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1. . Major theoretical perspectives of social psychology: the socioculturalperspective, the evolutionary perspective, the social learning perspective,the phenomenological perspective, the social cognitive perspective (Text- Seminar 1)

Sociocultural perspective The theoretical viepointthat searches for the causesof social!ehavior in influencesfrom larger socialgroups.Evolutionary perspective " theoretical viepointthat searches for the causesof social

!ehavior in thephysical an# psychological#ispositions that helpe#our ancestors survive an#repro#uce.Social learning perspectiveviees social !ehavior as #riven !y each in#ivi#ual$s personalexperiences ith rear# an# punishmentPhenomenological Perspective The vie that social !ehaviouris #riven !y a person$ssu!jective interpretations ofevents in the environment

Social cognitive Perspective " theoretical viepointthat focuses on the mentalprocessesinvolve# in payingattention to, interpreting,ju#ging, an# remem!eringsocial experiences.

%. Social cognition: #efinition an# !asic processes: attention, interpretation,

ju#gment an# memory (Text - Seminar %)

Social cognition The process of thin&inga!out oneself an# others.

ATTENTION: SELECTING INFO!ATION : 'eople can only pay attention to a tinyfraction of the information availa!le to them. ecause #ifferent people expose themselves to

#ifferent information, an# !ecause people select the information they pay attention toINTEPETATION: GI"ING INFO!ATION !EANING : nce e pay attention tosomething, e still nee# to #etermine hat that information means#$%G!ENT: $SING INFO!ATION TO FO! I!PESSIONS AN% !A&E

%ECISIONS : *e gather an# interpret information !ecause e nee# to form impressionsof people or ma&e important #ecisions.!E!O': STOING E"ENTS AN% #$%G!ENTS FO F$T$E $SE( +inally, ife pay enough attention to an event, the event an# our impression of it !ecome represente#in memory.

.ognitive strategies for enhancing an# protecting the self: social comparison,

self-serving attri!utions, the illusion of control (Text - Seminar )

SOCIAL CO!PAISON

)o*n*ar) social comparison that is, you might compare yourself to someone ho is lessfortunate than yourself, has lesser a!ilities, an# so onup*ar) social comparison!y comparing themselves to those !etter-offSELF+SE"ING ATTI,$TIONS

'eople also enhance their self-images through self-serving attri!utions.sel-+serving .ias: *e ten# to ta&e personal cre#it for our successes an# to !lame externalforces for our failures

,ELIE"ING /E 0A"E CONTOL ften, enhancing or protecting our self-imagesinvolves !elieving e have control over certain situations an# events in our lives.

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Sometimes illness an# other major life events can provo&e uncertainty an# the perception ofhavinglost control.

/.Self-presentation: #efinition an# goals (Text - Seminar /)

Sel-+presentation The process through hiche try to control theimpressions people formof us0 synonymous ithimpression management.Impression management The process throughhich e try to control theimpressions

people formof us0 synonymous ithself-presentation.n#ivi#uals are especially li&ely to self-present hen they see themselves as the target ofothers$ attention, hen they #epen# on these others to reach their goals, hen these goals areimportant, an# hen they feel that these others have an un#esire# impression of them.

2.Self-presentational strategies: express li&ing for others, create similarity, ma&e

ourselves physically attractive, project mo#esty (Text - Seminar /)

E1PESSING LI&ING FO OT0ES

+lattery is usually 3uite successful: "lthough e are 3uic& to interpret as insincere theflattering statements people ma&e toar# others, e ten# to accept 3uite rea#ily compliments#irecte# toar# us.reating similarity*e often create similarity to ingratiate ourselves ith others !y altering our #ress, activities,or pu!lic opinions.Ma&e ourselves physically attractiveMost people try to ma&e themselves more attractive.

4xamples

-4ach year, "mericans have approximately 1.2 million plastic surgeries, most ofthem for merely cosmetic purposes.-osmetics an# toiletries are a 5%6 !illion per year in#ustry, an# the perfumean# cologne ma&ers sell 516 !illion orth of fragrances.

-ver / million "mericans currently ear !races or other ortho#ontic #evices,mostly to improve the loo& of their smiles.-'eople in the 7nite# States spen# 5 !illion on #iet foo#s, eight-loss programs,an# health clu! mem!erships each year.

PO#ECTING !O%EST'

e often give pu!lic cre#it to others for ai#ing in our successes an# gently point toea&nesses e have in otherless importantareasThere are ris&s associate# ith !eing mo#est, hoever. f people #on$t &no of yoursuccesses, they may !elieve you hen you profess a lac& of talent. f you are too mo#est,

people may thin& you have horri!ly lo self-esteem or little self-insight

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8. Self-presentational strategies: #isplay the artifacts of status an# poer,conspicuous consumption, associate ith people of status an# poer,communicate #ominance ith nonver!al expressions (Text - Seminar 2)

%ISPLA'ING T0E ATIFACTS OF STAT$S AN% PO/E 'eople often #isplayartifacts associate# ith high status or poer so they ill !e accor#e# the respect an#reputation they !elieve they #eserve people ho have no legitimate cre#entials sometimesmisappropriate these artifacts to gain respectCONSPIC$O$S CONS$!PTION The impression of status may also !e conveye# !y theamounts of money an# resources people are a!le to expen#. n fact, much of materialconsumption serves the purpose of communicating status9iving things aay an# asting money are also forms of consumption. Some ealthy

people, for instance, thro gran# parties.Managing personal associations is yet another self-presentational tool.STAT$S AN% PO/E IN NON"E,AL E1PESSIONS Much as people might smile

to convey the impression that they are li&a!le, they a#opt other nonver!al signals tocommunicate images of status an# poer.certain nonver!al !ehaviors seem to signal high status an# #ominance, hereas others reveallo status an# su!missiveness

.Self-han#icapping: #efinition, motives an# strategies (Text - Seminar 2)

sel-+han)icappingcreating circumstances for ourselves that o!struct our a!ility to#emonstrate true competence

people after early successes !egin to act in ays that ma&e future successes less li&ely

;. "ttitu#es, emotions an# moo#s: #efinition an# theoretical perspectives

regar#ing their origin (Text - Seminar 8)

Attitu)es +avora!le or unfavoura!lefeelings toar# particularpeople, o!jects, events,ori#eas.Emotions

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Instrumental con)itioninglearning as a result of rear#s an# punishments also helpscreate our attitu#es.*e form attitu#es via o.servational learning( *e #o not nee# to experience rear#s an#

punishments firsthan# to learn lessonsfrom them. nstea#, e often learn !y o!serving others.*hen e see others punishe#, e avoi# their !ehaviors an# the attitu#es they

represent.*hen e see others rear#e#, e engage in those !ehaviors an# a#opt the attitu#esthey represent.T0E INFL$ENCE OF ONGOING COGNITION 9enetics an# physiology give us thecapa!ility to experience certain emotions, moo#s, an# attitu#es, an# these capa!ilities aremo#ifie#, #ifferentiate#, an# #evelope# through learning an# cultural processes.

>.Motives an# goals: #efinition an# theoretical perspectives regar#ing theirroots (Text - Seminar )!otivation The force that movespeople toar# #esire#outcomes.Goal " #esire# outcome0 somethingone ishes to achieveor accomplish.

Some researchers propose that many of our goals an# motives have !iological roots.For e3ample human infants seem preprogramme# for !on#ing ith their mothers an# othercaregivers.ther researchers propose that human motives an# goals are roote# in learning an# culture.Sometimes e learn through our particular life experiences that certain goals are moreimportant than others.

16. asic principles of social !ehavior, goals an# motives (Text - Seminar ;)To !roa# principles share# !y the #ifferent perspectives.

1. Social !ehavior isgoal oriented. 'eople interact ith one another to achieve

some goal or satisfy some inner motivation.%. Social !ehavior represents a continual interaction!eteen the person an# thesituation.

SOCIAL ,E0A"IO IS GOAL OIENTE%

- establishing social ties

- understanding ourselves and others.

- gaining and maintain status

- defending ourselves and those we value

- retaining mates

T0E INTEACTION ,ET/EEN T0E PESONAN% T0E SIT$ATION

Seven forms of interaction1. Different situations activate different parts of the self.

2. Each situation has different facets, and the social motive active in that situation

depends on which facet one is paying attention to.

3. Not everyone responds in the same way to the same situation

. !eople change their situations.

". !eople choose their situations

#. $ituations change people.

%. $ituations choose people.

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