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UNIVERSITATEA DUNREA DE JOSGALAI

FACULTATEA DE LITERESpecializare: Englez - Francez

MODALIZATION IN TRANSLATION

THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

ndrumtortiinific:

PROF. DR. ELENA CROITORUAbsolvent

Madalina Prodan

GALAI2009


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.

1.1. DEFINITIONS OF MODALITY

According to Huddleston ( 2002 : 172 ) modality stands

for the category of meaning.

According to Croitoru (2002 : 11) modality is an

extremely complex phenomenon, whose complexity has

caused little agreement as to what aspects should beincluded in a study of modality.

In accordance with Popescu`s ( 2001 : 75 ) opinion

concerning the definition of modality, it may be said that

modality stands for speaker`s relation to reality,

speaker`s evaluation of state-of affairs or speaker`s

cognitive, emotive, or volitional qualification of a state-

of-affairs.


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1.2. TYPES OF MODALITY

It is a difficult matter to decide how many types of

modality can be expressed. Concerning theclassification of modality, there are three types :

epistemic modality, deontic modality and dynamic

modality.

1.2.1. DEONTIC MODALITYDeontic is derived from the Greek term for binding, so

that here it is a matter of imposing obligation or

prohibition, granting permission. Deontic modalityconcerns the speaker`s attitude to the actualisation of

future situations.

1.2.2. EPISTEMIC MODALITY

This type of modality concerns the speaker`s attitude


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1.2.3. DYNAMIC MODALITY

In accordance with Hudlleston`s opinion, dynamic

ability is less central to modality than deonticpermission in that it does not involve the speaker`s

attitude to the factuality or actualisation of the situation.

1.2.3.1 The neutral dynamic modality.

The neutral dynamic modality occurs when the verbCAN is used to express possible for and the verb

MUST stands for necessary for.

1.2.3.2. The subject-oriented dynamic modalityThe subject-oriented dynamic modality includes the

verbs CAN (suggesting physical ability) and WILL

(willingness). It refers to the modality of events that are

not conditioned deontically.


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MODAL VERBS AND MODAL PHRASES AS

MODALIZERS

2.1. MODAL VERBS AS MODALIZERSThe class of modal verbs is subclassified into other two

main subcategories : modal auxiliaries and the so-called

quasi-modals.

2.1.1. MODAL AUXILIARIES verbs are : will, shall, can,may, would, should, could, might, must, ought to.

2.1.1.1. Marginal modals : In this group are included

those modal verbs that have the particle to , forexample ought to and used to, need and dare.

2.1.2. The quasi modals/auxiliaries are : be to, be going

to, be about to, have to, be able to, be supposed to,

used to.


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modal-adverb collocations : could possibly, may well.

WOULD RATHER expresses preference :

I`d rather stay at home. (As prefera sa stau acasa.)HAVE GOT TO at the present time it is used when

talking about necessity/present obligations :

I`ve got to stop smoking. Doctors` orders. (necessity)

(Trebuie sa ma las de fumat asa zic doctorii.)HAD BETTER it is used only to express a conditional

deontic modality, a suggestion under the form of an

advice.I`d better be going now. (the best solution) (As face bine

sa plec acum.) but :

I should be going now. (I mustn`t wait any longer) (Ar

trebui /trebuie sa plec. Nu trebuie sa mai astept.)


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MAY / MIGHT AS WELL has two uses :

to suggest the best alternative in a given situation;

to make recommendations.We may/might as well go with them. (Tot asa de bine am

putea sa ne ducem cu ei.-sugestie, indemn.)

You might as well tell me about it. (Ai putea foarte bine

sa-mi spui.)3.2. MODALIZED IDIOMS.

There is a wide variety of the English idioms with

modals, some of these idioms may be found inRomanian vocabulary, especially in proverbs, sayings

and phrases. CAN / COULD

children and fools cannot lie = copii si nebunii spun

adevarul;


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you cannot see the city for the houses = nu vezi

padurea din cauza copacilor;

there is a remedy for everything, could men find it =pentru toate exista leac, numai de l-ar gasi omul.

BE ABLE TO

not to be able to say boo(h) to a goose = a-i fi frica si de

umbra lui; a nu fi in stare sa omoare nici o musca; a nuspune nici sa-te dai mai incolo; timid ca o fata mare.

MAY / MIGHT

a child may have too much of his mother`s blessing =copilul prea rasfatat iese om neterminat;

what a day may bring, a day may take away = ce-ti

aduce ziua de azi, iti poate lua ziua de maine;

nothing so bad but it might have been worse = rau cu


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dar putea fi si mai rau;

MUST

he who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom= cine vrea sa ajunga sus, trebuie sa porneasca de jos.WILL

it early pricks that will be a thorn = cel ce va fi spin,

inteapa de timpuriu;save a thief from the gallows, and he will help to hang

you = pe cine nu lasi sa moara nu te lasa sa traiesti;

NEEDthe effect speaks, the tongue needs not = lasa faptele sa

vorbeasca.

lucky men need no counsel = oamenii norocosi n-au

nevoie de sfaturi.


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SHALL / SHOULD

he that is born to be hanged shall never be drowned =

ce ti-e scris in frunte ti-e pus;every man should take his own = fiecaruia ce i se

cuvine.

MODALIZATION AND THE USE OF NOUNS, VERBS,

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS OF MODALITYNOUNS USED AS MODALIZERS.

Noun is the part of speech that is used to name a

person, place, thing, quality, or action and can functionas the subject or object of a verb, the object of a

preposition.

Nouns of modality include : possibility , probability ,

chance , likelihood, necessity, permission.


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citeasca cand avea patru ani.)

Present or future - asking for permission

Could I open the window ? (Pot/ Am voie sa deschidfereastra?)

MAY expresses permission when it means to be allowed

to (it is more formal than can)

You may take your clothes and go. (Poti sa-ti iei hainele

si sa pleci.)

asking for permission : May I go to the seaside ? (Am

voie sa merg la mare?) permission granted : You may play soccer, you have

cleaned the house. (Poti/Ai voie sa joci fotbal, ai facut

curatenie in casa.)


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MIGHT expresses different notions such as :

asking for permission :

Might I smoke in here ? (Pot sa fumez aici?) giving permission :

I said to him that he might go to visit the museum. (I-am

spus lui ca putea merge sa viziteze muzeul.)

MUST is used to denote :

obligation : You must bring me that book until next

Monday. (obligation imposed by the speaker) (Trebuie

sa imi aduci cartea aceea pana Lunea urmatoare.)You mustn`t smoke in here ! (interdiction) (Nu

trebuie/Nu ai voie sa fumezi aici!)

SHALL is used in interrogative sentences to express an

offer :


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e.g. Shall I help you to find the information you need?

(Sa te ajut sa gasesti informatia de care ai nevoie?)

SHOULD is also considered a modal verb when itoccurs in combination with a second or third person

subject to suggest:

advice : You should listen to your parents because

they always are right. (Trebuie sa-ti asculti parintiipentru ca ei au intotdeauna dreptate.)

WILL is used as a modal verb to express :

a request (in interrogative sentences) :Will you help me to wash the dishes ? (Ma vei ajuta sa

spal vasele?)

refusal (in negative assertions) :

I won`t help you to solve the exercise. (Nu te voi ajuta sa


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rezolvi exercitiul.)

WOULD as a modal verbs expresses :

polite request : If you ask him he will help you. (Dacatu il intrebi el te va ajuta.)

refusal : He invited her to the party but she wouldn`t

accept it. (El a invitat-o pe ea la petrecere dar ea nu a

acceptat.)PSEUDO / SEMI / QUASI MODALS

NEED and DARE as modal verbs are used in

interrogative and negative sentences:Need / Dare he oppose resistance to the police officers?

(A trebuit/A indraznit sa opuna rezistenta ofiterilor de

politie ?)

ADJECTIVES USED AS MODALIZERS : Modality may be


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that have developed specialised meanings expressing

medium deontic modality

You`re supposed / meant to act as quickly as possible.(Trebuia sa actionezi pe cat de repede posibil.)

ADVERBS USED AS MODALIZERS : probably , possibly

, surely , hopefully, thankfully , obviously , really ,

certainly , merely, necessarily, perhaps, very likely, yet,easily, necessary, probable, likely, possible, maybe.

He is certainly ambitious. (he is very ambitious) (El este

cu siguranta ambitios.)You surely need a break after the effort. (epistemic) (Cu

siguranta ai nevoie de o pauza dupa efort.)


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MODALIZATION AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS AS

MODALIZERS

ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS AS MODALIZERS.These adverbs occur in such expressions as: may

perhaps, may possibly, might perhaps, might possibly,

may well, might well, must certainly, must surely, will

certainly, will probably, can`t possibly, couldn`t possibly.I may perhaps not travel to London because of the

foggy weather. (Poate ca nu am sa calatoresc in Londra

din cauza vremii cetoase.)She can`t possibly be so kind with her mother-in-law.

(Ea nu poate sa fie atat de draguta cu soacra ei.)

TRANSLATION STUDIES - THE PICTURE OF DORIAN

GRAY


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TRANSLATION STUDIES

According to Ulrych (1999 : 3) translating is an ongoing

process of continuing education since translators neverstop learning.

Popa (2009 : 64) points out that translation is

communication and it is even an unavoidable act of

every cognitive process.The translator should investigate the beauty and the

grace of all expressions and check every sentence in

the translation.There are three kinds of translation : A translation can

be either grammatical, transforming, or mythical.

Mythical translations are translations in the highest

style.


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Grammatical translations are translations in the

ordinary sense. They require enormous erudition, but

discursive abilities only.Transforming translations require the highest poetic

spirit, if they are to be authentic.

ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL THE PICTURE OF

DORIAN GRAY

Modalization is expressed by different parts of speech

in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. As seen

from the previous theory, modalization can beexpressed by verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, if-

clauses, adverbial expressions.


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Bibliography

Alexander, L., (1988) Longman English Grammar,

London, Longman.Baker., M., (2006) Translation and Conflict A Narrative

Account - London, Ed. Routledge.

Chalker, S. , Weiner, E., (1994) The Oxford Dictionary of

English Grammar The New Authoritative Guide, NewYork, Oxford University Press.

Cowie, A.P., Mackin, R. & I R Mc Caig (1993) The Oxford

Dictionary of English Idioms, Oxford, Oxford UniversityPress.

Croitoru, E., (2002) Mood and Modality, Iasi, Institutul

European.

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