHOH� GRX � VWDWH��� 'HVLJXU�� VLWXD LD�LQWHUQD LRQDO ��DSRL�U ]ERLXO��DX�vPSLHGLFDW�WRDWH�DFHVWH�SURLHFWH�FXOWXUDOH�

În perioada iQWHUEHOLF � DXWRULW LOH� FHORU� GRX � VWDWH� DX� WUHEXLW� V �VROX LRQH]H� R� VHULH� GH� SUREOHPH� FXOWXUDOH� üL� VSLULWXDOH� ULGLFDWH� GH� F WUH�SRSXOD LD� PLQRULWDU � URPkQ � GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD� üL�� UHVSHFWLY� SRSXOD LD�PLQRULWDU � iugoslav � GLQ� 5RPkQLD�� 8QD� GLQWUH� SUREOHPHOH� FHOH mai controversate a fost cea a statutului Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Banatul LXJRVODY� üL� GLQ�0DFHGRQLD�� SUHFXP� üL� FHD� D� VWDWXWXOXL� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H�6kUEH� GLQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF�� %LVHULFD� RUWRGR[ � URPkQ � GLQ� %DQDWXO�LXJRVODY��DIODW �vQ������VXE�MXULVGLF LD�ELVHULFHDVF �D�(SLVFRSLLORU�$UDGXOXL�üL� &DUDQVHEHüXOXL�� D� WUDYHUVDW� vQ� SULPLL� DQL� LQWHUEHOLFL� R� VLWXD LH� FULWLF �GDWRULW � H[SURSULHULORU� HIHFWXDWH� GH� F WUH� VWDWXO� LXJRVODY�� SUHFXP� üL� D�H[SXO] ULL�GH�SUHR L�URPkQL�SH�PRWLYXO�F �SURSDJDX�LGHL�DQWLVWDWDOH, etc. În 0DFHGRQLD� DXWRULW LOH� ELVHULFHüWL� iugoslave s-au amestecat în treburile DGPLQLVWUDWLYH� DOH� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH�� &RQIRUP� vQ HOHJHULL� GLQWUH�7DNH�,RQHVFX�üL�1LFRODH�3DåLþ��FKHVWLXQHD�ELVHULFHDVF �WUHEXLD�UH]ROYDW �SH�baza principiului reciprRFLW LL�

$WkW�DXWRULW LOH�HFOH]LDVWLFH�FkW�üL�FHOH�JXYHUQDPHQWDOH�URPkQHüWL�DX�XUP ULW� vQILLQ DUHD� XQXL� YLFDULDW�� UHVSHFWLY� D� XQHL� HSLVFRSLL� URPkQH� vQ�%DQDWXO� LXJRVODY� FDUH� V � GHSLQG � GH� %LVHULFD� 2UWRGR[ � 6kUE � GRDU� vQ�SULYLQ D� SUREOHPHORU� VSLULWXDOH�� $FHDVW � FHUHUH� HUD� vQWHPHLDW � SH� GUHSWXO�istoric al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române din Banat, ea existând aici înainte de venirea iugoslavLORU�� SUHFXP� üL� SH� SUHYHGHULORU� 7UDWDWXOXL� GH� 3DFH� GH� OD�3DULV�� %XFXUHüWLXO� PDL� VROLFLWD� FD� YLFDUXO� VDX� HSLVFRSXO� DIODW� vQ� IUuntea %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODY� V � DLE � GUHSWXO� GH� D�KLURWRQLVL�SUHR LL�URPkQL�GH�DLFL�

3DUWHD� LXJRVODY � D� UHVSLQV� FHUHULOH� URPkQHüWL�� DU WkQG� F �QX�SXWHDu H[LVWD�SH� WHULWRULXO� VWDWXOXL� LXJRVODY�GRX �ELVHULFL� RUWRGR[H��%HOJUDGXO� HUD�

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diVSXV� V � DFRUGH�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[H�5RPkQH�GLQ�%DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�R� ODUJ �DXWRQRPLH� FX� FRQGL LD� FD� DFHDVWD� V � VH� DIOH� VXE� MXULVGLF LD� XQXL� HSLVFRS�iugoslav�� 7RWRGDW �� YLFDUXO� QX� WUHEXLD� V � ILH� DUKLHUHX� üL� QX� L� VH� DGPLWHD�GUHSWXO�GH�D�KLURWRQLVL�SUHR L��$FHDVW �FDOLWDWH�XUPD�V �R�GH LQ �HSLVFRSXO�iugoslav�GH�OD�9UåDF��F UXLD�YLFDUXO�URPkQ�vL�HUD�FX�WRWXO�VXERUGRQDW�

$XWRULW LOH� ELVHULFHüWL� URPkQH� DX� DGXV� vQ� GLVFX LH� DOWH� SURSXQHUL� FDUH�SUHYHGHDX� KLURWRQLVLUHD� SUHR LORU� GH� F WUH� HSLVFRSXO� GH� &DUDQVHEHü�� LDU� vQ�pULYLQ D�VXERUGRQ ULL�YLFDUXOXL�DUKLHUHX�URPkQ�VH�DYHD�vQ�YHGHUH�FD�DFHVWD�V �ILH�VXSXV�GRDU�vQ�SUREOHPH�VSLULWXDOH�üL�GLVFLSOLQDUH�6IkQWXOXL�6LQRG�GH�OD�%HOJUDG�

8Q�SURLHFW�PDL� UDGLFDO�SUHYHGHD�FD�URPkQLL�GLQ�%DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�V �DLE �GUHSWXO�GH�D-üL�DOHJH�XQ�&RQVLVWRU�üL�GH�D-üL�RUJDQL]D�XQ�6LQRG�HSDUKLDO�vQ� FRQIRUPLWDWH� FX� GLVSR]L LLOH� 6WDWXWXOXL� üL� 5HJXODPHQWXOXL� FH� HUD� vQ�YLJRDUH�SHQWUX�%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �5RPkQ �GLQ�7UDQVLOYDQLD�SkQ � vQ� ������)LHFDUH� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX � ELVHULFL� XUPDX� V � VH� DIOH� VXE� DXWRULWDtea unui episcop, care, în problemele spirituale, dogmatice, disciplinare, era subordonat Sfântului Sinod al locului.

ÍQ� GHFHQLXO� DO� SDWUXOHD� D� DS UXW� üL� IRUPXOD� ´6LQRGXOXL� PL[Wµ�� FHOH�GRX �S U L�DMXQJkQG�OD�vQFKHLHUHD�XQHL�vQ HOHJHUL��FDUH�GLQ�S FDWH�QX�D fost SXV �vQ�SUDFWLF �

'HVLJXU�� SUREOHPD� vQILLQ ULL� XQXL� YLFDULDW� HSLVFRSDO la Vršac a SURYRFDW�QXPHURDVH�GLVFX LL��0LQLVWUXO�GH�H[WHUQH�LXJRVODY��-HYWLþ��VXEOLQLD�F �SHQWUX�D�se HYLWD�FUHDUHD�XQXL�SUHFHGHQW�SHULFXORV��FRPSHWHQ D�VSLULWXDO �a Bisericii OUWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODY� WUHEXLD� OLPLWDW � GH�VXYHUDQLWDWHD� VWDWXOXL�� ([LVWHQ D�XQHL� HSLVFRSLL� VWU LQH�QX� HUD� DJUHDW �QLFL�GH�IDFWRULL�SROLWLFL�GH�OD�%XFXUHüWL��DVWIHO�GH�UHYHQGLFDUH�SXWkQG�IL�VROLFLWDW �üL�GH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�DOWRU�PLQRULW L�QD LRQDOH��PDJKLDUL��UXüL��

%XFXUHüWLXO� D� DFX]DW� %HOJUDGXO� F � QX� GRUHD� V � VROX LRQH]H� SUREOHPD�ELVHULFHDVF �� SDUWHD� URPkQ � VXEOLQLLQG� üL� IDSWXO� F � SULQ� VHSDUDUHD� FKHVWLXQLL�ELVHULFHüWL� GH� FHD� üFRODU � DXWRULW LOH� LXJRVODYH� XUP UHDX� UXSHUHD� OHJ WXULL�WUDGL LRQDOH� GLQWUH� ELVHULF � üL� üFRDO �� DüD� FXP� HUD� SUHY ]XW � HD� vQ� VWDWXWXO�üDJXQLDQ��'HVLJXU�DFHDVW �XOWLP �DFX]D LH�SRDWH� IL�FRPE WXW �SULQ� LQYRFDUHD�SULQFLSLXOXL�PRGHUQ�FDUH�SUHYHGHD�VHSDUD LD�vQY PkQWXOXL�GH�ELVHULF �

2ULFXP� WUHEXLH� V � FRQVWDW P�F �SULQFLSLXO� UHFLSURFLW LL� FDUH� WUHEXLD�V � VWHD� OD� ED]D� UH]ROY ULL� DFHVWHL� SUREOHPH� QX� D� D� IXQF LRQDW�� %LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �6kUE �GLQ�%DQDWXO�URPkQHVF�DYkQG�XQ�YLFDULDW�OD�7LPLüRDUD�FDUH�se bucura de numeroase drepturi (Vicariatul român de la Belgrad a luat ILLQ �vQ�DQii 70).

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(VWH� GH� DVHPHQHD� HYLGHQW� F � GLSORPD LD� URPkQHDVF � QX� D� UHXüLW� vQ�SHULRDGD� LQWHUEHOLF � V � UH]ROYH� VWDWXWXO� %LVHULFLL� 2UWRGR[H� 5RPkQH� GLQ�Banatul iugoslav.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�0DFHGRQLHL�OXFUXULOH�HUDX�PXOW�PDL�FRPSOLFDWH��FHOH�GRX �S U L�KRW UkQG�V �WUHDF �la rezolvarea chestiunii Bisericii Ortodoxe Române GH� DLFL� GXS � FH� DX� vQFKHLDW� R� FRQYHQ LH� SULYLWRDUH� OD� FHOH� GRX � S U L� DOH�%DQDWXOXL�� ÍQ� DFHVWH� FRQGL LL� OD� VIkUüLWXO� DQLORU� ��� V-DX� S VWUDW� SX LQH�O FDüXUL�GH�FXOW�FDUH�RGDW �DX�DSDU LQXW�%LVHULFLL�2UWRGR[e Române.

ÍQ�FLXGD�DFHVWRU�SUREOHPH�GLYHUJHQWH��FHOH�GRX �ELVHULFL�DX�F XWDW�V �FRODERUH]H� vQ� GLYHUVH� SUREOHPH� GH� LQWHUHV� FRPXQ�� VDX� V � PHGLH]H�rezolvarea unor conflicte existente între alte biserici surori.

7RWRGDW �DX�H[LVWDW�FRQWDFWH�vQWUH�UHSUH]HQWDQ LL�FHORU�GRX �ELVHULFL�SH�SDUFXUVXO� GHVI üXU ULL� YL]LWHORU� FDQRQLFH� vQWUHSULQVH� GH� HSLVFRSLL� URPkQL�GLQ� $UDG� üL� &DUDQVHEHü� vQ� %DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�� SUHFXP� üL� DOH� HSLVFRSLORU�iugoslavi în Banatul românesc.

1LFL�VLWXD LD�üFROLORU�URPkQHüWL�GLQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY�üL Macedonia nu D� IRVW� PDL� EXQ �� ûFROLOH� FRQIHVLRQDOH� URPkQHüWL� DX� GHYHQLW� üFROL� GH� VWDW��vQY WRULL� URPkQL� DX� IRVW� REOLJD L� V � vQYH H� OLPED� iugoslav � üL� V � VXV LQ �H[DPHQH� GH� OLPE �� OLWHUDWXU � üL� LVWRULH� iugoslav �� ÍQY PkQWXO� URPkQHVF�din Banatul iugoslaY�VH�FRQIUXQWD�üL�FX�R�OLSV �DFXW �GH�PDQXDOH�üFRODUH��ÍQ�ID D�DFHVWHL�VLWXD LL�IRDUWH�PXO L�vQY WRUL�V-au refugiat în România.

ÍQ�������7DNH�,RQHVFX�üL�1LNROD�3DåLþ�DX�VWDELOLW�vQFHSHUHD�QHJRFLHULORU�SHQWUX� UH]ROYDUHD� SUREOHPHL� üFROLORU� URPkQHüWL� GLQ� %Dnatul iugoslav, SUHFXP�üL�D�FHORU�URPkQHüWL�GLQ�%DQDWXO�URPkQHVF�SH�ED]D�GH�UHFLSURFLWDWH�

3DUWHD�URPkQ �D�VROLFLWDW�üFROL�FRQIHVLRQDOH�URPkQHüWL��vQILLQ DUHD�XQHL�VHF LL�URPkQH�FRQIHVLRQDOH�OD�XQ�JLPQD]LX�iugoslav din Banatul iugoslav, a XQHL�VHF LL�GH�SUHGDUH�vQ�OLPED�URPkQ �OD�R�üFRDO �QRUPDO �iugoslav �

%HOJUDGXO� D� UHIX]DW� GH� OD� vQFHSXW� LGHHD� üFROLORU� FRQIHVLRQDOH�URPkQHüWL��GHWHUPLQkQG�DXWRULW LOH�URPkQH�V �SURSXQ �vQILLQ DUHD�GH�üFROL�SULPDUH� URPkQHüWL� ODLFH�� DOF WXLUHD� XQXL� FRPLWHW� JHQHUDO� üFRODU� URmânesc FDUH�DYHD�PHQLUHD�V �VXSUDYHJKH]H�üL�V �FRQWUROH]H�DFHVWH�üFROL��SUHFXP�üL�V -i� UHFRPDQGH� SH� LQVWLWXWRUL�� 1�� 7LWXOHVFX� D� FRPE WXW� LGHHD� FRPLWHWXOXL�üFRODU�URPkQHVF��DU WkQG�F �SULQ�DFHVW�RUJDQLVP�DOWH�JXYHUQH�SXWHDX�V �VH�amestece în treburile interQH� DOH� 5RPkQLHL� �vQ� ED]D� DSOLF ULL� SULQFLSLXOXL�UHFLSURFLW LL��

$XWRULW LOH� LXJRVODYH� DX� PDL� SURSXV� vQILLQ DUHD� GH� üFROL� SULPDUH�SDUWLFXODUH�� FRQGXVH� üL� vQWUH LQXWH� GH� F WUH� FRPXQLWDWHD� URPkQ � UHVSHFWLY ��

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%XFXUHüWLXO�D�FHUXW�FD�DFHVWH�üFROL�V �ILH�VXEYHQ LRQDWH�GH�VWDWXO�LXJRVODY��SH�ED] �de reciprocitate, conform prevederilor tratatului de pace de la Saint Germain.

'XS � FH� FRQYHQ LLOH� üFRODUH� GLQ� ����� üL� ����� QX� DX� IRVW� SXVH� vQ�DSOLFDUH�� vQ������D� IRVW� VHPQDW �R�QRX � FRQYHQ LH� FDUH�SUHYHGHD� H[LVWHQ D�üFROLORU�GH�VWDW�DYkQG�OLPED�GH�SUHGDUH�URPkQ �üL��UHVSHFWLY�iugoslav ��LDU�GLQ� FODVD� D� WUHLD� XUPkQG� V � VH� SUHGHD� üL� OLPED� RILFLDO �� ,VWRULD�� JHRJUDILD�,XJRVODYLHL� XUPDX� V � VH� SUHGHD� vQ� OLPED� iugoslav �� UHVSHFWLY� vQ� OLPED�URPkQ ��ûFROLOH�SULPDUH�PLQRULWDUH�VH�vQILLQ DX�vQ�ORFDOLW LOH�vQ�FDUH�H[LVWDX�FHO� SX LQ� ��� GH� FRSLL� URPkQL�� UHVSHFWLY� iugoslavL�� ÍQ� SULYLQ D�PDQXDOHORU�üFRODUH�VH�DFFHSWD�DGXFHUHD�DFHVWRUD�GLQ�5RPkQLD��UHVSHFWLY�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��3kQ � OD� FRPSOHWDUHD� SRVWXULORU� YDFDQWH� GH� vQY WRUL� VH� SHUPLWHa venirea vQY WRULORU� FRQWUDFWXDOL� GLQ� 5RPkQLD�� UHVSHFWLY� ,XJRVODYLD�� ûFROLOH�SULPDUH�PLQRULWDUH�XUPDX�V -üL�GHVI üRDUH�DFWLYLWDWHD�VXE�FRQWUROXO�GLUHFW�DO�VWDWXOXL�UHVSHFWLY��&RQYHQ LD�PDL�SUHYHGHD�FRQGL LLOH�vQ�FDUH�XUPDX�V �VH�SUHJ WHDVF �vQY WRULL�GLQ�FHOH�GRX �S U L�DOH�%DQDWXOXL�

'HüL� DX� PDL� H[LVWDW� GLQ� SDUWHD� DPEHORU� S U L� XQHOH� QHPXO XPLUL�SULYLQG� SXQHUHD� vQ� SUDFWLF � D� FRQYHQ LHL� üFRODUH� �vQ� %DQDWXO� URPkQHVF� vQ�VSHFLDO�vQ�]RQD�&OLVXULL�'XQ ULL���UHDOL]DUHD�DFHVWXL�DFRUG��SUHFXP�üL�YHQLUHD�vQY torilor contractuali români în Banatul iugoslav a determinat vPEXQ W LUHD�vQY PkQWXOXL�URPkQHVF�GLQ�DFHDVW �SURYLQFLH�LXJRVODY �

$XWRULW LOH�URPkQHüWL�DX�XUP ULW�vQ�SHULRDGD�LQWHUEHOLF �UHFXSHUDUHD�valorilor culturale care au fost ridicate din Banat în� DQXO� ����� GH� F WUH�WUXSHOH�GH�RFXSD LH�iugoslave.

&X�SULOHMXO� YL]LWHL� HIHFWXDWH� OD� %HOJUDG� GH� F WUH�1LFRODH� 7LWXOHVFX� OD�VIkUüLWXO�DQXOXL�������V-D�KRW UkW�HIHFWXDUHD�XQRU�GHPHUVXUL�FRPXQH�SHQWUX�J VLUHD� üL� DGXFHUHD� vQ� DU � D�SLHVHORU� FDUH�DSDU LQHDX� FROHF LLORU�0X]HXOXL�%DQDWXOXL� GLQ� 7LPLüRDUD�� SUHFXP� üL� D� IRQGXOXL� DUKLYLVWLF� FDUH� D� IRVW�transportat pe teritoriul statului vecin.

'HPHUVXULOH� vQWUHSULQVH� GH� F WUH� GLUHFWRUXO�Muzeului Banatului din 7LPLüRDUD�� ,�� 0LORLD�� DX� U PDV� I U � QLFL� XQ� UH]XOWDW�� DVWIHO� vQFkW� DFHDVW �LPSRUWDQW � LQVWLWX LH� GH� FXOWXU � GLQ� %DQDW� D� U PDV� Y GXYLW � SHQWUX�totdeauna de numeroase piese valorose.

ÍQ�SULYLQ D�IRQGXOXL�DUKLYLVWLF��R�SDUWH�D�DFHVWXLD�D�UHYHQLW�vQ�5RPkQLD�în a doua parte a deceniului patru.

În perioada pe care o anali] P�DX�H[LVWDW�VWUkQVH�OHJ WXUL�FXOWXUDOH�vQWUH�LQVWLWX LLOH�üL�RDPHQLL�GH�FXOWXU �GLQ�5RPkQLD�üL�URPkQLL�GLQ�%DQDWXO�LXJRVODY��7RWRGDW �DXWRULW LOH�URPkQH�DX�VSULMLQLW�DFWLYLW LOH�FXOWXUDOH�DOH�URPkQLORU�GLQ�

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DFHDVW �SURYLQFLH��$VWIHO� vQ�FLXGD�XQRU�SLHGLFL�SXVH�GH�DXWRULW LOH� iugoslave, DX� IRVW� WULPLVH� F U L�SHQWUX� vQ]HVWUDUHD�ELEOLRWHFLORU� FRPXQDOH�GLQ� ORFDOLW LOH�URPkQHüWL�� 6RFLHWDWHD� FXOWXUDO � ´$VWUDµ� D� EHQHILFLDW� GH� VSULMLQXO� )XQGD LHL�5HJDOH� 5RPkQH�� LPSRUWDQWD� SXEOLFD LH� ´1 GHMGHDµ� D� SULPLW� VSULMLQ financiar GLQ� SDUWHD� XQRU� SHUVRQDOLW L� DOH� YLH LL� FXOWXUDOH� URPkQHüWL� SHQWUX� D� SXWHD�H[LVWD� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH��$X�DS UXW� vQ�5RPkQLD�R� VHULH�GH� OXFU UL�SULYLQG� LVWRULD�românilor din Banatul iugoslav, au fost efectuate studii sociologice privind VLWXD LD�HFRQRPLF ��VRFLDO �üL�FXOWXUDO �D�DFHVWRUD�

)RUPD LXQLOH� FRUDOH� �H[WUHP�GH�QXPHURDVH��GLQ�%DQDWXO� LXJRVODY�DX�întreprins turnee în România (în special în Banatul românesc), iar cele din 5RPkQLD� DX� IRVW� SUH]HQWH� vQ� ORFDOLW LOH� E Q HQH� GLQ� ,XJRVODYLD��'HVLJXU�aMXWRUXO�SH�FDUH�%XFXUHüWLXO�O-a acordat românilor din Banatul iugoslav nu s-D�ULGLFDW�OD�QLYHOXO�DüWHSWDW�GH�DFHüWLD�

/HJ WXUL� FXOWXUDOH� LQWHQVH� DX� H[LVWDW� üL� vQWUH� ,XJRVODYLD� üL� SRSXOD LD�iugoslav �GLQ�%DQDWXO� URPkQHVF��$XWRULW LOH� LXJRVODYH�DX�DFRUGDW�R serie GH�vQOHVQLUL�IRUPD LXQLORU�FRUDOH�üL�WHDWUDOH�FDUH�VH�GHSODVDX�vQ�5RPkQLD��/D�DQLYHUVDUHD�PDULORU�PRPHQWH�LVWRULFH�üL�UHOLJLRDVH�DX�SDUWLFLSDW�LPSRUWDQWH�FRUXUL�GLQ�,XJRVODYLD��7UHEXLH�V �VXEOLQLHP�üL�IDSWXO�F �SRSXOD LD�iugoslav �din Banatul româneVF� D� GHVI üXUDW� R� ERJDW � DFWLYLWDWH� FXOWXUDO �� H[LVWkQG�VRFLHW L�GH�OHFWXU ��QXPHURDVH�FRUXUL��WUXSH�GH�WHDWUX�GH�DPDWRUL��DVRFLD LL�IHPLQLQH�� 8Q� URO� LPSRUWDQW� vQ� GHVI üXUDUHD� YLH LL� FXOWXUDOH� iugoslave din România l-D�DYXW�%LVHULFD�2UWRGR[ �6kUE �GH�DLFL.

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'LQ�������vQ�FRQGL LLOH�vQU XW LULL�VLWXD LHL�LQWHUQD LRQDOH��VFKLPEXULOH�FRPHUFLDOH� GH�PDWHULL� SULPH� QHFHVDUH� FHORU� GRX � DUPDWH� V-au intensificat. ,XJRVODYLD�LPSRUWD�GLQ�5RPkQLD�SHWURO��EHQ]LQ ��HWF��üL�H[SRUWD�vQ�5RPkQLD�FXSUX� HOHFWUROLWLF�� 'HüL� WHUPHQHOH� IL[DWH� SHQWUX� OLYUDUHD� DFHVWRU� PDWHULL�primH� QX� DX� IRVW� vQWRWGHDXQD� UHVSHFWDWH�� FHOH� GRX � S U L� V-au achitat în EXQ � P VXU � GH� REOLJD LLOH� SH� FDUH� üL� OH-DX� DVXPDW� vQ� DFHDVW � SULYLQ ��2ULFXP� GXS � Anschluss�� üL� GXS � FXFHULUHD� 3RORQLHL�� D� IRVW� vQUHJLVWUDW � R�FUHüWHUH� VLP LWRDUH� D� YROXPXOXL� FRPHU XOXL� GLQWUH� 5RPkQLD� üL� ,XJRVODYLD��&HOH�GRX �S U L�VH�FRQIUXQWDX��vQV ��FX�R�FUHüWHUH�PDVLY �D�SUH XULORU�GXS �GHFODQüDUHD� U ]ERLXOXL��SUHFXP�üL� FX� OLSVD�GHYL]HORU�� IDSW� FH�D�GHWHUPLQDW�DXWRULW LOH�URPkQH�V �VH�JkQGHDVF �OD�QHJRFLHUHD�XQXL�DFRUG�GH�clearing�üi la fixarea unor contingente de export. Evenimentele din august 1940 din 5RPkQLD�DX�] G UQLFLW�vQV �DFHVWH�SURLHFWH�

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THE ROMANIAN-YUGOSLAV RELATIONSHIP

DURING THE INTER-WAR PERIOD At the end of the World War I, the Romanian-Serb diplomatic

relationship entered into a new stage by reason of the geo-political modifications that took place in Europe generally, and in the south-east of the continent especially. Both Romania, through its union with Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania, and Serbia, through its union with Croatia and Slovenia became larger states from a territorial point of view with a superior economic potential than by that moment.

At the end of the World War I, the Romanian-Yugoslav diplomatic relationships were tensed because of the claims of the two parts over the region of Banat. Banat, given to Romania through the treaty from August 1916, was demanded also by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes at the end of the war. Moreover, the Serb army occupied a large part of the province in autumn of 1918. That occupation provoked discontent of the Romanian population from there. The Romanian Prime Minister Ion I.C. %U WLDQX�DGRSWHG�DQ�XQFRPSURPLVLQJ�DWWLWXGH�DV�FRQFHUQV�WKH�PDLQWDLQLQJ�of integrity of Banat. The bilateral diplomatic contacts (the meeting of the Romanian Prime Minister with the regent Alexander I) did not contribute to solving the dispute when the problem was discussed at the Paris Peace Conference. The two parts brought a series of arguments with a view to obtaining the province. So, the Romanian part pointed out that Banat represented a unitary whole from geographical and economical point of view. It was considered that splitting Banat in two parts would have had negative consequences especially on the province’s economy. Belgrade rejected the stipulations of the treaty from 1916 when Banat was given to Romania motivating that it hadn’t been present to negotiations, and that Banat totally joined to Romania would have put in danger security of the country’s capital as well as that of the valley of Morava and a large Serb population would remain out of the Yugoslav state borders. By invoking the principle of nationalities, the Yugoslav authorities emphasized that half RI�SURYLQFH�ZRXOG�EH�JLYHQ�WR�<XJRVODYLD��7KH�FLW\�RI�7LPLüRDUD�ZDV�DOVR�

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FODLPHG� PRWLYDWLQJ� WKDW� 7LPLüRDUD� ZDV� WKH� HFRQRPLF� DQG� FRPPHUFLDO�centre of the western Banat, and consequently it could not be separated by the territory that would have come to Yugoslavia. So as to sustain its thesis, the Serb delegacy made a more organized propaganda in Paris than the Romanian representatives (even if some historical arguments were false).

The dispute on Banat was solved by the representatives of the victorious Central Powers that had decided division of Banat between the two states. In their conception, the province was fairly divided, and the allied Central Powers did not have the right to sacrifice one of the allies in favor of the other. Then, the frontier was traced, and that process finished in the first years between the two world wars.

Although the Romanian-Serb-Slovenian relationship passed through crisis moments in the first years between the wars, both the Romanian authorities and the Serb ones were for achieving an alliance between the two states in future. The first steps towards that alliance were also made in Paris where the representatives of the two delegacies analyzed together the problem of minorities, of a possible common military intervention in Hungary, that of disarming the ex-enemies. All those diplomatic contacts constituted the prelude of the future Romanian-Yugoslav alliance.

An important step in normalization and consolidation of the relationship of the two neighbored states was the royal wedding between Alexander I of Yugoslavia and princess Mary of Romania. So, a first stage in the Romanian-Yugoslav diplomatic relationship during the inter-war period ended and another one started. The latter lasted till the middle of the fourth decade and developed in the spirit of friendship and collaboration between the two governments.

The diplomatic collaboration of Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was impelled by the revisionist attempts of Hungary in the first inter-war years (the project of the Danube confederation, the plan of restoring of the Habsburgs, invocation made by Budapest of the Soviet project so as to revoke some clauses of the peace treaties). These attempts were sustained by certain French and English political and diplomatic circles. All these approaches rushed up the conclusion of the Romanian-Croatian-Slovenian defensive pact that was at the basis of the relationship between the two states during the inter-war period. Also by reason of the Romanian-Yugoslav common efforts, to which Czech-Slovak approaches added, the Little Entente came into existence. It was the first

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regional pact on the continent that represented an important factor in maintaining the peace in south-eastern Europe. The Romanian-Yugoslav collaboration was pointed out by the occasion of some international conferences: Geneva, Lausanne, where the unity of Romanian-Serb opinions produced a profound impression, Rome (Conference of the successional states of the Austrian-Hungarian ex-monarchy).

Romanian diplomacy tried to intercede with the Bulgarian-Yugoslav dispute of the first part of the third decade. Bucharest was worried because of the revisionist politics promoted by the Bulgarian government that was affecting also Romania’s interests. In the same time, the Romanian government saluted the Italian-Yugoslav treaty from 1924 considering it a first step toward normalization of the relationship between Rome and Belgrade. We must mention that the Romanian-Yugoslav relationship did not meet frictions in the moment when Romania concluded the friendship pact with Italy (act achieved during a period in which Yugoslav-Italian rapports were tensed because of including the town of Fiume within the Italian state). The Yugoslav diplomats declared that the respective treaty did not affect the system of alliances that existed between Bucharest and Belgrade.

An important chapter within the diplomatic rapports between Romania and Yugoslavia was the attitude towards the U.S.S.R. Bucharest followed to normalize its relationship with the eastern neighbor during the whole inter-war period, but with the condition that the government from Moscow should recognize the union of Bessarabia with Romania. Belgrade did not want to keep up diplomatic relation with the U.S.S.R., but it did not oppose against an eventual normalization of the relation between Bucharest and Moscow. We believe that a pro-Russian group existed in Yugoslavia in the inter-war period. Only that could explain the anti-Romanian press campaign in 1924, when articles, that were accusing Romania of robberies done on the Soviet territory, were issued. It was demanded that Bessarabia would return to the Soviet state or the U.S.S.R.’s right of expansion toward Constantinople. Fortunately, as a result of direct contacts of the foreign ministers of the two states, the anti-Romanian campaign ended without affecting the Romanian-Yugoslav diplomatic relationship.

In the same year, Romania stood for the project of a Yugoslav-Romanian-Greek alliance which, unfortunately, failed.

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As concerns the war reparations, there was not always any concordance of view between Bucharest and Belgrade. In exchange, the two parts pronounced themselves for signing an efficient disarming pact.

Within the Little Entente, Romania and Yugoslavia acted for respecting the stipulations of the peace treaties and in favor of achieving a collective system of security in Europe.

Since 1932, Belgrade tried to normalize its relation with Italy and Germany. If the attempts of rapprochement to Italy failed, the approaches done in Berlin became concrete through intensification of commercial exchanges. Certainly, Yugoslavia did not abandon yet the principles that had been at the basis of its external politics since the first inter-war years. Thus, beside Bucharest and Prague, Belgrade also rejected the idea of the four’s Directory, the project that was offering the possibility of revision of peace treaties. In the same time, the Yugoslav government manifested its worry concerning the increase of the international tension when the Nazi regime came to the leadership of Germany. With a view to maintaining peace in this part of Europe, Yugoslavia participated with Romania to the achievement of the Balkan Entente.

Romania was beside its ally in a very grave moment: king Alexander I’s assassination in Marseille. Nicolae Titulescu demanded, within the League of Nations, the sentence of those who prepared and organized the attempt. Unfortunately, no measure was taken in that direction, and the attitude of the city of Paris disappointed Belgrade which considered France as its protector.

0LODQ�6WRMDGLQRYLþ·V�FRPLQJ�LQ�WKH�YDQ�RI�WKH�<XJRVODY�JRYHUQPHQW�DQG�at the leadership of the Foreign Ministry meant a turning point in the Yugoslav external policy. The new Prime Minister undertook a series of diplomatic approaches for achieving a rapprochement of his country to Italy and Germany. That attitude was adopted both by reason of the new international context (the offensive of the revisionist states led by Germany), and because of the distrust for the French political circles, for their wish to help Yugoslavia in case that it would have been menaced by a revisionist power.

The new external orientation that Belgrade had promoted since 1935 weakened the Romanian-Yugoslav diplomatic alliance. The first variances between the two allies appeared during the Italian-Etyopian conflict. Thus, while the Romanian diplomacy pronounced firmly for applying the economic sanctions against Italy, the Yugoslav diplomacy opposed to their adoption.

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The Yugoslav government did not sustain Romania’s approaches from two reasons: the first one of economic nature, when the sanctions against Italy gravely affected the Yugoslav economic interests, and the second one of political nature when the factors of decision from Belgrade considered that the invasion in Etyopia removed the Italian danger from the Dalmatian coast.

The Yugoslav diplomacy also opposed to the proposal concerning the conclusion of the sole pact between France and the Little Entente. The Yugoslav authorities were afraid of a harsh reaction of Germany in the case when it would have stood for such an approach. We are convinced that, refusing to participate to such a diplomatic project, Belgrade wanted to demonstrate that it did not believe any more in possibility of achieving a collective system of security which would maintain stability on the continent.

Rhenanian crisis situated again Romania and Yugoslavia on different poVLWLRQV�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ� UHMHFWLQJ� DQ\� DWWHPSW� WR� VHQWHQFH� *HUPDQ\�� 7KH�Yugoslav representative at the Society of Nations called Nicolae Titulescu’s attention not to include Yugoslavia in an eventual declaration against Germany. This attitude shows us how far the two allies were by comparison to the ‘20’s, when they had rejected categorically any trial to encroach upon the stipulations of the peace treaties. But, it is no more possible to talk about maintaining the validity of the resolution from June 1930, according to which the Foreign Ministers of the Little Entente’s states could entrust to a delegate or to a deputation the presentation or the defense of their own positions in front of the third states or in front of the international organizations.

The year of 1937 increased the distrust between Romania and Yugoslavia, but also between Yugoslavia and its other partners from the Little Entente, and respectively from the Balkan Entente. That situation was owed to the encroachment of Belgrade upon the pact of the Balkan Entente by signing the Yugoslav-Bulgarian and Yugoslav-Italian treaties. Romanian political and diplomatic circles wondered whether Yugoslavia would acquit itself of its obligations towards Romania in the case in which its independence would have been menaced. The question is quite realistic EHFDXVH�� LQ� VKRUW� WLPH�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ�ZDV� GHFODULQJ� WKDW� ´SDFWV� DUH� QRW� VR�important/a big deal”. In spirit of that politics, the Yugoslav government paid less and less importance to the Nations’ Society, to the principles that were at the basis of their activity.

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In 1938, Belgrade accepted Anschluss because the Yugoslav Prime Minister was convinced that Hitler would not go farther than ex-Austria’s borders. Any attempt of that kind would have led to creation of an anti-German bloc formed of Italy, France, England and Yugoslavia. The subsequent development of events proved the un-realism of that diplomatic thinking.

During the Czech crisis, the Yugoslav government adopted an ambiguous attitude from which came out that it did not want to respect its military obligations towards its ally because it did not want at all to be in conflict with Germany. As a result of dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, both Romania and Yugoslavia lost one of the most important allies, and so Little Entente ceased to exist.

Because of the German offensive towards the south-east of Europe, Romania was obliged to conclude an economic treaty with Germany at the beginning of 1939. In the same time, the Romanian diplomacy followed to achieve a new treaty with Yugoslavia which would stipulate precise clauses of FROODERUDWLRQ� LQ� FDVH� RI� +XQJDULDQ� RU� %XOJDULDQ� DJJUHVVLRQV�� 6WRMDGLQRYLþ·V�tendencies not to compromise its efforts of détente and of understanding with Bulgaria and Hungary hindered the achievement of that agreement. Moreover, the Yugoslav government did not want any more to assume new commitments within the Balkan Entente and it got with reserve the English-French-Turkish agreement for fear of some negative reactions coming from Germany and Italy. The Romanian initiative of constitution of the bloc of neutrals was not received with much enthusiasm in Belgrade in autumn of 1939.

During 1939, the Hungarian and Bulgarian revisionist politics towards the states of south-eastern Europe got intensified. Budapest’s attempts to isolate Romania by concluding a separate agreement with Yugoslavia failed (the Romanian-Yugoslav alliance functioned generally well in that situation). At the end of 1939 and the beginning of 1940 the Yugoslav government intensified its efforts for normalizing the relations between the states of the Balkan Entente on one side, and with Bulgaria and Hungary on the other side. Belgrade considered that the region would become stable by achieving that desideratum. It pretended to its allies to accept even some territorial sacrifices for that matter. Bucharest rejected that proposal because only Romania was to do sacrifices while the Yugoslavian government did not accept to give up to any part of its country’s territory.

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Romania did not receive any support from Yugoslavia when U.S.S.R. sent the ultimatum in June 27th, 1940. According to the bilateral Romanian-Soviet treaty, Belgrade did not intend to be beside Romania in case of a Soviet attack over it. Moreover, the Yugoslavian government did not want to be implied in the Romanian-Soviet conflict because it was taking more and more into consideration the hypothesis of approaching of Moscow so to counterbalance the Italian pressure.

But the Romanian-Yugoslavian alliance functioned not even at the end of August 1940 because Yugoslavia did not want to be drawn in an armed conflict.

Since 1935 Belgrade had followed to promote an equilibrium politics by maintaining some normal diplomatic relations with Germany and Italy on one side, and with France and England on the other side. In the moment of the World War II breaking out, the Yugoslavian government was promoting a politics that was following to maintain neutrality to any price. According to Belgrade that orientation was the only one that could offer the territorial integrity of the Yugoslavian state. The statement seemed to be correct in front of the events that had happened during those years and which led to the collapse of the system of alliances constituted even to maintain peace on the continent. From this point of view, the Yugoslavian politicians who had promoted that external politics can not be condemned.

Yugoslavia contributed to weakening and collapse of the alliance as long as it did not want any more to be part of the system of alliances to which it belonged. We believe that the situation could have been avoided if the Romanian diplomacy had interfered firmly when Belgrade encroached upon, for the first time, the obligations stipulated by the treaties (1937 when the Yugoslavian government signed an agreement with Bulgaria and Italy). By not adopting such an attitude contributed to the failure of the alliance between the two states.

The Romanian-Yugoslavian military relations were founded on the stipulations of the military treaty from 1922, as well as of the agreements achieved within the Little Entente and the Balkan Entente. During the inter-war period many actions of military collaboration took place, and during the last peace years the two governments permitted each other reciprocal facilities as concerns the endowment of the two armies with war technique that they needed.

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Belgrade’s new politics after 1935 hindered to achieve a new more efficient military collaboration between the two states.

At the end of the fourth decade, the Yugoslavian competent authorities proposed a collaboration agreement between the two home ministries. There were organized contacts and common operations so to annihilate some iron guardist actions that jeopardized Romania’s national security. The breaking of the World War II hindered a better collaboration in this domain.

The cultural relations between Romania and Yugoslavia manifested during the inter-war period on several plans.

The two historiography schools continued an existent tradition in the modern epoch. The Romanian-Yugoslavian historical interferences were DQDO\]HG�E\�IDPRXV�KLVWRULDQV�RI� WKH�WZR�VWDWHV�DV�-RYDQ�5RGRQLþ��$OHNVD�,YLþ�� 1LFRODH� ,RUJD�� *K�� %U WLDQX� HWF�� 0HDQZKLOH�� <XJRVODYLDQ� KLVWRULDQV�were invited in Romania for keeping lectures, and Romanian historians ZHQW�WR�<XJRVODYLD��,RYD�5RQLþ��3�3�3DQDLWHVFX��1��,RUJD��

In the linguistic domain, there were common preoccupations as concerns the linguistic evolution of the two peoples, as well as the contribution of the Serbian language to the creation of the Slave substratum within the Romanian language. Prestigious linguists of the WZR� FRXQWULHV� �3�� 3DSDKDJL�� *K�� 1DQGULü�� 1�� 'U JDQ�� 6�� 3XüFDULX�� 3��6NRN��6WDQRMHYLþ�HWF�� VWXGLHG� WKDW�SUREOHP�VR� WKDW� WKH�DQDO\]H�RI� WKHLU�works proved a good reciprocal knowledge of preoccupations in that direction.

There were translated works from both literatures, there were made theoretical studies concerning the Yugoslavian literature. In the same time, books of reportages about Yugoslavia were issued as for example Nicolae Iorga’s work Along after war Serbia, which is an excellent historic, folk, mental presentation of the provinces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

There were also preoccupations in the folk domain. Specialists of the two states studied the common elements of the two peoples’ customs and traditions. There are works concerning the traditions of the Romanians who were living in different regions of Yugoslavia.

The inter-war period was remarked through the numerous tours of prestigious Yugoslavian choirs in Romania that invited at their turn Romanian bands and choirs to concertize in Yugoslavia.

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The mass-media of both states contributed to a better knowledge of the two peoples. The most important events of the two states’ history were pointed out by the radio stations and by the main newspapers and magazines of the two countries.

During the fourth decade, the necessity of intensification of the Romanian-Yugoslav cultural relations constituted a major preoccupation especially of the intellectuals from Yugoslavia. They considered that the cultural contacts between the two neighbored countries were extremely reduced. In this context, the idea of creation of some Romanian-Yugoslav cultural associations appeared. A first result was “The Romanian-Yugoslav Universitary Association” followed by “the Yugoslav-Romanian Association” that developed an efficient propaganda for making known Romania in Yugoslavia. Unfortunately, the Romanian authorities were not too responsive to those valuable proposals of the intellectuals from Yugoslavia.

Towards the end of the fourth decade, there were made efforts for intensification of the connections between the Romanian and Yugoslav students. Most of them were just sporadic during the inter-war period. Thus, it was proposed a minute preparing of some reciprocal trips, as well as collaboration at the level of student associations (the same thing was also followed at the level of the youth organizations existent in the two states). Certainly, the international situation, then the war, hindered all those cultural projects.

During the inter-war period, the authorities of the two states had to solve a series of cultural and spiritual problems of the Romanian minority from Yugoslavia and, respectively by the Serb minority from Romania. One of the most disputed problems dealt with the status of the Romanian Orthodox Church from Yugoslav Banat and from Macedonia, as well as with the status of the Serb Orthodox Church from Romanian Banat. The Romanian Orthodox Church from the Yugoslav Banat, which was under WKH� FKXUFK� MXULVGLFWLRQ�RI� WKH�ELVKRSULFV�RI�$UDG�DQG�&DUDQVHEHü� LQ� ������passed through a critical situation because of the expropriations made by the Yugoslav state, as well as because of the expulsion of the Romanian priests on the reason that they were propagating anti-state ideas etc during the first inter-war years. In Macedonia, the Serb church authorities interfered in the administrative affairs of the Romanian Orthodox Church. According to the concord betweHQ� 7DNH� ,RQHVFX� DQG� 1LFRODH� 3DåLþ�� WKH�clerical matter had to be solved on the basis of the reciprocity principle.

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Both the ecclesiastic authorities and the Romanian state authorities followed to create a vicariate, respectively a Romanian bishopric in Yugoslav Banat which should have depended on the Serb Orthodox Church only as concerns the spiritual problems. That demand was based on the historical right of the Romanian Orthodox Church from Banat which had been here since before the coming of Serbs, as well as on the stipulations of the Paris Peace Treaty. Bucharest also pretended that its dean, who was in the head of the Romanian Orthodox Church from Yugoslav Banat, might have had the right to ordain the Romanian priests from there.

The Yugoslav part rejected the Romanian demands showing that it was impossible to be two orthodox churches on the territory of the Yugoslav state. Belgrade agreed to allow a large autonomy to the Romanian Orthodox Church from Yugoslav Banat provided that this church should have been under the jurisdiction of a Serb bishop. In the same time, the dean had not to have been a bishop and it was not admitted his right to ordain priests. That quality was to belong to the Serb bishop from Vršac, to whom the Romanian bishop was totally subordinated.

The Romanian church authorities brought into discussion other proposals that were stipulating the ordainment of priests by the bishop of &DUDQVHEHü��$V� FRQFHUQV� WKH� VXERUGLQDWLRQ�RI� WKH�5RPDQLDQ�GHDQ�� LW�ZDV�intended that the Romanian dean be subjected only in spiritual and disciplinary problems to the Saint Synod from Belgrade.

A much more radical project was stipulating that the Romanians from Yugoslav Banat should have the right to choose their own Consistor and to organize a Diocesan Synod in concordance with the disposals of the State and of the Regulations that were functioning for the Romanian Orthodox Church from Transylvania till 1918. Each of the two churches was to be under the authority of a bishop who, in spiritual, dogmatic, disciplinary problems, was subordinated to the Saint Synod of the place.

In the fourth decade, there appeared the formula of “Mixed Synod”. The two parts reached to a concord which, unfortunately, was never respected.

Certainly, the problem of creation of an Episcopal vicariate at Vršac SURYRNHG� QXPHURXV� GLVFXVVLRQV�� 7KH� <XJRVODY� )RUHLJQ� 0LQLVWHU�� -HYWLþ��pointed out the fact that the spiritual competence of the Romanian Orthodox Church from Yugoslav Banat should have been limited by the

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state sovereignty as to avoid creation of a dangerous precedent. The existence of a foreign bishopric was approved neither by the political factors from Bucharest because such claim could have been solicited also by the representatives of other national minorities (Hungarians, Russians).

Bucharest accused Belgrade that it did not wish to solve the church problem. The Romanian part also emphasized that Yugoslav authorities followed the break off the traditional link between church and school, as it had been VWLSXODWHG�LQ�ûDJXQD·V�VWDWXWH��E\�VHSDUDWLQJ�WKH�FKXUFK�PDWWHU�E\�the school one. Certainly, this latter accusation can be combated by invoking the modern principle that was stipulating the separation of education by church.

Anyway, we have to notice that the reciprocity principle that had to be at the basis of solving that problem did not function, the Serb Orthodox &KXUFK�IURP�5RPDQLDQ�%DQDW�KDYLQJ�D�YLFDULDWH�DW�7LPLüRDUD�WKDW�HQMRLQHG�numerous rights (Romanian Vicariate from Belgrade was founded in the ‘70’s).

It is also obvious that Romanian diplomacy did not succeed in solving the statute of the Romanian Orthodox Church from Yugoslav Banat in the inter-war period.

As concerns Macedonia, the matters were much more complicated. The two parts decided to solve the problem of the Romanian Orthodox Church after they had concluded a convention regarding the two parts of Banat. In those conditions, at the end of the ‘30’s, few cult places that had belonged to the Romanian Orthodox Church were maintained.

Despite these divergent problems, the two churches tried to collaborate in different problems of common interest or to mediate the solving of some existent conflicts among other sister churches.

In the same time, there were contacts between the representatives of the two churches along the development of the canonic visits made by the 5RPDQLDQ�ELVKRSV�IURP�$UDG�DQG�&DUDQVHEHü�LQ�<XJRVODY�%DQDW��DV�ZHOO�DV�those of the Serb bishops in Romanian Banat.

The situation of the Romanian schools from the Yugoslav Banat and from Macedonia was not better. The Romanian confessional schools became state schools. The Romanian teachers were obliged to learn Serb and to take Serb language, literature and history exams. The Romanian education from Yugoslav Banat confronted also with an acute lack of school books. Facing that situation, many teachers took refuge in Romania.

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,Q�������7DNH�,RQHVFX�DQG�1LNROD�3DåLþ�HVWDEOLVKHG�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�negotiations for solving the problem of the Romanian schools from Yugoslav Banat, of a department of teaching in Romanian at a normal Serb school.

At the beginning, Belgrade refused the idea of the Romanian confessional schools. It determined the Romanian authorities to propose foundation of Romanian primary lay schools, formation of a Romanian general school committee which had to supervise and to control those schools, as well as to recommend the institutors. N. Titulescu combated the idea of the Romanian school committee showing that other governments could interfere into Romania’s internal affairs (on the basis of appliance of reciprocity principle) using that committee.

The Yugoslav authorities also proposed the foundation of particular primary schools led and supported by the Romanian community. Bucharest asked that these schools be subsidized by the Yugoslav state on the base of reciprocity according to the stipulations of the Saint Germain Peace Treaty.

Because of the fact that the school conventions from 1923 and 1927 were not applied, in 1933 a new convention was signed. It was stipulating the existence of state schools with Romanian, and respectively Serb teaching languages, and classes taught in the official language starting from the third form. Yugoslavia’s history and geography were to be taught in Serb, respectively in Romanian. The primary schools of minority were to be founded in the localities where there were at least twenty Romanian children, respectively Serb children. Regarding the school books it was accepted to bring them from Romania, respectively from Yugoslavia. To the completion of the teacher vacant positions it was allowed coming of contractual teachers from Romania, respectively from Yugoslavia. The primary schools of minority were to develop their activity under direct control of the respective state. The convention was also stipulating the conditions in which the teachers from the two parts of Banat had to prepare themselves.

Although there were discontents of both parts as concerns the application of the school convention (in Romanian Banat especially in the Iron Gates region), the achievement of that agreement, as well as the coming of Romanian contractual teachers in Yugoslav Banat determined improvement of Romanian education in that Yugoslav province.

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During the inter-war period, the Romanian authorities followed to retrieve the cultural values that were taken from Banat in 1919 by the Serb occupation troops.

On the occasion of the visit made in Belgrade by Nicolae Titulescu at the end of 1932, it was decided to make some common approaches to find and to bring into the country the objects that were belonging to the collections of the Museum of Banat from 7LPLüRDUD��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�DUFKLYH�funds that had been transported on the territory of the neighbored country.

The approaches made by the director of the Museum of Banat from 7LPLüRDUD�� ,�� 0LORLD�� UHPDLQHG� ZLWKRXW� DQ\� UHVXOW� VR� WKDW� WKLV� LPSRUWDQW�cultural institution from Banat remained for ever without numerous valuable objects.

As concerns the archive funds, part of it came back in Romania in the second half of the fourth decade.

In the period that we are analyzing, there were tight cultural connections among the institutions and the intellectuals from Romania and the Romanians from Yugoslav Banat.

In the same time, the Romanian authorities supported the cultural activities of the Romanians from that province. Thus, despite some obstacles made by the Serb authorities, there were sent books to enrich the communal libraries of the Romanian localities. The cultural society “Astra” benefited of the help of the Royal Romanian Foundation, and the important publication “The Hope” was financially supported by some personalities of the Romanian cultural life as to continue to be published.

A series of works regarding the history of the Romanians from Yugoslav Banat were issued. Sociological studies concerning the economic, social and cultural situation of those Romanians were also made.

The choral groups (extremely numerous) from Yugoslav Banat made tours in Romania (especially in Romanian Banat), and those from Romania were present in localities from Yugoslav Banat. Certainly, the help that Bucharest offered to the Romanians from Yugoslav Banat did not reach the level expected by them.

Strong cultural connections existed also between Yugoslavia and the Serbs from Romanian Banat. The Yugoslav authorities offered a series of advantageous conditions to the choral and theatrical groups that were going into Romania. Important choirs from Yugoslavia participated to the anniversary of the great historical and religious

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moments. We have to point out also the fact that the Serbs from Romanian Banat developed a rich cultural activity through lecturing societies, numerous choirs, amateur theatrical groups, women’s associations. The Serb Orthodox Church from Romania played an important role in the developing of the Serb cultural life.

Even if there were a series of divergences between Romania and Yugoslavia related to the statute of the schools and churches from Romanian Banat and from Serb Banat, as well as from Macedonia, during the inter-war period there were cultural contacts in many domains. As the intellectuals from the two states emphasized, they had to be intensified so to get to a better knowledge of the history and culture of the two neighbored peoples. The foundation of some Romanian-Yugoslav cultural associations constituted a first step towards that direction, but the war breaking out cancelled all those efforts.

The close economical structures of the two states influenced the commercial exchanges between them.

In the first years of the inter-war period, the Romanian exporters on the Yugoslav market recorded significant losses because of maximum tariffs practiced by the authorities of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the Yugoslav goods that came into Romania enjoined a unique custom tariff. In view to remedy those situations, at the end of 1922, the Romanian government proposed to the Yugoslav government to conclude a provisory commercial commitment based on the most favored nation clause. After a series of tergiversations of the Yugoslav part, Belgrade decided to apply a minimal tariff to the Romanian goods in March, 1925. But to the end of 1928, the relations between the two neighbored states were too little developed. This fact had been emphasized also by the Yugoslav FRUHLJQ� 0LQLVWHU�� 9�� 0DULQNRYLþ�� 5HIHUULQJ� WR� WKH�commercial relations at the border region between the two states, the Yugoslav diplomat was considering them as being inexistent.

As concerns the products that constituted the object of commerce between the two states, they were generally the same during the whole inter-war period. In the same time, the similar character of the economies of the two countries made that Romania and Yugoslavia compete themselves also on the world market exporting the same categories of goods.

Starting the crisis, the two governments began negotiations for concluding an economic treaty. The Yugoslav part wanted the two

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governments adopt common measures as to defend themselves against the competition of foreign goods. In this direction, it was necessary a unique economic territory from the Black Sea to the Adriatic Sea, where preferential tariffs were functioning, as well as a Custom Union that was to represent the basis of a union of the Central Europe’s states, in which Yugoslavia and Romania should play the main role.

In summer of 1930, the two governments concluded an economic provisory commitment on the base of the most favored nation clause. That document was renewed in 1932. At the beginning of the fourth decade, it was also discussed the project of achievement of a custom union between the two states that was not gotten in a favorable manner by the farmers from Romania.

In 1935, a clearing agreement was signed by Bucharest and Belgrade, and in March, 1937 it was also signed a commercial convention, an establishment, and commerce and navigation contract between the two states. Also so to intensify the commercial relations between Romania and Yugoslavia, The Yugoslav Committee for promoting the relationship with Romania and The Yugoslav-Romanian Commerce Chamber were founded.

Despite those efforts, the commercial exchanges between the two states were modest enough during the inter-war period, firstly owed to their similar economic structures. The interests that each state had to protect their own goods added to that.

Starting from 1932, in conditions of worsening of the international situation, the commercial exchanges of raw materials necessary to the two armies intensified. Yugoslavia was importing oil, gas etc from Romania and it was exporting electrolytic copper into Romania. Even if the terms fixed for delivering those raw materials were not always respected, the two parts acquitted themselves of their obligations that they had assumed themselves. Anyway, after Anschluss, and after the conquest of Poland, it was recorded a delicate increase of the volume of commerce between Romania and Yugoslavia. The two parts were confronted with a massive increase of prices after the war breaking, as well as with lack of foreign currency, fact that determined the Romanian authorities to think of the negotiation of a clearing agreement and of the fixation of some export contingents. But the events from August, 1940 from Romania baffled those projects.

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The economic collaboration did rise to the waited level neither within the Little Entente nor within the Balkan Entente. The economic interests of each state that were not always in concordance with those of the other partners, the different economic structures of the states belonging to the two alliances constituted the main causes of not achieving a profitable collaboration within the Little Entente and the Balkan Entente.

During the economic crisis, Belgrade and Bucharest made a series of approaches as to establish some equitable rapports among the prices of the agriculture products that they were exporting and those of the industrial finite products that the two states were obliged to import from the industrialized countries. The fact that these rejected those initiatives had negative repercussions on the economies of the two states.

The division of Banat between the two states raised the problem of the properties that the Romanian and Serb citizens who were living close to the border had in the neighbored state. The matter was solved through long negotiations, but the stipulations of the agreements were not always respected by the Yugoslav authorities.

There were dissensions also as concerns the circulation on the river Bega. The factors of responsibility from Belgrade tergiversated to solve that matter. We believe that, during the inter-war period, Belgrade did not pay a major attention to the commerce that was practiced on the course of that river, because its regard was towards the achievement of a navigation system Danube-Tisza-Danube.

(Translated by Daniela Szentmiklosi)

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I. Izvoare Surse arhivistice

$UKLYHOH�1D LRQDOH�%XFXUHüWL Fonduri: Alexandru Vaida Voevod &DVD�5HJDO 3UHüHGLQ LD�&RQVLOLXOXL�GH�0LQLüWUL 0LQLVWHUXO�,QGXVWULHL�üL�&RPHU XOXL )DPLOLD�%U WLDQX Microfilme – Iugoslavia��)UDQ D Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe Fonduri: 71 Iugoslavia 0LFD�ÍQ HOHJHUH 'LUHF LD�MXGH HDQ �7LPLü�D�$UKLYHORU�1D LRQDOH Fonduri: 3UHIHFWXUD�-XGH XOXL�7LPLü�– Torontal 3ULP ULD�PXQLFLSLXOXL�7LPLüRDUD &RULRODQ�% UDQ Arhiva Muzeului Banatului Periodice Banatul��7LPLüRDUD. Banatul Românesc��7LPLüRDUD. Buletinul statistic al României��%XFXUHüWL. %XOHWLQXO�8QLXQLL�&DPHUHORU�GH�&RPHU �üL�,QGXVWULH��%XFXUHüWL. Curentul��%XFXUHüWL. Dacia��7LPLüRDUD. /XFHDI UXO��7LPLüRDUD. Lumina, Vršac. Memoriile Academiei Române. 1 GHMGHD��7LPLüRDUD. Revista Institutului Social Banat –�&ULüDQD��7LPLüRDUD.

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&ROHF LL�GRFXPHQWDUH Nicolae Titulescu, Documente diplomatice��%XFXUHüWL��(G��3ROLWLF ������. Idem, 3ROLWLFD�H[WHUQ �D�5RPkQLHL. 'HV YkUüLUHD� XQLW LL� QD LRQDO-VWDWDOH� D� SRSRUXOXL� URPkQ�� 5HFXQRDüWHUHD� HL� LQWHUQD-

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