Lucrare in Lucru

7/31/2019 Lucrare in Lucru

1/82

IMÂPGCRC =$ VGCRC YA LRDI AACB AO^G[APBCGV YA PMXBCGV CGIMCB

=$=$ B|gcr am ao~g{apbcgv ya pmxbcgv cgimcb

=$6$ Igd adrprc a ypvriprvm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb

=$9$Icmyalaimvbm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb

=$0$ ^bvlgvomd m mòadaypvvaa ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv

=$2$^vbyardbm layimc

IMÂPGCRC 6$ YAYPBORC AO^G[APBCGV YA PMXBCGV CGIMCB D VGODAM

6$=$ Ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb cgimcb àd Vgodam

6$6$ Ao~g{aprc ~b icàva

6$9$Ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd6$0$ Ao~g{aprc ~b oakcgmibcb `b pvmdy~gvp

6$2$ Pmxm ~bdpr bcafbvmvbm ibpalaimpbcgv# m|a{bcgv a mrpgva{m aacgv

6$$ Pmxb y~biamcb$ Mcpb pmxb cgimcb

IM^ 9$ MYB[MVBM AO^RDBVAA YA ^BVIB^BVAA AO^G[APBCGV CGIMCB

9$=$ @bicmvmaacb `b ao~rdbvb ~bdpvr ao~g{apb cgimcb

9$6$ Omkgvmvbm ao~g{apbcgv cgimcb

9$9$ @bia{aacb mrpgvapacgv cgimcb ~va|ad` ao~g{apbcb cgimcb

9$0$ Ad`bxmvbm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb

9$2$ Miibyrc cm adlgvomaa ~va|ad` ao~g{apbcb cgimcb9$


2/82

IMÂPGCRC =$ VGCRC YA LRDI AACB AO^G[APBCGV YA PMXBCGV CGIMCB

=$=$ B|gcr am ao~g{apbcgv ya pmxbcgv cgimcb

Ypmprc# adàlbvbdp `b lgvom ym `b gvjmda{mvb# a/m ivbmp dpgp`bmrdm rd yaypbo `b igdpvgc mc ivba

~vadia~mcb gfabipa|b mr |a{mp mipa|apmpbm `b rvovavb a vbmca{mvb m gfcajmaacgv ladmdiamvb mcb

igdpvafrmfacacgv lm `b adypapraacb ymcb$ ^vaobcb oyrva mcb bxaypbdba ypvriprvacgv `b igdpvgc mcb ypmprcra

`mpbm{ àd ybigcrc XA\# imvb ày~rdbmr `b ypvriprva `b igdpvgc layimc lgvompb àd ycrkfm mc ivgv~vadia~mc vgc bvm y myajrvb dpvavbm favrvacgv a m akobcgv `b cm ~g~rcmab$

@b{|gcpmvbm ypmprcra obàb|mc# m lgyp dygap g `mp ir `b{|gcpmvbm ypvriprvacgv ymcb a `b

~bvlbiagdmvbm m~mvmprcra `b ypvdjbvb m fmdacgv dlaadmp ~b cdj irvacb `godbpa$ Gfcajmaacgv layimcb#

irdgyirpb yrf `bdroavbm `b favrva# àkob# cb/mr lgyp mpvafrapb ~vaobcb `bypadmaa d ybdyrc i rdbcb

bvmr àvakmpb y~vb |aypabvab d |b`bvbm mihapvaa hmvmiarcra# amv mcpbcb ipvb imobvm ymr imybpm ~va|mp m

`godapgvrcra d |b`bvbm mig~bvavaa ihbcprabcacgv mibypram a mcb irvaa ymcb$ Imvmipbvaypai mibypba

~bvagm`b bypb lm~prc i dr bxayp rd yaypbo gvjmda{mp `b igdpvgc mc dimyvacgv layimcb# ~vbcb|d`r/yb `b`vb~prvacb ymcb# ày~rdbm `b lgcgyavbm mibypgvm ir pgmpb i ~b cdj irvpbm `godbmyi lrdiagdm g

mrpgvapmpb# `bdroap ylmp# lgvomp àd m~pb fgabva imvb m|bmr vgc igdyrcpmpa|$ @girobdpbcb bvmr

irdgyirpb yrf `bdroavbm `b igdàia `b |bdaprva a ihbcprabca mcb vaa$ G`mp ir m~mvaam ~vaobcgv

~vb|b bva igdypapragdmcb# yrf lgvom vbjrcmobdpbcgv gvjmdaib# lgvomp àd vb~vb{bdpmdaa fgabvaoaa# mr

lgyp ~ryb fm{bcb gvjmda{vaa mòadaypvmpa| pbvapgvamcb a yb~mvmvbm ~rpbvacgv d ypmp$ Mibmypm m lrdiagdmp#

mpp d Ogc`g|m ip a d mvm Vgodbmyi# ~d cm dlaadmvbm ibcra oma ao~gvpmdp gvjmdayo `b

igdpvgc mc |vboaa / dmcpm Irvpb `b Igdprva$Yaypborc m lrdiagdmp ~d cm Rdavbm ^vadia~mpbcgv Vgodb id` m lgyp bcmfgvmp ~bdpvr ~vaom

`mp# rd vbjrcmobdp `b igdpmfacapmpb ~rfcai imvb m|bm yig~rc `b m igdpvgcm ir blaimiapmpb

mòadaypvmvbm fmdacgv ~rfcaia$ Irvpbm `b igdprva bvm lgvomp àd `gr ybiarda imvb m|bmr vgcrc `b m

igdpvgcm ##ygigpbcacb `b |bdaprva a ivb apb# ir caiha`mvbm igdprvacgv mòadaypvmaba jbdbvmcb#

mòadaypvmaacgv igordmcb# a `b m vbmca{m bxmoadmvbm ihbcprabcacgv# ~vbiro a ibvibpmvbm vbjaypvbcgv

`mpgvaba ~rfcaib a m ~bdyardacgv$ @mi m~vbmr rvob `b oapravb ymr `bprvdva `b fmda yb dpaadm

Oadaypbvrc Bigdgoaba a Ladmdbcgv a ibc mc Krypaaba ~bdpvr m pvaoapb |adg|mprc d kr bimpm

Pvafrdmcbcgv igo~bpbdpb$


3/82

Igdpvgcrc bxbviapmp `b ipvb Irvpbm `b Igdprva m lgyp `bylaadmp d mdrc =12:# amv igdpvgcrc

ladmdiamv adpbvd àd dpvbmjm bigdgoab m lgyp pvbirp d yrfgvàdbm igd`ripgvacgv rdapacgv a gvjmda{mp

~b ~vadia~arc y~biamca{vaa d yimv# dib~d` ir oadaypbvbcb# adypapraacb a gvjmda{maacb ibdpvmcb `b ypmp

a igg~bvmpaypb$ d mdrc =121 m lgyp m~vgfmp Vbjrcmobdprc ~va|ad` gvjmda{mvbm a bxbviapmvbm

igdpvgcrcra ~vb|bdpa|# d adypapraa# dpvb~vad`bva a gvjmda{maa bigdgoaib `b ypmp# bxbviapmp `b ipvb

igd`ripgvrc igo~mvpaobdprcra ladmdiamv igdpmfac a `bcbjmaa mibypram# `bybodma `b ipvb

igd`ripgvrc adypapraba$

@r~ mdrc =181# igdpvgcrc ladmdiamv igdpmfac# m ~vaoap dga àobdyarda ao~ryb `b m~caimvbm dgacgv

cbja mcb bigdgoaba `b ~am cafbvb$ Igdpvgcrc ypmprcra m lgyp dpvap ~vad dlaadmvbm rdgv ypvriprvaa iro

yrdp Jmv`m Ladmdiamv d ylbvm `b mipa|apmpb m bxbirpa|rcra a Irvpbm `b Igdprva gvjmd yr~vbo `b

igdpvgc ladmdiamv a krvayàiab d `gobdarc ladmdiamv imvb lrdiagdbm{ ~b cdj ^mvcmobdprcVgodaba$

=$6$ Igd adrprc a ypvriprvm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb

Rd ypmp `bogivmpai pvbfrab y dcbydbmyi ibpbdacgv ya ~mvpaia~mvbm cm mòadaypvmvbm

adpbvbybcgv ~rfcaib a miibyrc cm crmvbm `bia{aacgv d ~vgfcbobcb imvb a ~vbgir~$ d pgmpb vacb`bogivmpaib# g ~mvpb ao~gvpmdp m mipa|apacgv bigdgoaib yb `bylgmv yrf vb~vb{bdpmfacapmpbm

mòadaypvmpa|# ladmdiamv a cbjmc m mrpgvapacgv cgimcb$

@ba adaamc ladmdbcb ~rfcaib mr m|rp rd imvmipbv ~vad bxibcbd ibdpvmca{mp# igdypaprad`

m~mdmkrc bxicrya| mc ypmprcra# d ypmpbcb igdpbo~gvmdb# ylbvm ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib y/m bxpady cm da|bcrc

igcbipa|apacgv ~rfcaib ybird`mvb (vbjarda# `b~mvpmobdpb# ordaia~aa# gvmb# igordb! a m mcpgv

gvjmdayob ~rfcaib ir ~bvygdmcapmpb krvaài (ypmfacaobdpb ~rfcaib# ygiabpa dmagdmcb# imobvb `b

igobv a ad`rypvab!$

@ad ~rdip `b |b bvb bigdgoai# ~gd`bvbm a vgcrc ladmdbcgv cgimcb d im`vrc ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib

jbdbvmcb m ivbyirp ~vad adlcrbdbcb bigdgoaib ~g{apa|b myr~vm bigdgoaba cgimcb a m bigdgoaba

dmagdmcb d jbdbvmc# `mpgvap `byibdpvmca{vaa ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib$

d cbjprv ir igdib~prc `b ladmdb ~vbvacb y~biamcapacgv yrdp o~vapb$ Rdaa bigdgoapa

igdya`bv ladmdbcb im laad` lgd`rva fdbpa cm ày~g{aam ypmprcra# mcaa igdya`bv ladmdbcb fmda a

frdrva rpaca{ma ~bdpvr lrdiagdmvbm adypapraacgv ~rfcaib ymr im pgpmcapmpbm vbyrvybcgv a ymviadacgv

vblbvapgmvb cm mipa|apmpbm adypapraacgv ~rfcaib$ ^bdpvr ypmprc og`bvd# ladmdbcb ~rfcaib dr oma


4/82

vb~vb{adp rd yao~cr oakcgi ~vad imvb yb mig~bv ihbcprabcacb ymcb# ia d ~vaorc vd` rd oakcgi `b

adpbv|bdab d bigdgoab=$

Ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb# mybodpgv ibcgv ibdpvmcb# jvr~bm{ mdymofcrc oakcgmibcgv a

~vgib bbcgv `b igdypapravb a rpaca{mvb m lgd`rvacgv fdbpa `b adpbvby ~rfcai# dy# ~b ~cmd cgimc#

vbrdad` ladmdbcb prprvgv igordbcgv# gvmbcgv a m ibcgvcmcpb rdapa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb a mcb mcpgv

gvjmdayob ~rfcaib ir ~bvygdmcapmpb krvaài$ d ypvriprvm ladmdbcgv cgimcb# igo~gdbdm ~vadia~mc g

vb~vb{adp frjbpbcb rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb$

Im pgpmcapmpb m vbyrvybcgv ladmdiamvb ~b imvb mrpgvapacb cgimcb cb mr cm ày~g{aab ~bdpvr m/a

d`b~cada igo~bpbdbcb igdlbvapb ~vad cbjb# ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb# igdypaprab ibc oma ao~gvpmdp

adypvrobdp `b pvmdy~rdbvb d ~vmipai m ~vadia~arcra `bogivmpai mc mrpgdgoaba cgimcb# ~va|ap immdymofcr `b `vb~prva# ~vjhaa a oakcgmib mpvafrapb igcbipa|apacgv cgimcb a mrpgvapacgv mcbyb mcb

mibypgvm ~bdpvr m `bia`b d ~vgfcbob bybdamcb imvb cb mlbipbm{ |amm ygiamc a bigdgoai$

d yadpb{# ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb# ~gp la igdya`bvmpb yr~gvprc a impmca{mpgvrc `bogivmaba a

`b{|gcpvaa cm da|bc cgimc6$

Gfabipa|rc ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb ~va|bpb mpp dimymvbm |bdaprvacgv ip a blbiprmvbm

ihbcprabcacgv `b ipvb mrpgvapmpbm cgimc ~gpva|ap rdra omd`mp y~bialai migv`mp `b ipvb mcbjpgvaa ya$

Ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb ~gp la `bladapb im pgpmcapmpbm g~bvmardacgv ~va|ad` lgvomvbm#

mòadaypvmvbm# rpaca{mvbm a igdpvgcrc vbyrvybcgv ladmdiamvb mcb rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb a mcb

adypapraacgv a ybv|aiaacgv ~rfcaib `b adpbvby cgimc$

Gfabipa|rc ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb ~va|bpb mpp dimymvbm |bdaprvacgv ip a blbiprmvbm

ihbcprabcacgv `b ipvb mrpgvapmpbm cgimc# d yig~rc d`b~cadavaa ymviadacgv ymcb# ~vb|{rpb `b cbjb# ~gpva|ap

rdra omd`mp y~bialai migv`mp `b mcbjpgvaa ya$ Lrdiagdmvbm ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb mvb cm fm{

pbhdaiacb igordb mcb Ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib$

^vad mrpgdgoab cgimc9 yb dbcbjb `vb~prc a im~miapmpbm blbipa| m gvjmdbcgv mòadaypvmaba

~rfcaib cgimcb `b m ygcragdm a jbypagdm# d adpbvbyrc igordapacgv cgimcb ~b imvb cb vb~vb{adp#

pvbfrvacb ~rfcaib$

Mrpgdgoam cgimc bypb `gmv mòadaypvmpa| a ladmdiamv$ Imvmipbvrc mòadaypvmpa| mc

mrpgdgoaba vb{rcp àd ~vbvgjmpa|bcb imvb vb|ad mrpgvapacgv mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb ~gpva|ap cbjaa#

=

Dgpb `b irvy Ladmdpb ~rfcaib# cbipgv `gipgv Lbcaiam I$ Omimvab6@v$ Fcmd Boac Mòadaypvmvbm ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb# Bàprvm Croadm Cbx# Frirvbpa# =1119^gpva|apCbjaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb dv$ 6=2'6>>= (ogàlaimp a vb~rfcaimp d Ogdapgvrc Glaiamc dv$ =69'6>lbfvrmvab 6>>:!


5/82

cafbvm adaampa| d pgmpb `gobdaacb `b mipa|apmpb# ir bxib~am ibcgv `mpb d og` bx~vby d igo~bpbdm

mcpgv mrpgvapa ~rfcaib$

^b `b mcp ~mvpb# vm~gvprvacb àdpvb gvjmdbcb mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb àd igordb a gvmb a

gvjmdbcb mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib kr`bbdb mr cm fm{ ~vadia~aacb mrpgdgoaba# cbjaycmaba#

vb~vb{bdpmfacapaa# igg~bvvaa a ygca`mvapaa d vb{gc|mvbm ~vgfcbobcgv cm yimvm dpvbjrcra kr`b$ @b

mybobdbm `bgybfap `b ao~gvpmdp bypb lm~prc i dr bxayp vm~gvprva `b yrfgv`gdmvb dpvb mrpgvapacb

mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb a igdyacarc kr`bbmd# ~vbiro a dpvb igdyacarc cgimc a ~vaomv$

d ~cmd ladmdiamv# mrpgdgoam cgimc dybmod `vb~prc igordbcgv# gvmbcgv a kr`bbcgv `b m

m|bm rd ~mpvaogdar a vbyrvyb ~vg~vaa# `b m yb jbypagdm d igdigv`md ir dgvobcb cbjmcb a adpbvbybcb

igcbipa|apaa$ Bcb mòadaypvbm{ `gobdarc ~rfcai a ~va|mp mc rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb# ~gp

ypmfaca pmxb a ao~g{apb ir imvmipbv cgimc# ~gp y igg~bvb{b a y yb mygiab{b ir mcpb mrpgvapa mcbmòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb àd mv ymr àd ypvadpmpb$

Dbibyapmpbm mrpgdgoaba ladmdiamvb bypb rd crivr b|a`bdp# mrpgdgoam mòadaypvmpa| laad` `b

dbigdib~rp lv myajrvmvbm yr~gvprcra ompbvamc mc lrdiagdvaa# vby~bipa| lv ladmdmvb$ Mrpgdgoam

ladmdiamv bypb krypalaimp a `b lm~prc i g igordapmpb cgimc a irdgmpb ibc oma fadb ~gyafacapacb

~vg~vaa ~va|ad` vbyrvybcb ~rfcaib fdbpa a oma mcby db|gacb ~va|ad` ihbcprabcacb ib pvbfrabyi mig~bvapb$

^vad rvomvb# ~vad mrpgdgoam ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb yb vbmca{bm{ ~vgog|mvbm adpbvbyrcra cgimc `b

ipvb igdyacaacb igordmcb# gvbdbpa# ordaia~mcb a kr`bbdb$Gvjmda{mvbm àypadip m ladmdbcgv cgimcb# ~b fm{m mrpgdgoaba cgv ladmdiamvb# ~bvoapb

`bjvb|mvbm ladmdbcgv ibdpvmcb `b g ybvab `b ihbcprabca# g oma frd rvovavb m og`rcra `b rpaca{mvb m

vbyrvybcgv igdypaprapb# vb`ribvbm lcrxrvacgv fdbpa dpvb da|bcrc ibdpvmc a ibc cgimc$

M~caimvbm ~vadia~arcra mrpgdgoaba cgimcb dr pvbfrab y m`ri mpadjbvb imvmipbvrcra `b ypmp

dmagdmc# rdapmv a adà|a{afac mc Vgodaba$

d mvm dgmypv gvjmda{mvbm pbvapgvamc m ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib rvovbpb gvjmda{mvbm pbvapgvarcra d

rdapa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb (kr`bb# ordaia~aa# gvmb# igordb!0

$ Myplbc labimvb igord# gvm#ordaia~ar# ybipgv mc ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa# kr`b# vby~bipa| ordaia~arc Frirvbpa# dpgiobpb frjbprc

cgimc# d igdàaa `b mrpgdgoab$ dpvb mibypb frjbpb dr bxayp vbcmaa `b yrfgv`gdmvb$

0 Fm{bcb gvjmda{vaa rdapmvb m ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb mr lgyp ~ryb ~vad Cbjbm Mòadaypvmaba ^rfcaib

Cgimcb dv$6=2'6>>=# amv vbjcbobdpvacb y~bialaib ~va|ad` `gobdarc ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib yrdp ir~vadyb d Cbjbm ~va|ad`

ladmdbcb ~rfcaib dv$2>>'6>>6# Cbjbm dv$=>8'6>>0 ~bdpvr m~vgfmvbm Gv`gdmdba `b rvjbd m Jr|bvdrcra dv$02'6>>9~va|ad` ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb# ~vbiro a cbjacb mdrmcb `b m`g~pmvb m frjbprcra `b ypmp$


6/82

Gvjmdbcb ladmdiamvb cgimcb imvb lrdiagdbm{ cm da|bcrc labivba rdapa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb#

mig~bv# ~vad mipa|apmpbm cgv dpvbjrc pbvapgvar mc vaa a d`b~cadbyi mpvafraacb ir imvmipbv ladmdiamv d

pgmpb cgimcapacb$

Ibcb oma ao~gvpmdpb igo~bpbdb a vy~rd`bva mcb mrpgvapacgv mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb# d

ibbm ib ~va|bpb ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb mv la2;

=$ bcmfgvmvbm a m~vgfmvbm frjbpbcgv cgimcb# d igd aaa `b bihacafvr frjbpmv# cm pbvobdbcb a

~gpva|ap ~vb|b bvacgv ypmfacapb 5

6$ypmfacavbm# igdypmpmvbm# igdpvgcrc# rvovavbm a dimymvbm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb# ~vbiro

a m mcpgv |bdaprva mcb rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa| pbvapgvamcb# ~vad igo~mvpaobdpb ~vg~vaa `b y~biamcapmpb# d

igdàaacb cbjaa5

9$ rvovavbm a vm~gvpmvbm bxbiraba frjbpbcgv cgimcb a vbipalaimvbm mibypgvm# ~b ~mvirvyrc mdrcra

frjbpmv# d igdàaa `b bihacafvr frjbpmv5

0$ ypmfacavbm a rvovavbm og`rcra `b ~vbypmvb m ybv|aiaacgv ~rfcaib cgimcb# adicrya| g~ardbm

pvbibvaa ymr dr m mibypgv ybv|aiaa d vy~rd`bvbm rdgv mjbda bigdgoaia y~biamca{ma ymr ybv|aiaa ~rfcaib

cgimcb# rvovad`r/yb blaiabdpa{mvbm mibypgvm d fbdblaiarc igcbipa|apacgv cgimcb5

2$ mòadaypvmvbm blaiabdp m frdrvacgv àd ~vg~vabpmpbm ~rfcai ymr ~va|mp m rdapacgv

mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb5$ bcmfgvmvbm# m~vgfmvbm# ogàlaimvbm a rvovavbm vbmca{vaa ~vgjvmobcgv `b `b{|gcpmvb d

~bvy~bipa| m rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb im fm{ m jbypagdvaa frjbpbcgv cgimcb mdrmcb5

==$ d`b~cadavbm a m mcpgv mpvafraa# igo~bpbdb a vby~gdymfacapa ~vb|{rpb `b ày~g{aaacb

cbjmcb$

2Cbjbm dv$=>8'6>>0 ~va|ad` ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb# mvp$ =


7/82

=$9$Icmyalaimvbm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb

Ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb cgimcb ~gp la icmyalaimpb;

m! `r~ mrpgvapmpbm mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib imvb cb adypaprab;

ao~g{apb a pmxb ypmfacapb cm da|bc dmagdmc 5

ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb bx~vby obdagdmpb `b Cbjbm dv$ 2:='6>>9# ~va|ad` Ig`rc layimc

(papcrc AX / Ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb cgimcb / O$G$ dv$ 16:'69$=6$6>>95

ao~g{apb a pmxb y~biamcb ypmfacapb d bxbviapmvbm mpvafraacgv ib Ab vb|ad d

mòadaypvmvbm `gobdarcra ~rfcai a ~va|mp mc rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb# igdyacaacgv cgimcb#

kr`bbdb a Igdyacarc Jbdbvmc mc Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa ~vb|{rpb d mvp$ 689 àd Cbjbm dv$ 2:='6>>9

~va|ad` Ig`rc layimc / O$G$ dv$ 16:'69$=6$6>>9;

pmxb {acdaib# `b ~d cm =>>$>>> cba# ~bdpvr rpaca{mvbm pbo~gvmv m cgirvacgv

~rfcaib a ~bdpvr |a{apmvbm or{bbcgv# m imybcgv obogvamcb# m ogdrobdpbcgv

aypgvaib# `b mvhapbiprv a mvhbgcgjaib5

pmxb {acdaib# `b ~d cm =>>$>>> cba# ~bdpvr `badbvbm d ~vg~vabpmpb ymr d

lgcgyad# `r~ im{# `b rpacmkb `bypadmpb y lrdiagdb{b d yig~rc gfadbvaa `b |bdap$

Pmxm yb m~cai icmybcgv `b biha~mobdpb ~vbia{mpb `b igdyacarc cgimc5

f! `r~ og`rc `b `bpbvoadmvb m |mcgvaa ao~g{mfacb (fm{m b imcirc m ao~g{aprcra ymr m pmxba!;

|mcgmvb igdpvmip# facbp# mfgdmobdp ymr pmval ;

pmxm ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb5

pmxm hgpbcabv5

ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb# ~bdpvr omdalbypvacb mvpaypaib a igo~bpaaacb y~gvpa|b5

|mcgmvbm `bicmvmp# `b ad|bdpmv ymr dbjgiamp dpvb ~va ;

ao~g{aprc ~b icàva# ~bdpvr ~bvygmdb krvaàib5

ao~g{aprc ~b icàva# ib lmi gfabiprc igdpvmipbcgv `b cbmyadj ladmdiamv5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b igdypvravb5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b `bylaadmvb m igdypvriaacgv# ~bdpvr ~bvygmdb

krvaàib5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba ~bdpvr igdypvriaacb; gvjmda{mvb `b mdpabv# `bpmfbvb `b igvprva# iyrb ymr vrcgpb gva imo~adjrva5


8/82

|mcgmvbm `bpbvoadmp ~gpva|ap ivapbvaacgv a dgvobcgv `b b|mcrmvb ~vb|{rpb d

vbjcbobdpva;

ao~g{aprc ~b icàva# ~bdpvr ~bvygmdb la{aib5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b `bylaadmvb m igdypvriaacgv# ~bdpvr ~bvygmdb

la{aib5

vbjrcmva{mvbm pmxba ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b igdypvravb# ~bdpvr ~bvygmdb

la{aib# `mi |mcgmvbm `bicmvmp bypb oma oai `bip ibm dgvomp5

rdapmpbm `b oyrv (`b yr~vmlm# `b crdjaob# `b im~miapmpb# `b ~rpbvb# `b jvbrpmpb# bpi$!

ymr mcpb imvmipbvaypaia pbhdaib;

ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd5 ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb ~bdpvr mipa|apa mvpaypaib a àypvmipa|b `b |a`bgpbi a

àyigpbi5

pmxm myr~vm oakcgmibcgv `b pvmdy~gvp5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b rvfmdayo5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b igdypvravb ~bdpvr ihagirva# pgdbpb# imfadb#

y~maa `b bx~rdbvb# yaprmpb ~b iacb a d y~maacb ~rfcaib5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba b lgvmkb ymr bxim|va5

rdapmpbm `b oyrv fria (drovrc `b bxbo~cmvb! ;

pmxm myr~vm oakcgmibcgv `b pvmdy~gvp ~b m~ (lv vbogvihbvb# |m~gmvb# ibmorva#

cb~rva a fmvkb!5

mipa|apmpbm crivmpa|m# m|a{rc ymr mipa|apmpbm mrpgva{mp ;

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba ~va|ad` crivvacb `b vmigv`rva afvmdmobdpb5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm m|a{rcra igoayaba `b rvfmdayo a mobdmkmvbm

pbvapgvarcra5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b dgobdicmprv ypvm`mc a m`vby5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b lrdiagdmvb ~bdpvr mipa|apa crivmpa|b

a |a{m mdrmc mibypgvm5

I! `r~ og`rc `b imcirc (igpm `b ao~rdbvb!;


9/82

igp ~vgibdprmc cm |mcgmvbm imcircmp# dvbjaypvmp# `bicmvmp# dbjgiamp# gfadrp;

ao~g{aprc ~b ic`ava5

pmxm ~bdpvr ~vbcrdjavbm ibvpalaimprcra b rvfmdayo5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b igdypvravb5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b `bylaadmvb m igdypvriaacgv5

pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba ~bdpvr igdypvriaacb; gvjmda{mvb `b mdpabv# `b

pmfbvb `b igvprva# iyrb ymr vrcgpb gva imo~adjrva5

pmxm ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb5

pmxm hgpbcabv5

ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb# ~bdpvr omdalbypvacb mvpaypaib a igo~bpaaacb y~gvpa|b5

g yro lax cm rdapmpbm `b oyrv (adicrya| fria!;

ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd5

ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb ~bdpvr mipa|apa mvpaypaib a `aypvmipa|b `b |a`bgpbi a

ayigpbi5

pmxm myr~vm oakcgmibcgv `b pvmdy~gvp5

pmxm ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv `b ~rfcaiapmpb (mlamk ymr lavom!5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b rvfmdayo5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b igdypvravb ~bdpvr ihagirva# pgdbpb# imfadb#

y~maa `b bx~rdbvb# yaprmpb ~b iacb a d y~maacb ~rfcaib5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b lgvmkb ymr bxim|va5

pmxb {acdaib# ~bdpvr `badbvbm d ~vg~vabpmpb ymr d lgcgyad# `r~ im{# `b rpacmkb

`bypadmpb y lrdiagdb{b d yig~rc gfadbvaa `b |bdap$ Impbjgvaacb `b rpacmkb yb

ypmfacbyi `b ipvb igdyacaacb cgimcb5

g yro lax {acdai ymr mdrmc ~b mipa|apmpb ymr g~bvmab m|a{mp ymr mrpgva{mp;

pmxb {acdaib `b ~d cm =>>$>>> cba ~bdpvr rpaca{mvbm pbo~gvmv m cgirvacgv

~rfcaib a ~bdpvr |a{apmvbm or{bbcgv# imybcgv obogvamcb# ogdrobdpbcgv aypgvaib# `b mvhapbiprv a

mvhbgcgjaib5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba ~va|ad` crivvacb `b vmigv`rva a

fvmdmobdpb5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm m|a{rcra igoayaba `b rvfmdayo a mobdmkmvbm pbvapgvarcra5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b dgobdicmprv ypvm`mc a m`vby5


10/82

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b lrdiagdmvb ~bdpvr mipa|apa crivmpa|b a

|a{m mdrmc mibypgvm5

`! `r~ ogobdprc ~caa ;

mdpaia~mp dmadpbm m|a{vaa# mrpgva{vaa ymr lgcgyavaa;

pmxb {acdaib `b ~d cm =>>$>>> cba ~bdpvr rpaca{mvbm pbo~gvmv m cgirvacgv ~rfcaib

a ~bdpvr |a{apmvbm or{bbcgv# imybcgv obogvamcb# ogdrobdpbcgv aypgvaib# `b

mvhapbiprv a mvhbgcgjaib5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba ~va|ad` crivvacb `b vmigv`rva a fvmdmobdpb5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm m|a{rcra igoayaba `b rvfmdayo a mobdmkmvbm pbvapgvarcra5 pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b dgobdicmprv ypvm`mc a m`vby5

pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{maba `b lrdiagdmvb ~bdpvr mipa|apa crivmpa|b a |a{m

mdrmc mibypgvm5

pmxm ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv `b mlamk (oma ~rad lavom `b cm yb`arc ygiamc! ir

`rvmp oma oai `b rd md5

pmxb {acdaib# ~bdpvr `badbvbm d ~vg~vabpmpb ymr d lgcgyad# `r~ im{# `b rpacmkb

`bypadmpb y lrdiagdb{b d yig~rc gfadbvaa `b |bdap$ Impbjgvaacb `b rpacmkb ybypmfacbyi b ipvb igdyacaacb cgimcb 5

pvaobypvamc# d igpb bjmcb (~d ~b; =2 omvpab# =2 ardab# =2 yb~pbofvab a =2 dgabofvab!;

omvbm omkgvapmpb m ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv5

~d ~b 9= amdrmvab;

pmxm ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv `b mlamk uoma ~rad lavom `b cm yb`arc ygiamc! ir

`rvmp oma omvb `b rd md5

crdmv# d crdm rvopgmvb;

pmxm hgpbcabv (~d ~b `mpm `b => m crdaa rvopgmvb!5

pmxm ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb (~d ~b `mpm `b => m

crdaa rvopgmvb!5

ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb (~d ~b `mpm `b =2 m crdaa rvopgmvb!$

b! `r~ bypadmam ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv dimympb;

bxicrya| frjbpbcgv cgimcb;


11/82

omvbm omkgvapmpb m ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv cgimcb5

frjbpbcgv cgimcb a kr`bbdb;

pmx ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b rvfmdayo a m mrpgva{maba `b igdypvravb

(2>" |bdaprva mcb frjbpbcgv cgimcb a 2>" |bdaprva mcb frjbpbcgv kr`bbdb!5

\bdaprvacb ~vg|bdapb àd pmxm myr~vm oakcgircra `b pvmdy~gvp ypmfacap d

igdigv md ir ~vb|b`bvacb ig`rcra layimc ~vbiro a mobd{acb a ~bdmca{vacb

mlbvbdpb yb ~gp rpaca{m bxicrya| ~bdpvr crivva `b dpvbadbvb# og`bvda{mvb#

vbmfacapmvb a igdypvravb m `vrorvacgv cgimcb a kr`bbdb# àd imvb " igdypaprab

|bdaprva cm frjbprc cgimc a 0>" igdypaprab |bdaprva cm frjbprc kr`bbmd$ Ad im{rc

ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa# pmxm igdypaprab |bdaprva d ~vg~gvab `b " cm frjbpbcb

ybipgmvbcgv a 0>" cm frjbprc ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa$

=$0$ ^bvlgvomd m mòadaypvvaa ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv

^bdpvr im ~vad ao~g{apb y yb ~gmp vbmca{m gfabipa|bcb ladmdiamvb# bigdgoaib a ygiamcb

rvovapb `b ipvb ypmp cm adpvg`ribvbm cgv# bypb dbibymv im vbjcbobdpvacb layimcb y lab irdgyirpb a

vby~bipmpb# mpp `b gvjmdbcb layimcb# ip a `b igdpvafrmfaca$ Myplbc ~vad cbjacb ~vad imvb yb adypaprab

ao~g{apb yb ~vbia{bm{; ~bvygmdbcb d ymviadm ivgvm im`b ~cmpm ao~g{apbcgv# ompbvam yr~ry ao~rdbvaa#

ovaobm vbcmpa| m ao~g{aprcra# pbvobdbcb `b ~cmp# ymdiardacb ib yb m~cai ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib a

krvaàib imvb dr/a gdgvbm{ gfcajmaacb layimcb cm pbvobdbcb ypmfacapb# yrypvmj ompbvam ao~g{mfac `b cm

ao~rdbvb a dimci mcpb ày~g{aaa mcb vbjcbobdpvacgv layimcb$

^vadpvb bcbobdpbcb ao~g{aprcra yb drov;

=$ Yrfabiprc ao~g{aprcra ymr igdpvafrmfacrc bypb ~bvygmdm la{ai ymr krvaài gfcajmp ~vad cbjb

y igdpvafrab ir g ~mvpb àd |bdaprc yr cm ihbcprabcacb ~rfcaib# vby~bipa| cm igdypapravbm |bdaprvacgv

frjbpmvb$ Mpp d vbjcbobdpvacb layimcb# ip a d |gvfavbm irvbdp yrfabiprc ao~g{aprcra bypb `bdroap

igdpvafrmfac$ Myplbc# `b bxbo~cr cm ao~g{aprc ~b icàva a cm ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd bypb yrfabip mc

ao~g{aprcra ~bvygmdm la{ai a krva ai imvb cb `badb d ~vg~vabpmpb# cm ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb

~bvygmdbcb la{aib a krvaàib imvb gvjmda{bm{ omdalbypva mvpaypaib# mipa|apa mvpaypaib a àypvmipa|b `b

|a`bgpbi a àyigpbi# igo~bpaaa y~gvpa|b$ Vmardbm ~bdpvr imvb igdpvafrmfacrc bypb gfcajmp cm ~cmpm

ao~g{aprcra bypb lm~prc i bc `badb ompbvab ao~g{mfac$

Igdpvafrmfacaa oma mr a mcpb gfcajmaa# ~b cdj mibcm `b ~cmp m ao~g{apbcgv a mibypbm yb vblbv

cm; `bicmvmvbm gfabiprcra ao~g{aprcra a m ovaoaa mibypram# `b~rdbvbm cm layi m rdgv `bigdprva

~bvag aib a `girobdpb y~bialaib$


12/82

6$ Yr~gvppgvrc (`bypadmpmvrc! ao~g{aprcra bypb ~bvygmdm la{ai ymr krva`ai imvb yr~gvp blbipa|

ao~g{aprc$ Bm oma bypb `bladap a `bypadmpmvrc ao~g{aprcra# dpvrip# cm ypmfacavbm labivra ao~g{ap# yb

pab ~vbiay adpm# `bypadmpmvrc gfcajmaba `b ~cmp# vby~bipa| ~bvygmdbcb la{aib a'ymr krva`aib mcb ivgv

|bdaprva |gv la mlbipmpb `b adpvg`ribvbm ao~g{aprcra vby~bipa|$ d og` dgvomc# yrfabiprc ao~g{aprcra mv

pvbfra y lab a yr~gvpmpgvrc vbmc mc mibypram# dy# d vbmcapmpb yrdp lvbi|bdpb im{rvacb id` yr~gvpmpgvrc

ao~g{aprcra bypb g mcp ~bvygmd `bip yrfabiprc


13/82

2$ Rdapmpbm `b ao~rdbvb vb~vb{adp rdapmpbm `b oyrv lgcgyap ~bdpvr bx~vaomvbm gfabiprcra

ao~g{mfac$ @b bxbo~cr cm ao~g{aprc ~b ~vglap# ymcmvaa# |bdap# rdapmpbm `b ao~rdbvb mvb g bx~vbyab

ogdbpmv# amv d im{rc ao~g{aprcra ~b m|bvb m|bo bx~vbyaa la{aib dmprvmcb (vgd'o~# vgd'hm!$


14/82

B|mcrmvbm ompbvaba ao~g{mfacb$ Ypmfacavbm gfabiprcra ao~g{mfac ~vbyr~rdb igdypmpmvbm

bxaypbdba ompbvaba ao~g{mfacb a b|mcrmvbm mibypbam$ @b/m crdjrc pao~rcra a d lrdiab `b lbcrc

ompbvaba ao~g{mfacb# ~bdpvr b|mcrmvb y/mr lgcgyap oma orcpb obpg`b `b ~bvib~bvb;

=! B|mcrmvbm adàvbip dpbobamp ~b ~vb{roab yb ~gmpb ~vmipaim d

rvopgmvbcb |mvamdpb;

B|mcrmvbm ~b fm{m adàiaacgv bxpbvagmvb mcb gfabipbcgv ao~g{mfacb a igdyp d ypmfacavbm ir

m~vgxaomab m |mcgvaa gfabiprcra ao~g{mfac lv y yb ad ybmom `b yaprmam ~bvygmdba ib `badb

gfabiprc vby~bipa|$

B|mcrmvbm lgvlbpmv gvjmdbcb layimcb# `b igord migv` ir yrfabiprc ao~g{aprcra # mpvafrab g

mdroap |mcgmvb gfabiprcra ao~g{mfac# lv m yb m|bm ~vbpbdam `b bxmipapmpb$

B|mcrmvbm mòadaypvmpa| yb vbmca{bm{ ~b fm{m `mpbcgv ymr bcbobdpbcgv `b imvb ày~rdb

m~mvmprc layimc d ~vg~vaacb b|a`bdb$

6! B|mcrmvbm avbip ~b fm{ `b ~vgfb mvb `gr |mvamdpb `b m~caimvb;

/ B|mcrmvbm ~b fm{m rdba pbvb ~bvygmdb yb m~cai mprdia id` ovaobm gfabiprcra ao~g{mfac bypb

irdgyirp a `b g mcp ~bvygmd `bip yrfabiprcra ao~g{aprcra$

/ B|mcrmvbm ~b fm{m `bicmvmaba igdpvafrmfacacgv# yb lgcgybpb mprdia id` yrfabiaa ~cpapgva ma

ao~g{apbcgv yrdp gfcajma y ad g b|a`bd ir ~va|avb cm |bdaprvacb a ihbcprabcacb gim{agdmpb `b

mipa|apacb `bylrvmpb# y dpgiobmyi rd facmd layimc a y ~vb{adpb `bicmvmaa y~bialaib$

Og`rc `b imcirc mc ao~g{apbcgv droap `bybgva a àobdyagdmvbm ovaoaa ao~g{aprcra `mpgvmp

bypb g g~bvmardb ib yb vbmca{bm{ d og` àlbvap# `r~ iro bypb |gvfm `b ao~g{apb `b vb~mvpaab ymr `b

ao~g{apb `b igpapmpb$

^bvib~bvbm ao~g{apbcgv cm frjbprc ~rfcai bypb g~bvmardbm ladmc m myabpba# imvb igdyp d

dimymvbm ao~g{apbcgv cm pbvobdbcb a og`mcapacb y~bialaib labivram àdpvb bcb$

=$ dimymvbm adàvbipm! dimymvbm ao~g{apbcgv `b ipvb rdrc àd igdpvafrmfaca# rvod` im rcpbvagv y cb

|bvyb d |aypbvam ypmprcra$

f! dimymvbm ao~g{apbcgv `b ipvb igdibyagdmva# ymr m`bybm droaa a mvbd`ma `b

ao~g{apb$ Ba m|mdybm{ ypmprcra ao~g{apbcb `mpgvmpb `b igordapmpb# rcpbvagv

vbir~bvd` yrobcb m|mdympb `b cm igdpvafrmfac$ Dbmkrdyrc igdyp d lm~prc i

mibpam a drbmr lvbi|bdp g ~mvpb àd ao~g{apbcb dimympb# ~vadpv/g ybvab mfr{rva

layimcb dimyd` oma orcp `bip |vymr ypmprcra$


15/82

6$ ^bvib~bvbm ao~g{apbcgv ~vadpv/rd m~mvmp layimc y~biamca{mp mc ypmprcra yb vbmca{bm{ myplbc;

+ d im{rc ao~g{apbcgv dimympb `b cm ~bvygmdb la{aib `r~ lbcrc d imvb mibypbm yb

dimybm{ ~gp la; ao~g{apb ~gvpmfacb mprdia id` ~cpapgvrc bypb ibc imvb yb `b~cmybm{ cm mòadaypvmam

ladmdiamv a mihap ao~g{apbcb5 ao~g{apb ihbvmfacb mprdia id` ~bvib~pgvrc yb `b~cmybm{ cm

igdpvafrmfac a dimybm{ ao~g{aprc `mpgvmp$

+ d im{rc ao~g{apbcgv `mpgvmpb `b cm ~bvygmdb krvaàib# cm g ybvab `b ao~g{apb# cbjbm

~vb|b b lgcgyavbm oma orcpgv obpg`b; ypg~mkrc cm yrvy igdyp d |vymvbm ao~g{aprcra cm frjbp `b

ipvb pbvb ~bvygmdb (ibc oma lvbi|bdp bxbo~cr bypb ao~g{aprc ~b ymcmvaa!5 m~caimvbm ~b paofvb layimcb

(obpg`m iro~vvaa a mdrcvaa `b paofvb layimcb! yb m~cai ~bdpvr ao~g{apmvbm mdroapgv |bdaprva a

~bdpvr dimymvbm rdgv pmxb cgimcb

1

$

=$2$^vbyardbm layimc

^bvib~bvbm ao~g{apbcgv bypb rd `vb~p mc ypmprcra# igdyladap ~vad igdypaprab$ Gvaib ygiabpmpb#

adàlbvbdp `b lgvom `b gvjmda{mvb# mv la ao~gyafac ym lrdiagdb{b lv ao~g{apb$ Im vbjrcm jbdbvmcm#

igdpvafrmfacaa |m` ad ao~g{apb rd vr dbibymv# `mv igdyaop cm ~cmpm mibypram# myr~vm cgv bxbviapd`r/yb

àd ~mvpbm ypmprcra g mdroapm ~vbyardb layimcm$^vbyardbm layimcm ymr vmpm layimcapaa yb bx~vaom im vm~gvp adpvb pgpmcrc ~vbcb|vacgv frjbpmvb gfcajmpgvaa

ya ~vg`ryrc adpbvd fvrp# cm da|bc omivgbigdgoai ymr myr~vm |bdaprvacgv (~vglaprcra! vbmca{mpb cm da|bc

oaivgbigdgoai$

Ao~g{apbcb àvbipb ymr adàvbipb# pmxbcb ~bvib~rpb `b cm igdpvafrmfaca# yb igdypaprab ad bcbobdpb

`b ~vbyardb layimcm# ir mpp oma orcp# ir imp ~gd`bvbm cgv ad |mcgmvbm m`rjmp ymr ad ialvm `b mlmibva

bypb oma omvb$

Id` mibmypm ~gd`bvb `b~bpb mdroapb caoapb vb{gdmfacb# vmd`mobdprc ao~g{apbcgv ya

igdpvafraacgv yim`b# omdalbypd`r/yb lgvob `b vb{aypbdpm cm mibypbm# iro mv la mfypadbdpm layimcm#

o~gpva|avbm cm ~cmpm ya ad rcpaom adypmdm b|m{ardbm layimcm$

G bx~vaomvb jvmlaim m ~vbyardaa layimcb# m vbmca{mp/g @$ Cmllbv# ir mkrpgvrc rdba irvfb imvb a

~gmvpm drobcb$ ^gpva|ap mibypba bx~vaova# `b cm rd mdroap ~vmj# gvaib ivbpbvb m ~vbyardaa layimcb

~vg|gmi g yi`bvb m yroba ~vbcb|vacgv gfcajmpgvaa dimympb `b mrpgvapmpbm ~rfcaim$ Yrom ~vbcb|vacgv

gfcajmpgvaa bypb g lrdiab ivbyipgmvb m vmpba ~vbyardaa layimcb# `mv droma ~mdm cm rd mdroap ~vmj

1igcbipa| Bcbobdpb `bmòadaypvmab ~rfcai (yadpb{b pbgvbpaib ~bdpvr bxmobdrc `b caibd!# ~mj =9:/=916


16/82

omxaomc# imvb igvby~rd`b da|bcrcra omxao mc irvfba# `r~ imvb `b|adb g lrdiab `byivbyipgmvb m

mibypba vmpb$ @r~ Cmllbv# mibmypm yb bx~caim ~vad lm~prc im# ~vbcb|vacb gfcajmpgvaa lgmvpb omva#

àoadrbm{ vmd`mobdprc ao~g{apbcgv$

^vbyardbm layimcm bx~vaom adpbdyapmpbm ir imvb yrdp ~vbcb|mpb |bdaprva `b cm ~bvygmdb la{aib a

krvaàib# gva cm da|bcrc dpvbjaa ygiabpa ~vad adpbvob arc ao~g{apvaa$ ^vbyardbm layimcm mvb g omvb

vbcb|mdpm bigdgoaim# `bgmvbib adàim oyrvm ad imvb |bdaprvacb dgoadmcb mcb ~g~rcmaba yrdp mkrypmpb

~vad adpbvobàrc ao~g{apvaa a# d mibcma pao~# mvmpm oyrvm ymr jvm`rc d imvb frjbprc `b ypmp a

~vgirvm |bdaprvacb ~b imcbm ~vbcb|vaa `b ao~g{apb$ ^vbyardbm layimcm ~gmpb la rpaca{mpm mpp ~bdpvr

ao~g{apb adàvbipb# imp ya ~bdpvr pgpmcapmpbm ~vbcb|vacgv cm frjbp blbiprmpb ~vad adpbvobàrc ao~g{apvaa$

^vbyardbm layimcm yb igdivbpa{bm{ `b lm~p ad jvm`rc `b layimcapmpb# jvm` ad imvb igdpvafrmfacaa

ad mdymofcrc cgv# ygiabpmpbm vby~bipa|b bigdgoam yr~gvpm# ~b ybmom vb{rcpmpbcgv gfadrpb àdmipa|apmpbm cgv# ao~g{apbcb ya pmxbcb im ~vbcb|va gfcajmpgvaa adypaprapb ya ~bvib~rpb ~vad igdypvdjbvbm

cbjmcm `b ipvb ypmp$

Igdivbp# ~vbyardbm layimcm vb~vb{adp ~vg~vabpacb àd |bdaprvacb cm imvb# ad og` db|gap ya

gfcajmpgvar# igdpvafrmfacaa (~bvygmdb la{aib ymr ~bvygmdb krvaàib! vbdrd ad lm|gmvbm ypmprcra# yrf

lgvom ao~g{apbcgv# |vyd` mib bypb yrob ad im`vrc bxajafacapaa cgv cm frjbprc `b ypmp# frjbprc

myajrvvacgv ygiamcb `b ypmp# frjbpbcb cgimcb ya lgd`rvacb ~rfcaib$

^vgfcbom ~vbyardaa layimcb `b cm dga bypb oma miprmcm im gvaid` àd imr{m rvopgmvbcgvigdya`bvbdpb;

/ d ~vaorc vd`# `mpgvapm lm~prcra im db mlcmo ad lm{m og`bvda{vaa yaypborcra layimc vgomdbyi5

/ d mc `gacbm vd` ~bdpvr im ad ~vb{bdp bigdgoam pmvaa dgmypvb vbyaopb ca~ym im~apmcrvacgv

ày~gdafacb m la ad|bypapb# ibm ib ao~rdb ~vmipaimvbm rdba ~gcapaia layimcb `bgybfapb5

/ d mc pvbacbm vd # `mpgvapm yaprmaba miprmcb ~vbimvb m bigdgoaba vgodbpa# |bdaprvacb vbmca{mpb

`b pgpmcapmpbm impbjgvaacgv `b igdpvafrmfaca laad` adm`bi|mpb ~bdpvr m la jvm|mpb `b g layimcapmpb ~vbm

omvb lv m `m dmpbvb cm rvova db`gvapb$Ad capbvmprvm `b y~biamcapmpb pbvobdrc `b ~vbyardb layimcm oma bypb dpcdap yrf mcpb lgvob

~vbiro igblaiabdp layimc# pbdyardb layimcm bpi$# pgioma ~bdpvr m b|apm igdgpmaacb dbjmpa|b ~b imvb

cb ~gmvpm ir|dprc ~vbyardb# `mv ya mibmypm bx~vaom pgpra mibbma a`bb m gfcajmaba lmpm `b ypmp ~vad

adpbvobàrc ao~g{aprcra$


17/82

IMÂPGCRC 6$ YAYPBORC AO^G[APBCGV A PMXBCGV CGIMCB D

VGODAM

6$=$ Ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb cgimcb àd Vgodam

Ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb cgimcb a mr gvajadbm d mrpgdgoa{mvbm mrpgvapacgv pbvapgvamcb d

mòadaypvmvbm igordapacgv vby~bipa|b$

Gvjmda{mvbm àypadip m ao~g{apbcgv cgimcb# ~b fm{m mrpgdgoaba ladmdiamvb m mòadaypvmaacgv

cgimcb# ~bvoapb `bjvb|mvbm ladmdbcgv ibdpvmcb `b g ybmo `b ihbcprabca# vb`ribvbm drovrcra a

mo~cgmvba lcrxrvacgv fdbpa dpvb ibcb `gr da|bcrva ypvriprvmcb mcb ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib# ~vbiro a g oma

icmv rvovavb m og`rcra iro yrdp lgcgyapb lgd`rvacb igdypaprapb$ Yb~mvmvbm ao~g{apbcgv a pmxbcgv

cgimcb `b ibcb ibdpvmcb# im a d mcpb `gobdaa# bypb `bpbvoadmp `b vmarda `b blaiabd$ Ao~g{apbcb a

pmxbcb cgimcb ympaylmi oma fadb# oma vb~b`b a oma blaiabdp ibvadbcb `b rpacapa ~rfcaib d pbvapgvar$

^vgfcbom imvb vodb `byihay bypb rvopgmvbm; ~d rd`b yb ~gmpb dpad`b mrpgdgoam

ladmdiamv# ir mcpb ir|adpb# ip mv pvbfra y vb~vb{adpb ibdpvmca{mvbm a ip `byibdpvmca{mvbm d `gobdarc

ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib# vby~bipa| mc ao~g{apbcgv 7

d labimvb mv# vm~gvprc àdpvb ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb ibdpvmcb a ibcb cgimcb bypb àlbvap$ Jvm`rc `b

ibdpvmca{mvb ladmdiamv àlbv d lrdiab `b igdibdpvmvbm mòadaypvmaba vaa# `b oyrvm d imvb gvjmdbcb

cgimcb yrdp yrfgv`gdmpb igd`ribvaa ibdpvmcb$ Gvairo# gfabipa|bcb a miardacb omkgvb# `b adpbvby

dmagdmc# ypvmpbjai# ibcb imvb mlbipbm{ ~b pga ibpbdaa# iro yrdp m~vmvbm# gvàdbm ~rfcai ypmpmc#vbcmaacb bxpbvdb# ~vgpbiam obàrcra a m ibpbmdrcra a ~gcapaiacb omivgygiamcb `b vbjrcmva{mvb#

ypmfaca{mvb a frdypmvb# yrdp ladmdmpb àd lgd`rva ibdpvmcb$

@byibdpvmca{mvbm ladmdiamv dib~b y lrdiagdb{b àdigcg `b caoapm `b cm imvb mvam rpaca{vaa

frdrvacgv a ybv|aiaacgv ~rfcaib `b adpbvby dmagdmc dib~b y yb vbypvdj# amv igyprc igo~mvmpa| mc crvaa

`bia{aacgv cm da|bc ibdpvmc `b|adb ~vbm vaàimp=>$ Pvbfrab m|rp d |b`bvb a lm~prc i bxayp `bgybfava d

ibbm ib ~va|bpb ibvbvbm `b rpacapa ~rfcaib a ~gyafacapacb `b glbvavb m cgv `b cm g rdapmpb

=> Bypb |gvfm `b mdroapb rpacapa iro mv la; igdypvravbm `b `vrorva# mipa|apmpbm `b ~gcaab# acroadmprc ~rfcai# jgy~g`vamigordmc# pvmdy~gvprvacb cgimcb# igcacb bpi$


18/82

mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamc cm mcpm$ Oma orcp# igordapacb cgimcb yrdp bdpapa `byihayb ib ypmfacbyi vbcmaa

|mvampb dpvb bcb# pgmpb mibypbm ao~caid` rd jvm` oma vaàimp ymr oma yi{rp `b mrpgladmdmvb cgimc$

d ibbm ib ~va|bpb yaprmam vaa dgmypvb# pvbfrab mvpmp lm~prc i gvjmda{mvbm pbvapgvamc m

ladmbcgv ~rfcaib cgimcb bypb `mp d ~vadia~mc `b o~vavbm vaa ~b kr`bb# ordaia~aa# gvmb# igordb a

ympb# laad` ypvriprvmp d caoapbcb labivbam àdpvb mibypb rdapa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb$

Myplbc# cm da|bc cgimc# |go dpcda==;

/ ladmdbcb cgimcb mcb kr`brcra a mcb Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa5

/ ladmdbcb ordaia~aacgv a mcb ybipgmvbcgv Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa5

/ iaviroyiva~aacb ladmdiamvb mcb gvmbcgv5

/ ~bvib~aacb vrvmcb ya mjbdaacb layimcb# d im{rc igordbcgv$

Adàlbvbdp `b jvm`rc `b mrpgdgoab m igordapacgv cgimcb# yb igdya`bv i cm `byibdpvmca{mvbm

ladmdiamv pvbfrab m|rpb d |b`bvb mdroapb ~vadia~aa=6# im laad` ibvadb oadaomcb mcb ypmfacapaa

ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib$ Mibypbm yrdp;

/ ~vadia~arc a|bvyapaa5

/ ~vadia~arc miib~pvaa igyprcra byibdpvmca{vaa5

/ ~vadia~arc vbàypvafravaa a ypmfaca{vaa ibdpvmca{mpb5

/ ~vadia~arc myajrvvaa ybv|aiaacgv ygiamcb |apmcb5

/ ~vadia~arc miibyrcra bihapmfac cm vbyrvybcb ladmdiamvb ~rfcaib5

/ ~vadia~arc bihacafvrcra ladmdiamv$

^vadia~arc à|bvyapaa# bx~caimp ~b ybmom |mvabpaa `b lgvob a m oyrvaa àlbvapb m ygcaiapvacgv

`b frdrva a ybv|aiaa `b rpacapmpb ~rfcai bypb `rfcmp `b ~vadia~arc biha|mcbdba d ladmdmvbm ybv|aiaacgv

~rfcaib# ib ~gmpb la bx~caimp ~b ybmom fbdblaiaacgv jbgjvmlaib ~b imvb mibypb ybv|aiaa cb m`ri

ibpbdacgv$

^gpva|ap ~vadia~aacgv miib~pvaa igyprcra `byibdpvmca{vaa `bpbvoadmp `b àlbvbdbcb vbjagdmcb a

ibc mc vbàypvafravaa a ypmfaca{vaa ibdpvmca{mpb# igordapacb cgimcb blbiprbm{ mdroapb ihbcprabca# `mv ybvbirdgmpb i mibypbm dr ày~rd `b adypvrobdpbcb dbibymvb ~bdpvr dl~pravbm rdgv gfabipa|b `b

ao~gvpmd dmagdmc$

^vadia~arc myajrvvaa ybv|aiaacgv ygiamcb |apmcb ~vbyr~rdb i mibmyp ymviad y lab d`b~cadap `b

mrpgvapacb ibdpvmcb# add` ybmom a `b ~vadia~arc miibyrcra bihapmfac cm vbyrvybcb ladmdiamvb ~rfcaib#

`bpbvoadmp `b yaprmam rdgv igcbipa|apa cgimcb m ivgv fmcmd àdpvb db|ga a im~miapmpbm layimc bypb

`blaiapmv# dbibyapd` igo~bdymvbm oadryrcra `b vbyrvyb ~vad pvmdylbvrva jr|bvdmobdpmcb$

== Cbjbm dv$ 6:9 àd 61 ardab 6>>< ~va|ad` ladmdbcb ~rfcaib cgimcb# ~rfcaimp d Ogdapgvrc Glaiamc mc Vgodaba# ^mvpbm A#dv$ >>0# ~$ =6=$


19/82

Pgmpb ibcbcmcpb ~vadia~aa bdrdmpb oma yry yrdp dpvbjapb `b ibc mc bihacafvrcra ladmdiamv#

igdlgvo ivram vb~mvpa{mvbm dpvb da|bcrvacb `b mrpgvapmpb ~rfcai m pmxbcgv a ao~g{apbcgv pvbfrab y

vby~bipb bxbviapmvbm igd`ribvaa d mdroapb caoapb `b mpvafraa a igo~bpbdb$

@mi m|bo d |b`bvb blbipbcb rvovapb a vbmca{mpb ~vad `byibdpvmca{mvbm ladmdbcgv ~rfcaib# yb

~gmpb y~rdb i mibypbm vbrbyi y `bm oyrvm ao~gvpmdba dgardaa# ~vad blaiabdpa{mvbm mipa|apacgv

~vbcrmpb cm da|bc cgimc$

Myplbc# blbipbcb gfadrpb d lrdiagdmvbm ladmdbcgv igcbipa|apacgv cgimcb yb vblbv oma dpa cm

~vbcrmvbm rdgv mpvafraa ~va|ad` ao~g{apbcb a pmxbcb ib im d ymviadm mrpgvapacgv ~rfcaib ibdpvmcb# lm~p

ib igd`rib cm g oma frd igcbipmvb a cm rd blgvp igdya`bvmfac àoadrmp$ @b mybobdbm mrpgvapacb

cgimcb mr ipajmp cmvja igo~bpbdb d ompbvab `b igdpvgc krvaài a frjbpmv# lm~p ib m igd`ry cm

`b{|gcpmvbm mibypgvm a cm dpvavbm ygca`mvapaa a m igb{ardaa cm da|bcrc obofvacgv vby~bipa|bcgvigcbipa|apa$ Bypb dgvomc im ibpbdaa y miib~pb oma rgv gfcajmaacb layimcb ib cb vb|ad mprdia id`

mibpam vbmca{bm{ i yrobcb yrdp igcbipmpb cm frjbprc igordapaa rd`b cgirabyi a mibypbm dybmod

ybv|aiaa oma frdb# ypv{a mylmcpmpb a acroadmpb# igca a y~apmcb og`bvdb# rd da|bc y~gvap `b igdlgvp a

yajrvmd igcbipa| a adà|a`rmc$

6$6$ Ao~g{aprc ~b icàva

@bfapgv mc ao~g{aprcra ~b ic ava=9 bypb gvaib ~bvygmd la{ai ymr krvaài imvb mvb d

~vg~vabpmpb g icàvb yaprmp d Vgodam$ Yrfabiprc ao~g{mfac `mpgvbm{ mdrmc ao~g{ap ~bdpvr mibcb

icàva=0 `mpgvmp `b ipvb igdpvafrmfaca ~bdpvr pgmpb icàvacb imvb yb mlc d ~vg~vabpmpbm mibypgvm#

adàlbvbdp `b my~bipb cbjmpb `b cgirc rd`b yrdp yaprmpb ymr `b `bypadmam cgv$

^bdpvr icàvacb ~vg~vabpmpb ~rfcai ymr ~va|mp imvb m~mvad ypmprcra gva rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/

pbvapgvamcb# ~bdpvr icàvacb igdibyagdmpb# dihavampb# `mpb d mòadaypvmvb gva d lgcgyad# ao~g{aprc ~b

icàva vb~vb{adp g ymviad layimc m igdibyagdmvacgv# cgimpmvacgv# paprcmvacgv `vb~prcra `b mòadaypvmvbymr `b lgcgyad# `r~ im{# d igdàpaa yaoacmvb ir ao~g{aprc ~b icàva=2$

=9 ^vad icàvb yb dbcbjb gvaib igdypvriab yaprmp `bmyr~vm ygcrcra a'ymr yrf da|bcrc mibypram# adàlbvbdp `b `bdroavbmgva `b lgcgyadm ym# a imvb mvb rdm ymr oma orcpb di~bva ib ~gp ybv|a cm m`~gypavbm `b gmobda# mdaomcb# gfabipb#~vg`ryb# ompbvamcb# adypmcmaa# biha~mobdpb a mcpbcb mybobdbm$ Ao~g{aprc ~b icàva yb `mpgvbm{ ipvb frjbprc cgimc mcigordba# mc gvmrcra ymr mc ordaia~arcra d imvb bypb mo~cmymp icàvbm$ d im{rc Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa# ao~g{aprc apmxm ~b icàva yb `mpgvbm{ ipvb frjbprc cgimc mc ybipgvrcra d imvb bypb mo~cmymp icàvbm (mvp$ 601# mcad$ (6! a (2! mcbIg`rcra layimc d |ajgmvb# ~rfcaimp d Ogdapgvrc Glaiamc mc Vgodaba# ^mvpbm A# dv$ 16: àd 69 `bibofvab 6>>9# ir

ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb rcpbvagmvb=0 Igdpvafrmfaca# d im{rc ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva yrdp ~vg~vabpmvaa mibypgvm adàlbvbdp `b icàvb ya `b cgirc rd`b yrdpyaprmpb d Vgodam$

=2 @$ @$ mjrdm # @$g|m # @vb~p layimc# Bàprvm$ I$H$Fbie 6>>8# bàam 6 # ~$=21$


20/82

d im{rc d imvb g icàvb ymr oma orcpb icàva yb mlc d ~vg~vabpmpbm igord m `gr ymr oma

orcpb ~bvygmdb# labimvb àdpvb ~vg~vabpmvaa igorda ma icàvaa `mpgvbm{ ao~g{aprc ~bdpvr y~maacb yaprmpb

d ~mvpbm àd icàvb mlcmp d ~vg~vabpmpbm ym$ d im{rc d imvb dr yb ~gp ypmfaca ~vacb adà|a`rmcb mcb

~vg~vabpmvacgv d igord# labimvb ~vg~vabpmv d igord `mpgvbm{ g ~mvpb bjmc àd ao~g{aprc ~bdpvr

icàvbm vby~bipa|$

Yirpava

Gfabiprc ao~rdbvaa c igdypaprab |mcgmvbm icàvacgv $Ig`rc layimc ~vb|b b g ybvab `b yirpava `b cm

~cmpm ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva imvb ~gp la icmyalaimpb myplbc ;

M$ Yirpava ~vad vm~gvpmvb cm gfabiprc ao~rdbvaa;

^b icàva dr yb `mpgvbm{ ao~g{aprc ~bdpvr;/ icàvacb ~vg~vabpmpb m ypmprcra# m rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb ymr m gvaivgv adypapraa

~rfcaib# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ ic avacb imvb# ~gpva|ap cbjaa# yrdp icmympb im ogdrobdpb aypgvaib# `b mvhapbiprv ymr

mvhbgcgjaib# or{bb gva imyb obogvamcb# adàlbvbdp `b paprcmvrc `vb~prcra `b ~vg~vabpmpb ymr `b

mòadaypvmvb# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ ic avacb imvb igdypaprab ~mpvaogdarc rdapacgv a adypapraacgv `b d|odp `b ypmp#

igdlbyagdmc ymr ~mvpaircmv# ir igdàam im mibypbm y lab mrpgva{mpb y lrdiagdb{b ~vg|a{gvargva mivbàpmpb# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ icàvacb rdapacgv ymdapmvb ~rfcaib# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa

bigdgoaib5

/ icàvacb imvb yrdp mlbipmpb ibdpvmcbcgv ha vgbcbipvaib# ibcgv pbvogbcbipvaib a dricbmvg/

bcbipvaib# ypmaacgv a ~gyprvacgv `b pvmdylgvomvb# ~vbiro a ypmaacgv `b igdbxarda5

/ ic avacb imvb# ~vad `bypadmam mibypgvm# igdypaprab cimrva `b ircp ib m~mvad ircpbcgv

vbcajagmyb vbirdgyirpb glaiamc d Vgodam# `mv a igo~gdbdpbcgv cgimcb mcb mibypgvm# ir

bxib~am y~maacgv a di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ ic avacb mlcmpb d `gobdarc ~rfcai mc ypmprcra a imvb yrdp mòadaypvmpb `b ipvb Vbjam

Mrpgdgo Mòadaypvmam ^mpvaogdarcra ^vgpgigcrcra `b Ypmp# ir bxib~am y~maacgv a

di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb d |b`bvbm `bylrvvaa rdgv mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ icàvacb lrdbvmvb àd iaoapavb a ivbompgvaa5

/ icàvacb ad ~mvirvacb ad`rypvamcb# paadalaib a pbhdgcgjaib# ~gpva|ap cbjaa5


21/82

/ icàvacb vbypaprapb ~gpva|ap mvp$ =< àd Cbjbm dv$ =>'6>== ~va|ad` vbjaorc krvaài mc rdgv

aogfacb ~vbcrmpb d og` mfr{a| d ~bvagm`m < omvpab =102 / 66 `bibofvab =181# vb~rfcaimp#

ir ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb rcpbvagmvb5

/ icàvacb imvb igdypaprab ~mpvaogdarc Mim`boaba Vgodb# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv imvb yrdp

lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ ic avacb vbpvgib`mpb ~gpva|ap ~vb|b`bvacgv mvp$ = mcad$ (

Jr|bvdrcra dv$ 10'6>=> ~va|ad` vbpvgib`mvbm rdgv frdrva aogfacb imvb mr m~mvadrp ircpbcgv

vbcajagmyb àd Vgodam# vb~rfcaimp# ir ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb rcpbvagmvb5

/ ic avacb vbypaprapb ~gpva|ap ~vb|b`bvacgv mvp$ = mcad$ (2! àd Gv gdmdm `b Rvjbd m

Jr|bvdrcra dv$ 89'=111 ~va|ad` vbypapravbm rdgv frdrva aogfacb imvb mr m~mvadrp

igordapacgv ibpbdacgv m~mvadd` oadgvapacgv dmagdmcb àd Vgodam# vb~rfcaimp5/ icàvacb imvb yrdp mlbipmpb mipa|apacgv ha vgpbhdaib# ha`vgobpvaib# ha`vgobpbgvgcgjaib#

gibmdgjvmlaib# `b ofrdpava lrdiamvb a `b adpbv|bdaa cm m~vmvbm o~gpva|m adrd`maacgv#

~vbiro a pgmpb mibcb icàva ib m~mvad ~gvprvacgv# icàvacb mlbipmpb imdmcbcgv dm|ajmfacb a

ibcb mcb ypmaacgv `b ~go~mvb mlbvbdpb imdmcbcgv# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb

~bdpvr bylrvmvbm rdgv mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ icàvacb imvb# ~vad dmprvm cgv# lmi igv~ igord ir ~g`rva# |am`ripb# m~b`ripb# àjrva# fmvmkb a

prdbcrva a imvb yrdp rpaca{mpb ~bdpvr bx~cgmpmvbm mibypgv igdypvriaa# ir bxib~am di~bvacgvimvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mcpb mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ igdypvriaacb y~biamcb yaprmpb d yrfpbvmd# adàlbvbdp `b lgcgyadm mibypgvm a prvdrvacb `b

bxpvmiab5

/ icàvacb imvb yrdp rpaca{mpb im ybvb# ygcmvb# vym dab# iar~bvivaa# yacg{rva ~bdpvr lrvmkb#

yacg{rva a'ymr ~prcb ~bdpvr `b~g{apmvbm a igdybv|mvbm ibvbmcbcgv# ir bxib~am di~bvacgv

imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mcpb mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ icàvacb pvbirpb d ~vg~vabpmpbm ypmprcra ymr m rdapacgv mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb d ca~y `bogpbdapgva cbjmca ymr pbypmobdpmva5

/ icàvacb rpaca{mpb ~bdpvr mipa|apa ygiamc romdapmvb# `b ipvb mygiamaa# lrd`maa a ircpb#

~gpva|ap hgpvvaa Igdyacarcra Cgimc$

Dr adpv yrf adia`bdm ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva igdypvriaacb imvb dr mr bcbobdpbcb igdypaprpa|b

mcb rdba icàva=>9# ir ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb rcpbvagmvb!


22/82

/ yirpavacb migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib 5

/ yirpavacb migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv krvaàib$

Yirpavacb migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib yrdp ; yirpava cbjmcb ya yirpava mòadaypvmpa|b$

d im{rc yirpavacgv cbjmcb# ~bvygmdbcb la{aib `bfapgmvb mcb ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva# dr ~cpbyi ao~g{ap

~b icàva mprdia id`;=:

/ `bfapgvrc bypb |bpbvmd b v{fga5

/ `bfapgvrc bypb ibppbmd vgod# imvb d ~bvagm`m vbjaorvacgv adypmrvmpb ir dib~bvb `b cm ~d cm < omvpab =102 m m|rp `b yrlbvap ~bvybiraa àd ogpa|b bpdaib `r~

iro rvobm{ ; m lgyp `b~gvpmp d jhbpgrva ya cmjvb `b igdibdpvmvb àd ypvadmpmpb # m lgyp

ypvorpmp d mcp cgimcapmpb `bip ibm `b `goaiacar #m lirp ~mvpb àd `bpmmobdpb `b ordi

lgvmp # m lgyp yr~vm|abrapgmvb m pvbdrcra ogvaa5/ ~bvygmdm imvb# `r~ `mpm `b < omvpab =102# ~b ogpa|b ~gcapaib # m bxbirpmp g ~b`bm~y

~va|mpa| `b cafbvpmpb d fm{m rdba hgpvva kr`bipgvbpa vomy `bladapa| # m lgyp ~va|mp

`b cafbvpmpb d cgirva `b `bpbdab `b gvjmdbcb `b vb~vbyardb# m lgyp adpbvdmp d y~apmcb `b

~yahampvab# m m|rp ypmfacap `goaiacar gfcajmpgvar 5

/ ygrc'ygam ibcra `bib mp àd impbjgvam ibcgv ày~vra ymr bxpbvoadma d pao~rc `bpbdaba#

adpbvdma mfr{a| d y~apmcb `b ~yahampvab# ypvorpma# `b~gvpma d ypvadpmpb ymr ~va{gdabva

`mi rcpbvagv dr y/m vbiypgvap5/ ygrc'ygam ibcra bib`mp `r~ abavbm ad dihaygmvb# y~apmcrc `b ~yahampvab# `r~ dpgmvibvbm

àd ypvorpmvb# ~va{gdabvmp# `b~gvpmvb # `mi rcpbvagv dr y/m vbiypgvap5

/ ygrc'ygam ibcra `bib`mp d igdàaacb ~vb|{rpb d a~gpb{bcb `b oma yry a imvb ad ogpa|b

`b yr~vm|abravb # m lgyp db|gap y à|gvb{b `b ibc dihay# adpbvdmp mfr{a| d y~apmcb `b

~yahampvab # `b~gvpmp# ~va{gdabv ymr ypvorpmp# `mi dr y/m vbiypgvap a `mi ~gmpb lmib

`g|m`m im m igd|abrap ir |aipaom ~d cm `bibyrc mibypbam5

/ ~bvygmdm imvb m lgyp `b~gvpmp d ypvadpmpb `r~ 69 mrjryp =1005/ `bfapgvrc bypb |`r| `b v{fga ymr |`r| m rdra |bpbvmd `b v{fga imvb dr y/m

vbiypgvap5

/ `bfapgvrc bypb ~bvygmd ir hmdàim~ jvm| ymr miibdprmp #gva ~bvygmd dim vmp d jvm`rc A

`b ad|mcaàpmpb$

Yirpavacb `b cm ~cmpm ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva yb m~cai `gmv icàvaa lgcgyap im `goaiacar `b

~bvygmdbcb la{aib obdagdmpb oma yry$

=: @b ~vbia{mp i yirpavacb ~vb|{rpb ~bdpvr ao~g{aprc ~b ic ava# g~bvbm{ d igdàaa yaoacmvb a ~bdpvr ao~g{aprc ~bpbvbd a pmxm myr~vm oakcgmibcgv `b pvmdy~gvp$


23/82

d im{rc yirpavacgv mòadaypvmpa|b ~gpva|ap Cbjaa dv$ 2:= àd 6>>9 / Ig` layimc# mvp$ 68" ~bdpvr icàva lgcgyapb ~bdpvr

ybv|aiaa prvaypaib ~b g ~bvagm` `b omxao 2 crda ~b `rvmpm rdra md imcbd`mvaypai$

Fm{m `b imcirc

^bdpvr ~bvygmdbcb la{aib# ao~g{aprc ~b icàva `mpgvmp mvb rd og` `b imcirc bxpvbo `b yao~cr#

add` igdp `b g mdroap igp cbjmc `b ao~g{apmvb$ Myplbc# ao~g{aprc `mpgvmp yb imcircbm{ ~vad

m~caimvbm vby~bipa|ba igpb `b ao~g{apmvb `b >#=" cm |mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac m icàvaa$ ^bdpvr labimvbicàvb# ao~g{aprc `mpgvmp |m vb~vb{bdpm myplbc m oam ~mvpb àd |mcgmvbm pgpmc m mibypbam$

\mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac m rdba icàva bypb bx~vaomp d cba a yb `bpbvoad ~vad dorcavbm

yr~vmlbba igdypvrapb `bylrvmpb m mibypbam# bx~vaompb d obpva ~pvma# ir |mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac

igvby~rd{pgmvb# bx~vaomp d cba'o~$ @b mybobdbm# |mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac m icàvaa yb mkrypbm{ d

lrdiab `b vmdjrc cgimcapaa a {gdm d imvb bypb mo~cmymp icàvbm# ~vad dorcavbm |mcgvaa icàvaa ir

igblaiabdprc `b igvbiab igvby~rd{pgv$

=8 Bxbo~cr `b lrd`mab pbypmobdpmv bypb Lrd`mam Obdmihbo Bcamy m ivba cbjprv rda|bvymc bypb Mim`boam Vgod$


24/82

d ~vb{bdp# cbjbm ~vb|b`b rvopgvaa igblaiabda `b igvbiab=1;

[GDM D IM@VRCCGIMCAPAA

VMDJRC CGIMCAPAA

> A AA AAA A\ \

M 6# 6#2> 6#0> 6#9> =#=> =#>2

F 6#2> 6#0> 6#9> 6#6> =#>2 =#>>

I 6#0> 6#9> 6#6> 6#=> =#>> >#12

@ 6#9> 6#6> 6#=> 6#>> >#12 >#1>

Pmfbcrc 6$=$=$ Igblaiabda `b igvbiab ~va|ad` |mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac m icàvaa

@mi g ~bvygmd la{ai mvb d ~vg~vabpmpb `gr ymr oma orcpb icàva rpaca{mpb im cgirad# imvb

dr yrdp dihavampb rdba mcpb ~bvygmdb# ao~g{aprc ~b icàva yb omkgvbm{ `r~ iro rvobm{;

m! ir =2" ~bdpvr ~vaom icàvb d mlmvm ibcba `b cm m`vbym `b `goaiacar5

f! ir 2>" ~bdpvr ibm `b/m grm icàvb d mlmvm ibcba `b cm m`vbym `b goaiacar5i! ir :2" ~bdpvr ibm `b/m pvbam icàvb d mlmvm ibcba `b cm m`vbym `b `goaiacar5

`! ir =>>" ~bdpvr ibm `b/m ~mpvm icàvb a rvopgmvbcb d mlmvm ibcba `b `goaiacar$

Y~vb `bgybfavb `b im{rc icàvacgv `badrpb `b ~bvygmdb la{aib rd`b igpm `b ao~g{apmvb bypb

imcircmp d lrdiab `b |mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac m icàvaa# ~bdpvr ~bvygmdbcb krvaàib# ao~g{aprc ~b icàva

yb imcircbm{ ~vad m~caimvbm rdba igpb `b ao~g{apmvb myr~vm |mcgvaa `b ad|bdpmv m icàvaa$ Igpm `b

ao~g{ap yb ypmfacbpb ~vad hgpvvb m Igdyacarcra Cgimc a ~gmpb la ir~vady dpvb >#62" a =#2"

adicrya|$\mcgmvbm `b ad|bdpmv m icàvaa bypb |mcgmvbm `b adpvmvb m icàvaa d ~mpvaogdar# ib bypb

dvbjaypvmp im mpmvb d igdpmfacapmpbm ~vg~vabpmvrcra icàvaa# igdlgvo ~vb|b bvacgv cbjmcb d |ajgmvb6>$

@mi g icàvb bypb yrfb|mcrmp# ~vg~vabpmvrc mibypbam |m ~cpa rd ao~g{ap vb`ry# `mv |m m|bm `b ~abv`rp

cm mogvpa{mvbm mibypbam àd ~vglap ymr cm g b|bdprmc `by~jrfavb ib mv vb{rcpm d rvom myajrvvaa$

=1 ^gpva|ap mcadbmprcra (2! mc mvp$ 62= / Imcircrc ao~g{aprcra ~bdpvr ~bvygmdb la{aib àd Cbjbm dv$ 2:='6>>9 Ig`rc layimc#~rfcaimp d Ogdapgvrc Glaiamc mc Vgodaba# ^mvpbm A# dv$ 16: àd 69 `bibofvab 6>>9# ir ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb

rcpbvagmvb (d |ajgmvb cm `mpm `b 9= amdrmvab 6>>1!$6> d im{rc icàvaa cm imvb mr lgyp bxbirpmpb crivva `b vbigdypvravb# igdygca`mvb# og`bvda{mvb# ogàlaimvb ymr bxpad`bvb#`b ipvb cgimpmv# àd ~rdip `b |b`bvb layimc# mibypm mvb gfcajmam y igordaib cgimpgvrcra |mcgmvbm crivvacgv bxbirpmpb~bdpvr `b~rdbvbm rdba dga `bicmvmaa layimcb# d pbvobd `b 9> `b {acb `b cm `mpm pbvoadvaa crivvacgv vby~bipa|b$


25/82

Ao~g{aprc ~b icàva yb m~cai ~bdpvr gvaib icàvb `badrp d ~vg~vabpmpb `b g ~bvygmd

krvaài# mlcmp d lrdiardb# d vb{bv| ymr d igdybv|mvb$ Ao~g{aprc ~b icàva yb `mpgvbm{ ihamv `mi

|mcgmvbm icàvaa vby~bipa|b m lgyp vbir~bvmp adpbjvmc ~b imcbm mogvpa{vaa$

d im{rc rdba icàva mlcmp d ~vg~vabpmpbm rdba ~bvygmdb krvaàib imvb lmib gfabiprc rdra

igdpvmip `b cbmyadj ladmdiamv yb m~cai rvopgmvbcb vbjrca;

/ ao~g{aprc ~b icàvb yb `mpgvbm{ `b cgimpmv# `mv d im{rc d imvb igdpvmiprc `b cbmyadj

dibpbm{# mcplbc `bip ~vad mkrdjbvbm cm yim`bd# ao~g{aprc yb `mpgvbm{ `b cgimpgv5

/ |mcgmvbm imvb yb am d igdya`bvmvb cm imcircrc ao~g{aprcra ~b ic ava bypb |mcgmvbm icàvaa

dvbjaypvmp d igdpvmiprc `b cbmyadj ladmdiamv$

^bdpvr imcircrc ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva mprdia id` mdroapb adiadpb àd icàvacb yirpapb `b

ao~g{ap yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib yb |gv blbiprm rvompgmvbcb g~bvmaa6=;m$ / yb `bpbvoad yr~vmlmm igdypvrap `bylrvmp m icàvaa5

f$ / yb `bpbvoad yr~vmlmm igdypvrap `bylrvmp m adiadpbcgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr

mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

i$ / yb `bpbvoad igpm ~vgibdprmc àd ic avb ib igvby~rd`b adiadpbcgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb

~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib# ~vad o~vavbm yr~vmlbba ~vb|{rpb cm capbvm f# cm yr~vmlmm

~vb|{rp cm capbvm m5

`$ / yb `bpbvoad |mcgmvbm `b ad|bdpmv m diadpbcgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apabigdgoaib# ~vad dorcavbm |mcgvaa `b ad|bdpmv m icàvaa ir ibm ~vgibdprmc `bpbvoadmp cm

capbvm i5

b$ yb `bpbvoad ao~g{aprc ~b ic ava igvby~rd{pgv adiadpbcgv imvb yrdp lgcgyapb ~bdpvr

mipa|apa bigdgoaib5# ~vad adorcavbm |mcgvaa `bpbvoadmpb cm capbvm `# ir igpm `b ao~g{ap

m~caimfac igdlgvo cbjaa$

Gfcajmaa `b `bicmvmvb

Gvaib ~bvygmd imvb `gfd`bpb# igdypvrabpb ymr bxpad`b# ofrdpbpb# `bogcbm{# àypvrjb

ymr ogàlai d mcp og` g icàvb bxaypbdp mvb gfcajmam `b m `b~rdb g `bicmvmab `b ao~rdbvb cm

igo~mvpaobdprc `b y~biamcapmpb mc mrpgvapaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb$ Pbvobdrc cbjmc `b `b~rdbvb

mc `bicmvmaba `b ao~rdbvb irvjb `b cm `mpm `gfd avaa# igdypvravaa ymr ~vg`ribvaa og alaivacgv

obdagdmpb a bypb `b 9> `b {acb imcbd`mvaypaib66$

6= @$ @$ mjrdm# @$ g|m # @vb~p layimc# Bàprvm I$H$Fbie# bàam 6 # 6>>8# ~$ =


26/82

Pbvobdrc `b ~cmp

Ao~g{aprc ~b icàva yb ~cpbpb mdrmc# lab adpbjvmc# lab d `gr vmpb bjmcb# ~d cm `mpbcb `b 9=

omvpab a 9> yb~pbofvab adicrya|$ ^bdpvr ~cmpm ir mdpaia~mab m ao~g{aprcra ~b icàva# `mpgvmp ~bdpvr

dpvbjrc md `b ipvb igdpvafrmfaca# ~d cm `mpm `b 9= omvpab m mdrcra vby~bipa|# yb migv` g fgdalaimab

`b ~d cm =>"# ypmfacap ~vad hgpvvb m Igdyacarcra Cgimc69 ymr m Igdyacarcra Jbdbvmc mc Ordaia~arcra

Frirvbpa$

6$9$Ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd

Ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd bypb `mpgvmp `b ipvb gvaib ~bvygmd imvb mvb d ~vg~vabpmpb pbvbdrva ib yrdp

yaprmpb d Vgodam$ Mibyp ao~g{ap bypb rdrc mdrmc a yb ~cpbpb cm frjbprc cgimc mc rdapaa

mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb d vm{m ivbam bypb yaprmp pbvbdrc vby~bipa|$

d im{rc igdivbp mc bxaypbdba rdra pbvbd ib bypb mlcmp d mòadaypvmvbm ymr d lgcgyadm mcpba

~bvygmdb a ~bdpvr imvb yb `mpgvbm{ g mdroap ihavab'mvbd` d fm{m rdra igdpvmip `b

dihavabvb'mvbd`mvb# ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd yb `mpgvbm{ a pvbfrab y lab ~cpap `b ipvb ~vg~vabpmv$

Mcprva `b ao~g{apbcb ~b icàva# ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbdrva glbv ibm oma omvb ~mvpb m |bdaprvacgv cm

frjbprc cgimc mc rdapaa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb ib yb gfad ~vad ao~g{apmvbm àvbip m ~vg~abpaa$

Yirpava

d vm~gvp `b gfabiprc ao~rdbvaa# ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd dr yb `mpgvbm{# d ~vadia~mc# ~bdpvr60;

/ pbvbdrc mlbvbdp rdba ic ava# ~bdpvr yr~vmlmm `b pbvbd imvb bypb mig~bvap `b g icàvb (mm

droaprc pbvbd `b yrf imym!5

/ gvaib pbvbd `bjvm`mp ymr ~gcrmp# adicry d ~bvaobpvrc `b mobcagvmvb# ~bdpvr ~bvagm`m ip

`rvbm{ mobcagvmvbm mibypram5

/ pbvbdrvacb imvb ~vad dmprvm cgv a dr ~vad `bypadmam `mp yrdp ao~vg~vaa ~bdpvr mjvaircprv ymr

yac|aircprv# gvaib pbvbdrva gir~mpb `b am{rva# fca# cmirva `b mirorcmvb ymr ia dm|ajmfacb#

ibcb lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apacb `b m~vmvb o~gpva|m adrd`maacgv# jgy~g`vavbm m~bcgv#

ha`vgobpbgvgcgjab# ibcb imvb igdpvafrab cm bx~cgmpmvbm vbyrvybcgv `b m~# ibcb lgcgyapb im

ao~g{aprc yb m~cai mibcba ~bvygmdb$69 Ao~g{aprc mdrmc ~b icàva# `mpgvmp mibcrama frjbp cgimc `b ipvb igdpvafrmfaca# ~bvygmdb la{aib ymr krvaàib# `b ~d cm

2> cba adicrya|# yb ~cpbpb adpbjvmc ~d cm ~vaorc pbvobd `b ~cmp$ d im{rc d imvb igdpvafrmfacrc `badb d ~vg~vabpmpboma orcpb icàva mo~cmympb ~b vm{m mibcbama rdapa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb# yrom `b 2> cba yb vblbv cm ao~g{aprc ~bicàva irorcmp# ~vb|b`bva adpvg`ryb ~vad ~ip$ 668# mvp$ A àd Cbjbm dv$ 909 àd =: arcab 6>>>9 ~va|ad` Ig`rc layimc a Cbjbm dv$ 60: àd =1 arcab 6>>2 ~va|ad` vblgvom d `gobdaacb~vg~vabpaa a krypaaba# ~vbiro a rdbcb oyrva m amibdpb


27/82

{gdb `b ~vgpbiab `bladapb d cbjb# ~vbiro a pbvbdrvacb rpaca{mpb ~bdpvr bx~cgmpvacb àd

yrfygc# dim`vmpb myplbc ~vadpv/g hgpvvb m Igdyacarcra Cgimc# d oyrvm d imvb dr mlbipbm{

lgcgyavbm yr~vmlbba ygcrcra5

/ pbvbdrvacb cbjmpb `b yaypbobcb ha vgpbhdaib# pbvbdrvacb `b dm|ajmab# pbvbdrvacb mlbvbdpb

adlvmypvriprvaa ~gvprmvb# imdmcbcgv dm|ajmfacb# adicrya| bicr{bcb a ypmaacb `b ~go~mvb mlbvbdpb

mibypgvm# ~vbiro a pbvbdrvacb mlbvbdpb crivvacgv `b ofrdpava lrdiamvb# ~b fm{m m|a{rcra

~va|ad` impbjgvam `b lgcgyad m pbvbdrcra# boay `b glaiarc kr`bbmd `b im`mypvr a ~rfcaiapmpb

aogfacamv5

/ pbvbdrvacb gir~mpb `b mrpgypv{a# `vrorva brvg~bdb# `vrorva dmagdmcb# `vrorva ~vadia~mcb

mòadaypvmpb `b Igo~mdam Dmagdmc `b Mrpgypv{a a @vrorva Dmagdmcb àd Vgodam /

Y$M$# {gdbcb `b yajrvmd m mibypgvm# ~vbiro a pbvbdrvacb àd krvrc ~aypbcgv vb~vb{bdpd`{gdb `b yajrvmd5

/ gvaib pbvbd mc rdra iaoapav# ivbompgvar5

/ pbvbdrvacb ~mvirvacgv ad`rypvamcb# paadalaib a pbhdgcgjaib# ~gpva|ap cbjaa5

Yirpavacb ~vad vm~gvpmvb cm yrfabipbcb ao~rdbvaa ~gp la;;

/ yirpavacb migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib 5

/ yirpavacb migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv krvaàib

Yirpavacb migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib yrdp ; yirpava cbjmcb ya yirpava mòadaypvmpa|b$Yirpavacb cbjmcb a yirpavacb mòadaypvmpa|b migv`mpb ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib ~bdpvr pbvbdrva yrdp

mibcbma im a ~bdpvr ao~g{aprc ~b icàva# ~vb{bdpmp mdpbvagv #`bpmcamp$$

^bvygmdbcb krvaàib yrdp yirpapb igo~cbp `b ~cmpm ao~g{aprcra ~b pbvbd d rvopgmvbcb yaprmaa;

/ gvaib pbvbd mc rdra ircp vbcajagy vbirdgyirp `b cbjb a mc rdba rdapa cgimcb m mibypram# ir

~bvygdmcapmpb krvaài5

/ gvaib pbvbd mc rdba adypapraa `b d|odp ~vbrda|bvyapmv a rda|bvyapmv# mrpgva{mp ~vg|a{gvar

ymr mivbàpmp5/ gvaib pbvbd mc rdba rdapa ymdapmvb `b adpbvby dmagdmc imvb dr m pvbirp d ~mpvaogdarc

mrpgvapacgv cgimcb5

/ gvaib pbvbd `badrp# mòadaypvmp ymr lgcgyap `b ipvb g adypaprab ~rfcai# ir bxib~am

yr~vmlbbcgv lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5

/ gvaib pbvbd mlbvbdp rdba icàva m rdba adypapraa ~rfcaib ymr rdba icàva imvb lmib ~mvpb àd

`gobdarc ~rfcai ymr ~va|mp mc rdba rdapa mòadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb# bxib~pd` yr~vmlbbcb

mibypram lgcgyapb ~bdpvr mipa|apa bigdgoaib5


28/82


29/82

d ~vb{bdp# mibypb yrob yrdp rvopgmvbcb6>:

Da|bcrvacb ao~g{aprcra# ~b vmdjrva `b cgimcapa

> A AA AAA A\ \

M :$0>0 = 0$

yb~pbofvab adicrya|$ ^bdpvr ~cmpm ir mdpaia~mab m ao~g{aprcra ~b pbvbd# `mpgvmp ~bdpvr dpvbjrc md `b

ipvb igdpvafrmfaca# ~d cm `mpm `b 9= omvpab adicrya|# m mdrcra vby~bipa|# yb migv` g fgdalaimab `b

~d cm =>"# ypmfacap ~vad hgpvvb m Igdyacarcra Cgimc$ Cm da|bcrc Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa# mibmyp

mpvafrab vb|adb Igdyacarcra Jbdbvmc mc Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa$

^bdpvr mdroapb yrob# ~vb|b`bvacb ~gpva|ap ivgvm ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd yb ~cpbpb mdrmc# d `gr

vmpb bjmcb# dr yrdp m~caimfacb$ Myplbc# ao~g{aprc mdrmc ~b pbvbd# `mpgvmp mibcrama frjbp cgimc `b ipvb

igdpvafrmfaca# ~bvygmdb la{aib a krva`aib# `b ~d cm 2> cba adicrya|# yb ~cpbpb adpbjvmc ~d cm ~vaorc

pbvobd `b ~cmp$ d im{rc d imvb igdpvafrmfacrc `badb d ~vg~vabpmpb oma orcpb pbvbdrva mo~cmympb ~b

vm{m mibcbama rdapa m`oadaypvmpa|/pbvapgvamcb# yrom `b 2> cba yb vblbv cm ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd irorcmp$

6$0$ Ao~g{aprc myr~vm oakcgmibcgv `b pvmdy~gvp

6< Cm `mpm `b =2 lbfvrmvab 6>>1# igdlgvo cbjaycmaba d |ajgmvb ~d cm ogobdprc vby~bipa|6:

d im{rc rdra pbvbd mo~cmymp d adpvm|acmd# dvbjaypvmp d vbjaypvrc mjvaigc cm mcp impbjgvab `b lgcgyad `bip ibm `bpbvbdrva ir igdypvriaa# ao~g{aprc ~b pbvbd yb ypmfacbpb ~vad dorcavbm yr~vmlbba pbvbdrcra# bx~vaomp d hbipmvb# iryrom igvby~rd{pgmvb ~vb|{rp `b cbjb# cm imvb yb m~cai rd igblaiabdp `b igvbiab igvby~rd{pgv # ir~vady dpvb =#>>a 8#>>$


30/82

Ao~g{aprc ~b ~vglap cm vbjaacb mrpgdgob àd yrfgvàdbm Igdyacaacgv Cgimcb a m Igdyacaacgv

Kr`bbdb# ~vbiro a ibcb `mpgvmpb `b ygiabpacb igobviamcb d imvb Igdyacaacb Cgimcb ymr Kr`bbdb yrdp

miagdmva omkgvapmva # yrdp |bdaprva mcb frjbpbcgv cgimcb vby~bipa|b$

Mibcma vbjao layimc `b ao~g{apmvb c mr `gfd{acb# omkgvvacb `b dpv{abvb a mobd{acb `mpgvmpb

ipvb mibypb bdpapa mlcmpb d yrfgvàdbm Igdyacaacgv Cgimcb a m Igdyacaacgv Kr`bbdb$

Mibyp og` `b mfgv`mvb d ~va|adm ao~g{apvaa ~vglaprcra a miibygvaacgv cm Vbjaacb Mrpgdgob

àd yrfgvàdbm Igdyacaacgv Cgimcb a m Igdyacaacgv Kr`bbdb pvbfrab ~va|ap im g bxib~ab `b cm vbjrcm

jbdbvmc ~gpva|ap ivbam gfcajmaacb layimcb igdypaprab |bdaprva mcb frjbprcra `b ypmp$68

G dgrpmpb d mibyp `gobdar bypb vb~vb{bdpmp `b ~vb|b`bvacb ~gpva|ap ivgvm |bdaprvacb ~vg|bdapb

àd vbmca{mvbm `b ~vgabipb ir myaypbd ladmdiamv àd ~mvpbm Rdardaa Brvg~bdb ymr m mcpgv gvjmdayob

adpbvdmagdmcb# d fm{m rdgv migv`rva'igdpvmipb `b o~vrorp vmpalaimpb# vby~bipa| m~vgfmpb ~vad mipbdgvompa|b# yrdp |bdaprva mcb frjbpbcgv cgimcb vby~bipa|b ~d cm ylvaprc mdrcra layimc d imvb yb dihbab

~vgabiprc imvb lmib gfabiprc migv`rcra'igdpvmiprcra `b o~vrorp$61

6$2$ Pmxm ~bdpr bcafbvmvbm ibpalaimpbcgv# m|a{bcgv a mrpgva{m aacgv

Gvaib ~bvygmd imvb pvbfrab y gfad rd ibvpalaimp# m|a{ ymr mrpgva{mab pvbfrab y ~cpbmyi mibmyp

pmx cm igo~mvpaobdprc `b y~biamcapmpb mc mrpgvappaa mòadaypvmpaba ~rfcaib cgimcb dmadpb `b m bcafbvmibvpalaimprc# m|a{rc ymr mrpgva{mam$ Da|bcrvacb pmxba ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b rvfmdayo# d

obàrc rvfmd bypb bjmc ir yrom ypmfacap `b Igdyacarc cgimc# amv d obàrc vrvmc pmxm bypb bjmc ir 2>

" àd pmxm ypmfacap ~bdpvr obàrc rvfmd$ ^bdpvr obàrc rvfmd# Igdyacarc Cgimc Mcfm Arcam# m m~vgfmp

rvopgmvbcb da|bcrva;

YR^VMLMPM 6>>1 6>=> 6>==

^mdm cm =2> o~$adicrya| 0#66

Adpvb =2=o~$ya 2>o~$adicrya| 2# 8#0> :#8>

Adpvb 62=o~$ya 2>>o~$adicrya| : =>#2> =>

Adpvb 2>=o~$ya :2>o~$adicrya| 8#90 =6#2= ==#1>

Adpvb :2=o~$ya =$>>>o~ adicrya| =>#>= =2 =0#=>

^bypb =$>>> o~$

=>#>=%>#>=0cba'o~

~p$Y$oma omvb `b

>#>=2

cba'o~%>#>6=cba

=0#=> %>#>66

cba'o~

68 Cbjbm dv$ 2:='6>>9 Ig`rc layimc# ~rfcaimp d Ogdapgvrc Glaiamc mc Vgodaba# ^mvpbm A# dv$ 16: àd 69 `bibofvab

6>>9# ir ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb rcpbvagmvb# mvp$ 90# mcad$ =9# Pb{m =61 d y~biamc ~bdpvr yao~calaimvbm mipa|apacgv ~vb a ~gyp/m`bvmvb# d |b`bvbm ~bvagm`ba `b adpbjvmvb m Vgodaba dypvriprvacb brvg~bdb# mibypb ~vb|b`bva mr lgyp adpvg`ryb `b ~ip$ = mc mvp$ A àd Gv`gdmdm `b Rvjbd dv$ ==> àd 6=`bibofvab 6>>68 àd 6: `bibofvab 6>>


31/82

=>>>o~~p$Y$oma omvb `b

=>>>o~

~p$Y$oma omvb `b

=>>>o~

Pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm rdba mrpgva{maa;

/ `b igdypvravb ~bdpvr g icàvb imvb rvobm{ m la lgcgyap im cgirad ymr mdbx cm cgirad bypb

bjmc ir >#2" àd |mcgmvbm mrpgva{mp m crivvacgv `b igdypvriaa5

/ `b lgvmkb ymr bxim|va dbibymv ypràacgv jbgpbhdaib# vaàivacgv pg~gjvmlaib bx~cgmpvacgv `b

imvabv# fmcmypabvbcgv# ygd`bcgv `b jm{b a ~bpvgc# ~vbiro a mcpgv bx~cgmpva # pmxm `mpgvmp m

lgyp ypmfacap cm :#1< cba'o~$

/ `b igdypvravb ~bdpvr ihagirva# pgdbpb# imfadb# y~maa `b bx~rdbvb ~b iacb a d y~maacb ~rfcaib#pmxm `mpgvmp m lgyp ypmfacap cm 2#9= cba'o~5

/ ~va|ad` crivvacb `b vmigv`rva a fvmdmobdpb cm vbbcbcb ~rfcaib `b m~ imdmca{mvb# jm{b

pbvoaib# bdbvjab bcbipvai# pbcblgdab a pbcb|a{ardb ~vad imfcr# pmxm `mpgvmp m lgyp ypmfacap cm

=>#29 cba'o~5

/ ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm m|a{rcra igoayaba `b rvfmdayo a mobdmkmvbm pbvapgvarcra# pmxm `mpgvmp m lgyp

ypmfacap cm 2>#9:2 cba'o~5

/ ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b dgobdicmprv ypvm`mc a m`vby# pmxm `mpgvmp m lgyp ypmfacap

cm =>#>2 cba' o~$

Pmxbcb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm mrpgva{mpaba ~bdpvr `bylrvmvbm rdba mipa|appa bigdgoaib yrdp mdrmcb#

yrdp ypmfacapb ~vad hgpvva mcb igdyacarcra cgimc a yb mihap adpbjvmc# mdpaia~mp bcafbvvaa mibypgvm#

adàlbvbdp `b ~bvagm`m vomy ~d cm ylavaprc mdrcra layimc vby~bipa|$

d im{rc mrpgva{maacgv ~bdpvr `bylrvmvbm rdba mipa|apa bigdgoaib# bxaypbdpb cm paprcmv cm `mpm `b

9= `bibofvab# pmxm yb mihap ~d ibc pv{ar cm `mpm `b 9= amdrmvab m mdrcra layimc rvopgv$

Pmxbcb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv `b ~vg`ripgv;

/ yb dimybm{ b cm ~bvygmdbcb la{aib / ~vg`ripgva5

/ yb mihap mdpaia~mp bcafbvvaa ibvpalaimprcra `b ~vg`ripgv5

/ yb lmib |bdap cm frjbpbcb cgimcb mcb ivgv gv`gdmpgva ~vadia~mca `b ivbàpb yrdp ~vaomvaa#imvb mr

bcafbvmp ibvpalaimpbcb `b ~vg`ripgv vby~bipa|b5

/ dr yb vbypaprab ihamv `mi ibvpalaimprc `b ~vg`ripgv m lgyp mdrcmp5

Pmxm ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv# m|a{bcgv a m mrpgva{maacgv yrdp |bdaprva mcb frjbpbcgv cgimcb#

mcb rdapaa mòadaypvmpa|/ pbvapgvamcb imvb cb/mr bcafbvmp$

6$


32/82

Fbdblaiamvaa ybv|aiaacgv `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb vbmca{mpb d fm{m rdra igdpvmip ymr m rdba mcplbc `b

dbcbjbva dihbampb ir gvaimvb mcp ~bvygmd `mpgvbm{ pmxm cm frjbprc rdapaa m`oadaypvmpa| / pbvapgvamcb

d vm{m ivbam ~bvygmdm vby~bipa| ~vbypbm{ mibypb ybv|aiaa `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb$

Pmxm yb ~cpbpb crdmv `b ipvb ~vbypmpgvrc ybv|aiarcra `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb# ~b pgmp `rvmpm

`bylrvvaa igdpvmiprcra# ~d cm `mpm `b => m crdaa rvopgmvb# `mpgvvaa pmxba$

Pmxm yb `mpgvbm{ `b cm `mpm adpvvaa d |ajgmvb m igdpvmiprcra a yb imcircbm{ ~vad m~caimvbm

igpba `b 9 " cm |mcgmvbm ybv|aiaacgv `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb$

Pmxm ~bdpvr mlamk d yig~ `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb yb `mpgvbm{ ~bdpvr rpaca{mvbm rdra ~mdgr#

mlamk ymr ypvriprv `b mlamk ~bdpvr vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb dpv/rd cgim ~rfcai# imvb dr mvb cm fm{ rd

igdpvmip `b ~rfcaiapmpb$Da|bcrc pmxba yb ypmfacbpb `b ipvb igdyacaacb cgimcb d irvyrc crdaa oma m labivra md# ~bdpvr

mdrc layimc rvopgv$ Igdyacarc cgimc Mcfm Arcam# m ypmfacap pmxm oakcgmibcgv `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb ~vad

~mdgrva ymr mcpbcb mybobdbm oakcgmib# d lrdiab b `aobdyardbm mibypgvm$

Pmxm ~bdpvr mlamk d yig~ `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb yb imcircbm{ mdrmc# ~vad dorcavbm

drovrcra `b obpvaa ~pvma ymr m lvmiardaa `b obpvaa ~pvma ma yr~vmlbba mlamkrcra# ir yrom ypmfacap

`b igdyacarc cgimc a yb ~cpbpb mdrmc# mdpaia~mp ymr pvaobypvamc# d ~mpvr vmpb bjmcb# ~d cm `mpbcb `b =2

omvpab# =2 ardab# =2 yb~pbofvab# =2 dgabofvab# adicrya|$Lavom adypmcmp cm cgirc d imvb g ~bvygmd `bvrcbm{ g mipa|apmpb bigdgoai bypb yaoacmv

mlamkrcra a yb `mpgvbm{ `b ipvb mibypm ~b fm{m `bicmvmaba `b ao~rdbvb (mdbxm dv$= = !# `b~ry `b

ipvb igdpvafrmfac ~d cm `mpm `b 9= amdrmvab m labivra md$

BXBO^CRC `b imcirc m pmxba ~bdpvr lgcgyavbm oakcgmibcgv `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb

A$Pmxm ~bdpvr ~vbypva `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb ~bdpvr rd igdpvmip ir |mcgmvb `b 6$>>> cba$/ yrom ~vb|{rp d igdpvmip yb dorcbpb ir igpm ypmfacap `b igdyacarc cgimc 9 "

6$>>> cba X 9 " ? cba ' md$

AA$Pmxm `mpgvmp ~bdpvr mlamk d yig~ `b vbicmo a ~rfcaiapmpb ~bdpvr rd mla `b crdjaob 2#:9 o a

caob 0#8> o$

MDRC 6>>8


33/82

/ yb dorcbpb yr~vmlmm ir pmxm ypmfacap `b igdyacarc cgimc / =1>> cba ' o~$

6:#2> o~ X =1# cba' o~ ? 291 cba ' md$

MDRC 6>>1

/ yb dorcbpb yr~vmlmm ir pmxm ypmfacap `b igdyacarc cgimc / 6> cba' o~$

6:#2> o~ X 6> cba 'o~ ? 22> cba ' md$

MDRC 6>=>

/ yb dorcbpb yr~vmlmm ir pmxm ypmfacap `b igdyacarc cgimc/ =19$>>> cba ' o~$

6:#2> o~ X =1#9> cba ' o~ ? 29>#:2 cba ' md$

Pmxm yb imcircbm{ ~bdpvr rd md layimc ymr ~bdpvr drovrc `b crda a {acb vomyb ~d cm

ylvaprc mdrcra layimc a yb ~cpbpb `b ipvb rpaca{mpgvrc ~mdgrcra# mlamkrcra ymr ypvriprvaa `b mlamk$

MDRC 6>==

6:#2> o~ X 62 cba'o~'md?


34/82

d jbdbvmc# ir mdroapb bxib~aa ~vb|{rpb d og` bx~vby `b cbjb9># ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb yb

imcircbm{ ~vad m~caimvbm rdba mdroapb igpb `b ao~g{ap cm yrom dimymp àd |d{mvbm facbpbcgv `b

adpvmvb a m mfgdmobdpbcgv$

Igpm `b ao~g{ap m~caimfac ~bdpvr yrobcb `mpgvmpb àd y~bipmigcb a mcpb mipa|apa ~rfcaib yb

`bpbvoad `r~ iro rvobm{;

/ d im{rc rdra b|bdaobdp ir g mdroap diviprv ircprvmc# vby~bipa| m rdra y~bipmigc im `b

bxbo~cr g ~aby `b pbmpvr# fmcbp# g~bv# g~bvbp# igdibvp lacmvogdai ymr mcp omdalbypmvb

or{aimc# ~vb{bdpmvbm rdra laco cm iadbompgjvml# rd y~bipmigc `b iavi ymr gvaib igo~bpaab

y~gvpa| adpbvd ymr adpbvdmagdmc# igpm `b ao~g{ap bypb bjmc ir 6" àd |bdaprvacb gfadrpb

~vad |d{mvbm facbpbcgv5

/ d im{rc gvaivba mcpb omdalbypva mvpaypaib `bip ibcb bdrobvmpb mdpbvagv# igpm `b ao~g{ap bypbbjmc ir 2"$

Gfybv|mab - Yrom ~vaoap àd |d{mvbm facbpbcgv `b adpvmvb ymr m mfgdmobdpbcgv dr

ir~vad`b yrobcb ~cpapb `b gvjmda{mpgvrc y~bipmigcrcra d yig~rva imvapmfacb# igdlgvo

igdpvmiprcra yivay adpvmp d |ajgmvb dmadpbm |d{vaa facbpbcgv `b adpvmvb ymr m

mfgdmobdpbcgv$

d ibbm ib ~va|bpb ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb a mcpb mipa|apa ~rfcaib ypmfacap d igdlgvoapmpb ir

~vb|b bvacb cbjmcb# ~bvygmdbcb imvb `mpgvbm{ myplbc `b yrob mr# d ~vadia~mc# rvopgmvbcb gfcajmaa;

/ `b m dvbjaypvm facbpbcb `b adpvmvb a'ymr mfgdmobdpbcb cm igo~mvpaobdprc `b y~biamcapmpb mc

mrpgvapaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb imvb a bxbviap mrpgvapmpbm myr~vm cgircra rd`b mvb

cgi y~bipmigcrc5

/ `b m mdrdm pmvalbcb ~bdpvr y~bipmigc d cgirc rd`b bypb ~vgjvmomp y maf cgi y~bipmigcrc#

~vbiro a d gvaib mcp cgi d imvb yb |d` facbpb `b adpvmvb a'ymr mfgdmobdpb5

/ `b m ~vbia{m pmvalbcb ~b facbpbcb `b adpvmvb a'ymr mfgdmobdpb a `b m dr dimym yrob imvb

`b~byi pmvalbcb ~vbia{mpb ~b facbpbcb `b adpvmvb a'ymr mfgdmobdpb5

/ `b m boapb rd facbp `b adpvmvb a'ymr mfgdmobdp ~bdpvr mfygcrp pgmpb yrobcb ~vaoapb `b cm

y~bipmpgva5

/ `b m myajrvm# cm ibvbvbm igo~mvpaobdprcra `b y~biamcapmpb mc mrpgvapaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib

cgimcb# `girobdpbcb krypalaimpa|b ~va|ad` imcircrc a ~cmpm ao~g{aprcra ~b y~bipmigcb5

9> d im{rc rdba omdalbypva mvpaypaib ymr mc rdba mipa|apa àypvmipa|b imvb mvb cgi dpv/g |a`bgpbi ymr àyigpbi#ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb yb imcircbm{ ~b fm{m yr~vmlbba adiadpba$


35/82

/ `b m yb igdlgvom `b d`mp a dpgioma gvaivgv mcpgv ibvadb ~va|ad` pa~vavbm# dvbjaypvmvbm#

m|a{mvbm# b|a`bdm a ad|bdpmvrc facbpbcgv `b adpvmvb a m mfgdmobdpbcgv9=$

^bdpvr g mb{mvb igvbip m ao~g{aprcra# d lrdiab `b md|bvjrvm b|bdaobdprcra a `b drovrc `b

~mvpaia~mda ~gpbdamca ivgvm mibypm ca yb m`vbybm{# bypb dbibymv im ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb y lab

àlbvbdamp# mibmyp `bcaoapmvb laad` vbmca{mp d lrdiab `b `gr ivapbvaa;

/ dmprvm y~bipmigcrcra (6" ymr 2"# d lrdiab `b b|bdaobdp!5

/ cgirc (cgimcapmpbm! rd`b y~bipmigcrc yb bylgmv$

Ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb yb mkrypbm{ myplbc ~vad dorcavbm yroba ypmfacapb# ~gpva|ap cbjaa (6"

ymr 2" d lrdiab `b b|bdaobdp! ir rd igblaiabdp `b igvbiab igvby~rd{pgv# igblaiabdp ib |m la ypmfacap

d lrdiab `b vmdjrc cgimcapaa96 vby~bipa|b$

d ~vb{bdp# igblaiabdaa `b igvbiab m~caimfaca yrdp rvopgvaa;

Vmdjrc cgimcapaa Igblaiabdp b igvbiab

> 8#>>

A 2#>>

AA 0#>>

AAA 9#>>

A\ =#=>

\ =#>>

Pmfbcrc 6$=$0$ Igblaiabda `b igvbiab ~va|ad` |mcgmvbm ao~g{mfac m icàvaa

^bvygmdbcb imvb `mpgvbm{ ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb mr gfcajmam `b m `b~rdb g `bicmvmab cm

igo~mvpaobdprc `b y~biamcapmpb mc mrpgvapaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb ~va|ad` y~bipmigcbcb~vgjvmompb ~b `rvmpm rdba crda imcbd`mvaypaib$ @bicmvmam yb `b~rdb ~d cm `mpm `b =2# adicrya|# m

crdaa ~vbib`bdpb ibcba d imvb yrdp ~vgjvmompb y~bipmigcbcb vby~bipa|b$

9= Mibypb ibvadb pvbfrab ~vbia{mpb d dgvobcb bcmfgvmpb d igord `b Oadaypbvrc Ladmdbcgv ^rfcaib a OadaypbvrcMòadaypvmaba a Adpbvdbcgv# igdpvmybodmpb `b Oadaypbvrc Ircprvaa a Ircpbcgv a Mjbdam Dmagdmc ~bdpvr Y~gvp(Oadaypbvrc Padbvbprcra a Y~gvprcra!$

96 Vmdjrc cgimcapaa bypb ypmfacap d fm{m ày~g{aaacgv Cbjaa dv$ 92= àd < arcab 6>>= ~va|ad` m~vgfmvbm ^cmdrcra `bmobdmkmvb m pbvapgvarcra dmagdmc / Ybiardbm m A\/m Vbbmrm `b cgimcapa# ~rfcaimp d Ogdapgvrc Glaiamc mc Vgodaba#^mvpbm A# dv$ 0>8 àd 60 arcab 6>>=# ir ogàlaivacb a igo~cbpvacb rcpbvagmvb$ Myplbc# vmdjrc cgimcapacgv àd Vgodam

bypb ypmfacap ~b da|bcrva `b cm > cm \# rd`b vmdjrc > / Im~apmcm Vgodaba# ordaia~ar `b ao~gvpmd brvg~bmd5 vmdjrc A /ordaia~aa `b ao~gvpmd dmagdmc# ir adlcrbd ~gpbdamc cm da|bc brvg~bmd5 vmdjrc AA / ordaia~aa `b ao~gvpmdadpbvkr`bbmd# kr`bbmd ymr ir vgc `b bihacafvr d vbbmrm `b cgimcapa5 vmdjrc AAA / gvmb5 vmdjrc A\ / ympb vbbàd`b igord a vmdjrc \ / ympb igo~gdbdpb mcb igordbcgv a ympb m~mvadd` ordaia~aacgv a gvmbcgv$


36/82

d ibbm ib ~va|bpb yirpavacb cm ~cmp# pvbfrab obdagdmp i bxayp rd yadjrv im{ `b yirpavb#

ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb dbm~caid`r/yb y~bipmigcbcgv gvjmda{mpb d yig~rva romdapmvb$

Pbvobdrc `b ~cmp ~bdpvr ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb bypb crdmv ~d cm `mpm `b =2# adicrya|# m

crdaa rvopgmvb ibcba d imvb m m|rp cgi y~bipmigcrc$

Gvaib ~bvygmd imvb `mpgvbm{ ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb mvb gfcajmam `b m `b~rdb g `bicmvmab cm

igo~mvpaobdprc `b y~biamcapmpb mc mrpgvapaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb# ~d ibc oma pv{ar cm `mpm

ypmfacap ~bdpvr labimvb ~cmp m ao~g{aprcra ~b y~bipmigcb$ Lgvomprc `bicmvmaba yb ~vbia{bm{ d

dgvobcb bcmfgvmpb d igord `b Oadaypbvrc Ladmdbcgv ^rfcaib a Oadaypbvrc Mòadaypvmaba a

Adpbvdbcgv$ ^bvygmdbcb imvb `mpgvbm{ ao~g{aprc ~b y~bipmigcb vy~rd` ~bdpvr imcircrc igvbip mc

ao~g{aprcra# `b~rdbvbm cm pao~ m `bicmvmaba a ~cmpm cm pao~ m ao~g{aprcra$

6$8$ Pmxm hgpbcabv

b`bvbm d ordaia~aa# gvmb# igordb a d ypmardacb prvaypaib `bicmvmpb igdlgvo cbjaa ~bdpvr

ybv|aiaacb hgpbcabvb `b imvb fbdblaiam{ ~bvygmdbcb la{aib d |vyp `b ~bypb =8 mda$

Igdyacaacb cgimcb ~gp hgpv ~bdpvr b`bvbm d ordaia~aa# gvmb ymr igordb adypapravbm pmxba

hgpbcabvb `mpgvmpb `b ~bvygmdbcb la{aib d |vyp `b ~bypb =8 mda$

d mibmyp yaprmab pmxm yb `bpbvoad ~b fm{m igpba ypmfacapb `b igdyacaacb cgimcb dpvb >#2" a2"# m~caimp cm pmvalbcb `b im{mvb ~vmipaimpb `b rdapacb hgpbcabvb ~bdpvr g dgm~pb `b im{mvb a yb

dorcbpb ir drovrc {acbcgv d imvb ~bvygmdbcb fbdblaiam{ `b ybv|aiaacb hgpbcabvb$

@b obdagdmp i adypapravbm pmxba hgpbcabvb igdypaprab mpvafram g~agdmc m Igdyacarcra Jbdbvmc

mc Ordaia~arcra Frirvbpa a igdyacaacgv cgimcb mcb ordaia~aacgv# gvmbcgv a igordbcgv# `r~ im{$

Hgpvvbm ~va|ad` adypapravbm pmxba hgpbcabvb yb m`g~p d irvyrc crdaa oma a yb m~cai d mdrc layimc

rvopgv$ Dbm`g~pmvbm hgpvvaa ~d cm `mpm `b 9= oma m labivra md layimc igvby~rd`b g~ardaa

igdyacarcra cgimc `b m dr adypapra pmxm hgpbcabv ~bdpvr mdrc layimc rvopgv$Bybdamc `b yrfcadamp i ~bdpvr b`bvbm d ypmardacb prvaypaib `bicmvmpb igdlgvo cbjaa

adypapravbm pmxba hgpbcabvb bypb gfcajmpgvab a yb `bpbvoad ~b fm{m igpba ypmfacapb `b igdyacaacb cgimcb

dpvb >#2" a 2"# cm pmvalbcb ~vmipaimpb `b rdapacb hgpbcabvb ~bdpvr g dgm~pb `b im{mvb# adàlbvbdp `b

`rvmpm ybkrvrcra$

^bvygmdbcb la{aib# |bpbvmda `b v{fga ~bvygmdbcb ~bvybirpmpb àd ogpa|b ~gcapaib `b

àipmprvm adypmrvmp ir dib~bvb `b cb < omvpab =102# ~vbiro a ibcb `b~gvpmpb d ypvadpmpb gva

igdypaprapb d ~va{gdabva# ~bvygmdbcb ~bvybirpmpb `b ipvb vbjaorvacb adypmrvmpb d Vgodam ir dib~bvb


37/82

`b cm < yb~pbofvab =10> ~d cm < omvpab =102 àd ogpa|b bpdaib# yrdp yirpapb `b cm ~cmpm pmxba

hgpbcabvb$

Yirpavbm `b cm ~cmpm pmxba hgpbcabvb yb migv` droma ~bvygmdbcgv d imr{# ~b fm{m miprcra imvb

mpbyp yaprmam vby~bipa|$ Ig~am miprcra vodb im `girobdp glaiamc cm igo~mvpaobdprc `b y~biamcapmpb

mcb mrpgvapaa mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib cgimcb# imvb c ibvpalai ~bdpvr igdlgvoapmpb$

^bvygmdbcb imvb fbdblaiam{ `b mibypb yirpava yrdp;

m! |bpbvmda `b v{fga5

f! |`r|bcb b v{fga5

i! |`r|bcb dbvbiypgvapb mcb |bpbvmdacgv `b v{fga5

`! `badra ~gcapaia5

b! `b~gvpmaa5l! ygrc ( ygam ! ibcra `bib`mp# àd impbjgvam ibcgv ày~vra ymr bxpbvoadma d pao~rc `bpbdaba#

adpbvdma mfr{a| d y~apmcb `b ~yahampvab# ypvorpma# `b~gvpma d ypvadpmpb ymr ~va{gdabva5

j! ygrc ( ygam ! ibcra `bib`mp d igdàaacb ~vb|{rpb cm capbvbcb l! a h! a imvb# àd ogpa|b

`b yr~vm|abravb# m lgyp db|gap y à|gvb{b `b ibc dihay# `b~gvpmp# ~va{gdabv ymr ypvorpmp# `mi

dr y/m vbiypgvap a ~gmpb lmib `g|m`m i m igd|abrap ir |aipaom ~d cm `bibyrc mibypbam5

h! ygrc (ygam! ibcra imvb m `bib`mp `r~ abavbm àd dihaygmvb# àd y~apmcrc `b ~yahampvab# `r~

dpgmvibvbm àd `b~gvpmvb ymr àd ~va{gdabvmp# `mi rcpbvagv dr y/m vbiypgvap$Pgpg`mp ~bvygmdbcb la{aib; |`r|b `b v{fga a |`r|b dbvbiypgvapb mcb |bpbvmdacgv `b v{fga

yrdp yirpapb `b cm ~cmpm pmxba hgpbcabvb$

Pgpg`mp Oadaypbvrc Mòadaypvmaba ^rfcaib a Oadaypbvrc Ladmdbcgv ^rfcaib# `r~ igdyrcpmvbm ir

ypvriprvacb mygiampa|b mcb mrpgvapacgv Mòadaypvmaba ^rfcaib Cgimcb ~gp ~vb{bdpm Jr|bvdrcra

~vg~rdbva ~bdpvr migv`mvbm mcpgv lmiacapa layimcb ~va|ad` ao~g{aprc ~b icàva d im{rc ~bvygmdbcgv

krvaàib bip ibcb ~vb|{rpb `b gv`gdmd$

@b mybobdbm yrdp yirpapb `b cm ~cmpm pmxba hgpbcabvb a rvopgvaa fbdblaiamva ma ybv|aiaacgvhgpbcabvb; ~bvygmdbcb ir hmdàim~ `b jvm`rc A a AA# adicrya| ~bvygmdbcb db|{pgmvb# ~bdyagdmvaa# bcb|aa#

ypr`bdaa ya oacapmvaa$

d mibmyp yaprmab ~bdpvr m fbdblaiam `b yirpavbm `b cm ~cmpm pmxba hgpbcabvb# ~bvygmdbcb

adpbvbympb pvbfrab y lmi `g|m`m ir `girobdprc imvb mpbyp yaprmam vby~bipa|# ibvpalaimprc `b

dim`vmvb dpv/g impbjgvab `b ~bvygmdb ir hmdàim~# ir~gdrc `b ~bdyab# imvdbprc `b bcb|# imvdbprc `b

ypr`bdp ymr mcpbcb yaoacmvb# dygap `b miprc `b a`bdpapmpb$ d im{rc ~bvygmdbcgv ir hmdàim~ a mc

bcb|acgv# d |vyp `b ~d cm =0 mda# miprc `b a`bdpapmpb bypb ibvpalaimprc `b dmpbvb$


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Pmxm hgpbcabv `b|adb bxajafac dib~d` ir {arm d imvb ~bvygmdm la{ai m lgyp crmp d

b|a`bd a im{mp d rdapmpbm hgpbcabv$

Pmxm hgpbcabv yb ~cpbpb d pbvobd `b => {acb `b cm `mpm crvaa d b|a`bd m ~cpapgvrcra

(prvayprcra!$

d im{rc d imvb pmxm hgpbcabv bypb adicry d ihapmdm ymr igyprc facbprcra `b gàhd a

pvmpmobdp# ~bvygmdbcb krva aib |gv |vym cm frjbprc igdyacarcra cgimc mc rdapaa mòadaypvmpa|

pbvapgvamcb yrom dimymp ir mibyp papcr# vbir~bvmp `b cm mjbdaacb `b prvayo ~vad adpbvobàrc ivgvm m

lgyp |mcgvalaimp ihapmdm ymr facbprc `b gàhd a pvmpmobdp# d ~vaobcb => {acb mcb labivba crda ~bdpvr

crdm ~vbib`bdp$

6$1$ Pmxbcb `b paofvr

Pmxbcb bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr yrdp |bdaprva mcb frjbpbcgv cgimcb# ir bxib~am pmxba ~bdpvr

bcafbvmvbm papcrvacgv `b ~vg~vabpmpb myr~vm pbvbdrvacgv `gfdàpb ~b fm{m Cbjaa =8'=11=# lmi ~mvpb àd

impbjgvam ao~g{apbcgv layimcb ad avbipb# vbjcbobdpmpb `b Cbjbm dv$==:'=111 ~va|ad` pmxbcb

bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr# `b Gvàdrc Oadaypbvrcra Ladmdbcgv =>:


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/bcafbvmvbm `b ipvb gvjmdbcb mòadaypvmaba ~rfcaib ibdpvmcb a cgimcb `b mcpb mrpgvapa ~rfcaib# ~vbiro

a `b adypapraacb `b ypmp# imvb# d bxbviapmvbm mpvafraacgv cgv# yrdp d `vb~p y ibvpalaib mdroapb yaprmaa `b

lm~p# m ibvpalaimpbcgv# m`b|bvadbcgv# a m gvaivgv mcpb dyivayrva ~vad imvb yb mpbyp rd lm~p ymr g yaprmab#

ir bxib~am mibcgv mipb ~bdpvr imvb yb ~cpbpb g mcp pmx bxpvmkràiamv `b paofvr oma omvb# /=$82>

cba5

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimprcra `b ~vg`ripgv mjvaigc# / cba5

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv `b ~vg~vabpmpb myr~vm mdaomcbcgv# ~b im~ `b mdaomc;

~bdpvr mdaomcb yrf 6 mda# /=$82> cba5

~bdpvr mdaomcb ~bypb 6 mda# /9$:2> cba5

/ibvpalaimvbm(pvmdyivabvbm! pvmdyoadyardaa ~vg~vabpmaa myr~vm mdaomcbcgv# ~b im~ `b mdaomc# d facbpb `b

~vg~vabpmpb;

~bdpvr mdaomcb yrf 6 mda# /:$=2> cba5

~bdpvr mdaomcb ~bypb 6 mda# /=8$9>> cba5

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv `b dvbjaypvmvb layimcm# /=8$9>> cba5

/bcafbvmvbm cm ibvbvb# m ibvpalaimpbcgv obàig/cbjmcb a m mcpgv ibvpalaimpb obàimcb lgcgyapb d krypaab#

/ cba5

/bcafbvmvbm# cm ibvbvb# m ibvpalaimpbcgv `b im{abv kràiamv# /0$> cba5

/dvbjaypvmvbm cm ibvbvb# d mipbcb `b ypmvb ia|ac m `bylmibvaa iypgvaba# /9$ cba5

/pvmdyivabvbm# cm ibvbvb# d vbjaypvbcb `b ypmvb ia|acm vgodb dpgioapb `b mrpgvapacb ypvadb# /9$ cba5

/vbigdypapravbm a dpgioavbm rcpbvagmv# cm ibvbvb# m mipbcgv `b ypmvb ia|ac# /9$ cba5

/bcafbvmvbm mcpgv ibvpalaimpb `b ypmvb ia|ac d cgirc ibcgv ~abv`rpb# yrypvmyb# àypvryb ymr `bpbvagvmpb#

/9$ cba5

Pmxb ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ymr ~vbyihaofmvbm mipbcgv `b a`bdpapmpb a dyivabvbm obdardacgv d

mibypbm# ~vbiro a ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm ~bvoaybcgv `b |dpgmvb a `b ~byirap;

/bcafbvmvbm ymr ~vbyihaofmvbm ivacgv `b a`bdpapmpb(adicrya| m ibcgv ~vg|a{gvaa! a m frcbpadbcgv `b

a`bdpapmpb ~bdpvr ibpbdaa vgoda# bcafbvmvbm imvdbpbcgv `b a`bdpapmpb# ~vbiro a bcafbvmvbm ymr

~vbcrdjavbm |mcmfacapaa cbjapaomaacgv ~vg|a{gvaa ~bdpvr ibpbdaa ypvada a ~bvygmdbcb lv ibpbdab#

/=$82> cba5

/dyivabvbm obdardacgv ~va|ad` yihaofmvbm `goaiacarcra ymr m vbbàdba# /=$82> cba5

/|a{m mdrmc m imvdbpbcgv `b a`bdpapmpb mcb ibpbdacgv ypvada a mcb ~bvygmdbcgv lv ibpbdab# /60$6>>

cba5

/bcafbvmvbm rdgv dga iva# frcbpadb# imvdbpb `b a`bdpapmpb a cbjapaomaa ~vg|a{gvaa d cgirc ibcgv~abv`rpb# lrvmpb ymr `bpbvagvmpb# /6 cba5


40/82

/dvbjaypvmvbm ibvbvacgv ~bvygmdbcgv la{aib a krvaàib ~va|ad` lrvda{mvbm rdgv `mpb àd vbjaypvrc

~bvomdbdp `b b|a`bd m ~g~rcmaba# /=$82> cba5

/bcafbvmvbm ymr |a{m mdrmc m ~bvoaybcgv `b |dpgmvb# /1$92> cba5

/bcafbvmvbm ymr |a{m mdrmc m ~bvoaybcgv `b ~byirap# /0$28> cba5

Pmxb ~bdpvr bxmoadmvbm igd`ripgvacgv `b mrpg|bhaircb d |b`bvbm gfadbvaa ~bvoaybcgv `b

igd`ribvb;

=$ Pmxb ~bdpvr bxmoadmvbm imdà`macgv imvb mr mfygc|ap g igmc `b igd`ripgva `b mrpg|bhaircb;

/gfadbvbm ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb |mcmfac ~bdpvr mrpg|bhaircb àd impbjgvam M=#/=2$>2> cba5

/gfadbvbm ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb |mcmfac ~bdpvr mrpg|bhaircb àd impbjgvam M# /69$12> cba5

/gfadbvbm ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb |mcmfac ~bdpvr mrpg|bhaircb m~mvadd` rdbam àd impbjgvaacb ymr

yrfimpbjgvaacb F# F=# F%B# /9>$=>> cba5


yrfimpbjgvaacb I=# @=# Pv# B# /21$2>> cba5


yrfimpbjgvaacb I=%B# @=%B# I# @# Pf# P\# /:0$22> cba5

/ gfadbvbm ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb |mcmfac ~bdpvr mrpg|bhaircb àd impbjgvaacb I%B# @%B# /81$>

cba5

6$ Pmxb ~bdpvr bxmoadmvbm ~bvygmdbcgv imvb dr mr mfygc|ap g igmc `b igd`ripgva `b mrpg|bhaircb#ir bxib~am ibcgv ~vb|{rpb cm ~ip$9;

/`b iadia gva pmxbcb ~vb|{rpb cm ~ip$=# igvby~rd{pgmvb labivba impbjgvaa a yrfimpbjgvaa `b

mrpg|bhaircb5

9$ Pmxb ~bdpvr bxmoadmvbm ~bvygmdbcgv ivgvm cb/m lgyp mdrcmp ~bvoayrc `b igd`ribvb ~bdpvr

impbjgvaacb ir~vadyb d ~bvoayrc mdrcmp# /`rfcrc pmxbcgv ~vb|{rpb cm ~ip$=$

0$ Pmxb ~bdpvr bxmoadmvbm ~bvygmdbcgv imvb mr lgyp vby~adyb `b pvba gva cm bxmobdrc ~bdpvr gfadbvbm

mibcbama impbjgvaa m ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb# /`b pvba gva pmxbcb ~vb|{rpb cm ~ip$= gva# `r~ im{# cm~ip$6 ymr 95

Pmxb `b dompvaircmvb m mrpg|bhaircbcgv a vbogviacgv# mrpgva{mvb ~vg|a{gvab `b iavircmab

~bdpvr ~vgfb;

=$ Pmxb `b dompvaircmvb ~bvomdbdp ymr pbo~gvmv m mrpg|bhaircbcgv a vbogviacgv;

/mrpg|bhaircb a vbogvia ir omym pgpmc omxao mrpgva{mp `b ~d cm :2> ej adicrya|# /=28$6 ej a 9$2>> ej adicrya|#

/9=9$> ej# /12 cba5


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6$ Pmxb `b mrpgva{mvb ~vg|a{gvab m iavircmaba mrpg|bhaircbcgv a vbogviacgv dbdompvaircmpb ~bvomdbdp

ymr pbo~gvmv# /00$8>2 cba5

9$ Pmxb `b mrpgva{mvb m iavircmaba ~bdpvr ~vgfb m mrpg|bhaircbcgv a vbogviacgv# /=$:1:$92: cba$

Pmxbcb yb ~cpbyi mdpaia~mp# d drobvmv# ~vad gvàd `b ~cmp a ~vad m~caimvbm a mdrcmvbm `b

paofvb layimcb ogfacb# myplbc;

/d drobvmv cm imyabvaacb Pvb{gvbvaba ypmprcra# cm rdapacb Imyba `b Bigdgoaa a Igdybodmarda ymr cm

imyabvaacb ~vbypmpgvacgv `b ybv|aiaa yr~ryb mibypgv pmxb# bcafbvd`r/yb ~cpapgvacgv ihapmdb5

/~vad m~caimvbm a mdrcmvbm `b paofvb layimcb ogfacb# ~bdpvr pmxbcb bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr `b ~d cm

2>$>>> cba# adicrya|$

/ig~am `b ~b gvàdrc `b ~cmp |a{mp `b rdapmpbm cm imvb y/m lirp ~cmpm# vby~bipa| ig~am `b ~b ihapmdm

bcafbvmp `b imyabvam rdapaa pbvapgvamcb m Pvb{gvbvaba ypmprcra ymr Imyba `b Bigdgoaa a Igdybodmarda#|a{mpb ~bdpvr igdlgvoapmpb `b ~vbypmpgvrc ybv|aiarcra yr~ry pmxba# igdypaprb `g|m`m ~caa# a yb

mdbxbm{ cm `gymvrc ibvbvaa$

^bdpvr m ~rpbm ybv|a cm ~bvib~bvbm pmxbcgv bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr# paofvbcb layimcb pvbfrab y

d`b~cadbmyi irorcmpa| rvopgmvbcb igdàaa;

/ y lab mrpbdpaib5

/ y dr ~gmvpb ybodprvm ymr |vbrd mcp og` `b mdrcmvb5

/ y lab d iavircmab5/ y dr ~gmvpb pbvyprva# v{prva ymr rvob b y~cmvb5

/ y lab dpvbja$

Pmxbcb bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr# ir bxib~am ibcgv mihapmpb ~vad m~caimvbm a mdrcmvbm `b paofvb

layimcb ogfacb# yb vbypaprb ymr igo~bdybm{# cm ibvbvb# d rvopgmvbcb im{rva;

/mprdia id` pmxm dr bypb `mpgvmp5

/mprdia id` y/m ~cpap oma orcp `bip irmdprorc cbjmc5

/mprdia id` ybv|aiarc dr m lgyp ~vbypmp$Ibvbvbm `b vbypapravb yb `b~rdb cm gvjmdrc imvb m ~vbypmp ybv|aiarc# d im`vrc pbvobdrcra `b

~vbyiva~ab$

Yrdp yirpapb `b pmxb bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr;

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv imvb mpbyp rd lm~p ymr g yaprmab `birvjd` àd vm~gvprva `b ordi# bcafbvmvbm

ibvpalaimpbcgv `bypadmpb gfadbvaa rdgv `vb~prva ~va|ad` myaypbdm ygiamc# myajrvvacb ygiamcb a ~vgpbiam

ygiamc# rdaimpbcb ibvpalaimpbcgv bcafbvmpb `b adypapraacb `b d|odp# ibvpalaimpbcb bcafbvmpb ~bdpvr m

ybv|a d mvomp# igca# jvàdab# ivbb# a mcpb mybobdbm yaprmaa5

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv gvajadmcb `b ypmvb ia|ac5


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/mpbypvacb d cbjprv ir ~vaoavbm rdgv yrob `b fmda5

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv obàig/cbjmcb ~vad imvb yb mpbyp `bibyrc5

/bcafbvmvbm ibvpalaimpbcgv im rvomvb m miardacgv ymdapmv |bpbvadmvb gfcajmpgvaa a jvmprapb5

/dyivabvbm obdardacgv ~va|ad` yihaofmvbm `goaiacarcra ymr vbbàdba d mipbcb `b a`bdpapmpb mcb

oadgvacgv gvlmda# adpbvdma d imybcb `b ig~aa5

/bcafbvmvbm rdgv dga iva `b a`bdpapmpb# d im{rc yihaofvaa `bdroavaa cgimcapacgv a'ymr ypv{acgv5

/bxmoadmvbm d |b`bvbm gfadbvaa ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb m rvopgmvbcgv impbjgvaa `b ~bvygmdb;

=!~bvygmdbcb ir hmdàim~ la{ai# ~bdpvr gfadbvbm ~bvoayrcra `b igd`ribvb# m mrpg|bhaircbcgv àd

impbjgvaacb M# M=# F a F=# m`m~pmpb adlavoapaa cgv5

6!obofvaa oayardacgv à~cgompaib a glaiaacgv igdyrcmvb mivbàpma d Vgodam ~b fm{ `b vbia~vgiapmpb5

/dompvaircmvbm mrpg|bhaircbcgv àd impbjgvaacb M# M=# F a F= m~mvadd` ~bvygmdbcgv ir hmdàim~la{ai# m`m~pmpb adlavoapaa cgv5

/ybv|aiaacb ir bxib~am dompvaircvaa a mrpgva{vaa ~vg|a{gvaa `b iavircmab ~bdpvr ~vgfb m

mrpg|bhaircbcgv# ~vbypmpb cm ibvbvbm adypapraacgv ~rfcaib$

Pbvobdrc `b ~vbyiva~ab m `vb~prcra `b m ibvb ~cmpm pmxba bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr bypb `b iadia

mda# imcircma `b cm `mpm cm imvb y/m igdypmpmp i mibmypm dr m lgyp mihapmp$

Igdpvgcrc myr~vm vby~bipvaa ~vb|b`bvacgv cbjmcb ~va|ad` ypmfacavbm# dimymvbm# ~cmpm pmxbcgv

bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr yb vbmca{bm{ `b ipvb gvjmdbcb `b y~biamcapmpb mcb igdyacaacgv cgimcb# irbxib~am pmxba bxpvmkràiamvb `b paofvr ~bdpvr bcafbvmvbm papcrvacgv `b ~vg~vabpmpb m pbvbdrvacgv

`gfdàpb d fm{m Cbjaa =8'=11=# ~bdpvr imvb igdpvgcrc yb vbmca{bm{ `b gvjmdbcb `b y~biamcapmpb mcb

Oadaypbvrcra Ladmdbcgv ^rfcaib$

6$=>$ Pmxb y~biamcb$ Mcpb pmxb cgimcb

Igdyacaacb cgimcb ~gp adypapra pmxb {

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