Trocan_Laura CONDIŢIA JURIDICĂ A STRAINILOR.pdf

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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2008

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Series Letters and Social Sciences, No. 1/2008

195

Dreptul la libera circulaie

a lucrtorilor n statele membre

ale Uniunii Europene

Lect. univ. drd. LAURA

MAGDALENA TROCAN,

Facultatea de tiine Juridice,

Universitatea Constantin

BrncuiTg-JiuAbstract:

Libera circulaie a persoanelor deriv dinprevederile legate de cetenia europeanprin care toicetenii europeni au dreptul scircule i slocuiascliber pe teritoriul statelor membre. Tratatul de laAmsterdam a marcat un pas important prinimplementarea prevederilor Acordului Schengen lanivelul instituiilor comunitare i prin stabilirea uneiarii de libertate, securitate i justiie frverificri ale

persoanelor la graniele intracomunitare. ns,probabil, c realizarea unei efective libertii decirculaie a lucrtorilor se va produce n momentul ncare toate statele membre ale Uniunii Europene vornelege s dea expresie n mod real i necondiionatacesteia.

I. Libera circulaie a lucrtorilor n statelemembre ale Uniunii Europene -consideraii generale

Dup mai bine de cinci decenii deintegrare european, prin tratate, negocieri,

adaptri, n Uniunea European de astziexist, fr ndoial, multe reuite. Existlibera circulaie (mrfuri, persoanele, servicii,capitaluri), existo serie de politici comune(agricultur, mediu, transporturi etc), existinstituii comunitare, drept comunitar, bugetcomunitar, nspnla aceste reuite au fostdispute de anvergur, au fost ratri, au existatmomente n care cu greu se putea prevedeatraiectoria procesului comunitar1. S-aurealizat foarte multe, dar mai sunt multe de

THE RIGHT OF FREEMOVEMENT OF WORKERS

IN MEMBER STATES OF

EUROPEAN UNION

Lect. univ. Laura MagdalenaTROCAN

FACULTY OF JURIDICALSCIENCES

UNIVERSITY CONSTANTINBRNCUI TG-JIU

Abstract:Free movement of persons derives from

provisions connected to European citizenship throughwhich all European citizens have the right to circulateand to live free on the territory of member states.Treaty from Amsterdam marked an important stepthrough the implementation of the provisions of theSchengen Agreement at the level of communitarianinstitutions and by establishing a freedom, security andlaw area, without verifications of the persons at intracommunitarian borders. But, probably, realization of an

effective freedom of movement of the workers will berealized in the moment when all member states of theEuropean Union will understand to give expression in areal manner and unconditioned to it.

I. Free movement of workers inmember states of the European Union -general considerations

If more than five decades of Europeanintegration, through traditions, negotiations,adaption, in the European Union of todaythere exists, without any doubt, manysuccesses. There is free movement (goods,

persons, services, capitals), there is a series ofcommon politics (agriculture, environment,transports, etc), there are communitarianinstitutions, communitarian law,communitarian budget, but until thesesuccesses have been far-reaching disputes,failure, there were moments in which, hardlycould be seen the trajectory of thecommunitarian process17. There have been

realized lots of things, but are much more to


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fcut. i probabil, cea mai mare provocarepentru Uniunea European va fi aceea de ati cum s fac fa incertitudinilor viitoare.Iar ntre aceste necunoscute se detaeaz

politica economic i social, al crei scop

final constn promovarea unui nivel decental calitii vieii pentru toi membrii UniuniiEuropene. Iar n acest context principalelesarcini ale politicii sociale europene descrisede art. 136 al Tratatului de la Maastricht sunt:Comunitatea (UE) i statele membre...trebuie s aib ca obiective promovareaocuprii forei de munc, mbuntireacondiiilor de via ale muncitorilor, astfelnct s fie posibil armonizarea lor n timpce se menine protecia social adecvat,

dialogul dintre management i munc,dezvoltarea resurselor umane n direcia uneidurabile, puternice ocupri a forei de munci combaterea excluziunii2.

Problematica liberei circulaii alucrtorilor, ce constituie una din libertilefundamentale ale pieei comune europene3, afost pus n discuie nc din Tratatul de laRoma, care aducea n discuie unele aspectesociale legate de egalitatea de remunerare ide tratament, armonizarea condiiilor demunc i de via, garanii de securitatesocialurmnd ca n anii 70 s fie adoptateunele norme n aceast direcie4. Astfel,

potrivit art. 48, para. 1 CE s-a prevzut clibera circulaie a lucrtorilor s fie realizatn cadrul Comunitii pn cel trziu lasfritul perioadei de tranziie, faptmaterializat prin adoptarea Regulamentului

Nr. 1612/68 al Consiliului, din 5 octombrie1968, privind libertatea de circulaie pentru

lucrtori n cadrul Comunitii i prinDirectiva Nr. 68/360 din 15 octombrie 1968a Consiliului privind abolirea restriciilorasupra circulaiei i rezidenei n cadrulComunitii pentru lucrtorii din statelemembre i familiile lor. Politica social vareine atenia i Actului Unic European,urmnd ca la 9 decembrie 1989 ConsiliulEuropean ntrunit la Strasbourg s adopteCarta european a drepturilor socialefundamentale ale muncitorilor. De asemenea,

i Tratatul de la Maastricht conine o politic

be done. And, probably, the biggest challengefor European Union will be that of knowinghow to face future uncertainty. And betweenthese unknown things will be detached theeconomic and social politics, whose final

purpose resides in promotion of a decent levelof life quantity for all members of EuropeanUnion. And, in this context, the mainobligations of the European social politicsdescribed in art. 136 of the Treaty fromMaastricht are: Community (UE) andmember states.must have as objectives the

promotion of occupation of the working force,improvement of life conditions of theworkers, so that it can be possible theirharmonization meanwhile will be maintained

adequate social protection, the dialoguebetween management and work, developmentof human resources in the direction of adurable, powerful occupation of the workingforce by fighting against exclusion18.

The problems of free movement ofworkers, which is one of the main freedomsof the European common markets19, wasdiscussed from the Treaty of Rome, which

brought into discussion some social aspects inconnection with remuneration and treatmentequality, harmonization of working and lifeconditions, guaranties of social security and inthe 70s will be adopted some norms in thisdirection.20 So, according to art. 48, par. 1,was foreseen free movement of workers to berealized as part of Communities until at latestthe end of transitions period, thingmaterialized by adopting Regulation no.1612/68 of the Board, from 5 October 1968,regarding freedom of movement for workers

as part of Community through Directive No.68/360 from 15 October 1968 of the Boardregarding the abolition of restrictions onmovement and residence as part ofCommunity for workers in member states andtheir family. The social politics will drawattention on Unique European Document, andat 9 December 1989, the European Councilgathered at Strasbourg will adopt theEuropean Charter of the main social rights ofworkers. Also, Treaty from Maastricht

contains a social politics in the two protocols


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socialn cele douprotocoale ce l nsoesc,unul semnat de toate statele membre deatunci, iar cellalt doar de 11(guvernul de laLondra opunndu-se)5. La toate acestea seadaug i dispoziiile Tratatul de la

Amsterdam unde n art. 39 (fostul art 48 CE)se arat c libertatea de circulaie alucrtorilor este garantat n cadrulComunitii. Un alt document care aconsacrat libertatea de circulaie n cadrulUniunii Europene este i DirectivaParlamentului i Consiliului Nr. 2004/38 din29 aprilie 2004 prin care s-a reglementatdreptul cetenilor Uniunii europene i almembrilor lor de familie de a circula i aedea n mod liber pe teritoriile statelor

membre, abrogndu-se directivele Nr.68/360, 72/194, 73/148, 75/34, 75/35,90/364, 90/365 i 93/96.

II. Coninutul libertii de circulaie alucrtorilor n Uniunea European

Libera circulaie implic eliminareaoricrei discriminri pe motiv de cetenientre lucrtorii statelor membre, n ceea ce

privete ncadrarea n munc, remunerarea icelelalte condiii de munc6.

Aadar libera circulaie a lucrtoriloreste un drept fundamental care permitecetenilor unui stat membu al UniuniiEuropene s munceasc ntr-un alt statmembru al Uniunii Europene n aceleaicondiii ca i cetenii statului membrugazd, toi cetenii Uniunii Europene avnddreptul de a exercita o activitate profesionalntr-un alt Stat membru n aceleai condiiicare se aplic cetenilor statului respectiv,

fiind interzis s se solicite permis de muncpentru cetenii Uniunii Europene7. Pentruanumite State membre care au aderat laUniune n 2 mai 2004, aplicarea egalitii detratament n ceea ce privete accesul la loculde munc face obiectul unei perioade detranziie. Dispoziiile tranzitorii n Tratatelede Aderare din 16 Aprilie 2003 privindaderarea Republicii Cehe, Estoniei, Ciprului,Letoniei, Lituaniei, Ungariei, Maltei,Poloniei, Sloveniei i Slovaciei, i din 25

aprilie 2005 privind aderarea Bulgariei i

that accompany them, one signed by allmember states from that moment, and theother of only 11 (government from Londonwas opposing)21. At all these will beadded disposals of Treaty from Amsterdam

where, in art. 39 (former art. 48 CE) it isshown that the freedom of movement ofworkers is guaranteed as part of theCommunity. Another document whichdevoted the movement freedom as part of theEuropean Union is the Directive ofParliament and Board no. 2004/38 from 29April 2004 through which was settled theright of citizens of the European Union and oftheir family members to circulate and to stay,in freedom, on the territories of the member

states, being abrogated the directives No.68/360, 72/194, 73/148, 75/34, 75/35, 90/364,90/365 and 93/96.

II. Content of freedom of movementof workers in European Union

Free movement involves theelimination of any discrimination on reason ofcitizenship between workers of memberstates, in which concerns employment inwork, remuneration and other workconditions22.

So, free movement of workers is afundamental right which allows the citizens ofa members state of the European Union towork in another member state of the EuropeanUnion, in the same conditions as the citizensof the host member state, all citizens ofEuropean Union having the right to realize a

professional activity in another member State,

in the same conditions that will be applied tothe citizens of that state, being forbidden torequire work permit for citizens of EuropeanUnion23.

For certain member states which haveadhered to Union at 2 May 2004, applicationof an equality treatment in which concerns theaccess to working place makes the object of atransition period. Transitory disposals inAdhesion Treaties from 16 April 2003,regarding adhesion of Czech Republic,

Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary,


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Romniei, prevd ca pentru primii doi ani dela aderare, accesul la piaa muncii din statelemembre ale UE care fceau parte din UEnaintea aderrilor, vor depinde de legile i

politicile naionale ale acelor state membre.

Practic, aceasta nseamn c un lucrtordintr-un stat membru care a aderat recent, vaavea probabil nevoie de un permis de munc.Msurile naionale ar putea fi extinse pentruo perioada ulterioar de nc 3 ani. Dupaceasta, un stat membru al UE, care a aplicatmsuri tranzitorii poate fi autorizat scontinue a aplica astfel de msuri tranzitorii

pentru ali doi ani, dar numai dac treceprintr-o perioadserioasde dezechilibru pepiaa muncii interne. Dispoziiile tranzitorii

nu se pot extinde la o perioadmai mare deapte ani maxim.

Muncitoriilor din statele membre careau aderat la UE la 1 mai 2004 sau 1 ianuarie2007 i care sunt supui dispoziiilortranzitorii trebuie sli se dea prioritate n faamuncitorilor din rile tere. O dat celucrtorul a dobndit acces la piaa muncii,el/ea beneficiazde tratament egal8.

Statele membre care s-au alturat UEla 1 mai 2004 sau la 1 ianuarie 2007 i aicror naionali sunt supui restriciilor ntr-una din statele membre ale UE, care fceau

parte din UE nainte de aderarea lor, potimpune restricii echivalente lucrtorilor dinstatele membre9.

Beneficiarii libertii de circulaiesunt lucrtori salariai10, ceteni al UniuniiEuropene i membrii lor de familie11.

Concret, libera circulaie alucrtorilor presupune dreptul de a accepta

ofertele reale de ncadrare n munc; de acircula liber n acest scop pe teritoriul statelormembre; de edere ntr-un stat membru

pentru a desfura o activitate salarizat nconformitate cu legile, regulamentele inormele administrative care reglementeazncadrarea n munc a lucrtorilor statuluirespectiv; de a rmne pe teritoriul unui statmembru dupce a fost ncadrat n munc nacest stat12, n condiiile care vor faceobiectul unor regulamente de aplicare

adoptate de Comisie13

.

Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia and since25 April 2005 regarding the adhesion ofBulgaria and Romania, forecast that for thefirst two years from adhesion, the access onwork market from member states of UE

which were part of UE before adhesion, willdepend on laws and national politics of thosemember states. Practically, this means that aworker from a member state which adheredrecently will probably need a work permit.

National measures might be extended for anulterior period of another 3 years. After that, amember state of EU, which applied transitorymeasures, can be authorized to continue theapplication of such transitory measures foranother two years, but only if it passes

through a serious period of lack ofequilibrium on the market of internal labor.Transitory disposals can not be extended to a

period higher than maximum seven years.Workers from member states which

adhered to UE at 1stMay 2004 or 1st January2007 and which are submitted to transientdisposals must have priority in front ofworkers from third countries. Once theworker obtained access on work market, he/she takes advantage of an equal treatment24.

Member states which joined UE at 1stMay 2004 or 1st January 2007 and whosenationals are submitted to restrictions in oneof member states of UE, which where a partof UE before their adhesion, can imposerestrictions equivalent to workers in memberstates25.

Beneficiaries of free movement arewage earner workers26, citizens of theEuropean Union and their members of

family

27

.More specific, free movement ofworkers supposes the right to accept realoffers of employment; to move free in this

purpose on the territory of member states; ofstaying in a member state to realize a wageearning activity, in conformity with laws,regulations and administrative norms whichsettles work employment of the workers inthat state; to remain on the territory of amember state after he was employed in work,

in that state28

, in conditions that makes the


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Tratatul de la Amsterdam n art. 42mai consacr i dreptul la cumulul tuturor

perioadelor luate n considerare de ctrediferitele legislaii interne, n vedereadobndirii i pstrrii dreptului la prestaii,

precum i pentru calcularea acestora, i plataprestaiilor pentru persoanele rezidente peteritoriile statelor membre.

De asemenea, toi cetenii UniuniiEuropene care lucreaz ntr-un alt Statmembru trebuie s beneficieze de acelaitratament ca i colegii ceteni ai acelui stat,n ceea ce privete condiiile de munc(salarizare, concediere, reintegrare, etc.).Beneficiaz, de asemenea de egalitatetratament, n ceea ce privete accesul la

formare profesional.Lucrtorii migrani au dreptul la

aceleai avantaje sociale i fiscale ca ilucrtorii statului gazd. Aceste avantajelesociale au fost definite de Curtea Europeande Justiie ca fiind acele avantaje care, fie csunt sau nu legate de un contract, sunt ngeneral acordate lucrtorilor naionali, n

primul rnd datorit statutului de lucrtorisau ca urmare a faptului cau domiciliul peteritoriul naional. Extinderea la lucrtoriiresortisani din alte State membre apare ca ofacilitate a mobilitii i integrrii lor nStatul membru gazd(de exemplu reducereatarifelor de transport public pentru familiilenumeroase, alocaii pentru creterea copiilor,alocaii de ntreinere - cu titlul de venitminim garantat)14.III. ngrdirea dreptului la liberacirculaie a lucrtorilor n statele membreale Uniunii Europene

Tratatul de la Amsterdam dei aratc libertatea de circulaie a lucrtorilor estegarantat n cadrul Comunitii, precizeazc ea poate suporta anumite restricii

justificate de motive de ordine public,siguran public i sntate public. Deasemenea, libertatea de circulaie alucrtorilor nu se aplic ncadrrii nadministraia public.

Motivele de ordine i siguranpublic trebuie s fie n strns corelaie cu

principiul proproionalitii i trebuie s se

object of some application regulations that areadopted by the Board29.

Treaty from Amsterdam in art. 42,dedicates the right of cumulus of all periodstaken into consideration by different internal

legislation, to obtain and maintain right ofperformances, as well as calculating them,and payment of performances for persons thatare resident on territories of member states.

Also, all citizens of European Unionwhich works in another Member state musttake advantage of the same treatment as thecolleagues of the citizen of the same state, inwhich concerns working conditions (wage,dismissal, reintegration, etc). Also, they takeadvantage of equality in treatment,

concerning access to professional formation.Migrant workers have the right to

same social and fiscal advantages as workersof the host state. These social advantageshave been defined by the European Court ofJustice as being those advantages which,either are or are not connected to a contract,are granted to national workers, first of all dueto statute of workers or as a result of the factthat they have the domicile on nationalterritory. Extension to resorting workers fromother member states appear as a facility oftheir mobility and integration in host memberState (for example reduction of tariffs of

public transport for numerous families,allowances to breed children, maintenanceallowances - having the title of minimumguaranteed income)30.

III. Restriction of the right of freemovement of workers in states members of

the European Union.Treaty from Amsterdam, even if itshows freedom of movement of workers isguaranteed as part of the Community, it statesthat it can support certain justified restrictionsof reasons of public order, public safety and

public health. Also, free movement ofworkers does not apply to employment in

public administration.Reasons of public order and safety

must be in tight connection with the principle

of proportionality and must be based on


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bazeze pe comportamentul individual alpersoanei n cauz, iar pedepsele penaleanterioare nu pot s constituie ele nseleraiuni pentru restrngerea dreptului la liberacirculaie.

Cu toate acestea absena unor definiiiale conceptelor de ordine publici siguranpublic n reglementrile Uniunii Europene,face ca definirea i aplicarea acestora saparin, n primul rnd, legilor itribunalelor naionale, fapt ce face posibileaciuni abuzive ale statelor membre naprecierea situaiilor ce constituie motive

justificative de limitare a libertii decirculaie15. De aceea Curtea de Justiie aUniunii Europeane s-a pronunat, n mod

constant, pentru ca autoritile naionale saib n vedere nu doar tulburarea ordiniisociale pe care orice nclcare a legii oimplic ci i o ameninarea suficient iserioas a intereselor fundamentale alesocietii respective. n ceea ce privetemotivele de sntate public aici se au nvedere bolile cu potenial epidemic, aa cumsunt definite de instrumentele pertinente aleOrganizaiei Mondiale a Sntii, precum ialte boli infecioase sau parazitarecontagioase n msura n care ele facobiectul, n ara de primire, unor dispoziii de

protecie care se aplicresortisanilor statuluimembru de primire.

O alt excepie de la principiullibertii de circulaie a lucrtorilor n spaiulUniunii Europene vizeaz angajrile nserviciul public. Cu privire la acest aspect seare n vedere din partea celor care ocup

posturi n administraia publicexistena unei

legturi speciale de loialitate fa de stat ireciprocitatea drepturilor i ndatoririlor careconstituie fundamentul obligaiei denaionalitate16.

ConcluziiLibera circulaie a persoanelor deriv

din prevederile legate de cetenia europeanprin care toi cetenii europeni au dreptul scircule i s locuiasc liber pe teritoriulstatelor membre. Tratatul de la Amsterdam amarcat un pas important prin implementarea

prevederilor Acordului Schengen la nivelul

individual behavior of the person indiscussions, and previous penal punishmentscan not be reasons for restriction of the rightof free movement.

With all these, the absence of some

definitions of the concepts of public order andpublic safety in regulations of EuropeanUnion, makes that the definition andapplication belong, first of all, to laws andnational law courts, fact which makes

possible abusive actions of limitation of freemovement31. That is why the Court of Justiceof the European Union pronounced,constantly, for national authorities to take intoaccount not only disturbance of social orderthat any breach of law implies but also a

sufficient and serious threat of the maininterests of that society. Concerning reasonsof public health, here will be taken in toaccount that illness with epidemic potential,as are defined by pertinent instruments of theWorld Organization of Health, as well asother infectious illnesses or parasiticalcontagious, in proportion in which are theobject, in the receiving country, of some

protection disposals that are applied toresorting persons for receiving in memberstates.

ConclusionsFree movement of persons derives

from provisions connected to Europeancitizenship that all the other European citizenshave the right to move and live free on theterritory of member states. Treaty ofAmsterdam imprinted an important step by

implementation of the provisions of SchengenAgreement at the level of communitarianinstitutions and by establishing somefreedom, security and justice areas withoutverifications of the persons at intracommunitarian borders.

Bur, probably, realization of someeffective movement of workers will berealized in the moment in which memberstates of the European Union will understandto give it expression in a real and

unconditioned manner.


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instituiilor comunitare i prin stabilirea uneiarii de libertate, securitate i justiie frverificri ale persoanelor la granieleintracomunitare. ns, probabil, crealizareaunei efective libertii de circulaie a

lucrtorilor se va produce n momentul ncare toate statele membre ale UniuniiEuropene vor nelege sdea expresie n modreal i necondiionat acesteia.

BibliografieO. Bibere, Uniunea Europeanntre real ivirtual, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 1999P. Catrinciuc,Regimul juridic al strinilor,Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti, 2007

I. Chelaru, Gh. Gheorghiu, Dreptinternaional privat, Editura C.H. Beck,Bucureti, 2007I. Diaconu, Drepturile omului n dreptulinternaional contemporan, Editura LuminalEx, Bucureti, 2001I. Filipescu, A. Filipescu, Tratat de dreptinternaional privat, Editura UniversulJuridic, Bucureti, 2005O. Manolache, Tratat de drept comunitar,Ediia 5, Edit. C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2006***Suveranitate naional i integrareeuropean,Ed. Polirom, Iai, 2002Tratatul de la Amsterdam de modificare atratatului privind Uniunea European, atratatelor de instituire a ComunitilorEuropene i a altor acte conexe din 1997(http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index.en)Directiva Parlamentului i Consiliului Nr.2004/38 din 29 aprilie 2004 prin care s-a

reglementat dreptul cetenilor Uniuniieuropene i al membrilor lor de familie de acircula i a edea n mod liber pe teritoriilestatelor membre

Bibliography

O. Bibere, European Union between

real and virtual, Publishing House All Beck,Bucharest, 1999P. Catrinciuc, Juridical regime of

foreign persons, Publishing house C.H. Beck,Bucharest, 2007

I. Chelaru, Gh. Ghoerghiu, Privateinternational law, Publishing house C.H.Beck, Bucharest, 2007

I. Diaconu, Human rights incontemporary international law, Publishinghouse Lumina IEx, Bucharest, 2005

I. Filipescu, A. Filipescu, Treaty ofprivate international law, Publishing houseJuridic, Bucharest, 2005

O. Manolache, Treaty ofcommunitarian law, Edition 5th, Publishinghouse C.H. Beck, Bucharest, 2006

***National sovereignty andEuropean integration, PublishingHouse Polirom, Iasi, 2002Treaty from Amsterdam and

modification of the treaty regarding EuropeanUnion of the treaty of setting-up EuropeanCommunities and other connected documentssince 1997

http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_enDirective of the Parliament and Board

no. 2004/38 since 29 April 2004 throughwhich was settled the right of citizens ofEuropean Union and their family members tomove and stay in freedom on the territory of

member states.


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1O. Bibere, Uniunea Europeanntre real i virtual, Edit. All Beck, Bucureti, 1999, p. 260-261.2***Suveranitate naionali integrare european,Ed. Polirom, Iai, 2002, p. 141).3 Piaa comun european cuprinde o zon fr frontiere interne, realizat prin ridicarea barierelor tarifare inetarifare n statele membre ale Uniunii Europene i fondatpe principiul libertii de circulaie a mrfurilor,serviciilor, persoanelor i capitalurilor.4Ideea unei Europe sociale a fost nslansatde preedinia francezn 1981, cnd ntr-un memorandum privindrelansarea european, se face legtura ntre piaa comuni politica sociala comunitii, propunnd totodattreiobiective fundamentale:intensificarea dialogului social, ameliorarea cooper

rii n materie de protec

ie social

i

un interes comunitar central n materie de locuri de munc. (O. Bibere, op. cit., p. 196). Potrivit art. 48, para. 1CE s-a prevzut clibera circulaie5Idem.6Art. 39, alin. 2 din Tratatul de la Amsterdam.7 Recrutarea cetenilor Uniunii nu poate fi limitat n numr sau n procentaj i nu se poate face pe criteriidiscriminatorii n raport cu cele aplicate cetenilor statului respectiv. Cunotinele lingvistice fac obiectul uneiexcepii: se poate pretinde un anumit nivel de cunoatere a unei limbi, att ct este necesar pentru o bundesfurare a activitii. Totodat, dac angajatorii (privai sau publici) pot pretinde unui candidat un anumitnivel de cunotine lingvistice, nu l pot constrnge s o dovedeasc printr-o calificare specific.(http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index.en)8Zece din cele 25 de state membre UE (Republica Ceh, Estonia, Cipru, Letonia, Lituania, Polonia, Slovenia,Slovacia, Suedia i Finlanda) au permis accesul lucrtorilor bulgari i romni pe piaa lor de muncsub incidena

legilor naionale. n Finlanda, Cipru i Slovenia, ocuparea forei de munc trebuie s fie nregistrat ulteriorpentru monitorizare. Celelalte state din cadrul celor 25 de state membre au meninut sistemul permiselor demunc, uneori cu modificri i proceduri simplificate: de exemplu, Danemarca elibereaz permise de munc

pentru o muncde cel puin 30 de ore pe sptmn care face parte dintr-un acord colectiv de munc sau sesupune standardelor normale pentru sector/profesie. In cazul n care angajatorii au aprobare anterioar,muncitorii pot ncepe munca dup nregistrarea angajrii la Serviciul de Imigrri fr a obine mai nti un

permis de munc. Malta acord permise de munc pentru posturi care solicit muncitori calificai i/sauexperimentai i pentru acele ocupaii unde existun deficit de forde munc. n Grecia, un permis de muncvafi eliberat dacun angajator nu poate ocupa postul cu un alt cetean UE. Frana, Ungaria, Italia, Luxembourg iBelgia au meninut necesitatea permisului de munc: Frana aplic o procedur simplificat pentru 61 deocupaii, iar Ungaria pentru 245 de ocupaii, unde un permis de munc este eliberat fr a lua n consideraresituaia locului de muncsau fro analiza pieei muncii. Luxembourg a introdus proceduri simplificate pentrumunca n agricultur, viticultur, sectorul hotelrie i catering i pentru persoanele cu calificri speciale cerute n

sectorul financiar. Belgia a introdus i a accelerat procedura de eliberare a permiselor de muncn decursul a 5zile pentru profesiile care nregistreaz deficit de for de munc. Italia nu solicit permis de munc pentruangajare n anumite sectoare (agricultur, sectorul hotelier i de turism, munca casnic, servicii de ngrijire,construcii, inginerie, post managerial i nalt calificat, muncsezonier). n Regatul Unit, angajatorul trebuie saplice pentru permis de munc (cu excepia anumitor categorii de locuri de munc) i muncitorul trebuie ssolicite un card de acces ca lucrtor. Lucrtorii slab calificai sunt restricionai la contingente existente nsectoarele agricultur i prelucrarea alimentelor, muncitorii calificai pot munci dac ndeplinesc condiiile

pentru un permis de munc, sau prin Programul lucrtorului migrant nalt calificat. n Olanda, un permis demuncva fi eliberat oricnd nu sunt muncitori disponibili n Olanda sau n alte state membre UE i angajatoruln cauz poate oferi condiii de munc corespunztoare i cazare. Scutiri temporare pot fi acordate pentrusectoare n care existdeficit de forde munc. Spania, Portugalia i Irlanda solicitde asemenea permise demunc: n Spania, eliberarea unui permis de munceste direct legatde obinerea unei oferte de loc de muncide aprobarea unei cereri de ctre angajator. n plus pentru a menine solicitarea permiselor de munc, Austria i


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Germania de asemenea au aplicat restricii pentru plasarea lucrtorilor n anumite sectoare.((http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_en).9Bulgaria i Romniaau decis snu restricioneze accesul la piaa muncii lor pentru cetenii UE din statelemembre UE-25 care aplicrestricii pentru lucrtorii bulgari i romni.10Categoria lucrtorilor salariai a primit o largaccepiune. Astfel, s-a considerat cexistactivitate salariat

chiar dacactivitatea nu este dect ocazionali remunerarea este inferioarminimulului legal; este suficient caactivitatea sfie efectiv, i nu pur i simplu voluntar. Noiunea de lucrtor are n vedere potrivit jurisprudeneiconstante, exercitarea unei activiti reale i efective, cu excluderea activitilor n aa msurde reduse nct se

prezint ca pur marginale i accesorii. Caracteristic esenial a relaiei de munc este aceea c o persoanndeplinete, ntr-un anumit interval de timp, n favoarea altuia i sub conducerea sa, prestaii n schimbul creiaea obine o remunerare. (O. Manolache, Tratat de drept comunitar, Ediia 5, Edit. C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2006,

p. 269).11 Membrii de familie sunt: soul sau soia, partenerul cu care ceteanul Uniunii Europene a contractat un

parteneriat nregistrat, pe baza legislaiei unui stat membru, daclegislaia statului membru de primire trateazparteneriatul ca fiind echivalent cstoriei i n conformitate cu condiiile stabilite n legislaia relevant astatului membru de primire, descendenii direci care sunt sub vrsta de 21 de ani sau sunt dependeni idescendenii direci ai soului/soiei sau cei ai partenerului, ascendeni direci dependeni i cei ai soului/soieisau ai partenerului. (Art. 2, pct. 2 din Directiva Parlamentului i Consiliului Nr. 2004/38 din 29 aprilie 2004 prin

care s-a reglementat dreptul cetenilor Uniunii europene i al membrilor lor de familie de a circula i a edea nmod liber pe teritoriile statelor membre).12 Un lucrtor care a avut drept de reziden pentru o perioad nentrerupt de cinci ani ntr-un stat membrugazd, poate dobndi un drept de stabilire a domiciliului n acest stat. O dat dobndit, dreptul de reziden

permanentpoate fi pierdut numai dacse prsete ara pentru o perioadde mai mare de doi ani consecutivi.(http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_en.htm).13Art. 39, alin. 3 din Tratatul de la Amsterdam.14http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_en. htm15O. Manolache, op. cit., p. 281.16Se considercexistcinci sectoare care sunt n mod clar sub incidena ngrdirii n cauz: forele armate ialte fore de meninere a ordinii, aparatul judectoresc, autoritile fiscale i corpul diplomatic, la care se adauglocurile de munc din cadrul ministerelor sau autoritilor regionale sau locale, bncile centrale i altororganisme publice, unde obligaiile ce decurg din funcie cuprind exercitarea autoritii de stat. (Comunicarea

Comisiei din 5 ianuarie 1998-J.Of. C 72/2 din 18 martie 1988).17O. Bibere, European Union between real and virtual, Publishing House All Beck, Bucharest, 1999, p.260-26118***National sovereignty and European integration, Publishing House Polirom, Iasi, 2002, p. 14119Common European market contains an area without internal frontiers, realized by raising tariff and nontariff barriers in member states of the European Union and based on principle of movement freedom ofgoods, services, persons and capitals.20 The idea of a social Europe was launched by French presidency in 1981, when in a memorandumregarding European re-launching, will be realized the connection between common market and social

politics of the community, proposing three main objectives: intensification of the social dialogue,improvements of the cooperation regarding social protection and a central communitarian interest regardingworking places (O. Bibere, op. cit. p. 196). According art. 48, par. 1 CE was mentioned that free movement21Idem22Art. 39, alin. 2 from Treaty of Amsterdam23Enlistment of the citizens of the Union can not be limited in a number or percentage and can not makediscriminatory criteria in comparison with those applied to citizens of that status. Linguistic knowledgemakes the object of an exception: it can be required a certain level o knowledge of one language, as it isnecessary for a better development of the activity. Still, if employers (private or public) can require to acandidate a certain level of linguistic knowledge, they can not force him to prove it by a specificqualification (http://ec.europa.eu//employment_social/free_movement/index.en)24 Ten from the 25 member states of UE (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden and Finland) permitted the access of Bulgarian and Romanian workers on theirwork market under the incidence of national laws. In Finland, Cyprus and Slovenia, occupation of workingforce must be registered previous for monitoring. The other states as part of the 25 member states havemaintained the system of working permits, sometimes with modifications and simplified procedures: forexample, Denmark issues work permits for a work of at least 30 hours per weak which is a part of a work


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collective agreement or is submitted to normal standards fro sector/ profession. In case those employershave a previous approval, workers can start work after registration of the employment at the Service ofImmigration, without previously obtaining a work permit. Malta grants work permits for jobs which requireskilled workers and / or with experience and for those occupations where there is work deficit. In Greece, awork permit will be issued if an employer can not occupy the job of another UE citizen. France, Hungary,

Italy, Luxembourg and Belgium maintained the necessity of work permit. France applies a simplifiesprocedure for 61 jobs, and Hungary for 245 jobs, where a work permit is issued without taking intoconsideration the situation of the working place or without an analyze of the work market. Luxembourgintroduced simplified procedures for work in agriculture, viticulture, sector of hotels and catering for

persons with social skills required in financial sector. Belgium introduced and accelerated the procedure ofissuing work permits on a period of 5 days for professions registering work deficit. Italy does not requirework permit for arrangement in certain sectors (agriculture, hotel sector and tourism, household work, careservices, constructions, engineering, managerial job and highly skilled, seasonal work). In the UnitedKingdom, the employer must apply for work permit (with the exemption of certain categories of working

places) and the worker must require a card of access as worker. Weak skilled workers are restrained atexistent affinities in sectors agriculture and processing food, qualified workers can work if they fulfillconditions for a work permit, or by Program of highly skilled migrant worker. In Holland, a work permitwill be issued anytime there are not workers available in Holland or in other states that are UE members and

the employer can offer proper work conditions and accommodation. Temporary dispensations can begranted for sectors in which there is a deficit of work force. Spain, Portugal and Ireland requires also work

permits: in Spain, issuing a work permit is directly connected to obtaining an offer of working place andapproval of a request from the employer. Moreover, to maintain the request of work permits, Austria andGermany have also applied restrictions for placement of workers in certain sectors(http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_en)

25Bulgaria and Romania decided not to restrict the access on work market for citizens of UE in memberstates of UE - 25 which applies restriction for Bulgarian and Romanian workers.26The category of employed workers received a large acceptance. This way, it was considered that there is awage earner activity even if the activity is not casual and payment is inferior to legal minimum; it issufficient that the activity be effective, not voluntary. Notion of worker takes into account, according toconstant jurisprudence, exercitation of a real and effective activity, with exclusion of activities so reduced as

are presented as marginal and accessory. The essential characteristic of work relation is that the personfulfills, in a certain period of time, in favor of the other and under his leading, performances in exchange ofwhich obtains a payment (O. Manolache, Communitarian law treaty, 5thedition, Publishing House C.H.Beck, Bucharest, 2006, p. 269)27Family members are: husband and wife, partner with which the citizen of the European Union signed aregistered partnership, based on legislation of a member state, if the legislation of a member state treats

partnership as being an equivalent of matrimony and in conformity with conditions established in relevantlegislation of a receiving member state, direct descendants under the age of 21 years or are dependant anddirect descendant of the husband/ wife or the ones of the partner, direct dependant ascendants and the onesof the husband/ wife or of the partner (Art. 2, point 2 from Directive of the Parliament and Board no.2004/38 from 29thApril 2004 through which was regulated the right of citizens of European Union and oftheir family members to circulate and stay, in a free manner on territory of member states).28A worker having the residence right for an uninterrupted period of five years in a host member state can

achieve the right of establishing the domicile in that state. Once obtained, the permanent residence right canbe lost only if abandoning the country for a period higher that two consecutive years(http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_en)29Art. 39, par. 9 from Treaty of Amsterdam

30http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/free_movement/index_en31O. Manolache, op. cit. page 281.

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