Imanuel Wallerstein - Sistemul Mondial Modern V1

8/11/2019 Imanuel Wallerstein - Sistemul Mondial Modern V1

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Immanuel Wallerstein

SISTEMUL MONDIAL MODERN

Volumul 1

AGRICULTURA CAPITALIST l ORIGINILE ECONOMIEI MONDIALE EUROPENE NSECOLUL AL XVI-LEA

Prin ri!" #$ni%urilor &$niori"l$ &$ &'(r)$)%$ E#ul M$*iu )i +n$, %im,uril$mo*$rn$ M"r .lo/

S0*$r$" *$!"&%ruo"&0 " &"l"riului r$"l +n Euro,"2 " r$,r$!$n%"% ,"n*"n%ulr$)%$rii r$#olu3ion"r$ " ,r$3urilor +n &$olul "l XVI-l$"4 A$"&%0 &i%u"3i$ " 'o&%,l0%i%0 *in ,lin *in%r-o mun0 i&%o#i%o"r$5 &%r(m%or0ri5 &0r0i$ )i *$&ur"6"r$"im$n&$i m"6ori%03i4 Con%$m,or"nii $r"u "*$&$ori on)%i$n3i 0 un ,ro$& *$"m,l0 *$%$rior"r$ +n$,u&$ " &$ *$&'0)ur"4 7$rn"n* .r"u*$l )i 7r"n8 S,oon$r

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INTRODUCERE? DESPRE STUDIUL [email protected] SOCIALE4

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"r$5 "*$&$ori5 ,0r$"u " +m;in" ";&$n3" un$i ;"!$ $m,iri$ ri9uro"&$ u un"'ron% l" "*r$&" ;unului &im34 Er" l"r5 %o%u)i5 0 o"m$nii )i 9ru,uril$ +)i6u&%i=0 "3iunil$ ,rin r",or%"r$ l" i*$olo9ii4 In ,lu&5 ,0r$" $#i*$n% )i '",%ul 09ru,uril$ *$#in m"i o$r$n%$ )i *$i ,oli%i$)%$ m"i $=i$n%$ +n m0&ur" +n"r$ "u on)%iin3" *$ &in$5 $$" $ +n&$"mn0 0 )i-"u *$!#ol%"% un lim;"6

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#or;i num"i +n "!ul &i&%$m$lor &oi"l$4 Si&%$mul mon*i"l mi-" ",0ru% " = +n"$"&%0 ,$r&,$%i#0 &in9urul &i&%$m &oi"l4 A$"&%" " +n&$mn"%5 *$&i9ur5 o $norm0 &im,li="r$4 Am o;3inu% m"i*$9r";0 un %i, *$ uni%"%$ *$(% uni%03i +n in%$riorul uni%03ilor4 A) = ,u%u%$:,li" &/im;0ril$ +n &%"%$l$ &u#$r"n$ " o on&$in30 " $#olu3i$i )i

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*$ "u!"li%"%$ &"u *$ ,ro;";ili%"%$ &$ '"$ +n %$rm$nii un$i &$rii *$ '$nom$n$&imil"r$ &"u *$ mom$n%$ &imil"r$4 C/i"r *"0 in$#" "r urm" &0 inlu*0 +n%r-o "%"r$ &$ri$ )i $$" $ "r %r$;ui &"u "r = ,o&i;il &0 &$ ,$%r$"0 +n #ii%or5 nu &-"r limi%" &0 "*"u9$5 ,ur )i &im,lu5 &$ri" *$ mom$n%$ #ii%o"r$ ,o&i;il$ l" or$3$" *$ "&$m$n$" mom$n%$ ,r$!$n%$ )i %r$u%$4 C$$" $ "r urm" &0 "*"u9$"r = o &$ri$ *$ mom$n%$ ,o&i;il$5 #ii%o"r$5 l" un %r$u%-,r$!$n% uni4 A $:i&%"% )i $:i&%0 o &in9ur0 lum$ mo*$rn04 Po"%$ +n%ro !i &$ #or*$&o,$ri '$nom$n$ om,"r";il$ ,$ "l%$ ,l"n$%$5 &"u +n0 "l%$ &i&%$m$mon*i"l$ mo*$rn$ ,$ ,ro,ri" no"&%r0 ,l"n$%04 D"r5 "ii )i "um5 r$"li%"%$"$&%$5 $#i*$n%5 num"i un"4 Tom"i +n "$"&%0 /$&%iun$ "m 'o&% in&,ir"% *$"n"lo9i" u "&%ronomi"5 "r$ ,r$%in*$ " $:,li" l$9il$ $ 9u#$rn$"!0

uni#$r&ul5 *$)i B"%(% (% )%im5 " $:i&%"% *in%o%*$"un" un &in9ur uni#$r&4 C$ '" "&%ronomii P$ (% +n3$l$95 lo9i" "r9um$n%$lor lor om,or%0*ou0 o,$r"3ii &$,"r"%$4 Ei 'olo&$& l$9il$ *$ri#"%$ *in &%u*iul $lor m"i miiuni%03i =!i$5 l$9il$ =!iii5 )i &u&3in B,ro;";il u un$l$ $:$,3ii &,$i="%$ 0"$&%$ l$9i &un% #"l";il$5 ,rin "n"lo9i$5 ,$n%ru &i&%$m " +n%r$94 n "l *oil$"r(n*5 $i *i&u%0 " ,o&%$riori4 D"0 +n%r$9ul &i&%$m urm$"!0 &0 "i;0 o &%"r$*"%0 +n %im,ul H5 $l " "#u% ",ro",$ &i9ur o "numi%0 &%"r$ +n %im,ul :4 Am;$l$ m$%o*$ &un% +n)$l0%o"r$5 )i *in "$"&%0 "u!0 +n *om$niulo&molo9i$i5 "r$ $&%$ &%u*iul 'un3ion0rii &i&%$mului " +n%r$95 $:i&%0 i,o%$!$%o%"l o,u&$5 &u&3inu%$ +n&0 *$ "&%ronomi r$,u%"3i4 To% "&%'$l &$ +n%(m,l0 +n$:,li"3iil$ &i&%$mului mon*i"l mo*$rn5 &%"r$ *$ lururi "r$ &$ #" m$n3in$

,ro;";il " "%"r$ o #r$m$4 D$ '",%5 $lor $ &%u*i"!0 'un3ion"r$" &i&%$muluimon*i"l &-"r ,u%$" &0 l$ =$ m"i u)or *$r(% $lor $ &%u*i"!0 'un3ion"r$"uni#$r&ului *"%ori%0 "n&"m;lului *$ *"%$ $m,iri$ ""%$ l" *i&,o!i," lor4 n ori$ "!5 $u "m 'o&% in&,ir"% *$ u9$%"r$" lui T4 4 G4 Lo8$r? Nu%r$;ui$ &0 on'un!i %o%"li%"%$" u ,l$ni%u*in$" +n%r$9ul $&%$ m"i mul% *$(%&um" ,0r3ilor5 *"r $&%$ *$ "&$m$n$"5 u &i9ur"n305 )i m"i ,u,n14 Am +n$r"% &0 *$&riu &i&%$mul mon*i"l l" un "numi% ni#$l *$";&%r"%i!"r$5 "$l" "l $#olu3i$i &%ru%urilor +n%r$9ului &i&%$m4 Am 'o&%


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in%$r$&"% +n *$&ri$r$" $#$nim$n%$lor ,"r%iul"r$ num"i +n m0&ur" +n "r$ $l$"run"u o lumin0 "&u,r" &i&%$mului " ilu&%r0ri %i,i$ "l$ #r$unui m$"ni&m5&"u +n m0&ur" +n "r$ $l$ on&%i%ui"u ,un%$ *$ r0&ru$ +n #r$o &/im;"r$in&%i%u3ion"l0 m"6or04 A$&% %i, *$ ,roi$% $&%$ r$"li!";il +n m0&ur" +n "r$ $:i&%0 'o"r%$ mul%$

m"%$ri"l$ $m,iri$5 )i +n m0&ur" +n "r$ "$&%$" ",0%05 $l ,u3in +n ,"r%$5'orm" un$i lur0ri ,oli'oni$ )i ,ol$mi$4 Din '$riir$ "$&%" ,"r$ " = "!ul,(n0 "um u un num0r m"r$ *$ %$m$ "l$ i&%ori$i mo*$rn$4 Un" *in%r$ ,r$ou,0ril$ m"6or$ "l$ )%iin3$i &oi"l$ mo*$m$ on&%0 +n$'or%ul *$ " r$"li!" u"n%i="r$" r$!ul%"%$lor $r$%0rii4 U%ili!"r$" 9r$o"i$lorr$'$rin3$ n"r"%i#$ "l$ $lor m"i mul%$ $r$%0ri i&%ori$ nu ,"r$ " '"ili%" o"%"r$ u"n%i="r$4 C"r$ $&%$ "%uni #"l";ili%"%$" unor "&$m$n$" *"%$5 )i +n $m0&ur0 in$#" ,o"%$ %r"9$ onlu!ii &i9ur$ *in%r-un m"%$ri"l r$'$ri%or l"'un3ion"r$" &i&%$mului " "%"r$ E&%$ o %r"9$*i$ " )%iin3$i &oi"l$ " &$olului"l XX-l$" 0 un num0r "%(% *$ m"r$ *$ o"m$ni *$ )%iin30 &oi"l05,n'run%(n*u-&$ u "$"&%0 *il$m05 &-"u *$l"r"% +n#in)i4 In'orm"3iil$ i&%ori$

li &-"u ,0ru% #"9i )i ,r$" &im,l$5 *$i ni)%$ *"%$ ,$ "r$ nu %$ ,o3i ;i!ui4 Ei "u&im3i% 0 nu &$ ,o"%$ '"$ mul% +n "$"&%0 *ir$3i$5 " u"n%i=0rii5 )i 0 $&%$m"i ;in$ &0 $#i%$ 'olo&ir$" $i4 i $" m"i ;un0 "l$ *$ " o ooli $&%$ *$ "'ormul" ,ro;l$m$l$ +/%r-un "&$m$n$" mo* +n(% 'olo&ir$" $i &0 nu =$ $ru%04 A&%'$l5 $#"lu"r$" "n%i%"%i#0 " *"%$lor " *$%$rmin"% "l$9$r$" unor,ro;l$m$ *$ $r$%"r$ "r$ ",oi "u im,u& ","r"%ul on$,%u"l u "6u%orul0rui" &un% *$=ni%$ )i 'olo&i%$ in'orm"3iil$ $m,iri$4 Du,0 un mom$n% *$9(n*ir$ #" *$#$ni lim,$*$ 0 "$"&%" r$,r$!in%0 o r0&%urn"r$ " ,ro$&ului)%iin3i=4 Con$,%u"li!"r$" %r$;ui$ &0 *$%$rmin$ in&%rum$n%$l$ *$ $r$%"r$5$l ,u3in +n m"6ori%"%$" "!urilor5 nu in#$r&4 Gr"*ul *$ u"n%i="r$ %r$;ui$ &0r$$%$ *o"r ,r$i!i" m":im ,o&i;il0 +n r",or% u ,ro;l$m$l$ )i m$%o*$l$

*"%$ +n "numi%$ mom$n%$4 E&%$ +n%o%*$"un" *$ *ori% o m"i +n"l%05 nu o m"ir$*u&0 u"n%i="r$ +n m0&ur" +n "r$ $" $&%$ 9r0i%o"r$ ,$n%ru &$mni="3i"/$&%iunilor *$ri#"%$ *in $:$ri3iul on$,%u"l4 L" "$&% &%"*iu "l "n"li!$i&i&%$mului mon*i"l 9r"*ul u"n%i=0rii o;3inu%$ )i im$*i"% r$"li!";il$ $&%$limi%"%4 Vom '"$ %o% $ n$ &%0 +n ,u%in30 ,$n%ru " *$,0)i "$"&%0 limi%04 n =n$5 &$ ri*i0 )i ,ro;l$m" o;i$%i#i%03ii )i " "n9"60rii4 Nu r$* 0$:i&%0 )%iin30 &oi"l0 n$"n9"6"%04 A$"&%" nu +n&$"mn0 0 nu ,o"%$ =o;i$%i#04 Pro;l$m" o;i$%i#i%03ii $&%$5 +n"in%$ *$ %o"%$5 un" *$ *$=nir$ l"r0" %$rm$nilor4 n &$olul "l XlX-l$"5 r$#ol%" on%r" "rmoni$i " *$ ;"&m " "%(%or&ri$ri i&%ori$ "n%$rio"r$ " im,u& i*$"lul ,r$!$n%0rii i&%ori$i Ji$ $& $i9$n%li/9$J$&$n i&%4 R$"li%"%$" &oi"l0 $&%$5 +n&05 $'$m$r04 E" &$ m"ni'$&%0 +n

,r$!$n% )i *i&,"r$ +n m0&ur" +n "r$ &$ ,r$&/im;0 +n %r$u%4 Tr$u%ul ,o"%$ =,o#$&%i% num"i ")" um u "*$#0r"% $&%$5 nu ")" um " 'o&%4 P$n%ru 0r$,o#$&%ir$" %r$u%ului $&%$ un "% &oi"l "l ,r$!$n%ului r$"li!"% *$ o"m$ni "i,r$!$n%ului5 "'$%(n* &i&%$mul &oi"l "l ,r$!$n%ului4 A*$#0rul &$ &/im;0 ,$n%ru 0 &oi$%"%$" &$ &/im;04 Nimi nu "r$"r"%$r &u$&i#5 ori$ ,$rio"*0 "m on&i*$r"K %o%ul $&%$ on%$m,or"n5/i"r $$" $ 3in$ ,$ %r$u% I"r +n ,r$!$n% &un%$m u %o3ii5 +n mo* ir$m$*i";il5,ro*u&$l$ m"%ri$i no"&%r$5 "l$ 'orm"3i$i no"&%r$5 "l$ ,$r&on"li%03ii )i rolului


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no&%ru &oi"l )i "l$ ,r$&iunilor &%ru%ur"%$ +n in%$riorul 0ror" "3ion0m4A$"&%" nu +n&$"mn0 0 nu $:i&%0 o,3iuni4 Dim,o%ri#04 Un &i&%$m &oi"l )i %o"%$ in&%i%u3iil$ &"l$ on&%i%u%i#$5 +n* &%"%$l$&u#$r"n$ "l$ lumii mo*$rn$5 &un% nul$$ "l$ un$i 9"m$ l"r9i *$ 9ru,uri&oi"l$ ""%$ +n on%"%5 +n oli!iun$ )i5 +n ,rimul r(n*5 +n oni% r$i,ro5

+n%ru(% ","r3in$m m"i mul%or 9ru,uri5 %r$;ui$ "*$&$" &0 lu0m *$i!ii +n,ri#in3" ,riori%03ilor $ru%$ *$ loi"li%03il$ no"&%r$4 C$r$%0%orii )i &"#"n3ii nu&un% niio*"%0 &u%i3i *$ "$"&%0 $rin305 *u,0 um "$"&%0 $rin30 nu $&%$limi%"%0 l" roluril$ ,oli%i$ *ir$%$5 n$,ro'$&ion"l$5 *in "*rul &i&%$mului &oi"l4 D$&i9ur5 " = &,$i"li&% ori om *$ )%iin30 +n&$"mn0 " +n*$,lini5 +n%r-un&i&%$m &oi"l5 un rol *i&%in%5 u %o%ul *$o&$;i% *$ "l unui &im,lu ",olo9$% "lunui 9ru, o"r$"r$4 Nu *$ni9r$! ,rin "$"&%" rolul ,ur%0%orului *$ u#(n% )i",0r0%or %o%o*"%0 "l 9ru,ului4 A$&%" $&%$ $&$n3i"l )i onor";il5 *"r nu $&%$"$l")i u "l $r$%0%orului ori "l &"#"n%ului4 Rolul "$&%or" *in urm0 $&%$ *$" *i&$rn$5 +n *om$niul +n*"%oririlor lor5 r$"li%"%$" onr$%0 " '$nom$n$lor ,$"r$ l$ &%u*i"!05 *$ " $:%r"9$ *in "$&% &%u*iu ,rini,ii 9$n$r"l$5 ,$ ;"!"

0ror" ,o% = '0u%$ +n $l$ *in urm0 ",li"3ii ,"r%iul"r$4 n "$&% &$n&5 nu$:i&%0 "ri$ *$ &%u*iu n$r$l$#"n%04 P$n%ru 0 +n3$l$9$r$" "*$#"%0 "*in"miii &oi"l$ " ,r$!$n%ului $r$ o ,0%run*$r$ %$or$%i0 &,$i"l0 "r$,o"%$ = +n%$m$i"%0 num"i ,$ S%u*iul '$nom$nului u $" m"i l"r90u,rin*$r$ inlu!(n* +n%r$9ul &,"3iu )i %im, i&%ori4 C(n* &,un r$"li%"%$ ,r$!$n%0 " '$nom$nului5 nu +n3$l$9 05 +n &o,ul*$ " +n%0ri ,r$%$n3iil$ ,oli%i$ "l$ unui 9u#$rn5 un "r/$olo95 *$ $:$m,lu5 "r%r$;ui &0 "=rm$ 0 "r%$'"%$l$ ,$ "r$ $l l$ *$&o,$r0 ","r3in unui 9ru,5(n* *$ '",% $l $&%$ on#in& 0 ","r3in "l%ui"4 Vr$"u &0 &,un 0 +n%r$"9"+n%r$,rin*$r$ "r/$olo9i0 +n$,(n* /i"r *$ l" ,roi$%"r$" $i < in#$&%i3i"&oi"l0 +n "$"&%0 r"mur0 " "%i#i%03ii )%iin3i=$5 ori$n%"r$" $r$%0rii5

in&%rum$n%$l$ on$,%u"l$5 mo*uril$ *$ $n%r"li!"r$ )i omuni"r$ "r$!ul%"%$lor < r$,r$!in%0 $:,r$&i" unor 'un3ii "l$ ,r$!$n%ului &oi"l4 A 9(n*i +n"l% /i, "r +n&$mn"5 +n $l m"i ;un "!5 o "u%o+n)$l"r$4 O;i$%i#i%"%$" $&%$%o%un" u on$&%i%"%$"5 +n "$&% *om$niu4 O;i$%i#i%"%$" $&%$ o 'un3i$ " +n%r$9ului &i&%$m &oi"l4 n m0&ur" +n"r$ &i&%$mul $&%$ "&im$%ri5 in$/i%";il5 on$n%r(n* "numi%$ %i,uri *$"%i#i%03i *$ $r$%"r$ +n m(inil$ unor "numi%$ 9ru,uri ,"r%iul"r$5 r$!ul%"%$l$#or = ,0r%ini%o"r$ +n '"#o"r$" "$&%or 9ru,uri4 O;i$%i#i%"%$" $&%$ #$%orul*i&%ri;u3i$i un$i in#$&%i3ii &oi"l$ +n%r-o "%"r$ "%i#i%"%$ *u,0 un mo*$l "r$im,un$ " ,$r&o"n$l$ "r$ urm$"!0 &-o *$&'0)o"r$ &0 =$ r$ru%"%$ *in %o"%$9ru,uril$ im,or%"n%$ "l$ &i&%$mului mon*i"l +n%r-un mo* $/ili;r"%4 A$"&%"

=in* *$=ni3i" o;i$%i#i%03ii5 nu ,u%$m &,un$ 0 "#$m "!i o )%iin30 &oi"l0o;i$%i#04 P$ *$ "l%0 ,"r%$5 o "&$m$n$" )%iin30 nu $&%$ un o;i$%i# *$ n$"%in&+n%r-un #ii%or ,r$#i!i;il4 Am &u9$r"% *$6" 0 &%u*iul &i&%$m$lor mon*i"l$ $&%$ u *$o&$;ir$*$li"% *in "u!" im,o&i;ili%03ii *$%$rmin0rii "!urilor om,"r";il$4 Un"&$m$n$" &%u*iu $&%$5 ",oi5 'o"r%$ *$li"% *$o"r$$ im,"%ul &oi"l "l i*$ilor*$&,r$ &i&%$mul mon*i"l $&%$ lim,$*$ )i im$*i"% ,ro;"%or ,$n%ru %o3i "%orii,rini,"li *$ ,$ &$n" ,oli%i04 D$ "ii urm$"!0 0 ,r$&iunil$ &oi"l$ "&u,r"


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$r$%0%orilor )i o"m$nilor *$ )%iin305 +n 'orm" unui on%rol &oi"l r$l"%i# &$#$r$:$ri%"% "&u,r" "%i#i%03ilor lor5 #or = *$&%ul *$ m"ri +n "$&% *om$niu4A$"&%" on&%i%ui$ o "l%0 $:,li"3i$5 "*0u9"%0 l" $" " *il$m$i m$%o*olo9i$5,$n%ru li,&" *$ mo%i#"3i$ " $r$%0%orilor *$ " on%inu" "%i#i%03il$ ,ro,rii"$&%ui *om$niu4

i5 in#$r&5 "$"&%" $&%$ /i"r r"3iun$" ,$n%ru "r$5 ,$ *$ "l%0 ,"r%$5$&%$ im,or%"n% &0 l$ on%inu$4 C","i%"%$" omului *$ " ,"r%ii," +n mo*in%$li9$n% l" $#olu3i" ,ro,riului &0u &i&%$m $&%$ *$,$n*$n%0 *$ ","i%"%$" &"*$ " ,$r$,$ +n%r$9ul4 Cu (% m"i m"r$ $&%$ *i=ul%"%$" no"&%r0 *$ "r$uno")%$ &"rinil$ *$ #ii%or5 u "%(% m"i ur9$n% $&%$ &0 ,ornim l" *rum m"i*$#r$m$ )i nu m"i %(r!iu4 E&%$ &i9ur 0 lurul "r$ urm$"!0 " = +n'0,%ui% nu#" r$,r$!$n%" in%$r$&$l$ %u%uror 9ru,urilor4 Aii &$ ,un$ ,ro;l$m" "n9"60riino"&%r$4 To%ul *$,in*$ *$ im"9in$" ,$ "r$-o "#$m *$&,r$ ;un" &oi$%"%$4 nm0&ur" +n "r$ *orim o lum$ m"i $9"li%"r0 )i m"i li;$r05 %r$;ui$ &0 +n3$l$9$mon*i3iil$ r$"li!0rii "$&%or mo*uri "l$ $:i&%$n3$i4 P$n%ru "$"&%" $&%$n$$&"r05 " ,rim0 on*i3i$5 o ,r$!$n%"r$ l"r0 " n"%urii )i $#olu3i$i

&i&%$mului mon*i"l mo*$rn *$ ,(n0 "um5 " )i " 9"m$i *$!#ol%0rilor ,o&i;il$+n ,r$!$ni )i +n #ii%or4 A$&% %i, *$ uno")%$r$ #" = "*$#0r"%" ,u%$r$4 I"r+nl0un%rul "n9"6"m$n%$lor m$l$5 "$"&%0 uno")%$r$ #" = ,u%$r$" ,u&0 +n&lu6;" "$lor 9ru,uri "r$ r$,r$!in%0 in%$r$&$l$ $lor m"i l"r9i )i m"i o,rim"%$,0r3i "l$ ,o,ul"3i$i lumii4 T5 : %om" unor "&$m$n$" on&i*$r"3ii m-"m +n/0m"% l" "$&%$'or% *$ "n"li!0 " $l$m$n%$lor NOTE Di$ O;$n B1FQ5 P- 1F4 V(n0%o"r$" *$ #ul,i5 *in D"& V=r%$Iui'$rii/$@"u&;u/5 *$&$n +n ,$ni30"l unui "r%i&% 9$rm"n "nonim5 "%i# in%r$ 1QF-1Q5 uno&u% &u; num$l$ *$

M$i&%$r *$& @"u&;u/&4 C",i%olul I PRELUDIU MEDIEVAL S,r$ &'(r)i%ul &$olului "l XV-l$" )i +n$,u%ul &$olului "l XVIl$"5 &-"n0&u% $$" $ ,u%$m numi o $onomi$ mon*i"l0 $uro,$"n04 N-" 'o&% unim,$riu5 /i"r *"0 $r" %o% "%(% *$ +n%in&0 " un m"r$ im,$riu )i "#$" (%$#"%r0&0%uri omun$ u $l4 Er" %o%u)i *i'$ri%0 *$ "$&%"5 )i nou0 i&%ori$)%$? un %i,*$ &i&%$m &oi"l ,$ "r$ lum$" nu-1 uno&u&$ ,(n0 "%uni )i "r$ r$,r$!in%0%r0&0%ur" *i&%in%i#0 " &i&%$mului mon*i"l mo*$m4 E&%$ o $n%i%"%$ $onomi05nu +n&0 )i un" ,oli%i05 &,r$ *$o&$;ir$ *$ im,$rii5 or")$-&%"%$ )i &%"%$n"3ion"l$4 D$ '",%5 noul &i&%$m u,rin*$ +n%r$ m"r9inil$ &"l$ B$&%$ *i=il &0#or;$)%i *$&,r$ 9r"ni3$ im,$rii5 or")$l$-&%"%$ )i &%"%$l$ n"3ion"l$ +n ur& *$

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L" .r"u*$l '$onomi$-mon*$ "r$ +n3$l$&ul *$ $onomi$ " un$i lumiBlum$" r$)%in05 lum$" "r";05 lum$" m$*i%$r"n$"n05 lum$" rom"n05 lum$";i!"n%in0 $% )i-"u "#u% ,ro,ri" lor $onomi$4 "ll$r&%$in on&%"%0 0 &i&%$mul mon*i"l mo*$m "r$ ,u%$r$" &0 "&imil$!$ %o"%$ lumil$ $:i&%$n%$"&%'$l 0 $onomiil$ *i#$r&$lor lumi &$ l,$& +n &in9ur" $onomi$ mon*i"l0

$:i&%$n%0 "&%0!i B$" ",i%"li&%0 $uro,$"n0 Bn4%r4 nu ,$n%ru 0 $l u,rin*$+n%r$"9" lum$5 i ,$n%ru 0 $&%$ m"i l"r9 *$(% ori"r$ uni%"%$ ,oli%i0 6uri*i*$=ni%04 i $&%$ o $onomi$ mon*i"l0 *$o"r$$ l$90%ur" 'un*"m$n%"l0*in%r$ ,0r3il$ &i&%$mului $&%$ $onomi05 *$)i "$"&%" " 'o&% +n%0ri%05 +n%r-oo"r$"r$ m0&ur05 *$ l$90%uri ul%ur"l$ )i5 +n ul%im0 in&%"n305 um #om #$*$"5*$ "r"n6"m$n%$ ,oli%i$ &"u /i"r *$ &%ru%uri on'$*$r"%$4 Un im,$riu5 ,rin on%r"&%5 $&%$ o uni%"%$ ,oli%i04 D$ $:$m,lu5 S/mu$lEi&$n&%"*% 1-" *$=ni% +n "$&% mo*? T$rm$nul *$ im,$riu " 'o&% *$ r$9ul0'olo&i% ,$n%ru " *$&$mn" un &i&%$m ,oli%i5 $ u,rin*$ %$ri%orii +n%in&$5 u o$n%r"li!"r$ r$l"%i# +n"l%05 "l 0rui $n%ru5 +n%ru/i,"% *$o,o%ri#0 +n ,$r&o"n"+m,0r"%ului )i +n in&%i%u3iil$ ,oli%i$ $n%r"l$5 " on&%i%ui% o $n%i%"%$ "u%onom04

n ,lu&5 *$)i im,$riil$ &$ ;"!"u *$ r$9ul05 ,$ l$9i%im"r$" %r"*i3ion"l05 "u "#u%"*$&$" o ori$n%"r$ ,oli%i0 )i ul%ur"l0 m"i l"r905 #ir%u"l uni#$r&"li&%05 *inolo*$ ori$n%"r$" ori0r$i" *in%r$ ,0r3il$ &"l$ om,on$n%$14 Im,$riil$ +n "$&% &$n& "u 'o&% o %r0&0%ur0 on&%"n%0 " &$n$i mon*i"l$+n ul%imii F *$ "ni4 Au $:i&%"% +n%o%*$"un" m"i mul%$ "&$m$n$" im,$rii +n*i#$r&$ ,0r3i "l$ lumii +n ori"r$ ,$rio"*0 i&%ori04 C$n%r"li!"r$" ,oli%i0 "unui im,$riu " 'o&% %o%o*"%0 ,u%$r$" )i &l0;iiun$" &"4 Pu%$r$" &"5 +n &$n&ul0 " 9"r"n%"% u:ul $onomi *$ l" ,$ri'$ri$ &,r$ $n%ru ,rin 'or30 B%ri;u% )iim,o!i% )i ,rin "#"n%"6$l$ mono,olului "&u,r" om$r3ului4 Sl0;iiun$" &"5 +n&$n&ul 0 ;iror"3i" $ru%0 *$ &%ru%ur" ,oli%i0 " "#u% %$n*in3" &0 ";&o"r;0 o,"r%$ ,r$" m"r$ " ,ro=%ului5 +n &,$i"l +n m0&ur" +n "r$ r$,r$&iun$" )i

$:,lo"%"r$" "u /r0ni% r$#ol%$l$ "r$ l" r(n*ul lor "u im,li"% &,orir$"/$l%ui$lilor mili%"r$4 Im,$riil$ ,oli%i$ &un% mi6lo"$ ,rimi%i#$ *$ *omin"3i$ $onomi04R$"li!"r$" &oi"l0 " lumii mo*$rn$ $&%$ "$$"5 *"0 #r$3i5 *$ " = in#$n%"%%$/nolo9i" "r$ '"$ ,o&i;il0 &,orir$" u:ului *$ ,lu&,ro*u& *$ l" &%ru%uril$in'$rio"r$ l" &%ru%uril$ &u,$rio"r$5 *$ l" ,$ri'$ri$ l" $n%ru5 *$ l" m"6ori%"%$l" minori%"%$5 $limin(n* ri&i," un$i ,r$" +m,o#0r0%o"r$ &u,r"&%ru%uri,oli%i$4 Am &,u& 0 $onomi" mon*i"l0 $&%$ o in#$n3i$ " lumii mo*$rn$4 Nu/i"r4 Au $:i&%"% $onomii mon*i"l$ )i +n"in%$4 D"r $l$ "u 'o&% +n%o%*$"un"%r"n&'orm"%$ +n im,$rii? C/in"5 P$r&i"5 Rom"4 Eonomi" mon*i"l0 mo*$rn0 "r

= ,u%u% $#olu" +n "$$")i *ir$3i$ -+n%r-"*$#0r5 &,or"*i5 $" ,0r$" 0 "r ",u"+n%r-"olo-u &in9ur" *$o&$;ir$ 0 %$/niil$ ",i%"li&mului mo*$rn )i%$/nolo9i" )%iin3$i mo*$rn$5 $l$ *ou0 =in* o"r$um l$9"%$5 *u,0 um )%im5"u *"% ,o&i;ili%"%$" "$&%$i $onomii mon*i"l$ &0 &$ *$!#ol%$5 &0 ,ro*u0 )i&0 r$"&0 '0r0 ","ri3i" un$i &%ru%uri ,oli%i$ uni="%$4 C$$" $ ",i%"li&mul $&%$ +n &%"r$ &0 '"0 )i '"$ $&%$ &0 o'$r$ o &ur&0"l%$rn"%i#05 m"i lur"%i#05 *$ +n&u)ir$ " &ur,lu&ului B$l ,u3in m"i lur"%i#0 ,$%$rm$n lun94 Un im,$riu $&%$ un m$"ni&m ,$n%ru ol$%"r$" %ri;u%ului5


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"r$5 *u,0 im"9in$" &u9$&%i#0 " lui 7r$*$ri L"n$5 +n&$"mn0 ,l03i ,rimi%$,$n%ru ,ro%$3i$5 *"r ,l03i u mul% ,$&%$ o&%ul ,rour0rii ,ro%$3i$iWW4 n%r-o$onomi$ mon*i"l0 ",i%"li&%05 $n$r9i" ,oli%i0 $&%$ 'olo&i%0 ,$n%ru " ",0r"*r$,%uril$ *$ mono,ol B*"0 nu in%$9r"l5 m0"r "%(% (% $&%$ ,o&i;il4 S%"%ul*$#in$ m"i ,u3in o +n%r$,rin*$r$ $onomi0 $n%r"l05 (% m"i "l$& un mi6lo

*$ " 9"r"n%" un "numi% r",or% *$ &/im; +n %r"n!"3ii $onomi$ &%r0in$4 n"$&% mo*5 'un3ion"r$" ,i$3$i Bnu li;$r" 'un3ion"r$ *"r %o%u)i 'un3ion"r$"$i r$$"!0 &%imul$n%$ ,$n%ru o ,ro*u%i#i%"%$ &,ori%0 9$n$r(n* %o%o*"%0 un+n%r$9 "om,"ni"m$n% *$ on&$in3$ "l$ *$!#ol%0rii $onomi$ mo*$rn$4Eonomi" mon*i"l0 $&%$ "r$n" +n "r$ &$ *$&'0)o"r0 "$&%$ ,ro$&$4 O $onomi$ mon*i"l0 ,"r$ " "#$" *im$n&iuni limi%"%$4 7$r*in"n* 7ri$*" o;&$r#"% "$"&%"?D"0 in$#" i" +n on&i*$r"r$ %o3i '"%orii5 "6un9$ l"onlu!i" 0 &,"3iul $onomi$i mon*i"l$ +n "n%i/i%"%$" rom"n0 ,u%$" =,"rur& +n ir" Q-Y *$ !il$5 u%ili!(n* $l$ m"i ;un$ mi6lo"$ *$ %r"n&,or% Aum5 +n !il$l$ no"&%r$5 12 &un% n$$&"r$ *$ "&$m$n$" Q ,(n0 l"Y *$ !il$ &0 "o,$ri &,"3iul $onomi$i mon*i"l$ mo*$rn$5 *"0 'olo&$)%i

,ro$*$$l$ o;i)nui%$ *$ %r"n&,or% ,$n%ru m0r'uriF4 I"r 7$rn"n* .r"u*$l "*"u90 0 "$&%" "r ,u%$" = on&i*$r"% in%$r#"lul%$m,or"l "l lumii m$*i%$r"n$$n$ +n &$olul "l XVI-l$"Y4 Ori9inil$ )i 'un3ion"r$" un$i "&$m$n$" $onomii mon*i"l$ $uro,$n$*$ Y *$ !il$ +n &$olul "l XVI-l$" on&%i%ui$ o;i$%ul "$&%$i lur0ri4 E&%$#i%"l %o%u)i &0 n$ "min%im 0 Euro," n-" 'o&% &in9ur" $onomi$ mon*i"l0 "$"#r$m$4 Au $:i&%"% )i "l%$l$Z4 D"r num"i Euro," &in9ur0 &-" "n9"6"% ,$ *rumul*$!#ol%0rii ",i%"li&%$ "r$ " +"u%-o ",";il0 &0 l$ *$,0)$"&0 ,$ $l$l"l%$4Cum )i *$ $ &-" +n%(m,l"% "$&% luru S0 +n$,$m ,rin " $:"min" $ &-",$%r$u% +n lum$ +n $l$ %r$i &$ol$ "n%$rio"r$ "nului 1QF4 n &$olul "l Xll-l$"5 $mi&'$r" $&%i0 on3in$" o &$ri$ *$ im,$rii )i lumi mii5 *in%r$ "r$ mul%$

in%$r"3ion"u l" m"r9in$ un" u "l%"4 n "$l %im,5 M$*i%$r"n" $r" un nul$u"l om$r3ului5 +n "*rul 0r$i" &$ +n%(ln$"u .i!"n3ul5 or")$l$-&%"%$ i%"li$n$5 )i+n%r-o o"r$"r$ m0&ur0 ,0r3i "l$ nor*ului A'riii4 Com,l$:ul O$"nul In*i"n "rl @$ll$in$r5 un ,ro$&&$l$%i# +n urm" 0rui" 9o&,o*0riil$ mii "u 'o&% ";"n*on"%$ +n%r-un ,ro$n%m"i ri*i"% *$(% '$rm$l$ m"ri4 7$nom$nul " "#u% un "r"%$r &$l$%i# )i

*i'$r$n3i"% *$ l" o r$9iun$ l" "l%"4 Pro$&ul *$ U&%un9$n ,"r$ &0 = "#u% om"r$ +n%in*$r$ nu *o"r +n G$rm"ni" )i Euro," C$n%r"l05 i )i +n An9li"Q4 El" 'o&%5 ,$ *$ "l%0 ,"r%$5 mul% m"i r$&%r(n& +n 7r"n3"F4 70r0 +n*oi"l05 "$"&%"&$ $:,li0 +n ,"r%$ ,rin '",%ul 0 7r"n3" " 'o&% m"i *$n& loui%0 )i " r$ur& m"i*$#r$m$ l" *$'ri)0ri *$(% "l%$ "rii "l$ Euro,$i *in mo%i#$ *$o,o%ri#0 i&%ori$)i ,$*olo9i$4 n "$"&%0 ,$rio"*0 *$ om,rim"r$ " $r$rii ,$n%ru ,ro*u&$ "9riol$5&"l"riil$ ur;"n$ )i *$i ,r$3uril$ in*u&%ri"l$ &-"u ri*i"%5 *in "u!" li,&$i *$'or30 *$ mun05 *$%$rmin"%0 *$ '$nom$nul *$linului ,o,ul"3i$i4 A$"&%"5 l"i(n*ul $i5 " ri*i"% o&%ul munii "9riol$ )i " r$*u& +n "$l")i %im, r$n%$l$ B+nm0&ur" +n "r$ "$&%$" $r"u =:$ ,$ (n* ,r$3uril$ nomin"l$ $r"u &u,u&$

in"3i$i5 *$%$rmin(n* $$" $ M"r .lo/ " numi% &0r0ir$" ,ro#i!ori$ "l"&$i &$niori"l$Y4 Nu num"i 0 ,ro=%uril$ "u &0!u% *"r "u r$&u% )i o&%uril$"*mini&%r0rii5 ")" um &$ m%(m,l0 +n%o%*$"un" +n ,$rio"*$l$ ri%i$5 $$"$ i-" *$%$rmin"% ,$ ,ro,ri$%"ri &0 "i;0 +n #$*$r$ on&$in3$l$ r$nun30rii l""*mini&%r"r$" ,$r&on"l04 S%r(m%or"r$" $onomi0 " on*u& l" &,orir$",r$%$n3iilor '"30 *$ 30r0nim$5 ,r$%$n3ii "r$5 +n "$l mom$n%5 $r"uon%r",ro*u%i#$ )i "u *$l"n)"% +n on&$in30 'u9" *$ ,$ mo)ii "


17/176

30r0nimiiZ4 "l$ "l$"&0 *$ no;ili ,$n%ru r$o;3in$r$" #$ni%urilor5 $on$="$ ,$n%ru &%r"%uril$ $l$ m"i +n&%0ri%$5 " 'o&% on&%i%ui%0 *$ noil$ "ri$r$r$mun$r"%o"r$ *$ l" ur3il$ rJ r A$"&%" n-" 'o&% %o%u)i *$ "6un& ,$n%ru "on%r""r" $'$%$l$ r$$&iuniiW )i *$i ,$n%ru " o,ri u$unul ,ro,ri$%03ilorQ5*"r +n &/im;5 +n*$,0r%(n*u-i ,$ &%0,(ni *$ ""&05 l$-" "$n%u"%

*$!in%$r$&ul '"3" *$ "*mini&%r"3i$4 C$ &-" +n%(m,l"%5 ")"*"r5 u m"ril$ ,ro,ri$%03i Au 'o&% #(n*u%$ &"u"r$n*"%$ u ;"ni ,rini,"lului 9ru, "r$ $r" ,r$90%i% )i ",";il &0 &$ "n9"6$!$+n "&$m$n$" %r"n!"3ii5 30r"nii $i m"i +n&%0ri3i "r$ ,u%$"u &0 o;3in0 l"u!$'"#or";il$Q14 Tr$;ui$ %o%u)i &0 n$ "min%im 0 or9"ni!"r$" &oi"l0 " ,ro*u3i$i"9riol$ nu $r" i*$n%i0 ,r$%u%in*$ni4 Pro,ri$%03il$ $l$ m"i m"ri &$ ""u +nEuro," oi*$n%"l05 +n ,"r%$ *$o"r$$ ,o,ul"3i" m"i *$n&0 "ii " '0u% "uni%03il$ m"i +n%in&$ &0 =$ $l$ m"i $=i$n%$4 n Euro," $n%r"l05 $'$%$l$r$$&iunii $onomi$ "u on*u& l" "$$")i ";"n*on"r$ " ,0m(n%urilor *$m"r9in$5 *"r "n"li!" "$&%or ii&%un9$n $&%$ +n9r$un"%0 *$ '",%ul 0 $l$ "u

r$,r$!$n%"% +n ,"r%$ +n9r0*iri _$nlo&ur$&5 +n ,"r%$ ,0m(n%uri ";"n*on"%$Q4M"i &,r$ $&%5 +n .r"n*$n;ur9 )i +n Poloni"5 um o &0 "r0%0m m"i %(r!iu5 un*$*$n&i%"%$" ,o,ul"3i$i $r" m"i mi05 '$u*"lii "r$5 +n $,oil$ "n%$rio"r$5&%0,(n$"u +m,r$un05 m"i ,u3in ,0m(n% *$(% %o3i 30r"nii5 &-"u %r$!i% u,ro,ri$%03il$ $:%in&$ ,rin "li,ir$" ,0m(n%urilor ";"n*on"%$ " urm"r$ ";ru%"lului ol",& *$mo9r"=Q4 C(% *$ ,ro=%";il #" = "$&% '$nom$n ,$n%ru$i +n &$olul "l XVI-l$"5 (% *$ ,ro'un* #" "l%$r" $l &%ru%ur" &oi"l0 " Euro,$ir0&0ri%$n$ )i (% *$ im,or%"n% #" = "$"&%" ,$n%ru *$!#ol%"r$" Euro,$ioi*$n%"l$5 %o"%$ "$&%$" &un% /$&%iuni "r$ "u r0m"& +n m"r$ m0&ur0o;&ur$ ,$n%ru $i $ l$-"u %r0i% +n &$olul "l X-l$" )i "l XV-l$"4 D"r +n "riil$"r";il$ n$m"r9in"l$ "l$ Euro,$i oi*$n%"l$5 ,ro,ri$%03il$ $:$&i# *$ m"ri "u

'0u% lo ,o&$&iunilor m"i mii4 A&%'$l5 &imul%"n5 "&i&%"m l" "#(n%ul 30r0nimiimi6loii ,$ %$r$nuril$ "r";il$ )i l" *$l"n)"r$" ,r"%iii +n9r0*irii %$r$nurilorm"i ,u3in "r";il$ Br$(n*u-&$ ;"!" ,$n%ru $:%in*$r$" r$)%$rii "nim"l$lor +nEuro," oi*$n%"l05 )i l" on$n%r"r$" ,ro,ri$%03ii +n uni%03i *$ m"ri*im$n&iuni +n Euro," r0&0ri%$"n0 B"r$ #or *o;(n*i o nou0 'un3i$5 "$$" *$!on$ *$ $:,or% *$ $r$"l$4 A 'o&% "$"&%0 ,$rio"*0 *$ ol",& $onomi &"u *$ &%"9n"r$ ;un0&"u r$" ,$n%ru *$!#ol%"r$" un$i $onomii ",i%"li&%$ mon*i"l$ D$,in*$ *$"m,lo"r$" ,$r&,$%i#$i no"&%r$4 P$n%ru Mi/"$l Po&%"n &$olul "l XV-l$" $&%$unul *$ r$9r$&i$ +n r",or% u $#olu3iil$ "r$-"u "#u% lo +n &$olul "l XlV-l$"QQ5$l r$,r$!in%0 o "u%ori%"%$" '4 n%ru(%5 ")" &%"%$l$-or")$ n-"r /$l%ui$li &"u

&0 "&$m$n$" $,o0 *$ &%"%$l$ %$ri%ori"l$ &$ m"n05 m"i Q4 n%%-"*$#0r m"r&"rinii *i=il$ *$ " m$n3in$ or*in$"5 ")" um o *o#$*$)%$ 'r$#$n%"r$#ol%$lor 30r0n$)%iQZ4 S$olul "l XV-l$" " uno&u%5 %o%u)i5 ","ri3i" m"rilor r$&%"ur"%ori "ior*inii in%$rn$ +n Euro," oi*$n%"l0? Lu*o#i "l Xl-l$" +n 7r"n6"5 @$nri "l Vll-l$" +n An9li"5 7$r*in"n* *$ Ar"9on )i I&";$ll" *$ C"&%ili" +n S,"ni"4M$"ni&mul m"6or ,$ "r$-1 "#$"u l" *i&,o!i3i$ ,$n%ru "$"&%0 &"rin05 " )i+n "!ul ,r$$*$&orilor lor "r$ "#u&$&$r0 +n&0 m"i ,u3in &u$&5 " 'o&% *$


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or*in =n"ni"r? r$"r$"5 ,rin%r-un $'or% $n$r9i5 " un$i ;iror"3ii Bi#il$ )imili%"r$ *$&%ul *$ ,u%$rni$ ,$n%ru " ,$r$,$ ;iruril$ )i "&%'$l ,$n%ru "=n"n3" o &%ru%ur0 ;iror"%i0 %o% m"i ,u%$rni04 A$&% ,ro$& +n$,u&$ *$6"+n &$ol$l$ "l Xll-l$" )i "l XlII-l$"4 O *"%0 u +n/$i$r$" in#"!iilor5 "r$-i,r$ou,"&$r0 ,(n0 "%uni ,$ mon"r/i ,(n0 l" i&%o#ir$5 u r$)%$r$"

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+n %$rm$ni "n%i%"%i#i4 Nu $ *$ mir"r$ 0 *omni%orii "u r$ur& +n mo* on&%"n%l" "l%$ &ur&$ *$ #$ni%5 om,l$m$n%"r$ ,$r$,$rii im,o!i%ului? l" on=&"r$5 l"+m,rumu%uri5 l" #(n!"r$" 'un3iilor +n &%"%5 l" *$,r$i$r$" mon$*$i4 D"r=$"r$ *in%r$ "$&%$ "l%$rn"%i#$5 /i"r *"0 " ,u%u% &olu3ion" *il$m$l$=n"ni"r$ "l$ mom$n%ului5 " "#u% un$l$ $'$%$ n$9"%i#$ ,$ %$rm$n lun9"&u,r" ,u%$rii $onomio-,oli%i$ " r$9$luiF14 Cu %o"%$ "$&%$" "r = '"l& &0$:"9$r0m *i=ul%03il$4 Am,lo"r$" r$"li!0rilor $&%$ "$$" "r$ im,r$&ion$"!04Mul%$ *in%r$ "$l$ om,romi&uri "r ,u%$" = on&i*$r"%$ ,")i $&$n3i"li ,$*rumul &u$&ului4 Ar$n*"r$" im,o!i%uluiF )i #$n"li%"%$" 'un3ion"ruluiF,o% = &oo%i%$ $'$%i# *r$,% $:$m,l$ ,$n%ru "&%'$l *$ om,romi&uri u%il$4 n,lu&5 &,orir$" 'on*urilor r$9"l$ " lo#i% no;ilim$" nu num"i ,$n%ru 0 " *u& l"

+n%0rir$" &%"%ului *"r )i ,$n%ru 05 m"i "l$& +n on*i3iil$ $onomi$ m"i 9r$l$*in &$ol$l$ "l XlV-l$" )i "l XV-l$"5 " &l0;i% +n&$)i &ur&$l$ *$ #$ni% "l$no;ilimii5 +n*$o&$;i "l$ $l$i li,&i%$ *$ l$90%uri u nou" ;iror"3i$4 A)" um r$m"r0 )i Du;H? O m"r$ ,"r%$ " #$ni%urilor o;3inu%$ ,$ ;"!"lur0rii ,0m(n%ului *$ 0%r$ 30r"ni in%r" +n0 +n ,o&$&i" &%0,(ni(or5 *"r$:%in*$r$" n$+n$%"%0 " im,o!i%$lor " &,ori% mul% ,"r%$" ,r$lu"%0 *$ "9$n3ii&%"%uluiWQ4 i5 ,$ m0&ur0 $ &%"%ul &$ +n%0r$"5 m"ni,ul"r$" mon$%"r0 *$#$n$" %o%m"i ,ro=%";il04 C(n* +n &$ol$l$ "l XlV-l$" )i "l XV-l$" ri!$l$ =n"ni"r$ "l$&%"%ului5 ,ro#o"%$ *$ r0!;oi5 &$ om;in"u u r$*u$r$" m"r6$lor *$ ,ro=% *in"9riul%ur05 "r$ ,u%$"u = im,o!i%"%$5 &%"%$l$ "u %r$;ui% &0-)i "u%$ "l%$ &ur&$

*$ #$ni%uri5 m"i "l$& 0 *$,o,ul"r$" ,un$" r$9$l$ +n &i%u"3i" *$ " "or*"&u%iri *$ im,o!i%$ $lor "r$ r$oloni!"u "riil$ ,u&%ii%$4 M"ni,ul"r$"mon$%"r0 "#$" "&%'$l mul%$ "#"n%"6$4 L$o,ol* G$nio% &u;lini"!0 0 $:i&%0%r$i $:,li"3ii ,o&i;il$ ,$n%ru 'r$#$n%$l$ *$#"lori!0ri mon$%"r$ "l$ $,oii?r$*u$r$" *"%oriilor &%"%ului B*$)i *$,r$i$r$"5 )i $"5 r$*u$" +n "$&% /i,#$ni%uril$ =:$ "r$ "l0%ui"u m"&" #$ni%urilor o;3inu%$ *$ ,$ *om$niil$r$9"l$K r"ri%"%$" mi6lo"$lor *$ ,l"%0 +n%r-o ,$rio"*0 +n "r$ om$r3ul $r" +nr$)%$r$ m"i r",i*0 *$(% &%ouril$ *$ "r9in% )i (n* *$!or*in$" ,u;li0


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+nur"6" %$!"uri!"r$" m$%"l$lor ,r$3io"&$K &"u o *$li;$r"%0 ,oli%i0 $onomi0*$ r$*u$r$ " ur&ului *$ &/im; ,$n%ru " o,ri *$"3i"5 " lu,%" +m,o%ri#"%$!"uri!0rii5 " '"ili%" $:,or%uril$ )i "&%'$l r$#i%"li!" om$r3ul4 Ori"r$ "r =$:,li"3i" *$#"lori!0rilor5 $l$ $r"u +n 'o"r%$ m"r$ m0&ur0 m"3ion"r$5r$*u(n* +n "$&% '$l #"lo"r$" r$"l0 " #$ni%urilor =:$FF4 Prini,"lii

;$n$=i"ri "i #$ni%urilor ii:$ $r"u l"&$l$ &$niori"l$5 )i *$i $l$ "u ,i$r*u%,u%$r$ m '"#o"r$" &%"%ului4 S%"%ul C$ $r" &%"%ul n "$" ,$rio"*05 &%"%ul $r" K l$5 r$9$l$ " 0rui '"im0 $r" ,ro&l0#i%05 " 0rui m"i$&%"%$ $r" ",0r"%05)i "r$ +n$%-+n$% " 'o&% +n*$,0r%"% $ &u,u)u &0iFF4 S%"%ul $r" )i ;iror"3i""r$ &$ 'orm"&$ i11 " m 9ru, &oi"l *i&%in% u "r"%$ri&%ii )i W`r$&$&P$i"l$5 ,rini,"lul "li"% "l r$9$luiF5 *"r "r$5 #om #$*$"5 urm" &0 6o"$%o%u)i un rol $/i#o4 S%"%ul +n&$mn" )i *i#$r&$l$ or,uri ,"rl"m$n%"r$ ,$ "r$ &u#$r"nii l$r$"&$r0 " m$"ni&m$ *$&%in"%$ &0-i &,ri6in$ +n l$9i'$r"r$" im,o!i%$lor5or,uri om,u&$ ,r$um,0ni%or *in no;ili ,$ "r$ mon"r/ii +n$r"u &0-i

'olo&$"&0 +m,o%ri#" no;ilimii i"r no;ilim$" +m,o%ri#" r$9$luiFZ4 A$&% &%"% " 'o&% o r$"3i$ "r$5 +n Euro," ",u&$"n05 *"%$"!0 nu *in&$olul "l XVI-l$"5 i +n0 *in &$olul "l X@I-l$"4 a#$& R$nou"r* " *$mon&%r"%um liniil$ *$ 9r"ni30 "r$ on&%i%ui$ )i "!i 'ron%i$r$l$ 7r"n3$i5 An9li$i )iS,"ni$i "u 'o&% m"i mul% ori m"i ,u3in *$=ni%i#"%$ ,rin%r-o &$ri$ *$ lu,%$ *"%$+n%r$ 11 )i 11QF4 Tom"i ,$ ;"!$l$ "$&%or 9r"ni3$ m"i *$9r";0 *$(% ,$"l$ "l%or" B*$ $:$m,lu5 "$l$" "l$ unui &%"% oi%"ni"n m$*i%$r"n$"ninlu!(n* Pro#$n3" )i C"%"loni"K &"u "l$ unui &%"% "%l"n%i inlu!(n* 7r"n3"",u&$"n0 " An9$#inilor " ,"r%$ " An9li$i &-"u l0*i% &$n%im$n%$l$n"3ion"li&%$ *$ m"i %(r!iu4 M"i +n%(i 9r"ni3$l$5 ",oi ,"&iunil$5 o r$l"3i$ %o% "%(%*$ "*$#0r"%0 ,$n%ru Euro," mo*$rn0 " )i5 &0 !i$m5 ,$n%ru A'ri" &$olului

"l XXl$"4 Nu num"i 0 liniil$ *$ 9r"ni30 "u 'o&% %r"&"%$ +n "$" ,$rio"*05 *"r5$$" $ $&%$ /i"r m"i im,or%"n%5 %om"i "%uni &-" *$i& 0 #or = linii *$9r"ni304 A$"&%" $&%$ $$" $ E*ou"r* P$rroH num$)%$ &/im;"r$"'un*"m$n%"l0 +n &%ru%ur" ,oli%i0 " Euro,$i oi*$n%"l$Y4 n on$,3i" &"5%om"i +n in%$r#"lul *in%r$ mi6loul &$olului "l X@-l$" )i +n$,u%ul $lui *$-"lXlV-l$"5 "*i0 ,$rio"*" $l$i m"i +n"l%$ ,ro&,$ri%03i om$ri"l$ )i "9riol$ "E#ului M$*iu5 ,u%$m *"%" %r"n&'orm"r$" Euro,$i4 D$ $ &%"%$-n"3iuni )i nu im,$rii Aii %r$;ui$ &0 =m ,ru*$n3i u%$rminolo9i"4 Po"%$ 0 %r$;ui$ &0 on&i*$r"m 7r"n3" &$ol$lor "l X@I-l$" )i "lXlV-l$" un &%"%-n"3iun$5 7r"n3" &$ol$lor "l XV-l$" )i "l XVI-l$" un im,$riu5 i"r,$ "$$" " &$olului "l XVII-l$" *in nou " un &%"%-n"3iun$4 A$"&%" $&%$

%om"i $ ,"r$ &0 r$"*0 .r"u*$lY14 D$ $ "$&% mo*$l "l%$rn"%i# .r"u*$l&u9$r$"!0 0 o *"%0 u $:,"n&iun$" $onomi0 *in &$ol$l$ "l XV-l$" )i "lXVI-l$"5 " ",0ru% o on6un%ur0 '"%"lm$n%$ '"#or";il0 &%"%$lor #"&%$5 /i"r'o"r%$ #"&%$5 "$lor &%"%$ m"&i#$ n r$"li%"%$5 i&%ori" $&%$ "l%$rn"%i#'"#or";il0 )i n$'"#or";il0 &%ru%urilor ,oli%i$ #"&%$Y-7ri%! @"6%un9 )i R4Mou&ni$r &u9$r$"!0 n$$&i%"%$" un$i *im$n&iuni minim$ Bum#" )i " un$i"m":im$ ,$n%ru &%";ilir$" un$i mon"r/ii ";&olu%$5 o 'orm0 "r$ nu " i!;(n*i%+n &%"%$l$ mii4 70r0 +n*oi"l05 "$&%$" *in urm0 nu ,u%$"u on&%i%ui uni%03i


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mili%"r$ )i $onomi$ *$&%ul *$ $:%in&$ ,$n%ru " &u&3in$ o mon"r/i$";&olu%0Y4 A&$m$n$" ,un%$ *$ #$*$r$ r0m(n +n&0 *o"r &/i3$ *$ r0&,un&l" o ,ro;l$m0 "r$ m$ri%0 o "%$n3i$ %$or$%i0 u %o%ul &,$i"l04 V4 G4 >i$m"nn$ "6u%0 ,o"%$ $l m"i mul%5 '0(n* urm0%o"r$" l"ri="r$ on$,%u"l0? Niio *in"&%i$ nu )i-" ,ro,u& &0 on&%rui"&0 un &%"%-n"3iun$K =$"r$ *in"&%i$ "

#i!"% o $:%in*$r$ n$limi%"%0 i u (% " ,ro&,$r"% m"i mul% u "%(% r$!ul%"%ul"%in& " 'o&% un "l$i*o&o,i im,$riu m"nû$W4 Tr$;ui$ &0 = 'o&% &u=i$n% *$+n%in& ,$n%ru " ,u%$" &u,r"#i$3ui "&u3in*u-)i %o%o*"%0 9/$"r$l$ &,r$ #$ini5*"r5 +n "$l")i %im,5 &u=i$n% *$ r$&%r(n& ,$n%ru " ,u%$" = or9"ni!"% *$ l" un$n%ru )i ,$n%ru " *o;(n*i on)%iin3" un$i $n%i%03i4 P$ o"&%" ",u&$"n05*$&%ul *$ +n9/$&ui%05 " Euro,$i5 ori$ um"r$ $:$&i#0 *$ %$ri%oriu " 'o&%+m,i$*i"%0 *$ om,$%i3i$ )i *$ limi%$l$ 9$o9r"=$YQ4 +n "'"r0 *$ "!ul5 +n"r$5 *$&i9ur5 "$&%$ *in"&%ii )i-"u $:%in& im,$riil$ ,$&%$ m0ri4 C$$" $ &$ #" = +n%(m,l"% u im,$riil$ m"nû$& " 'o&% 0 $l$ )i-"u*$!#ol%"% r"3iuni *$ &%"% Br"i&on& *Wi%"% *i'$ri%$ *$ $l$ "l$ im,$riilor5i*$olo9ii *i'$ri%$4 Un &%"%-n"3iun$ $&%$ o uni%"%$ %$ri%ori"l0 "i 0r$i 9u#$rn"n3i

urm0r$& Bm"i r"r &"u m"i *$&5 *$&i9ur nu +n%o%*$"un" &0 o %r"n&'orm$ +n%r-o &oi$%"%$ n"3ion"l0 *in mo%i#$ ,$ "r$ l$ #om *i&u%" m"i %(r!iu4C/$&%iun$" *$#in$ +n0 )i m"i on'u!0 *"0 n$ r$"min%im 0 +n$,(n* u&$olul "l XVI-l$"5 &%"%$l$-n"%iuni "l$ Euro,$i ",u&$n$ "u 3inu% &0 r$$!$&oi$%03i n"3ion"l$ r$l"%i# omo9$n$ +n $n%rul im,$riilor5 'olo&in* "#$n%ur"im,$ri"l0 " un$"l%05 ,ro;";il in*i&,$n&";il05 ,$n%ru r$"r$" &oi$%03iin"3ion"l$4 Am *i&u%"% ri!" '$u*"li&mului oi*$n%"l +n &$ol$l$ "l XVI-l$" )i "lXV-l$" " ;"!0 )i 3" ,r$lu*iu ,$n%ru *$!#ol%"r$" Euro,$i )i ,$n%ru%r"n&'orm"r$" $i Em,ir$ m"nûi b im,$riu r"%"% Bon$,% on&%rui% *$ V4 G4

>i$m"n ,rin "n"lo9i$ u un %$rm$n *in ,&i/"n"li!05 $l *$ "% r"%"%5ro,n$3"%$" "%$lor r"%"%$ $&%$ "$$" *$ " +n%r$3in$ un %i, &,$i"l *$ 9o"&05 "r$ ,ul&$"!0 +n $l$l"l%$ "%$ ,ro#o(n*u-l$ o *$,l"&"r$ *$"iW4 r$9r$&iun$ B+n%o"r$r$ l" mom$n%ul %r"um"%i "l $)$ului5u,r"in0r(n*u-l$ u &$mni="3i" "%ului r"%"%4 BN4 Tr4 $onomi0 +n$,(n*u &$olul "l XVI-l$"4 Pln0 "um5 *i&u3iil$ )i $:,li"3iil$ &-"u *$&'0)ur"%5,r$um,0ni%or5 +n %$rm$nii %$oriilor &%ru%urii &oi"l$ Bor9"ni!"r$" ,ro*u3i$i5","r"%ul *$ &%"%5 r$l"3iil$ *in%r$ *i'$ri%$ 9ru,uri4 Mul3i #or ",r$i" %o%u)i 0'$nom$nul ri!$i *in &$olul "l XTV-l$" )i $:,"n&iun$" *in &$olul "l XVI-l$" &-"r ,u%$" *"%or"5 &0 n$ ,$rmi%$m &0 &,un$m +n%r-o m0&ur0&$mni="%i#05 unor '"%ori "i m$*iului +non6ur0%or < lim05 $,i*$miolo9i$5

on*i3ii *$ &ol4 A$&%$ "r9um$n%$ nu ,o% = r$&,in&$ u)or i"r '"%orii "$)%i"%r$;ui$ &0 =$ lu"3i +n on&i*$r"r$5 "or*(n*u-li-&$ im,or%"n3" "r$ li &$ u#in$+n $:,li"r$" &/im;0rii &oi"l$ ,ro*u&$ +n r$&,$%i#ul in%$r#"l4 Pro;l$m" lim$i " 'o&% &u;lini"%05 +n mo* *$o&$;i%5 *$ Gu&%"#U%%$r&%rOm4 Ar9um$n%"3i" &"5 +n linii m"ri5 &$ *$&'0)o"r0 "&%'$l? D"%ori%0in*u&%ri"li&mului )i5 nu +n $l m"i mi 9r"*5 ,ro9r$&ului %$/ni5 omul !il$lorno"&%r$ $&%$ m"i ,u3in $:,u& ",riiilor n"%urii *$(% $r" +n &$ol$l$,r$$*$n%$4 D"r *$ (%$ ori nu &$ ",r$i"!0 0 un "l% '"%or *$ inu$n30 $&%$


21/176

'",%ul 0 %r0im +n%r-o ,$rio"*0 +n "r$ lim"5 +n &,$i"l +n Euro," nor*i05$&%$ N$o;i)nui% *$ ;lin*" n ur&ul ul%imilor 1 *$ "ni P$rio"*$l$ *$,ro&,$ri%"%$ " "%i#i%03ilor om$n$)%i &-"u &u,r",u&5 +n 9$n$r"l5 *$)i uim,or%"n%$ $:$,3ii5 in%$r#"l$lor "l*$5 +n%r$ m"ril$ 9l"i"3iuni4 Tom"i +n"$l$")i in%$r#"l$ "u '0u% $l$ m"i m"ri ,ro9r$&$ )i #i"3" $onomi0 )i

r$)%$r$" ,o,ul"3iilorYF4 P$n%ru "-)i +n%0ri "r9um$n%ul5 U%%$r&%rOm n$ "min%$)%$ 0 &/im;"r$"lim"%i0 %r$;ui$ &0 = "#u% o im,li"3i$ &,$i"l0 "&u,r" ,$rio"*$lor %im,urii"l$ ,ro$&ului4 D$ %r"n&'orm"r$ " Euro,$i4 A9riul%ur" ,rimi%i#0 " E#uluiM$*iu %r$;ui$ &0 = 'o&% mul% m"i *$,$n*$n%0 *$ #r$m$" '"#or";il0 *$(%$&%$ "9riul%ur" mo*$rn0 u +n"l%ul &0u ni#$l %$/niYY4 U%%$r&%rOm *0 " $:$m,lu i$rnil$ "&,r$ "l$ &$olului "l XlV-l$"5 )i "l$+n$,u%ului &$olului "l XV-l$"5 i$rnil$ ;l(n*$ +n$,(n* u 1QY )i ,(n0 l"mi6loul &$olului "l XVI-l$"5 i$rnil$ "&,r$ "l$ $l$i *$-" *ou" 6um0%03i "&$olului "l XVIIl$"Y5 ,$rio"*$ "r$ or$&,un* 9ro&&o mo*o r$$&iunii$onomi$5 $:,"n&iunii )i *in nou r$$&iunii4

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Imanuel Wallerstein - Sistemul Mondial Modern V1

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Transcript of Imanuel Wallerstein - Sistemul Mondial Modern V1