Introducere_inst

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[email protected]@gmail.com 11

Semestrul II 2006/2007Semestrul II 2006/2007ISTORIA ECONOMIEIISTORIA ECONOMIEI

Conf. univ. dr. Eugen GhiorghiConf. univ. dr. Eugen [email protected]@spiruharet.ro

UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET


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Tema nr. 1Tema nr. 1

IntroducereIntroducere nn teoriateoriainstituinstituiiloriilor


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INSTITUIEINSTITUIE

Sens larg:Sens larg: form de organizare aform de organizare araporturilor sociale, potrivit normelorraporturilor sociale, potrivit normelorjuridice stabilite pe domenii dejuridice stabilite pe domenii de

activitateactivitate

Sens restrns:Sens restrns: organ sau organizaieorgan sau organizaie(de stat sau privat) care desfoar(de stat sau privat) care desfoaractiviti cu caracter social, cultural,activiti cu caracter social, cultural,administrativ etc.administrativ etc.


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instituit =instituit = reglementatreglementat

instituind, instituitor =instituind, instituitor = care reglementeazcare reglementeaz

n accepia oferit de D.C. North trebuien accepia oferit de D.C. North trebuie

considerate instituii attconsiderate instituii att

ORGANIZAIILE,ORGANIZAIILE, ct ict iLEGILE, NORMELE DE INSTITUIRELEGILE, NORMELE DE INSTITUIRE

Douglas Cecil North, laureat al prem

iulu

iNobelDouglas Cec

il North, laureat al prem

iulu

iNobelpentru economie, 1993pentru economie, 1993 -- cliometriecliometrie

D.C. North,D.C. North, Institutions, institutionalchangeandInstitutions, institutionalchangeandeconomicperformanceeconomicperformance, 1990, 1990

INSTITUIIINSTITUII


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INSTITUIILE SUNTINSTITUIILE SUNT

CONSTRNGERICONSTRNGERI informale (obiceiuri,informale (obiceiuri,

tradiii, cutume)tradiii, cutume) formaleformale -- consemnateconsemnate

n scris, emanate den scris, emanate de

la un organ abilitatla un organ abilitatpentru elaborarea ipentru elaborarea isancionarea lorsancionarea lor


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CONSTRNGERILECONSTRNGERILE INFORMALINFORMALEE

ConstrngerileConstrngerile informaleinformale provinprovin dindin informaiiinformaiitransmisetransmise socialsocial fiindfiind oo parteparte dindin motenireamotenirea pepe

carecare noinoi oo numimnumim culturcultur;; CulturCulturaa poatepoate fifi defindefinitit caca fiindfiind transmitereatransmitereadede lala oo generaiegeneraie lala urmtoareaurmtoarea,, prinprin nvarenvare iiimitaieimitaie,, aa cunotinelorcunotinelor,, valorilorvalorilor,, ii altoraltor factorifactoricarecare influenezinfluenez comportamentulcomportamentul

Boyd,Boyd, RR.. andand Richerson,Richerson, PP..JJ..,, CultureCulture andand thethe EvolutionaryEvolutionary ProcessProcess,,Chicago,Chicago, UniversityUniversity ofof ChicagoChicago Press,Press, 19851985,, pp.. 22..


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They are perfectly analogous to the rules ofThey are perfectly analogous to the rules ofthe game in a competitive team sport.the game in a competitive team sport.

InstituiileInstituiile suntsunt perfectperfect analoageanaloage cucuregulileregulile joculuijocului pepe carecare lele respectrespectechipeleechipele aflateaflate nn competiiicompetiii sportivesportive..


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Conceptually, what must be clearlyConceptually, what must be clearlydifferentiated are the rules from the playersdifferentiated are the rules from the players..

DinDin punctpunct dede vederevedere conceptual,conceptual, ceeaceea cecetrebuietrebuie difereniatdifereniat nn modmod clarclar suntsuntregulileregulile dede juctorijuctori..


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INSTITUINSTITUTIONSTIONS ARE CONSTRAINTSARE CONSTRAINTS

Does constitutional structure cause aDoes constitutional structure cause apolitical condition and a state of publicpolitical condition and a state of public

opinion oropinion or does the political condition and a state ofdoes the political condition and a state of

public opinion cause the constitutionalpublic opinion cause the constitutional

structure?structure?


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INSTITUIILE SUNT CONSTRNGERIINSTITUIILE SUNT CONSTRNGERI

Oare instituiile formale sunt cele careOare instituiile formale sunt cele caredetermin anumite mentaliti idetermin anumite mentaliti i

comportamente?comportamente? sau mentalitile i comportamentelesau mentalitile i comportamentele

determin structura constituionaldetermin structura constituional??


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UnulUnul dindin ceicei maimai renumiirenumii istoriciistorici aiai capitalismului,capitalismului, WernerWernerSombart,Sombart, vorbindvorbind despredespre modificareamodificarea radicalradical aa perspectiveiperspectiveiasupraasupra cadruluicadrului aciuniiaciunii umaneumane nn perioadaperioada destrmriidestrmrii sistemuluisistemuluiinstituionalinstituional medieval,medieval, afirmaafirma::

ContrarContrar maximeimaximei EvuluiEvului MediuMediu:: aiai voievoiess facifaci numainumai ceeaceea cece esteeste permispermis nn modmod

expresexpres,, principiulprincipiul conductorconductor devinedevine::esteeste permispermis tottot cece nunu esteeste interzisinterzis nnmodmod expresexpres..


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This sounds at first like the chicken andThis sounds at first like the chicken andegg problem in which there is no causalegg problem in which there is no causal

direction; but I think that usually there isdirection; but I think that usually there isa cause and that constitutional forms area cause and that constitutional forms aretypically derivative.typically derivative.

D.C. North,D.C. North, Institutions, institutional change andInstitutions, institutional change andeconomic performanceeconomic performance,, Cambridge UniversityCambridge UniversityPress,Press, 19901990, p. 60., p. 60.


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La prima vedere pare a fi acelaiLa prima vedere pare a fi acelailucru cu dilemalucru cu dilema oulsauginaoulsauginann

care nu exist nicio direcie cauzalcare nu exist nicio direcie cauzal;;eu cred ns c aici exist o cauz ieu cred ns c aici exist o cauz ic instituiile formale sunt n modc instituiile formale sunt n modtipic derivatetipic derivate..

D.C. North,D.C. North, Institutions, institutionalchangeInstitutions, institutionalchangeandeconomicperformanceandeconomicperformance,, CambridgeCambridgeUniversity Press,University Press, 19901990, p. 60., p. 60.


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It seems probable to me that publicIt seems probable to me that publicopinion usually causes constitutionalopinion usually causes constitutional

structure, and seldom, if ever, the otherstructure, and seldom, if ever, the otherway around.way around.D.C. North,D.C. North, Institutions, institutional change andInstitutions, institutional change and

economic performanceeconomic performance,, Cambridge UniversityCambridge UniversityPress,Press, 19901990, p. 60., p. 60.


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mi apare mai plauzibilmi apare mai plauzibil caca mentalitilementalitile ssdetermine n general instituiile formaledetermine n general instituiile formale,, ii

arareoriarareori,, poate niciodatpoate niciodat,, inversinvers..D.C. North,D.C. North, Institutions, institutional change andInstitutions, institutional change andeconomic performanceeconomic performance,, Cambridge UniversityCambridge UniversityPress,Press, 19901990, p. 60., p. 60.


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InformalInformal constraintsconstraints comecome fromfrom thethe culturalculturaltransmissiontransmission ofof values,values, fromfrom thethe extensionextension andandapplicationapplication ofof formalformal rulesrules toto solvesolve specificspecific exchangeexchange

problems,problems, fromfrom thethe solutionsolution toto straightforwardstraightforwardcoordinationcoordination problemsproblems..

EffectiveEffective traditionstraditions ofof hardhard work,work, honesty,honesty, andandintegrityintegrity simplysimply lowerlower thethe costcost ofof transactingtransacting andand makemakepossiblepossible complex,complex, productiveproductive exchangeexchange..

DD..CC.. North,North, Institutions,Institutions, institutionalinstitutional changechange andand economiceconomicperformanceperformance,, CambridgeCambridge UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 19901990,, pp.. 138138..


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ConstrngerileConstrngerile iinformalnformalee provinprovin dindin valorivalori transmisetransmiseprinprin intermediulintermediul culturiiculturii,, dindin extindereaextinderea ii aplicareaaplicareanormelornormelor formaleformale nn scopulscopul rezolvriirezolvrii unorunor problemeproblemespecificespecifice schimbuluischimbului,, dindin nevoianevoia soluionriisoluionrii unorunorproblemeprobleme concreteconcrete dede organizareorganizare ii coordonarecoordonare..

TradiiileTradiiile dede muncmunc intensintens,, cinstecinste ii integritateintegritate purpur iisimplusimplu diminueazdiminueaz costcostulul dede tranzacietranzacie ii facfac posibilposibilschimbulschimbul complexcomplex ii productivproductiv..

DD..CC.. North,North, Institutions,Institutions, institutionalinstitutional changechange andand economiceconomicperformanceperformance,, CambridgeCambridge UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 19901990,, pp.. 138138..


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PRIVATE LAW SYSTEMSPRIVATE LAW SYSTEMS

ORIGINAL SYSTEMSORIGINAL SYSTEMSThe BritishThe British common lawcommon law system is basedsystem is based

on the integration of theon the integration of the merchant lawmerchant law intointothe generalthe general private lawprivate law

DERIVATIVE SYSTEMSDERIVATIVE SYSTEMS the continentalthe continental RomanRoman--German lawGerman law

divides general law into private law anddivides general law into private law andmerchant lawmerchant law


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SISTEME DE DREPT PRIVATSISTEME DE DREPT PRIVAT

SSIISTEMSTEMEE ORIGINALORIGINALEESistemul britanic deSistemul britanic de common lawcommon law esteeste

ntemeiat pe integrareantemeiat pe integrarea dreptului comercdreptului comerciialalnn dreptul civildreptul civil general.general.

SITEME DERIVATESITEME DERIVATE sistemul de dreptsistemul de drept continentalcontinental RomanoRomano--

GermanGermanicic dividedivide dreptuldreptul generalgeneral n dreptn dreptcivil i drept comercial.civil i drept comercial.


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FEATURES OFFEATURES OF THE LAW SYSTEMSTHE LAW SYSTEMS

thethe COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW system issystem isJURISPRUDENJURISPRUDENTTIALIAL (based on cases).(based on cases). Great Britain is considered to be a (theGreat Britain is considered to be a (the

single modern!) selfsingle modern!) self--generating system.generating system. thethe ROMANROMAN--GERMANICGERMANIC LAW bases onLAW bases on

LAW CODESLAW CODES

It expanded after the French RevolutionIt expanded after the French Revolutionbeing enforced in other countries bybeing enforced in other countries bypolitical decisions (revolutions, such as thepolitical decisions (revolutions, such as the1848 Revolution)1848 Revolution)


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TRSTURI ALETRSTURI ALE SISTEMELOR DE DREPTSISTEMELOR DE DREPT

sistemul desistemul de COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW esteesteJURISPRUDENIALJURISPRUDENIAL (ba(bazat pe cazurizat pe cazuri).). Marea Britanie este considerat a dispuneMarea Britanie este considerat a dispune

((singurul n epoca modernsingurul n epoca modern!)!) de un sistemde un sistemautogenerativautogenerativ..

sistemulsistemul de drept ROMANde drept ROMAN--GERMANIC seGERMANIC sebazeaz pebazeaz pe CODURI DE LEGICODURI DE LEGI

El sEl s--a extins dup revoluia franceza extins dup revoluia francez fiindfiindimpus n celelalte ri prin decizii politiceimpus n celelalte ri prin decizii politice(revolu(revoluiiii,, precum Revoluia de la 1848precum Revoluia de la 1848))


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COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW(ANGLO(ANGLO--AMERICAN LAW)AMERICAN LAW)

thethe bodybody ofof customarycustomary law,law, basedbased uponupon judicialjudicialdecisionsdecisions andand embodiedembodied inin reportsreports ofof decideddecided cases,cases,whichwhich hashas beenbeen administeredadministered byby thethe commoncommon--lawlawcourtscourts ofof EnglandEngland sincesince thethe MiddleMiddle AgesAges..

FromFrom thisthis hashas evolvedevolved thethe typetype ofof legallegal systemsystem nownowfoundfound alsoalso inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates andand inin mostmost ofof thethemembermember statesstates ofof thethe CommonwealthCommonwealth ofof NationsNations..

CommonCommon lawlaw standsstands inin contrastcontrast toto thethe rulesrules developeddeveloped

byby thethe separateseparate courtscourts ofofequityequity,, toto statutestatute lawlaw (i(i..ee..,, thetheactsacts ofof legislativelegislative bodies),bodies), andand toto thethe legallegal systemsystemderivedderived fromfrom civilcivil lawlaw nownow widespreadwidespread inin continentalcontinentalEuropeEurope andand elsewhereelsewhere..


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COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW((SISTEMUL JURIDICSISTEMUL JURIDIC ANGLOANGLO--AMERICAN)AMERICAN)

corpulcorpul dreptuluidreptului cutumiar,cutumiar, ntemeiatntemeiat pepe hotrrihotrrijudjudeectoretictoreti ii ncorporatncorporat nn dosareledosarele cazurilorcazurilorsoluionate,soluionate, carecare aa fostfost administratadministrat dede tribunaleletribunalele dededreptdrept comuncomun dindin AngliaAnglia ncnc dindin EvulEvul MediuMediu..

dindin acestaacesta aa evoluatevoluat tipultipul cadruluicadrului legallegal ncnc nn vigoarevigoareattatt nn StateleStatele Unite,Unite, ctct ii nn ceacea maimai maremare parteparte aastatelorstatelor membremembre aleale CommonwealthCommonwealth ofof NationsNations..

CommonCommon lawlaw contrasteazcontrasteaz cucu regulileregulile dezvoltatedezvoltate dedediferitelediferitele curicuri dede equityequity,, cucu dreptuldreptul statutarstatutar (respectiv,(respectiv,

legilelegile elaborateelaborate dede corpurilecorpurile legislative)legislative) ii cucu sistemulsistemullegislativlegislativ provenitprovenit dindin dreptuldreptul civilcivil rspnditrspndit nn prezentprezentnn EuropaEuropa continentalcontinental ii nn restulrestul lumiilumii..


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COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW

CommonCommon lawlaw isis thethe lawlaw thatthat waswas developeddeveloped ininEnglandEngland afterafter thethe NormanNorman ConquestConquest ((10661066)),, bybyjudgesjudges whowho ruledruled inin individualindividual casescases inin thethe lightlight

ofof precedentprecedent oror custom,custom, withwith minimalminimal recourserecoursetoto statutesstatutes oror enactmentsenactments..

ThisThis bodybody ofof customarycustomary lawlaw continuedcontinued toto evolveevolvethroughthrough thethe endend ofof thethe 1818thth centurycentury inin EnglandEngland

andand itsits overseasoverseas coloniescolonies.. CommonCommon lawlawcontinuescontinues toto undergoundergo considerableconsiderablemodernizationmodernization..


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COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW

CommonCommon lawlaw esteeste sistemulsistemul dede dreptdrept dezvoltatdezvoltat nnAngliaAnglia dupdup cucerireacucerirea normandnormand ((10661066)),, dedectrectre judectorijudectoriii carecare decideaudecideau nn diferitediferite

cazuricazuri nn luminalumina precedentuluiprecedentului sausau cutumeicutumei,,fcndfcnd apelapel minimalminimal lala statutesstatutes oror enactmentsenactments..

AcestAcest corpcorp dede dreptdrept cutumiarcutumiar aa continucontinuatat ssevoluezeevolueze sprespre sfritulsfritul secoluluisecolului 1818 inin AngliaAnglia ii

nn coloniilecoloniile salesale dede pestepeste mrimri.. CommonCommon lawlawesteeste ntrntr--unun procesproces permanentpermanent dede modernizaremodernizare..


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COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAWCOMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW

TheThe mainmain differencedifference betweenbetween thethe systemssystemsconsistsconsists ofof thethe waysways inin whichwhich thethe normsnorms ofof thethelawlaw areare articulatedarticulated andand inin whichwhich newnew rulesrules areare

derivedderived fromfrom olderolder onesones inin novelnovel casescases.. ThoughThough lawlaw cannotcannot remainremain static,static, adaptationadaptation toto

newnew circumstancescircumstances shouldshould bebe orderlyorderly andandgradualgradual soso asas notnot toto undulyunduly undermineundermine

predictabilitypredictability andand stabilitystability inin humanhuman affairsaffairs..


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COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW I DREPTUL CIVILI DREPTUL CIVIL

PrincipalaPrincipala deosebiredeosebire dintredintre celecele doudou sistemesistemeconstconst nn modulmodul nn carecare normelenormele dede dreptdrept suntsuntarticulatearticulate ii nn carecare noilenoile regulireguli suntsunt derivatederivate dindin

celecele maimai vechivechi nn speespee noinoi.. nn ciudaciuda faptuluifaptului cc sistemulsistemul dede dreptdrept nunu poatepoate

rmnermne static,static, adaptareaadaptarea lala noilenoile mprejurrimprejurri,, arartrebuitrebui ss fiefie ordonatordonat ii gradualgradual,, astfelastfel nctnct ss

nunu influeninfluenezeeze nn modmod necorespunztornecorespunztor predicpredic--tibilitateatibilitatea ii stabilitateastabilitatea nn afaceriafaceri..


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COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAWCOMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW

InIn thethe commoncommon law,law, thethe rolerole ofof adaptingadapting thethelawlaw toto changingchanging conditionsconditions hashas traditionallytraditionallybelongedbelonged toto judgesjudges.. BecauseBecause thethe administrationadministration

ofof justicejustice hashas beenbeen centralized,centralized, EnglishEnglish judgesjudgeshavehave beenbeen wellwell situatedsituated toto assumeassume thisthisresponsibilityresponsibility..

InIn civilcivil--lawlaw countries,countries, wherewhere thethe multiplicitymultiplicity ofof

courtscourts hashas preventedprevented thisthis tasktask fromfrom beingbeingperformedperformed byby thethe judges,judges, itit hashas beenbeen professorsprofessorswhowho havehave takentaken thethe leadingleading rolerole..


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COMMON LAWCOMMON LAW I DREPTUL CIVILI DREPTUL CIVIL

nn sistemulsistemul dede dreptdrept comuncomun rolulrolul dede adaptareadaptare aalegiilegii lala modificareamodificarea circumstanelorcircumstanelor aa aparinutaparinutnn modmod tradiionaltradiional judectorilorjudectorilor.. ntructntruct nnAngliaAnglia administrareaadministrarea justiieijustiiei aa fostfost

centralizatcentralizat,, judectoriijudectorii auau deinutdeinut oo poziiepoziiecorespunztoarecorespunztoare pentrupentru aa--ii asumaasuma aceastaceastpoziiepoziie..

nn rilerile cucu sistemesisteme dede dreptdrept civilcivil,, nn carecarenumrulnumrul maremare alal tribunalelortribunalelor aa constituitconstituit oo

piedicpiedic pentrupentru caca aceastaceast sarcinsarcin ss fiefiendeplinitndeplinit dede judectori,judectori, rolulrolul dede liderilideri aa fostfostpreluatpreluat dede profesoriprofesori..

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