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ZOPVNH( RAHOPOK( RVPFZF ) @nwo` O, Cfzptfz( f`opvzn Vlowfz{( :22:( pzn`vkfzf

[vhpnln Nwzni( Pfa`az Ghf{fzv

Fhnjaznp rf rnzkvz{vh nlohaz =2 o rvjhoknp hn {gzopvh nkf{pazn( knzpfn hvo @nwo`

Cfzptfz f{pf( `vr kvi ol{vo ngozi a `o{fknzf n nwnpnzvzohaz {oijahokf nhf rahopokoo rf

knzf n nwvp aknton `f n hf kvlanpf l`fnrzanrf( rzol lvifzan{fhf f}rfzolff nwvpf ol

[VN( Opnhon( [zo Hnlcn( Kmoln( Fpoaron( Cflyn( Kahvijon( Kan{pn `f goh`f {nv Jzntohon,

Nvpazvh {vjholont gnrpvh k {pv`ovh zopvzohaz rahopokf fzn ganzpf rvpol `ftwahpnp o kmonz

kzopok npopv`olfn {rfkonhopohaz knzf lv nkaz`( ol ia` `fhojfznp {nv lv( a rzfn inzf

npflof {oijahvzohaz, l hvkznzfn {n( lkfnzk { { `f{karfzf rzolkoroohf vlowfz{nhf knzf

evwfzlfnt gaha{ozfn zopvnhvhvo `f kpzf rahopok( rzarvll` vl vlemo kp ino nirhv

n{vrzn vinlopoo, N{pgfh kzfnt vl fkhfkpo{i o{pazok o nlpzarahaeok( `ftwahpl` pftnhvkzzoo rzolpz)a njaz`nzf `f nl{nijhv l {karvh `f{hvozoo pz{pvzohaz knzf lf lzv`f{k o

lf o`flpogok,

Cfzptfz vzizfpf gazifhf rf knzf hf rap hvn npp zopvnhvh kp o io{pogoknzfn l `owfz{f

{opvnoo nhf wofoo rahopokf `f n hvlevh n kfhaz lav knropahf knzf kal{popvof hvkznzfn {n4 ->/

Rvpfzfn zopvnhvhvo( -:/ Kzvko l ghknzo o {nkzogokoo( -;/ Hfeopoiopnpf o io{pogoknzf( -0/

Wozpvohf nijoevopoo( -6/ Kal{pzvkon zopvnh n zfnhopoo rahopokf( -7/ Rvpfzfn zopvhvo4 hvrpn

rflpzv rvpfzf kv ndvpazvh zopvnhvhvo( -5/ Kalghokp o kzot( -=/ Zopvnhvzohf zfwahvofo o -?/Zopvzohf rvpfzoo, Gofknzf `olpzf knropahfhf niolpopf `fjvpfnt kv a rawf{pozf zfrzftflpnpow

rflpzv `o{kvon kf o {vkkf`f,

Zopvnhvh f{pf( l arolon nvpazvhvo( a kairalflp rfzinlflp o kfzp n wofoo rahopokf

ia`fzlf( f}firhfhf kfhf ino `f{ lphlopf gool` lpzvlozohf vlvo rnzpo`( olnvevznzfn

rzftolonh {nv kmonz olpalnzfn olivhvo lnoalnh, Rzol olpfzif`ovh zopvnhvzohaz anifloo

rahopoko lv gnk nhpkfwn `fkp { olkfzkf {)o { kpoef `zfrpvh `f n kal`vkfzf( kfo knzf {f

ngh `fdn hn kal`vkfzf {)o lpzfn{k nvpazopnpfn( onnz zfwahvoalnzoo { npzne `f rnzpfn

haz vl lviz kp ino inzf `f {v{olpazo, Kp `f{rzf kfpfloo vlvo {pnp ia`fzl( rzol

rnzpokornzfn hn zopvnhvzo {f o`flpogok l ia` rfzgfkp kv gazfhf rahopokf knzf oo evwfzlfnt,

Zopvnhvh rahopok f{pf vl iodhak `f n lpfhfef kf {f lpirh l kalpfiraznlfopnpf hn lowfh

olpfzlnoalnh o `f n {oirhogokn vlowfz{vh l {karvh `f n)h rpzvl`f kp ino ivhp kv rvpol,

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Nvpazvh npznef npflon vlfo o`fo fzalnpf( l{ `f{fazo wfmokvhnp4 o`flpogoknzfn zopvnhvhvo kv

zfhoeon( kffn kf nz kal`vkf l ia` fwo`flp hn kalkhvton k zopvnhvh nzf l{filnpnpf rahopok

`anz l {akofpohf ino rvpol nwnl{npf, @zfrp vzinzf olkfnzk { f}rhokf `f kf zopvnhvh

rahopok f{pf oirazpnlp l panpf {o{pfifhf rahopokf o {n `fial{pzftf gnrpvh k rahopokn {f

gaha{fpf `f zopvnhvzo l kfhf ino `owfz{f {opvnoo, @f{gvznzfn vlvo zop f{pf knznkpfzotnp

`f gazinho{i( zf{rfkpl` nlviopf {fkwflf {pnl`nz`otnpf o rv{f l {kfl kv ivhp

npflof( `nz {o rzol zfrfpopowopnpf, Rzol zopvnhvzo zfvoi { lfhfefi ino jolf hvifn `ol

knzf gnkfi rnzpf( rzol znrazpnzfn pzfkvpvhvo hn rzftflp o n rzftflpvhvo hn woopaz-r::/,

Rnzpokornzfn hn vl zopvnh oirhok rf `f a rnzpf f}rvlfzfn hn {poivho `f lnpvz r{omahaeok

{o rf `f nhp rnzpf rza`vkf a `f{kpvnzf fiaoalnh-r:;/, @f n{fiflfn f{pf n`v{ l

npflon kopopazvhvo gnrpvh k kf hf ino ivhpf kalpzawfz{f rahopokf {vlp eflfznpf `f hor{n `f

kal{fl{ n n`arpzoo vlvo iop {nv n nhpvon ol {karvh `f n {ahvoaln a {fzof `f rzajhfifkalkzfpf-r:7/,

Rzol `fifz{vh {v( Cfzptfz {f arvlf o`ffo k zopvnhvh rahopok f{pf vpohotnp `anz l {karvh `f

n lpzo {pnpv{)~va)vh o {vjholont k l wf`fzfn lfhfefzoo ia`vhvo `f gvlkoalnzf n

rahopokoo( f{pf lfkf{nz { lpfhfefi kvi rpzvl`f {oijahokvh rahopokvh o inlofzn l knzf

rfz{alndfhf rahopokf oirazpnlpf inlorvhfnt {oijahvzohf, [karvh rf knzf nvpazvh o)o

rzarvlf f{pf nkfhn `f n kalpf{pn kpfwn rzfkfrpf kalgazpnjohf knzf gnk zfgfzozf hn

gvl`niflpfhf rzarzoohaz lan{pzf {o{pfif rahopokf -r >6/, Zopvnhvh f{pf a rnzpf olpfeznp nzohaz ia`fzlf( onz oirazpnln hvo f{pf zfghfkpnp rzol `owfz{opnpfn `f {o{pfif rahopokf

f}o{pflpf( onz rflpzv n `fia{pzn nfkf{p gnrp( nlpzarahaevh lkfnzk { ajol a rfz{rfkpow

ehajnh rzol nlnhotn {akofpohaz `ol panp hvifn, Pftn {n {f jntfnt rf o`ffn oirazpnlfo

{oijaho{ivhvo l rahopok,

[o{pfifhf `f {oijahvzo {vlp kfhf knzf lf lnzifnt kv vl {kvp irapzown pfzazoo( fhf gnk

n{pgfh lkp hvifn olkaldvzpanzf { rzol` kalpvzvzo haeokf3 rzol olpfzif`ovh {oijahvzohaz

lv gnkfi nhpkfwn `fkp { lf znrazpi hn mna{vh `ol dvzvh la{pzv( hn mna{vh tohlok o {

gnkfi az`olf, [oijahvzohf lf ndvp { { kvlanpfi o { olpfhfefi `owfz{opnpfn hvioo l

knzf pzoi, Lao {vlpfi kfo knzf rza`vkfi l rfzinlfl lao {oijahvzo o hf pznl{gazii

rf kfhf wfkmo, Rzol {oijaho{i rvpfi `f`vkf kolf {vlp kfo knzf `fol rvpfzfn o kolf {vlp

kfo {hnjo, Zfnhopnpfn rahopok f{pf `anz gazin `f f}rzf{of n vlaz ia`nhopo {oijahokf( ino

nhf{ l kal`ooohf l knzf azokf {oijah ranpf `fwflo a vlfnhp3 pz{pvzn f{flonh n

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{oijahokvhvo f{pf tio{hozfn zfnhopoo-r>5/, Rahopokn f{pf nn`nz nzpn `f n `f{arfzo

{oijahvzohf knzf `fgolf{k {flpoiflpfhf `f ol`flpopnpf nhf ol`owo`vhvo o pooln `f nhf nkpown

l rzarzovh olpfzf{, @zfrp f}firhv( nvpazvh ` knth vlvo rzf{f`olpf( rf knzf l iaiflpvh

l knzf h nhfefi( h nhfefi l knhopnpf `f kfh ino jvl gvzopaz `f {oijahvzo `ol

nz-r>=/3 `olkaha `f gnrpvh k anilfloo {vlp kfo kzfnpazoo {oijahvzohaz( fo {vlp l nkfhno

poir o jflfgokonzoo nkf{pazn,

l kffn kf rzowfpf kmf{povlfn azenlotnoohaz( nvpazvh {v{olf k nkf{pfn lv rap f}o{pn l

hor{n vlaz rzfrzftflpzo {oijahokf {rfkogokf, Vlokvh ia` l knzf azenlotnoohf( {o kv npp

ino ivhp kfhf rahopokf( rap go rfzkfrvpf f{pf rzol olpfzif`ovh {oijahvzohaz n{akonpf3 onz

rzol zopvnh azenlotnoohf zfvf{k { oirvl rvjhokvhvo wotovlfn rzarzof `f{rzf fhf l{fhf(

rzol knzf anifloo {f waz znrazpn hn nkf{pfn-r:=/, l kntvh l knzf gazin `f zfrzftflpnzf n

azenlotnoohaz f{pf {oijahok( l ia` fwo flp o haonhopnpfn vlfo rfz{anlf gn `f aol{popvof!azenlotnof wn go f}rzoinp pap rzolpz)vl {oijah -{rzf f}firhv4 mnolf( dvziolpf(

pvl{azo/, Azenlotnoo {vlp kfhf knzf kzfnt iopvzo rzowopanzf hn azoeolfn {o iflozfn haz( l

poir kf ifijzoo {f nlendfnt l rznkpoko knzf oo `fa{fjf{k rf rfz{anlfhf knzf lv gnk rnzpf

`ol zf{rfkpown azenlotnpof, Rzol zfrzftflpzo {oijahokf azenlotnoohf o rn{pzfnt

o`flpopnpfn o kalpolvopnpfn, [rzf f}firhv( l `fiakznoohf ia`fzlf kal{popvoohf {kzo{f

{vlp vpohotnpf kn {oijahvzo nhf `fa{fjozohaz azenlotnoalnhf-rr:?);2/,

@fial{pznoohf `f in{ {f oirvl rzal inlorvhnzfn npflp n {oijahvzohaz l kaijolnpofkv oirnkpvh fiaoalnh zftvhpnp `f kalwaknzfn nppaz aniflo l lvifhf vlfo knvtf

kaivlf, Kv aknton vlvo iopole f{pf fwo flonp knrnkopnpfn rahopok n azenlotnofo

zf{rfkpowf( `nz {f o kzfnt oineolo `f oirnkp n{vrzn lnpvzoo {o {karvzohaz nkf{pfon, Fgfkpvh

rf knzf nkf{pf inlogf{pnoo oh nv f{pf vlvh `fil `f hvnp l kal{o`fznzf4 zflpzf{k

o`flpogoknzfn ol`owotohaz kv ezvrvh!azenlotnpon `ol knzf gnk rnzpf o nirhogok aratoon gn

`f n`wfz{nzo-r>;6/,

Nvpazvh npznef npflon kn ol panpf {akofpohf kflpznhotnpf evwfzlnloo pzfjvof { kzfftf lao

zopvzo knzf { hf olhakvon{k rf kfhf wfkmo( azokf lav flpopnpf rahopok nzf lfwaof `f

zopvnhvzo o {oijahvzo, O`flpogoknzf hakhvhvo kv lnoalnhvh {f zfnhotfnt `f n{fiflfn kv

ndvpazvh {oijahvzohaz knzf nv zahvh `f n o`flpogokn rf vlvh kv kfhhnhp-r;0/, [o{pfihf

rahopokf nv lfwaof `f a `owotoovlf n ivlkoo( gnrp kf rzf{vrvlf a ofznzmotnzf n rvpfzoo,

Rflpzv n rvpfn olwf{po a rfz{anl kv nvpazopnpf( rflpzv n a nhfef `ol kn`zvh vlvo ezvr( f{pf

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lfkf{nz { f}o{pf vl iodhak fgoknkf `f n ia`ogokn arpokn kfhazhnho n{vrzn rfz{anlfo

zf{rfkpowf( `nz gfhvh l knzf rfz{anln l knvt kalkfrf `zfrpvh `f n {f oirvlf l gnn

kfhazhnho, Nvpazopnpfn f{pf kv nhpf kvwolpf ia`vh l knzf a rfz{anl nzf `zfrpvh `f n,o

f}fzkopn rvpfzfn `f olghvfl n{vrzn kairazpniflpvhvo nhpaz rz{anlf,

Anifloo zfnhotfnt kolf {vlp kfo knzf nv nvpazopnpf nlnhotl` {oijahvzohf o zopvnhvzohf

rfz{anlfhaz zf{rfkpowf-rr;7);=/, Zopvnhvh knrnkopfnt nvpazopnpfn {akonh lfkf{nz

olwf{popvzoo( l poir kf gazn {oijahvzohaz gnkohopfnt fgvtovlfn fiaoalnh lfkf{nz

nkkfrpzoo rvpfzoo oirv{f n{vrzn aniflohaz, Zopvnhvh lv `anz zfghfkp rvpfzfn `fdn

f}o{pflp( ko a o kzfnt, Npp olwf{pozfn lpz)a gvlkof kp o `f{popvozfn {vlp {nlkoalnpf

rzol zopvnhvzo( kffn kf h l`zfrpfpf rf nvpaz { {v{ol k zopvnhvzohf zfrzftolp

kalpolvnzfn gaknzfhaz `f nvpazopnpf( l kov`n {kmoijnzohaz `f rfz{alnh,

@f ivhpf azo rzol zopvnh f{pf f}rzoinp {rfznln kkfh `f rvpfzf lv f{pf {vrv{ knrzokoohazvinlf3 kv kp f{pf ino inzf zo{kvh kn rvpfzfn ho`fzohaz {)o ngfkpftf l ia` lfenpow( kv

npp ino lfkf{nz f lfwaon `f n lfen zo{kvh o `f n nwfn lkzf`fzf l wozpvohf rfz{anlfo

zf{rfkpowf-r6>/, Vlv iapow oirazpnlp rflpzv knzf zopvnhvh f{pf vl iodhak `f hfeopoinzf

lpz)npp `f fgoknkf f{pf nkfhn k n{pgfh f{pf gnkvp ra{ojoh n{akofzfn vlfo oineolo nlvif

`f{rzf vlowfz{ kv vl rvpfzlok npnniflp fiaoalnh gn `f nkfn oineolf-rr6:)60/,

Zopvnhvh f{pf kairv{ `ol {oijahvzo knzf olpzvkmorfnt o`fo `fgolopazoo `f{rzf gfhvh l knzf

f kal{pzvop hvifn3 l kov`n gnrpvhvo k anifloo inlorvhfnt zopvnhvh l ia` kalpoflp l{karvzo rahopokf jolf `fgolopf( vlfazo fo kzfnt( kazfkpfnt{nv irza{rpfnt gazifhf

zopvnhf knzf waz nwfn vl nlvif fgfkp n{vrzn rahopokoo( ol{ `f ivhpf azo gnz { {of f}nkp l

kf wn kal{pn nkf{ fgfkp,

Vln `olpzf pz{pvzohf kfhf ino `o{polkpf nhf zopvnhvhvo f{pf njohopnpfn `f n nzialotn

{oijahvzo kalpzn`okpazoo l poir kf `oiolvfnt rfzkfron `f olkalezvopnpf3 {rzf f}firhv

l lvifzan{f {akofpo {oijahvzohf `f fenhopnzo{i kaf}o{p kv kv kfhf `f rvpfzf {o

nvpazopnpf, Hfeopoinzfn evwfzlnlohaz f{pf f{pf f}rzoinp o kal{aho`np rzol zopvnhvzo `f

ajf`ofl rvjhok -rr7:)7?/, Zopvnhvzohf knzf nv {vkkf{ pzfjvof { kzfftf a {pnzf

fiaoalnh knzf { gnk if{ndvh { gof `f lfkalpf{pnp `npazop gnrpvhvo k f{pf rzftflpnp `f

a n{fiflfn inlofz lkp { gof rfzkfrvp kn olfzflp zfnhopoo, Fh agfz a oineolf n hvioo

knzf f{pf npp `f kalwolepanzf fiaoalnh lkp loko lv {f ranpf rvlf rzajhfin vlfo

fwflpvnhf `ftjnpfzo->>6)>>7/,

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l hvrpn `olpzf aralfloo rahopoko {karvh zopvnhvhvo f{pf nkfhn `f n gnkf kvla{kvpf

rzfpfloohf `f kvkfzozf n rvpfzoo o `f n kaivlokn nlviopf if{ndf rvjhokvhvo

zfkfrpaz-r>>?/, Zopvnhvzohf rap olkopn o kalghokpf rahopokf( `nz o a{pohopo olpznezvrnhf3

l{ pap fhf rap gvlkoaln l nlviopf kntvzo o kn {vrnrf lfkf{nzf `ftniaz{zoo

rzf{ovlohaz rahopokf , [rfkonhopoo kopno `f nvpaz kal{o`fz nkf{pf zopvnhvzo `f olwf{nzf `zfrp

ifknlo{if kv ndvpazvh kzazn kfh arzoinp nzf ra{ojohopnpfn `f n {f fhojfzn `f nezf{owopnpfn

o gzv{pznzohf nkvivhnpf o l nkf{p ia` {f rfzrfpvfnt {pnpv{)~va)vh-r>05/ ,

l wotovlfn hvo Cfzptfz io{pogoknzf f{pf vl rza`v{ nh {pzvkpvznhotzoo {akonhf n

zfnhopoo-r7:/( onz a hvif `fio{pogoknp ol papnhopnpf lv ranpf go kalkfrvp `fkp `zfrp a

hvif `frahopotnp papnh, Vl nhp n{rfkp njaz`np `f nvpaz f{pf nkfhn nh zopvnhvzohaz `f

kaivloknzf {akonh( knzf f}rzoi pfl`olf olpoif `f {aho`nzotnzf {akonh, Rzol nkf{pf

zopvnhvzo {vlp `fgolopf hoiopfhf ezvrzohaz {akonhf( onz rzol rnzpokornzfn hn nkf{pf nkovlo{oijahokf f{pf ivhp ino vaz kn kn {flpoiflpfhf `f por kahfkpow { {f oirvln l ia`

arpoi-rr5;)56/, A rznkpok kaivl rahopokoflohaz `f n rzagopn `f nijoevopnpfn

{oijahvzohaz f{pf nkffn `f n f}pol`f {filogoknon vlvo {oijah `f hn vl {vjofkp hn nhpvh,

Zftvhpnpvh ajolvp f{pf kzfnzfn vlfo npia{gfzf jotnzf( rholf `f rfzokahf o nl}ofpnpf-rr=:)

=;/, Kalkfrpvh `f {o{pfi {akonh f{pf `fgolop kn {o{pfi {oijahok nj{pznkp knzf lf

{pzvkpvzfnt kvlanpfzfn hvioo {akonhf( gkl` ra{ojoh a oifl{ fkalaiof kaelopow, Kv

kp a {pzvkpvz {nv a {kmfi f{pf ino `f{ gaha{op ( kv npp fn `fwol`f ino `o{ralojohrflpzv n zftahwn a f}rfzofln woopanzf-rr?2)?0/,

@o{alnln kaelopow nrnzf npvlko kl` rfzkfron lan{pz `f{rzf fwfloiflpfhf `ol hvif

f{pf l kalpzn`okof kv kalwolefzohf lan{pzf `f{rzf nkfhf gflaiflf, Kv kp ino inzf f{pf

ezn`vh `f `o{alnl( kv npnp ino rvpfzlok f{pf rzf{ovlfn `f n a zf`vkf, @o{alnln

kaelopow f{pf ino rvpfzlok ol kntvzohf ol knzf kalwolefzohf lan{pzf olpz l kalpzn`okof

kv kfhf nhf vlaz ol`owoto oirazpnlo `ol rvlkp `f wf`fzf {akonh-rr>>>)>>;/,

Rzolpzf nvpazoo rf knzf Cfzptfz o kopfnt {f lviz Pmvzinl Nzlah`-pfazon oirazpnlfo

{oijaho{ivhvo l rahopok/( Pmain{ Knzhyhf-kmf{povlfn ngozoo nvpazopoo /(

@vzcmfoi-`f hn knzf rzfon vln `olpzf `fgolooohf zopvnhvhvo/ {nv Effzpt-rzajhfin

`fio{pogokzoo o n `frahopotzoo/,

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