GHIDUL Piscicultorului-Fermier (Informativ-Ilustrat)

8/18/2019 GHIDUL Piscicultorului-Fermier (Informativ-Ilustrat)

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Forbl TZOQ B

Bcl QCAD^O Lbjci od O[QD@^O B

Oarbol TZOQÌB

Olo AOAT


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BLZQBQTQTI AD UCCICGBD OI

OJOADFBDB AD ȘQBBLȕD O FCIACPDB

Forbl TZOQÌB

Bcl QCAD^OȘ

Lbjciod ȘO[QD@^OȕB

Oarbol TZOQÌB

Olo AOAT

JHBȘBLĎT, >;?1


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0:2


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J clabŪbbid djclcfbjd ojtuoid, abstrugdrdo œb abfbluordo

`clauiub pbsjbjci ou rdaus jclsbadronbi prcaujŪbo ad pdœtd ìl hdidœtdbd,

bozurb œb iojurb Ghbaui pbsjbjuitcruiub -` drfbdr vbld ìl oeutcrui ojdicr

jord sd prdcjupĊ ad pbsjbjuiturĊ œb acrdsj cn ȝ bldrdo ulcr rdzuitotd pdr`crfoltd prbl opibjordo tdhlcicgbbicr fcadrld ad rdprcaujdrd œb

jrdœtdrd o pdœtdiub prdjuf œb pdltru bltdlsb`bjordo ojtbvbtĊŪbb ìl

a cfdlbui pbsjbjuiturbb lu lufob ìl gcspcaĊrbbid spdjboibzotd aor œb ìl

jdid o `drfbdrbicr. Ghbaui pbsjbjuitcruiub- `drfbdr bljiuad lcŪbulb

prbljbpboid abl ab`drbtd ojtbvbtĊŪb (pbsjbjuiturĊ, ojvojuiturĊ, bhtbcicgbd,

ofdloeĊrb pbsjbjcid, ofdibcrord pbsjbjciĊ, bhtbcpotcicgbd, tdhlcicgbb ad

rdprcaujdrd œb jrdœtdrd o pdœtdiub, hbarcnbcicgbd, hbarcicgbd,

hbarcjhbfbd) Ūblîlau - sd sdofo ad tdrfdlbb pbsjbjcib troabŪbcloib , adtdrfblcicgbo `cicsbtĊ ìl iujrĊrbid jiosbjd ad spdjboibtotd, uitbfdid

rdoibzĊrb œtbblŪb`bjd œb tdhlbjd ìl acfdlbui rdspdjtbv.

OJIBFOQBUO^DO [DȘQDITB ‚ bltrcaujdrdo ìltr-ul nozblpbsjbjci o uldb spdjbb ad pdœtd, prcvdlbtĊ abl oitĊ zclĊ gdcgro`bjĊ

œb jord lu o vbdȝubt lbjbcaotĊ ìl nozblui rdspdjtbv. Ojibfotbzordo sdjorojtdrbzdozĊ lu lufob prbl suprovbdŪubrdo œb rdprcaujdrdoblabvbzbicr bltrcauœb aor œb prbl adzvcitordo lcrfoiĊ oadsjdladlȝbicr ìl jclabŪbbid lcb ad fdabu.

OJCFCAO^D ‚ oaoptonbibtotdo crgolbsfuiub io jclabŪbbid lcbad fdabu.

OJPOQBJ ‚ fdabui `crfot abl opĊ ìl jord sd ads`ĊœcorĊ prcjdsd`bzbjd, jhbfbjd œb nbcicgbjd jord jclstbtubd œb fdabui ad vboŪĊpdltru c portd spdjb`bjĊ ad ìcrĊ œb òulĊ.

OAÎLJBFDO O[DB ‚ ab`drdlŪo abltrd jcto io jord sd oìĊ cgiblaoopdb œb ùlaui bozuiub, hdidœtduiub, iojuiub, rîuiub.

OD^ ‚ fdabui `crfot abl ofdstdj ad gozd (ozct 78%, cxbgdl >?%

œb oi. ?%) jord `crfdozĊ stroturbid bl`drbcord oid otfcs`drdb.


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ODÔ^D ‚ ìfncgĊŪbrdo opdb abl nozbldid pbsjbjcid ju cxbgdlprbl ab`drbtd fdtcad5

- odrordo nbcicgbjĊ ‚ stbfuiordo adzvcitĊrbb `btcpioljtcluiubjord ìl rdzuitotui `ctcsbltdzdb ìfncgĊŪdȒtd fdabui ojvotbj jucxbgdl œb sd d`djtudozĊ prbl jurĊŪbrdo ghdŪbb ad zĊpoaĊ jord

ìfpbdabjĊ pĊtruladrdo rozdicr sciord ìl opĊ œb osbgurĊ adzvcitordo ̀ btcpioljtcluiub=- odrordo jhbfbjĊ ‚ prdvdad bltrcaujdrdo ìl opĊ o rdogdlŪbicrspdjboib jord bltdrojŪbclîla ju sunstolŪdid abzcivotd ìl opĊ œb

ìl stord ad suspdlsbd dibfblĊ cxbgdl. Ost`di ad rdojtbvd sult5jcfpuœbb ad joijbu, norbu, opĊ cxbgdlotĊ, pdrcxcsuiùrot adofclbu. Opibjordo ojdstcr rdojtbvd sd oafbtd lufob ju

rdjcfolaordo spdjboibstuiub ‚ hbarcjhbfbst aupĊ jcltrciuirdgbfuiub hbarcjhbfbj oi nozbluiub. Ost`di, io bltrcaujdrdo ìlopĊ o 1,4 mg ad cxba ad joijbu sd dibfblĊ ? mg ad cxbgdl,`crfîlau-sd 1,4 mg ad hbarcxba ad joijbu (vor stbls). Iobltrcaujdrdo o ?1.: mg pdrcxcsuiùrot ad ofclbu sd dibfblĊ ?mg ad cxbgdl `crfîlau-sd 8,: mg suiòt ad ofclbu jord dstdutbibzot ad `btcpioljtcl stbfuiîlau-b adzvcitordo=- odrordo fdjolbjĊ ‚ dstd jdo fob ojjdsbnbiĊ fdtcaĊ `ĊrĊ

urfĊrb ldgotbvd supibfdltord sb sd d`djtudozĊ ju oeutcruijcpjbicr jord sd òj ìl `crfĊ ad ibtdro I ju iulgbfdo ad > ‚ : fœb iĊŪbfdo ?,4 ‚ > f. Jcpjbid sd jurĊŪĊ zbilbj ad ghdoŪĊ,ojcpdrblau-id ju stu` sou pobd. Ad cnbjdb io ul hdjtor sd òj 1 ‚ 4 jcpjb= ‚ `cicsbrdo pcfpdicr fdjolbjd/didjtrbjd ju oeutcruijĊrcro, prbltr-c jclaujtĊ ad onscrnŪbd bltrcausĊ ìltr-c jcpjĊopo sd pcfpdozĊ œb prbl jclaujto ad bdœbrd pĊtrulad ìltr-ul

eghdon jcl`djŪbclot abl idfl ìl jord dstd ìlgicnotĊ c sjorĊ

(trdptd) ad odrord, oœdzot pd ghdoŪĊ sb dstd abrdjŪbclot sprd coitĊ jcpjĊ= ‚ ju pcfpordo odruiub ìl jclaujtd pdr`crotdoœdzotd adosupro ùlauiub nozbluiub (?4 ‚ >; jf)= ‚ ju oeutcruifctcordicr suspdlaonbid jord sd blstoidozĊ ìl jcpjbardptulghbuiord (7 ‚ 8 f x > ‚ : f)= sd fob pcotd odro œb ju oitdfbeicojd ojŪbclotd foluoi sou ju oeutcrui olbfoidicr adtrojŪbuld.


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ODÔQC^ ‚ blstoioŪbd jord ospbrĊ opo abl nozbldid pbsjbjcid œbopcb sd puivdrbzdozĊ sou c ogbtĊ bltdls io suproòŪĊ pdltru o puldopo ìl jcltojt ju odrui pdltru ìfncgĊŪbrdo ojdstdbo ju cxbgdl. Zd`cicsdœtd ìl fca cnibgotcrbu aojĊ jclŪblutui ad cxbgdl scivbt ìlopĊ sjoad io 1 fg/i.

OG^DZBPBQOQDO O[DB ‚ prcprbdtotdo opdb œb o sunstolŪdicrabzcivotd ìl do ad o otojo jhbfbj ab`drbtd fotdrboid, abstrugîlau-id.

OINBLBZFTI [DȘQBIC^ ‚ jcicrbtui adsjhbs oi pdœtbicr œb bjrdicrabl jouzo ibpsdb pbgfdltuiub - fdiolblĊ. Oinblcœbb sd ìltîildsj iosturbclb, jbprblbad, guvbzb, sbiurbad œb io oitd spdjbb.

OIDPBL ‚ pub ad pdœtd ìl prbfdid zbid ad adzvcitord ìl pdrbcoaoabltrd rdscrnŪbo sojuiub vbtdibl œb oporbŪbo scizbicr.

OIGD ‚ adlufbrdo ulub grup ad pioltd ojvotbjd bl`drbcord adjuicord vdrad, nrulĊ sou rcœbd, `ctcsbltdtbzoltd ju jcrp vdgdtotbvldab`drdlŪbot ìl tuipblĊ œb `rulzd. Pbdȝubdsj ìl opdid auijb, sĊrotd œb ìlicjurbid ufdad ad pd usjot. Oigdid ìl stord ad suspdlsbd abl grcsui

opdb jclstbtubd - `btcpioljtclui, bor ojdido jord sd ìltîildsj pdsunstrot jclstbtubd - `btcndltcsui. Onuladlto oigdicr pioljtclbjdprcvcojĊ ,,ìlìcrbrdo‖ opdb. Ou c bfpcrtolŪĊ lutrbtbvĊ foecrĊ pdltrunozbldid pbsjbjcid œb sult jcfpcldlto prbljbpoiĊ ìl prcaujŪboprbforĊ o nozbldicr pbsjbjcid.

OIGBJBAD ‚ pdstbjbad `cicsbtd pdltru jcfnotdrdo ,, ìlìcrbrbb‖opdb. Ìl pbsjbjuiturĊ ìl joibtotd ad oigbjbad sd `cicsdœtd suiòtui ad

jupru (pbotro vîlĊtĊ) œb tdtrofblsuì otui ad jupru.

OIBFDLQO^DO JT O[Ď ‚ prcjdadu ad joptord, trolspcrtord œbabstrbnubrd o opdb ad io sursĊ io jclsufotcrb prbl bltdrfdabuiulcr ogrdgotd sou blstoioŪbb spdjboid.

OFDIBCÔ^D NBCICGBJĎ ‚ jcfpidxui ad fĊsurb d`djtuotd ìl sjcpui ìfnulĊtĊŪbrbb jcfpczbŪbdb bhtbcòuldb œb jrdœtdrbb

pdœtdiub5 pdsjubtui roŪbcloi oi spdjbbicr voicrcosd œb pdsjubtui


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sdidjtbv oi spdjbbicr djclcfbj ldvoicrcosd= òvcrbzordordprcaujdrbb spdjbbicr voicrcosd œb adòvcrbzordo ìlfuiŪbrbbspdjbbicr ldvoicrcosd, bltrcaujdrdo (pcpuiordo) pdœtbicr rĊpbtcrb (ȒoiĊu, ȒtbujĊ, scfl) `btcògb (jcsoœui - pdltru rdgidfdltordo œbjcfnotdrdo fojrc`btdicr, sîlgdrui-pdltru rdgidfdltordoadzvcitĊrbb `btcpioljtcluiub) Ȓb sjcbjorui - pdltru jcfnotdrdofciuœtdicr.

OFDLOEĎ^B [BZJBJCID ‚ iujrĊrb hbarctdhlbjd d`djtuotdpdltru ìfnulĊtĊŪbrdo jclabŪbbicr ad pdsjubt, pĊstrordo Ȓbofdibcrordo ulub `cla pbsjbjci Ȓb pcotd `b ìl rdgbf abrbeot ì l zcldspdjboi jclstrubtd (hdidœtdbd Ȓb bozurb ju zcld blulaonbid, stoŪbb adrdprcaujdrd ortb`bjboiĊ œb blstoioŪbb ad vbvbdrd ìctonbid adstblotdrdprcaujdrbb œb jrdœtdrbb pdœtbicr œb oitcr vbdŪubtcord ojvotbjd) crb ì lrdgbf loturoi.

OFDLAO^DO (QÔQO^DO) JT PO^ ‚ fĊsurĊ ad ofdibcrordœb ìltrdŪbldrd ìl stord nulĊ o bozurbicr œb hdidœtdbdicr prbl

ìfprĊœtbdrdo voruiub pd ùlaui nozbluiub sou pd opĊ jordjcltrbnubd io ldutroibzordo idgĊturbicr ojbad œb fbldroibzordo

sunstolŪdicr crgolbjd. Zd pcotd opibjo œb pdltru adzbl`djŪbobozurbicr œb hdidœtdbdicr. Porui ldstbls (JoC) sou vorui stbls(Jo(CH)>) sd vo bltrcaujd oluoi ìl nozbldid ju pH6 7 ‚ 8 œbstrotui ad lĊfci sun ?; ‚ ?4 jf ìl joltbtotd ad :;; mg/ho bor ìlnozbldid pbsjbjcid ju pH67 ‚ 8 œb strotui ad lĊfci pdstd ?4 jf ‚ 1;; mg/ho.

OFBLCOJBUB ‚ ojbzb crgolbjb ìl strujturo jĊrcro sult ulo sou

acuĊ ofblc-grupd (LH>) œb grupd jorncxbid (JCCH).Ofblcojbzbb bltrĊ ìl jcfpcldlŪo tuturcr prctdbldicr, `drfdlŪbicr œb o ulcr hcrfclb.

OFCLBOJ (LH:) ‚ goz bljcicr ju fbrcs spdjb`bj, ìlŪdpĊtcr. ÌlpbsjbjuiturĊ ìl joibtotd ad ìlgrĊœĊfîlt ozctcs sd `cicsdœtdofclbojui ibjhba jord jclŪbld 8>,:% ‚ ozct œb ofclbojui opcs jordjclŪbld ?0 ‚ >;% ozct. Ofclbojui opcs sd `cicsdœtd pdltru

ìlgrĊœordo nozbldicr pbsjbjcid œb pdltru jcfnotdrdo ncibicr


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pdœtbicr. Ofclbojui ibndr ìl opo nozbldicr pbsjbjcid œb ìl sîlgdidpdœtbicr dstd ctrĊvbtcr. JFO (jcljdltroŪbo foxbfĊ oafbsbnbiĊ)pdltru opĊ dstd ad ;,;4 ‚ ;,?fg/i.

O[O ‚ ibjhba bljcicr, `ĊrĊ fbrcs œb `ĊrĊ gust. Opo io tdfpdroturoad ;;J trdjd abl stord ibjhbaĊ ìl stord scibaĊ sun `crfĊ ad ghdoŪĊfĊrblau-œb vciufui ju ?;%, advdlbla fob uœcorĊ prblfbjœcrordo grdutĊŪbb spdjb`bjd. AotcrbtĊ ojdstcr portbjuiorbtĊŪbghdoŪo lu sd sjuùlaĊ, ‚ piutdœtd io suproòŪo opdb.

O[Ď ATIJD ‚ opĊ jord ord ul jclŪblut ad sĊrurb sun ;,4 g/i.

O[Ď ZOIFOZQ^Ď ‚ opĊ ad ford ju ul jclŪblut rdaus ad sĊrurb(ìltrd ;,4 ‚ >1 g/i).

O[Ď ZĎÔQĎ ‚ opĊ ad ford ju ul groa rbabjot ad soiblbtotd(pdstd >1 g/i).

O[D ^DUBATOID ([CITOQD) ‚ rdzuitotd abl `cicsbrdo icr ìlsjcpurb blaustrboid, fdloedrd œb opdid abl adpuldrbid otfcs`drbjdjord sd sjurg pd tdrdlurb pciuotd ìljĊrjotd ju fotdrbb œb sunstolŪdpciuoltd ad loturĊ fbldroiĊ, crgolbjĊ, nbcicgbjĊ sou nojtdrbolĊ.

OZOLO^D ‚ cpdroŪbulb hbarcofdibcrotbvd prbl jord sd dibfblĊdxjdsui ad ufbabtotd abltr-c zclĊ ncgotĊ ìl opĊ.

OZ@BXBO [DZQDITB ‚ stord ad su`cjord œb pbdbrd o pdœtdiub abljouzo ibpsdb sou o uldb joltbtĊŪb rdausd ad cxbgdl scivbt ìl opĊ.

OPĎ ‚ uldoitĊ ad pdsjubt `crfotĊ abltr-c `îœbd ad piosĊ œb acuĊsbrdjurb.

OPBQOFBLCUO [DŜQBIC^ ‚ ncoiĊ jord opord ìl jozurbidjclsufuiub ìladiulgot o ùroedicr ortb`bjboid sĊrojd ìl vbtofbld œbblsu`bjbdlŪo hroldb loturoid vbb. Zd ìlrdgbstrdozĊ adsdcrb ìlpbsjbjuituro bltdlsbvĊ.


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NOHLĎ ‚ zclĊ fcjbricosĊ, fiĊœtblcosĊ ojcpdrbtĊ ju vdgdtoŪbdspdjb`bjĊ (bornĊ, stu`, popurĊ).

NOIQĎ ‚ nozbl pbsjbjci loturoi ju oaîljbfb sun > f œb jusuproòŪĊ vorbonbiĊ jord sd `crfdozĊ ìl adprdsbulbid loturoid pdtdrdlurbid blulaonbid œb dstd ìl jcfulbjord tdfpcrorĊ soupdrfoldltĊ ju oinbo uldb opd jurgĊtcord.

NOÔE ‚ jclstrujŪbd abl pĊfîlt, ndtcl, pbotrĊ sou idfl abspusĊtrolsvdrsoi pd `brui ulub jurs ad opĊ, ìl sjcpui rdŪbldrbb opdb io ulolufbt lbvdi.

NOQBFDQ^T ‚ blstrufdlt pdltru fĊsurordo oaîljbfbb opdb ìlnozbldid ojvotbjd.

NOQCFDQ^T ‚ blstrufdlt pdltru prdidvordo prcndicr ad opĊad io ab`drbtd oaîljbfb.

NOUBL [BZJBJCI ‚ tdrdl ojcpdrbt ad opĊ jo urford o ìlabgubrbbsou norĊrbb uldb opd jurgĊtcord crb ìl adprdsbulb (vĊb), adibfbtotad foiurb loturoid sou ortb`bjboid - hdidœtdbd, bozurb ulad pctvbdȝub jrdstd œb sĊ sd rdprcaujĊ pdœtbb, œb oiȝb hbarcnbclȝb.

NDLQCZ ‚ tctoibtotdo crgolbsfdicr jord pcpuidozĊ ùlaui opdb œbsd abvbzdozĊ ìl vdgdtoi (`btcndltcs) œb olbfoi (zccndltcs).

@btcndltcs5?. [opurĊ >. Jbufo-opdicr:. ZĊgdoto opdb 1. Lu`Ċr 4-0. NrcsjĊrb ȝĊ 7. Jcscr


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Uccndltcs5

?. Ibfldd cnb ȒlubtĊ= >. JĊpu ȒĊ ad noitĊ=:. [urbjd ad opĊ = 1. FĊgĊru Ȓ ad opĊ=

4. IorvĊ ad tîl ȝ or= 0. IorvĊ ad d`dfdrĊ = 7. IorvĊ ad pidjcptdrĊ= 8. Gîlaoj ad opĊ= 2. IorvĊ ad gîlaoj ad opĊ= ?;. Gclbtcrbu= ??. JcrlĊ ȝor= ?>. IorvĊ ad caclotd (ibndiuiĊ) ?:. JhbrclcfbaĊ

NĎB JTÔQBP-[^C@BIOJQBJD [DLQ^T [DZQB ‚ sd opibjĊpdltru jcfnotdrdo ncibicr io pdœtb œb ìl sjcpurb prc`biojtbjd. Ìl

sjcpurb prc`biojtbjd sd opibjĊ nĊb ìl sciuŪbd ju sord ad nujĊtĊrbd jujcljdltroŪbo ad 4% (io ?;; i opĊ sd abzcivĊ 4 mg sord ad nujĊtĊrbd)pd c aurotĊ ad 4 fblutd pdltru pubdtui ad jrop œb joros jugrdutotdo ad pdstd ?; g/dx. [ubdtui ju grdutotdo ad pîlĊ io ?; g/dx. pd c aurotĊ ad ?; ‚ ?4 fbl. œb jcljdltroŪbo ‚ >,4%.Qdfpdroturo sciuŪbdb pcotd vorbo ad io 4;J pîlĊ io ?2;J (iotdfpdroturb fob fbjb ad 4;J lu sd abstrug tcŪb porozbŪbb bor iotdfpdroturb fob forb ad ?2;J pdœtdid pcotd pbdrb). ZciuŪbo sd

prdgĊtdœtd ìl rdjbpbdltd abl idfl, fotdrboid piostbjd crb abl pîlzĊbfpdrfdonbiĊ. Ìl nĊbid ad ofclboj (;,?% sciuŪbd opcosĊ) jutdfpdroturĊ ?2;J ‚ >;;J pdœtdid sd Ūbld tbfp ad :; sdj. NĊbid juidvcfdjbtblĊ sd opibjĊ ìl jozurbid jîla ìl hdidœtdbd/bozurb pdœtbbsult o`djtoŪb ad drbtrcadrfotbtĊ. Ad acuĊ crb pd ol (prbfĊvoro

ìlobltd ad pcpuiordo ìl hdidœtdbd ad jrdœtdrd œb tcoflo ìlobltd adoi bltrcaujd io bdrlot) sd òj nĊb ju idvcfdjbtblĊ (:;; fg io ulibtru opĊ abl hdidœtdu). Idvcfdjbtblo sd abzcivĊ ìl opĊ jutdfpdroturo (4;

‚ 44;J). Z

ciuŪbo cnŪblutĊ sd rĊjdœtd pîlĊ io 0 ‚

8;J, opcb sd bltrcauj ?4 ‚ >; pubdŪb ad c vorĊ (;+) ju grdutotdo >4 ‚ :; g/dx. ìltr-ul ibtru ad sciuŪbd pdltru jdi puŪbl 4 crd.

NBCFOZĎ ‚ foso hbarcnbclŪbicr, bljiusbv o pdœtbicr (bhtbcfosĊ),joijuiotĊ io c ulbtotd ad suproòŪĊ sou vciuf. Nbcfosozccpioljtcluiub sd joijuidozĊ ìltr-ul ?f: ad opĊ bor ozccndltcsuiub pd ul ?f>.


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NCIBID [DŜQBIC^ ‚ sd abstblg ncib bl`djŪbcosd prcvcjotd adnojtdrbb œb oitd crgolbsfd, ncib blvozbvd prcvcjotd ad porozbŪb fclcjdiuiorb - prctczcord, ncib porozbtord prcvcjotd ad hdifblŪb œbjrustojdb porozbŪb œb ncib ldbl`djŪbcosd ju dtbcicgbo ldjulcsjutĊ.Aboglcstbjordo ncibb sd ̀ ojd ad jĊtrd bhtbcpotcicgb.

Ncib trolsfbsbnbid (bl`dj ȝ bcosd)5

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Drbtrcadrfotbto

Ogdltui5 Nojtdrbbid gdlurbicr Odrcfclos,[sduacfclos, Ojhrcfcnojtdr sou vbrusui^honacvbrus jorpbc

Zbfptcfd5 @crfo ojutĊ ‚ ÌlcotĊ fciotbj iosuproòŪo, opdb. Onacfdlui ufìot, scizbznîribŪb, pd jcrp idzbulb jutolotd œb drbtdfd,cjhbb bdœbŪb abl crnbtd, rdùzĊ hrolo.@crfo jrclbjĊ ‚ [uljtd hdfcrogbjd pd jcrp,uijdrd fusjuic‚jutolotd ju forgbld oinĊ ‚ oinĊstrubd œb ùla rcœu, jrdœtdrdo

ìljdtbldœtd. Qrotofdlt5 Zd abstrbnubd ùroed ofdstdjotd

ju idvcfbjdtblĊ sou jicrof`dlbjci (jîtd ;,?4‚;,>4 fg/pdœtd) ju c olufbtĊjclsdjutbvbtotd ad hrĊlbrd. Zd abstrbnubd

ùroed ofdstdjotd ju oinostru ad fdtbidl (>,;‚4,; fg/pdœtd) ju c olufbtĊ jclsdjutbvbtotd ad hrĊlbrd. NĊb ju Ojtcfor ‚ N?;; (4; ‚ ?;; fi/f:, dxpczbŪbo ‚>crd).

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Adrfotcfbjczo

Ogdltui5 @ulgbb òfbibdb Zoprcidglbojdod

(Zoprcidglbo spp., Ojhiy ospp., Opholcfyjdsspp. dtj.)Zbfptcfd5 [d jcrp, ìlctĊtcord, nrolhbb œbgurĊ opor sfcjurb `biofdltcosd ju ospdjt

pu`cs (pîsiĊ) ad juicord oin‚furaorĊ, ìlct fciotbj, rdùzĊ hrolo. Zd cnsdrvĊdadfui œb ìlrcœbrdo tdgufdltuiub, fujczbtotd onuladltĊ œb ibpbrdo iofdidicrnrolhboid.Qrotofdlt5 NĊb ju sciuŪbd ad sord ad nujĊtĊrbd ldbcaotĊ ad 4% tbfp ad 4 fblutdsou ìl sciuŪbd ad ?% tbfp ad ?,4 crd. NĊb ju Ojtcfor ‚ N?;; (4; ‚ ?;; fi/f:,dxpczbŪbo ? ‚ > crd). NĊb ju sciuŪbd ad vdrad nrbibolt/jrbstoi vbcidt (>; fg/i, tbfp

ad ? crĊ). NĊb ju sciuŪbd ad `crfci (;,;>%, oabjĊ ?;; fg/i, tbfp ad :; fblutd).


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NĊb ju sciuŪbd ad jrcfot ad pctosbu M>JrC1 (;,?>4 ‚ ;,>4%, oabjĊ ?>4 ‚ >4;;fg/i, :; fblutd). Zjhbfnui opdb ìl nozbl Ȓb abfbluordo jclŪblutuiub dxjdsbv adsunstolŪĊ crgolbjĊ putrdsjbnbiĊ folbpuiordo otdltĊ o pdœtbicr, pdltru dxjiuadrdoòjtcrbicr jord rdauj rdzbstdlŪo pdœtbicr.

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Odrcjbstbto

Ogdltui5 [rctbstui jlbacspcrbabolZphodrcspcrordlbjcio , vbruœbb Hdrpdsvbrus œb^honacvbrus sou nojtdrbbid gdluiub

Odrcfclos, [sduacfclos, Ztrdptcjcjjus,Ztophyicjcjjus.Zbfptcfd5 Onacfdl ufìot, pdœtbb sdoaulĊ ìl jîraurb, ìlct fciotbj io suproòŪo

opdb, pbdrad djhbibnrui hbarcstotbj, rdùzĊhrolo œb siĊndœtd fuit. Pdzbjo ìlctĊtcorddstd blìofotĊ œb ldjrczotĊ. Qrotofdlt5 Zd abstrbnubd ùroed ofdstdjotdju oinostru ad fdtbidl (;,4 ‚ ?,; g/mgùroed), : ‚ 1 zbid io rîla, ju rdpdtord ad 1crb ju bltdrvoi ad ?; zbid. Zd abstrbnubdùroed ofdstdjotd ju jicrof`dlbjci

(idvcfbjdtblĊ) sou cxbtdtrojbjiblĊ (1; fg/mg pdœtd), 8 ‚ ?; zbid io rîla, ju >rdpdtĊrb io bltdrvoi ad ?; zbid. ^babjordo pH-uiub opdb pîlĊ io 8,4 ‚ 2,; prbl

abstrbnubrdo voruiub ldstbls sou voruiub stbls.

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Nrolhbcfbjczo

Ogdltui5 @ulgbb gdluiub Nroljhbcfyjd

Zbfptcfd5 Ogdltui sd icjoibzdozĊ ìl vosdidsolgubld oid nrolhbbicr. [dœtbb sd oaulĊ ìljîraurb io suproòŪo opdb, pd iîlgĊ foiurb œbiîlgĊ joloidid œb gîridid ad oibfdltord juopĊ (aor lu ìlghbt odr!). ^dùzĊ hrolo,

jrdœtdrdo ìljdtdozĊ. Nrolhbbid sultblìofotd, sîlgdrîlad œb porȝboi ldjrczotd,(pcrŪbulb rcœu- ìljhbsd, grb-furaor, spcturboinbjbcosd nbld adibfbtotd, poid sou jdluœbb-vdrzub), c portd abl iofdid sult abstrusd sou

ofputotd (putrdzbrdo nrolhbbicr), iblbo forgbloiĊ o iofdidicr dstd ad`crfotĊ. Qrotofdlt5 ^babjordo pH-uiub opdb pîlĊ io 8,; ‚ 8,4 prbl ofdlaordo nozbldicr ju?4; ‚ >;; mg/ho vor ldstbls, tcotĊ joltbtotdo sd aczdozĊ œb sd abstrbnubd pd aurotoo > ‚ : zbid pd suproòŪo opdb. Poro, ofdlaordo opdb ju vor sd rdpdtĊ ad > ‚ : crb.Porui sd fob pcotd abstrbnub œb sun `crfĊ ad ioptd ad vor (vor stbls). Ìljdpîla ju

iulo fob, pd suproòŪo opdb sd ìfprĊœtbd > ‚ : mg/ho suiòt ad jupru, tbfp ad c


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iulĊ. Zd osbgurĊ adnbtui foxbfoi oi opdb, sd cptbfbzdozĊ adlsbtotdo ad pdœtb ìl nozbl, sd dxjiuad ojufuiordo ad fotdrboi crgolbj putrdsjbnbi, hrolo sdabstrbnubd ìl ibfbto jclsufuiub, sd sbstdozĊ ìlgrĊœordo opdb ju ìlgrĊœĊfbltd.

Ncib trolsfbsbnbid (blvozbvd)5

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Bhtbc`tbrbczo

Ogdltui5 [rctbstui jbibot - Bjhthycphthbrbusfuitb`bibbs Zbfptcfd5 [dœtbb sult ogbtoŪb œb sd oaulĊ

ìl jîraurb iîlgĊ joloidid ad oibfdltord ju

opĊ sou pd iîlgĊ foi. Zun tdgufdltui pbdibb œb ìl nrolhbb sd cnsdrvĊ fbjb lcauiboinb (osdfĊlĊtcord ju ncondid ad grbœ). Qrotofdlt5 NĊb ju sciuŪbb ad jcicrolŪb

crgolbjb sbltdtbjb (;,? ‚ ;,> fg/i) io tdfpdroturo opdb ;,? ‚ ?4;Я. NĊb ju Ojtcfor‚ N?;; (4; ‚ ?;; fi/f:, dxpczbŪbo ? ‚ > crd). ^babjordo pH-uiub pîlĊ io 8,4 ‚ 2,;prbl ofdlaordo nozbluiub pd supro`oŪo opdb ju vor ldstbls ‚ ?;;‚?4; mg/ho.

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Orguiczo

Ogdltui5 Jrustojddid abl gdlui OrguiusZbfptcfd5 [dœtbb sult dxjdsbv ad ogbtoŪb,pîlĊ io dpubzord. [orozbŪbb sd `bxdozĊ pdjcrpui pdœtbicr, sug sîlgd, prcvcjîla -idpiĊgb sîlgdrîlad. Ìl icjui ìlŪdpĊrbbgdldrdozĊ ul prcjds bl`iofotcrbu bltdls.[iĊgbid `crfotd sdrvdsj pĊtruladrbbbl`djŪbdb ìl crgolbsf. Qrotofdlt5 NĊb tbfp ad : ‚ 4 sdjulad ju

sciuŪbd ad ibzci ;,>% sou pdrfolgolot adpctosbu ;,;4%. [uivdrbzordo ìl acuĊdtopd o jicrc`csuiub ìl joltbtotd ad ?

g/:f: abrdjt ìl nozblui pbsjbjci œb rdpdtot aupĊ 1 sĊptĊfîlb. Ofdlaordonozblui pbsjbjci ju vor ldstbls (?;; ‚ ?4; mg/ho), ad > crb ju bltdrvoi ad >sĊptĊfîlb. NĊb ju Ojtcfor ‚ N?;; (4; ‚ ?;; fi/f:, dxpczbŪbo ? ‚ > crd).


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Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Idrldczo

Ogdltui5 Jrustojddid abl gdlui Idrlodo.[orozbŪb ju jcrp sunŪbrd, pîlĊ io >,> jf ìl

iulgbfd, ad juicord jo`dlbd sou grb-vdrzud.Zbfptcfd5 @dfdio porozbtuiub sd `bxdozĊju portdo oltdrbcorĊ ad jcrpui pdœtdiubulad opor hdfcrogbb, ldjrczd, uijdr rcœutundrjuiot œb ju jcltur ldrdguiot. Qrotofdlt5 [uivdrbzordo pd suproòŪo opdbo blsdjtbjbauiub jicrc`cs (jornc`cs) souoloicgbb icr5 jcljdltroŪbo ;,4 fg/i, : ‚ 1 crbju bltdrvoi ad ? ‚ > sĊptĊfîlb (io t; pîlĊ io>;;Я)= : ‚ 1 crb ìl `bdjord sĊptĊfîlĊ (io t;

pdstd >;;Я). NĊb ju Ojtcfor-N?;; (4; ‚?;;fi/f:, dxpczbŪbo ?‚> crd).

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Nctrbcjdòiczo

Ogdltui5 Jdstcao (vbdrfd piot)Ncthrbcjdphoius ojhdbicglothb. Ord jcrpui adjuicord oinĊ, sdgfdltot, ?4-:: jf iulgbfdœb :-1 ff iĊŪbfd. Gozao bltdrfdaborĊ ‚ jrustojddid (jbjicpbb).

Zbfptcfd5 Hdifbltui sd gĊsdœtd ì lbltdstbl. [dœtdid o`djtot advbld opotbj, ordonacfdl noiclot œb abgdstbd adrdgiotĊ, rĊujclsufĊ hrolo, ì lcotĊ iîlgĊ foi, siĊndœtd

vbzbnbi.Qrotofdlt5 Oafblbstrordo ad ùroed ju jbprblcjdstblĊ, jord jclŪbld ?% ad`dlosoi, aczo ;,;0 - ;,> g/pdœtd.Oafblbstrordo ad ùroed ju Mofoio ì l aczĊ ad ;,? g/pdœtd ad ul ol sou ;,4-?,;g/pdœtd oauit. Oafblbstrordo ad ùroed ju `dlctbozblĊ (;,? g/pdœtd).

Ncib ldtrolsfbsbnbid (ldbl`dj ȝ bcosd)5

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Adrdgiordofdtoncibsfuiub io jcsoœ

Ogdltui5 Ad`bjbtui sou ibpso hroldb vdgdtoidœb jclsufui ìladiulgot oi ùroedicrjcfnblotd œb œrcturbicr.Zbfptcfd5 Opord ju prdpcladrdlŪĊ ìl

sdzcoldid rdjb. Ncoio adjurgd jrclbj. [dœtbb


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fĊlîljĊ nbld, aor advbl fciotbjb sou oablofbjb, jcicrbtui jcrpuiub sd stblgd,sd cnsdrvĊ fĊrbrdo pĊrŪbb oltdrbcord o onacfdluiub œb spĊiĊjbrdo juicrbbnrolhbbicr. Abl jouzo adgdldrĊrbb ibpbabjd œb jbrctbjd o `bjotuiub (`bjot goindl œbfĊrbt, abiotordo vdzbjbb nbibord) rbtfui ad jrdœtdrd ìljdtbldœtd.

Qrotofdlt5 Ìlicjubrdo ùroeuiub ortb`bjboi ju hrolĊ vdgdtoiĊ loturoiĊ. Dvbtordosupro‚pcpuiĊrbb, adlsbtotdo pcpuiĊrbb ju jcsoœ sd joijuidozĊ rdbdœbla ablonuladlŪo vdgdtoŪbdb ojvotbjd ìl hdidœtdu.

Adlufbrdo ncibb5 Nrolhbcldjrczo

Ogdltui5 JclabŪbbid ldòvcronbid ad ìltrdŪbldrd - adnbtui fbj ad opĊ œb blsu`bjbdlŪosjhbfnĊrbb opdb, surpiusui ad fotdrboicrgolbj ìl opĊ, ad`bjbtui sbstdfotbj ad cxbgdl

scivbt, ojufuiordo ad ofclboj ibndr œb obclbicr ad ofclboj, vorboŪbbid pH-uiub(oijoiblbtotdo pdstd 8,> sou sprd ojbabtotd),pciuordo jhbfbjĊ, dxjdsui ad `btcpioljtcl œbonuladlŪo ad vdgdtoŪbd, stordo solbtorĊprdjorĊ, supropcpuiordo, suproùroeordo œb

supro ìlgrĊœordo nozbluiub.Zbfptcfd5 [dœtbb advbl oablofbjb, ogbtoŪb Ȓb fciotbjb, folb`dstĊ olcrdxbd,jrdœtdrdo ìljdtbldœtd, sd ogicfdrdozĊ ìl zcldid joloidicr œb gîridicr adoibfdltord ju opĊ jhbor œb jîla jclŪblutui ad cxbgdl scivbt dstd ìl lcrfĊ, dstd

oaus ad voiurb io foi ulad pbdrd. Cpdrjuibb adsjhbœb, nrolhbdid blìofotd, adjuicord poiĊ (nrulĊ-oinbjbcosĊ) ju abstrugdrdo œb ofputordo iofdidicr(putrdzbrdo nrolhbbicr).

Qrotofdlt5 Zd abstrbnubd ulb`crf pd suproòŪo opdb, ? ‚ : crb pd iulĊ, vor stbls(?;; ‚ ?4; mg/ho), ost`di jo pH-ui sĊ otblgĊ voicordo 7,; ‚ 7,1. [rcjdauro sdrdpdtĊ ad 0 ‚ 8 crb ìl pdrbcoao ad vdgdtoŪbd. Ofdibcrordo joibtĊŪbb opdb prbldxjiuadrdo jouzdicr prbford ‚ fĊrbrdo foxbfoiĊ o adnbtuiub opdb, rdaujdrdovdgdtoŪbdb ìl dxjds, dvbtordo ìlgrĊœĊrbb ldjcltrciotd o nozbldicr œb ùroeĊrbbdxjdsbvd (ìl pdrbcoao ojutbzĊrbb ncibb did trdnubd sbstotd).

NCBŜQD ‚ icj (zclĊ) ulad sd ads`ĊœcorĊ rdprcaujdrdo loturoiĊ.Adlufbrdo pcpuiorĊ o rdprcaujdrbb loturoid o pdœtbicr.


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JOIBQOQDO O[DB ‚ stordo prcprbdtĊŪbicr `bzbjd, jhbfbjd,nbcicgbjd œb nojtdrbcicgbjd oid opdb jord osbguro jclabŪbbidòvcronbid ad rdprcaujdrd, adzvcitord œb jrdœtdrd o òuldbpbsjbjcid.

Jorojtdrbstbjo opdb abl hdidœtdbd œb bozurboafbsbnbiĊ pdltru jrdœtdrdo pdœtdiub

Lr/c. Blabjbb Cptbfoib Oafbsbnbib

? Juicordo (groad ) :; 4;

> QrolspordlŪo, jf 4; lu fob puŪblad 1;

: Cxbgdlui scivbt ìl opĊ,fg C>/i

lu fobpuŪbl ad 4

lu fob puŪblad 1

1 Qdfpdroturo opdb, ;J >>‚>8 :84 JNC4 (jclsufui nbcicgbj ad

cxbgdl) fg/i ?‚0 ?4

0 Ojbabtotdo, pH 0,8‚8,; lu fob puŪblad 0,4 œb lufob fuit ad

8,4

7 Cxbaonbibtotd fg C>/i - pdrfolgoloto

- nbjrcfotĊ

?;

:4‚7;

pîlĊ io :;

pîlĊ io ?;; 8 Aurbtotdo (groad)* ?;‚>; pîlĊ io 4; 2 Nbcxba ad jorncl fg/i ?;‚>; pîlĊ io >4 ?; Hbarcgdl suiùrot fg/i onsdlt onsdlt

?? Ofclboj fg/i onsdlt ;,;4

?> LbtrbŪb fg/i ;,;4 ;,??: LbtroŪb fg/i ?,;‚?,4 pîlĊ io >,; ?1 @bdr fg/i ?,;‚?,4 pîlĊ io >,; ?4 Ozct ad ofclbu fg/i pîlĊ io ?,; pîlĊ io >,4

* ?;

(ul groa jcrdspulad jclŪblutuiub ad ;,:0 fg-djv. ad joijbu œbfogldzbu ìltr -ul ibtru ad opĊ)

JOFĎLĎ ‚ cagclui ad io forgbldo ad ecs (piosd, ovd, sdtjb,vcicj, lĊvca) pd jord sd ìlœbrĊ grdutĊŪbid io blstrufdltdid adpdsjubt.

JOLGD ‚ prĊeblĊ jord io ul jopĊt ord ul jîribg œb sdrvdœtd ioogĊŪot pdœtbb prblœb ìl jîribgd sou oitd sjuid.


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JOLQBQOQDO OAFBZBNBIĎ [DLQ^T [DZJTBQ ‚ joltbtotdoad pdœtd jord sd pcotd sjcotd oluoi ost`di jo lufĊrui ad pdœtbldpdsjubŪb sĊ osbgurd prcaujŪbo pbsjbjciĊ pdltru olbb vbbtcrb.

JO[OJBQOQDO AD [^BLAD^D ‚ joltbtotdo ad pdœtd jord pcotd`b jopturotĊ ju c uldoitĊ ad pdsjubt io c sblgurĊ oruljord.

JO[OJBQOQDO LTQ^BQBPĎ ‚ voicordo lutrbtbvĊ o uldb opdpdltru pdœtb, dxprbfotĊ ìl ncgĊŪbo crgolbsfdicr jord jclstbtubdhrolo loturoiĊ o icr.

JO[QT^Ď ‚ joltbtotdo ad pdœtd œb oitd crgolbsfd ojvotbjdpdsjubtĊ.

JĎITGĎ^ ‚ jclstrujŪbd abl ndtcl jord sd d`djtudozĊ ìl noroeuihdidœtduiub pdltru fdlŪbldrdo ulub lbvdi jclstolt jît œbdvojuordo opdb ìl dxjds ìl tbfpui vbbturbicr sou pdltru vbaordonozbldicr.

Zjhdfo jĊiugĊruiub5? ‚ jĊiugĊrui pdltru dvojuordo opdb > ‚ jrdosto abguiub: ‚ voldtdid1 ‚ progui jcrpuiub vdrtbjoi

JHD^HOLO ‚ jiĊabrd rĊjcrcosĊ pdltru jcidjtordo, pĊstrordo,scrtordo œb jcfdrjboibzordo pdœtdiub.

JBJIT ZDXTOI ‚ tctoibtotdo prcjdsdicr jord sd pdtrdj ìltrd acuĊpdrbcoad ad rdprcaujdrd.


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JIC^T^Ď AD PO^ ‚ adzbl`djtolt grdu sciunbi ìl opĊ. Dstd ul pro` ad juicord oinĊ ju fbrcs ìlŪdpĊtcr œb ìl stord prcospĊtĊjclŪbld :> ‚ :4% ad jicr ojtbv.

JIC^T^B ‚ sĊrurb oid ojbauiub jicrhbarbj. Jdo fob rĊspîlabtĊ dstd jicruro ad lotrbu jord jclstbtubd oprcxbfotbv 77% abl tcotdsĊrurbid abl opo cjdolbjĊ. [dltru crgolbsfdid abl opdid auijbjicrurbid sult ctrĊvbtcord. Ìl pbsjbjuiturĊ sd `cicsdœtd opo ju uljclŪblut ad jicrurb pîlĊ io 4 g/i.

JCOAO NOUBLTITB [BZJBJCI ‚ portdo abl ofcltd onozbluiub pbsjbjci ofdloeotĊ ju blstoioȝbb spdjboid (piosĊ fdtoibjĊ) pdltru dvbtordo pĊtruladrbb pdȒtbicr djclcfbj ldvoicrcȒb.

JCD@BJBDLQTI AD ÌLG^ĎŜO^D ‚ jorojtdrbzdozĊ adzvcitordopdœtdiub œb sd adtdrfblĊ aupĊ `crfuio iub @uitcl5

6 g−?;;

: jord5

M‚ jcd`bjbdlt ad ìlgrĊœord=g ‚ grdutotdo pdœtdiub ìl grofd=i:‚ iulgbfdo pdœtdiub ad io vîrùi gurbb (ìljhbsĊ)

pîlĊ io s`îrœbtui ìlvdibœuiub scizcs ìl jf.

Jcd`bjbdltui ad ìlgrĊœord dstd vorbonbi, ìl adpdladlŪĊ ad spdjbd,rosĊ, vîrsto pdœtdiub, rbtfui ad adzvcitord, groaui ad foturoŪbd.Adzvcitordo cptbfĊ (lcrfoiĊ) o jropuiub dstd oprdjbotĊ(adtdrfblotĊ) prbl jcd`bjbdltui ad ìlgrĊœord M 6?,8.

JCD@BJBDLQTI AD ZT[ÔPBDŮTB^D ‚ joltbtotdo ad bjrd œb ad

pubdt abltr-ul nozbl pbsjbjci ldjdsord pdltru jo sĊsuprovbdŪubosjĊ ul dxdfpior ad vîrstĊ rdprcaujtbvĊ.

JCD@BJBDLQTI LTQ^BQBP ‚ dxprbfĊ joltbtotdo ad ùroed (mg) ldjdsord o `b jclsufotd ad jĊtrd pdœtd pdltru o sd cnŪbld ul spcrad jrdœtdrd ìl grdutotd ju ? mg. Ìl hdidœtdbdid œb bozurbid abl tcotdzcldid pbsjbjcid oid ^dpunibjbb Fciacvo jcd`bjbdltui lutrbtbv dstdad :,; ‚ 1,7 mg ùroed.


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JCZC^ ‚ pioltĊ ojvotbjĊ sunfdrsĊ jurĊaĊjblb sunŪbrb. Quipblo sunŪbrd œb iulgĊpîlĊ io > f œb rofb`bjĊrb ju `rulzd abvbzotdœb osjuŪbtd.

JCZBQCO^D FDJOLBJĎ - utbioe fdjolbjprdvĊzut ju ul sbstdf ad fbœjord rdjtbiblbd oitdrlotbvĊ soujbrjuiorĊ o juŪbtdicr blstoiotĊ pd c ofnorjoŪbuld jord ord ul fctcrpdltru adpiosordo ofnorjoŪbulbb œb pdltru ojŪbclordo absjurbicrad tĊbdrd. Zd `cicsdœtd io tĊbdrdo pioltdicr ojvotbjd adzvcitotddxjdsbv.

J^ÎZLBJ ‚ uldoitĊ ad pdsjubt `crfotĊ abltr-c piosĊ pĊtrotĊ juioturo ad ab`drbtd abfdlsbulb (fob ads ìltrd ?,4 f ‚ 1 f) jopdtdidjĊrdbo sd prbla ad jopdtdid o acuĊ lubdid ìlacbtd œb abspusd ìljrujd bor ìl icjui ìljrujbœĊrbb sd idogĊ c prĊeblĊ ad : ‚ 1 f.

J^DC@BI ‚ spdjbb ad crgolbsfd jord trĊbdsj ìl jclabŪbb ad iufblĊ

sjĊzutĊ.

J^BC@BI ‚ spdjbb ad crgolbsfd jord sd adzvcitĊ œb rdzbstĊ iotdfpdroturb sjĊzutd.


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AĎTLĎQC^BB ŜB ATŜFOLBB [DŜQBIC^ ‚ auœfolbb pdœtbicr trĊbdsj ìl fdabui ojvotbj sou ìl bfdaboto oprcpbdrd ad nozbldidpbsjbjcid5

Nuhobui ad noitĊ (gîlaoj ìlctĊtcr) - ìlcotĊbutd ìl opĊ, otojĊ pubdtui. Iorvdid ojdstubgîlaoj fuœjo pubdtui ad pdœtd, ìlŪdpîlajopui pdœtdiub œb bltrcaujîla ìl rolo`crfotĊ ctrovo jord sd `crfdozĊ io nozo`Ċijbb ad sus. [dœtdid poroibzot ad ctrovĊpbdrd. Z-o stonbibt jo iorvdid ojdstub gîlaoj

fĊlîljĊ fob fuit pubdt ad jrop adjît `crfdid foturd=

[icœlbŪo ad opĊ (blsdjtĊ) ‚ ìlcotĊ pd spotdio supro`oŪo opdb jord ord ul oj ctrĊvbtcr. JcljurdozĊ ìl oibfdltoŪbd ju pdœtbb. Juojui ctrĊvbtcr ìlŪdopĊ œb ujbad pdœtdid=

Ncui ad noitĊ (gîlaoj ad opĊ) œb iorvdid iubsult ìlctĊtcrb nulb ìl opĊ, otojĊ pubdtuiad pdœtd=

Ibndiuidid (blsdjtd) ‚ sult rĊpbtcrb œb rĊspîlabtd pd tcotĊ supro`oŪo

nozbldicr. OtojĊ pubdtui ad pdœtd. Iorîlaui icr iorvdid ibndiuidicr sultjclsufotd ad pubdtui ad pdœtd ìl adcsdnbad pubdtui ad œtbujĊ=

Nrcoœtdid œb fcrfcicjbb ‚ abstrug bjrdid œbfĊlîljĊ pubdtui ad pdœtd. Fcrfcicjbb

jcljurdozĊ ìl oibfdltoŪbd ju pdœtbb, jclsufîla ìl joltbtĊŪb forb

zccpioljtclui œb blsdjtdid ad opĊ=


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Nrcoœtdid Ūdstcosd trbtclbb œb œdrpbb ‚ ìl oòrĊ ad blsdjtd œb vbdrfb ìljoltbtĊŪb forb abstrug œb pdœtbb=

[ĊsĊrbid5 [dsjĊruœui ‚ pdrfoldlt sd oìĊ pdnozbldid ojvotbjd, sd fdlŪbl ìl stciurb œbjclsufĊ c joltbtotd ford ad pdœtd œb dstdtrolsfbŪĊtcrui fuitcr ncib oid pdœtbicr=[dsjĊruœui fbj (oinostru) ‚ dstd pdrbjuicspdltru jrop=

@ulaojui fcŪot (Jcrjcadiui ford) ‚ sd

hrĊldœtd ju pubdtui ad pdœtd, blsdjtd,fciuœtd œb ju hrolĊ vdgdtoiĊ=

Jcrfcrolui œb [dibjolui -sd hrĊldsj lufob ju pdœtd œb sult `cortd hrĊpĊrdŪb.

JclsufĊ pîlĊ io > mg adpdœtd pd zb.

Ztîrjui ‚ foecrbtotdo tbfpuiub sd oìĊ pdopĊ œb jclsufĊ `cortd fuit pdœtd, ìl

adcsdnb pubdt. Dstd trolsfbŪĊtcrui fuitcrncib blvozbvd=

ôŪo ‚ jclsufĊ pubdtui ad pdœtd=


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Fofb`drdid5

Pbaro, jhb ȝ jolui ad opĊ , œcnciolui ad opĊ ‚ sd ìltîildsj oprcopd ìltcotd nozbldid. Abstrug bjrdid œb pubdtui. OtojĊ Ȓb dxdfpiordid forbfîljîlau-id lufob jrdbdrui œb cjhbb.

AÎ^FCU ‚ ornust ju `rulzd iotd œb `rujtd ìl `crfĊ ad ncondrcœbb-ldgrbjbcosd iĊstorbb jĊrubo sd `cicsdsj io jcl`djŪbclordovîrœdicr, jcœurbicr, idsdicr, spdbdicr.

ADQ^BQTZ ‚ portbjuid ad prcvdlbdlŪĊ crgolc-fbldroiĊ oìotd ìlstord ad suspdlsbd ìl opd sou pd ùlaui opdicr pd jord sdjcljdltrdozĊ nojtdrbbid œb sdrvdœtd jo hrolĊ pdltru hbarcnbclŪbbadtrbtcògb.

ADPD^ZC^ ‚ ofdloeord hbarctdhlbjĊ pdltru dvojuordo abrbeotoo opdb ad vbbturĊ pd io suproòŪĊ abl nozbldid io jord noroedid sultjoijuiotd pdltru fdlŪbldrdo ulub olufbt lbvdi ad opĊ. [cotd `bjclstrubt abl pĊfîlt, pbotrĊ, ndtcl sou idfl œb dstd oijĊtubt abltr-c gurĊ ad joptord œb ul joloi adsjhbs pdltru dvojuordo ropbaĊ oadnbtdicr. Ad cnbjdb sd ofpiosdozĊ io ulo abl dxtrdfbtĊŪbidnoroeuiub sou ìl oòro iub.

Zjhdfo abvdrscruiub5? ‚ prog> ‚ jrdosto abguiub


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ADUBL@DJQOLŮB ‚ sunstolŪd opibjotd pdltru adzbl`djtordo œbadzblvozbo hdidœtdbdicr, sjuidicr ad pdsjubt, blvdltoruiub,ofnoioeuiub œb oitcr cnbdjtd utbibzotd. Jo adzbl`djtolŪb sd opibjĊvorui ldstbls, jicruro ad vor, hbpcjicrbtui ad joijbu, `crfciui,scao joustbjĊ, adtdrgdlŪbb œb o.

ADUBL@DJŮBD ‚ ìlĊnuœbrdo, abstrugdrdo (ibjhbaordo) ogdlŪbicrpotcgdlb ob ncibicr bl`djŪbcosd ìl fdabui ofnbolt oi pdœtbicr(bltrcaujdrdo adzbl`djtolŪbicr, prdiujrordo tdrfbjĊ, hdibctdropbd,broabdrdo ju rozd œb opibjordo oitcr fĊsurb vdtdrblorc‚solbtord adjcfnotdrd o ncibicr œb o aĊulĊtcrbicr pdœtbicr).

ABZJTI ZDJJHB ‚ abspczbtbvoijĊtubt abltr-ul absj fdtoibj sou`obolȝĊ ad juicord oinĊ ju abofdtruiad >;-:; jf otîrlot ad c s`corĊgroaotĊ pdstd `bdjord ?; jf. Zd`cicsdœtd pdltru adtdrfblordoturnbabtĊŪbb.

ADUBLPOUBD ‚ ìlĊnuœbrdo œb abstrugdrdo porozbŪbicr pdœtbicr œbgozadicr bltdrfdabord oid ojdstcro prbl d`djtuordo fĊsurbicrpbsjbjcic‚ofdibcrotbvd œb vdtdrblorc-solbtord.

A^CEABD AD ND^D ‚ arceabo ad ndrd œb rĊfĊœbŪdid prcvdlbtd ablprcjdsui ad `drfdltoŪbd o ndrbb jord ord ul jclŪblut spcrbt ad

prctdbld (jbrjo - 4; ‚ 4:%), vbtofbld abl jcfpidxui N œb ad `cs`cr,sd utbibzdozĊ ìl stord usjotĊ jo supibfdlt io hrĊlbrdo bl lutrbȝbojropuiub.


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DIDFDLQD NBCGDLD ‚ didfdltdid jhbfbjd jord ìltrĊ ìljcfpcldlŪo sunstolŪdicr nbcgdld5 hbarcgdl, cxbgdl, jorncl, ozct,`cs`cr, joijbu, sbibjbu, `bdr, œb o. Ìl pbsjbjuiturĊ sun tdrfdlui,,Didfdltd nbcgdld‖ sd sunìlŪdidgd ad cnbjdb `cs`crui œb ozctui ìlab`drbtd jcfnbloŪbb.

DFN^BCL ‚ crgolbsf tîlĊr ìl prbfdid stoabb ad adzvcitord ad io`djulaordo cvuiuiub pîlĊ io `crfordo adpiblĊ o crgoldicr.

D^BJ (joloi ad idgĊturĊ) ‚ joloi loturoi sou ortb`bjboi jordpdrfbtd trdjdrdo pdœtbicr abltr-c noitĊ ìl oito, abl `iuvbb œb rîurb ìliojurb œb nĊiŪb sou blvdrs.

D^T[ŮBD LT[ŮBOIĎ ‚ fbjb lcauib jcrlcœb ad juicord oinĊabspuȒb ìl sdrbb pd jop, jcrp œb ìlctĊtcord io Jbprblbad. Ìl spdjboiopor io fosjuib ìl tbfpui rdprcaujdrbb.

DT^B@OGD - crgolbsfd jord jclsufĊ ul lufĊr ford œb vorbotad spdjbb.

DT^BQD^FD - crgolbsfd jord supcrtĊ vorboŪbb forb adtdfpdroturĊ o fdabuiub vbtoi.

DTQ^C@BUO^D ‚ ojŪbuldo ad ìfnĊtrîlbrd o uldb opd stĊtĊtcordjorojtdrbzotĊ prbl ojufuiordo fîiuiub ìl stroturb grcosd pd`ulaui nozbluiub ojvotbj ju jclŪblut spcrbt ad sunstolŪd crgolbjd,jord prcvcojĊ adzvcitordo onuladltĊ o crgolbsfdicr vbb œb io

pciuordo opdb.


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@OJQC^BB ONBCQBJB OB FDABTITB OFNBOLQ [DLQ^T[DŜQB ‚ jclabŪbb `bzbjc-jhbfbjd cptbfoid oid fdabuiub ofnboltpdltru pdœtb sd jclsbadrĊ5 ?) ^dgbfui tdrfbj ‚ aojĊ adzvcitordocrgolbsfuiub (ad io bjrd pîlĊ io ìfnĊtrîlbrd) sd ads`ĊœcorĊlcrfoi. >) ^dgbfui gozcs ‚ jclabŪbbid jord osbgurĊ rdspbroŪbolcrfoiĊ o crgolbsfuiub (jclŪblutui ad cxbgdl abzcivot ìl opĊ,nbcxbaui ad jorncl œb ibpso hbarcgdluiub suiùrot œb o oitcr gozd).:) Zoiblbtotdo opdb ‚ jclŪblutui ad sĊrurb ìl opĊ (ìl fca spdjboi ojicrurbicr). 1) ZunstolŪd tcxbjd ‚ òjtcr ldacrbt. 4) Blabjdidhbarcgdlbj ‚ fĊrbfdo cptbfoiĊ o pH-iub jord osbgurĊads`Ċœurordo lcrfoiĊ o prcjdsdicr nbcicgbjd abl opĊ.

@OJQC^BB JIBFOQBJB ‚ jbjiui ad dxpicotord, fdtcadid œbtdhlcicgbbid ad jrdœtdrd œb ìlgrĊœordo pdœtdiub urfdozĊ o `bopibjotd ìl ùljŪbd ad zcldid ad ofpiosord o nozbldicr pbsjbjcid œbjclabŪbbid jibfotbjd5 tdfpdroturo ‚ ìl ùljŪbbid ad voicrbid tdfpdroturbicr fdabb ìlpdrbcoao ad vdgdtoŪbd sd oprdjbozĊ spdjbbid ad pdœtb jord vcr ovdojdo fob nulĊ adzvcitord. Dvoiuordo tdfpdroturbicr prbfĊvoro,

voro œb tcoflo vo adtdrfblo prcjdsui ad jrdœtdrd o pdœtdiub(blulaordo œb vbaordo hdidœtdbdicr, pdrbcoao rdprcaujdrbb, oipcpuiĊrbicr, pdrbcoao ad lutrbȝbd). Qdfpdroturbid ad borlĊ vcradtdrfblo ofdloeordo hdidœtdbdicr pdltru bdrlordo pdœtdiub=

prdjbpbtoŪbbid ‚ bl`crfoŪbbid ju prbvbrd io adpuldrbid otfcs`drbjdbltr-c pdrbcoaĊ ad tbfp fob ìladiulgotĊ sult ldjdsord ìl jozurbidjîla nozbldid pbsjbjcid ou jo sursĊ ad oibfdltord ju opĊprdjbpbtoŪbbid otfcs`drbjd pdltru o julcoœtd vciufui ad opĊ ad

jord sd abspuld œb ìl jd pdrbcoaĊ o oluiub sd pct rdoibzo jdid fobforb joltbtĊŪb. vîlturbid ‚ jcltrbnubd io ìfncgĊŪbrdo opdicr ju cxbgdl œb ìladpdladlŪĊ ad auroto œb bltdlsbtotdo icr prdjuf œb ad oaîljbfdoopdb òj jo cxbgdlui sĊ oeulgĊ pîlĊ io stroturbid ad pd ùlauinozbluiub. Io oaîljbfb fob fbjb oid opdb vîltui rĊsjcidœtd tcotĊfoso ad opĊ oltrdlîla sprd suproòŪĊ sunstolŪdid nbcgdld ,`Ċjîla fob ojjdsbnbid pdltru pdœtb hbarcnbclŪbb ndltclbjb jord

sult rbabjoŪb ad pd ùlaui nozbluiub.


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Noroedid ad pĊfîlt sd vcr jclstrub ìl oœo fca jo sĊ lu `bd pdrpdlabjuiord abrdjŪbdb vîlturbicr acfbloltd pdltru o dvbtoojŪbuldo abstrujtbvĊ o voiurbicr. ldnuiczbtotdo ‚ ojŪbcldozĊ osupro pioljtcluiub. AojĊ jdrui vo `bfob fuit tbfp sdlbl opo nozbluiub vo `b fob nbld biufblotĊ œb

ìljĊizbtĊ bor nozo trc`bjĊ advbld fob ncgotĊ œb `cicsbtĊ fob nbld adpdœtb. ufbabtotdo ‚ odrui ìfprdulĊ ju jdbioiŪb òjtcrb jibfotbjbblìudlŪdozĊ prcjdsui ad dvopcroŪbd o opdb abl nozbldid pbsjbjcidad jord sd vo Ūbld sdofo io joijuiordo adnbtuiub œb vciufdicr adopĊ pdltru o fdlŪbld lbvdiui cptbfoi oi opdb bl pdrbcoao addxpicotord.

@DJTLAOȕBD ‚ dtopo blbȝboiĊ ad adzvcitord jord juprbladpdrbcoao ad io ulbrdo jdiuidicr sdxuoid o `dfdidb (cvui) Ȓbfosjuiuiub (spdrfotczcba) pîlĊ io oporbȝbo zbgctuiub (cui`djulaot).

@D^QBIBQOQD ‚ jopojbtotdo rdprcaujtbvĊ o ulub crgolbsfdxprbfotĊ prbl lufĊrui ad gofdȝb ùljȝbcloib, cuĊ, zbgctd.

@BQC[IOLJQCL ‚ pioljtclui`crfot abl pioltd fbjrcsjcpbjdulbjdiuiord sou piurbjdiuiord oìotd ìlgrcsui opdb.

@ICQC^ ([ITQĎ) ‚ jcrp piutbtcr otoœot piosdicr, ovdicr, sdtjbicr,lĊvcoadicr sou ulcr abspczbtbvd iolsotd pd opĊ pdltru ob osbguropiutbrdo.

@CLA [BZJBJCI ‚ tctoibtotdo pcpuioŪbbicr pbsjbjcid œb ojdicrioitd crgolbsfd œb pioltd ojvotbjd jord jclstbtubd hrololoturoiĊ o pdœtbicr œb adpblad joibtotbv œb joltbtotbv ad suproòŪĊ,ad jclabŪbbid hbarcfdtdcrcicgbjd, jclabŪbbid `bzbjc - jhbfbjd oid


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opdb, nozo trc`bjĊ, spdjbbid ad pdœtb, rdgbfui ad dxpicotord,stordo solbtorĊ.

@CQCZBLQDUĎ ‚ prcjds sun blìudlŪo iufblbb sciord ìl jordpioltdid ojvotbjd onscrn nbcxbaui ad jorncl œb dibfblĊ cxbgdl.Ubuo jclŪblutui ad cxbgdl scivbt ìl opĊ sd fĊrdœtd, bor lcoptdosjoad œb pcotd prcvcjo os`bxbdrdo pdœtdiub.

@TLA ‚ portdo ad ecs ojcpdrbtĊ tctoi/porŪboi ad opĊ o uldbjovbtĊŪb loturoid/ortb`bjboid (ad ioj, hdidœtdu, boz ).

@TÔE ‚ prcaus ad crbgbld crgolbjĊ (olbfoiĊ sou vdgdtoiĊ) œb fbldroiĊ jord jclŪbld jcfpcldltd lutrbtbvd ju ul opcrt su`bjbdlt(joltbtotbv œb joibtotbv) ad prctdbld, hbaroŪb ad jorncl, ibpbad,giujbad, sunstolŪd fbldroid œb vbtofbld pdltru osbgurordoadzvcitĊrbb œb jrdœtdrbb lcrfoid o pdœtdiub œb pcotd `b5

- jcfnblot jîla sd abstrbnubd ul ofdstdj ad lutrdŪurb. - sbfpiu jîla dstd oijĊtubt abltr-ul sblgur lutrdŪ.

@TÔE GÔLTIOQ ‚ ùroe jcfpidx

ìl jord jcfpcldltdid lutrbtbvd œbstbfuiotcord ldjdsord dstd rdoibzotaupĊ rdŪdtd œb tdhlcicgbb spdjboid ìl`crfĊ ad groluid stonbid, ojjdsbnbidpdœtbicr œb pct `b uœcr abgdrotd.Groluidid iolsotd ìl nozbl trdnubd sĊsd ìfnbnd rdpdad ju opĊ (jbrjo ?; ‚ ?4fblutd) œb sĊ-œb pĊstrdzd `crfo tbfp

ad :,4 ‚ 1,4 crd pdltru o putdo `b voicrb`bjotd bltdgroi. FĊrbfdogroluidicr adpblad ad toibo pdœtdiub ̀ uroeot.

@TÔETI FDABJOFDLQCZ ‚ ùroe groluiot cnbœlubt pdltruhrĊlbrdo pdœtbicr ìl jord dstd bltrcaus ul fdabjofdlt pdltrujcfnotdrdo ncibicr bl`djŪbcosd sou porozbtord. Aczo ldjdsorĊ sdropcrtdozĊ io ul mg grdutotd vbd sou io joltbtotdo ad ùroeabstrbnubt ìltr-c zb. Ìl ùljŪbd ad ncoiĊ œb fdabjofdlt auroto

oafblbstrĊrbb dstd ad 1-?; zbid.


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GÎÎĎ ‚ joloi loturoi ju opĊ tdfpcrorĊ sou pdrfoldltĊ, jordidogĊ c noitĊ ju c opĊ jurgĊtcord.

GÎÎBJB ‚ adlufbrdo gurbb rĊs`rîltd oaîlj ìl bltdrbcr, io sjuididad pdsjubt ad tbp jopjolĊ (bdtdrĊ, vbltbr, jcœ, vîrœĊ dtj.).

G^DTQĎȕB ‚ sd jcl`djŪbcldozĊ abl fdtoi (piufn) sou oitdfotdrbb jord sd `bxdozĊ pd jcorao ad ecs (jofĊlĊ) o ulditdicr adpdsjubt (piosd, ovd, lĊvca) pdltru o id fdlŪbld io olufbtd oaîljbfb.

GÔAD ‚ UBID ‚ djhbvoidltui tdfpdroturbb fdabb aburld iolufĊrui ad zbid ju ojdostĊ tdfpdroturĊ (sprd dxdfpiu ioadzvcitordo dfnrbcluiub).

G^CO[Ď [DLQ^T [DZJTBQ ‚ nozbl ìl `crfĊ ardptulghbuiorĊju suproòȝo ad ?0->; f> ofdloeot ìl icjurbid jdid fob ecosd oidhdidȒtduiub io jopĊtui jclaujtdb (joloiuiub) ad dvojuord ìlbltdrbcr crb ìl dxtdrbcr ìl jord sd oaulĊ pdȒtdid ì l tbfpui

pdsjubtuiub tctoi ad tcoflĊ sou ad ldjdsbtotd.


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HOBLĎ LT[ŮBOIĎ ‚ sjhbfnordo ospdjtuiub dxtdrbcr ìlpdrbcoao ad rdprcaujdrd, ad cnbjdb io fosjuib, ìl fcfdltui

ìlfuiŪbrbb œb sd folb`dstĊ prbl bltdlsb`bjordo œb sjhbfnordojcicrbtuiub (guvbzb, soifclbad, ghbarblui) sjhbfnordo `crfdbjrolbuiub œb o sjhdidtuiub (soifclbad), oporbŪbo pd jcrp otundrjuidicr lupŪboib (jbprblbad, ojbpdlsdrbad). HoblĊ lupŪboiĊdstd blabjbui foturĊrbb cvordicr œb jĊ pdœtdid dstd prdgĊtbt pdltrurdprcaujdrd.

HĎAĎÔG ‚ adlufbrdo idfluiub (nĊŪuiub) io jord sd idogĊjopdtdid vcicjuiub, lĊvcauiub.

HDIDŜQDT ‚ nozbl pbsjbjci ortb`bjboi ofdloeot spdjboi pdltrujrdœtdrdo pdœtbicr, jclstrubt prbl sĊpĊturĊ œb ìlabgubrd, prdvĊzutju joloid ad oibfdltord œb jĊiugĊr - advdrscr pdltru osbgurordofdlŪbldrbb lbvdiuiub ldjdsor ad opĊ prdjuf œb dvojuordo opdb.

HDIDŜQDT BUCIOQC^ ‚ hdidœtdu pdltru pĊstrordo pdœtbicrncilovb œb opibjordo trotofdltdicr ju oaîljbfdo strotuiub ad opĊ

ldìlghdŪotĊ ad ?,4f œb jclabŪbb pdltru bdrlotui pdœtdiub.

HDIDŜQDT [DLQ^T JOÔLQBLĎ ‚ hdidœtdu spdjboi ofdloeotpdltru pĊstrordo pdœtdiub oaus abl oitd gcspcaĊrbb (`drfd)pbsjbjcid ìl sjcpui prdvdlbrbb ncibicr ju supro`dŪd œb oaîljbfbsbfbiord ju hdidœtdbdid pdltru jrdœtdrd, ju ùlaui juvdtdb ldtdadjcfca pdltru adzbl`djŪbd œb oibfdltordo blabvbauoiĊ ju opĊ.

HDIDŜQDT [DLQ^T J^DŜQD^DO [DŜQDITB AD C PO^Ď ‚ jotdgcrbd ad hdidœtdbd pdltru jrdœtdrdo pubdtuiub ad c vorĊ jusuproòŪo ad io ? ‚ > ho pîlĊ io >4 ‚ :; ho œb ju oaîljbfb ad ?,4 ‚ ?,74 f.

HDIDŜQDT [DLQ^T BD^LOQTI [DŜQDITB (BD^LĎQC^) ‚ hdidœtdu ju suproòŪo ad io ;,4 pîlĊ io ?,4 ho, oaîljbfdo pdstd >,4 f œb oibfdltot pdrfoldlt ju opĊ (> ‚ : ibtrb/sdjulaĊ pdltru

?(ulo) tclĊ ad pdœtd sou ju sjhbfnui opdb pd porjursui o ?; ‚ ?>


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zbid) `cicsbt pdltru pdœtb ìl tbfpui bdrlbb. Ìl jozui jîla `drfopbsjbjciĊ lu abspuld ad ost`di ad hdidœtdbd bdrlotui pdœtdiub sdpcotd ads`Ċœuro œb ìl nozbldid ìl jord o `cst jrdsjut ju jclabŪbbid5

- prdzdlŪo zcldicr ju oaîljbfb lu fob puŪbl ad : f=- prdzdlŪo jclstrujŪbbicr hbarctdhlbjd pdltru osbgurordo

fdlŪbldrbb lbvdiuiub jclstolt ad opĊ ìl hdidœtdu, sjhbfnordopdrfoldltĊ o opdb, advdrsordo surpiusuiub ad opĊ=

- jcltrciui sbstdfotbj o rdgbfuiub gozcs=- jcifotordo ldsdflb`bjotbvĊ o nozbluiub=- crgolbzordo ìl joz ad ldjdsbtotd, o odrĊrbb opdb abl nozbl ‚

(fdtcad nbcicgbjd, jhbfbjd œb fdjolbjd)= - joibtotdo opdb sĊ jcrdspulaĊ jdrblŪdicr pdltru bdrlord.

Blabjbb joibtĊŪbb opdb abl hdidœtdbd pdltru bdrlotui pdœtdiub Lr/c. Blabjbb Cptbfoib Oafbsbnbib

?Cxbgdlui scivbt ìl opĊ,

fg C>/i 4‚8 lu fob puŪbl ad 1

> Ojbabtotdo, pH 7‚8 0‚2

: ZuiòŪb, fg/i pîlĊ io >; pîlĊ io :4; (pdltruopo fbldroibzotĊ)

1

Cxbaonbibtotd fg C>/i

- pdrfolgolotĊ - nbjrcfotĊ

?;:4‚7;

pîlĊ io :; pîlĊ io ?;;

4 Aurbtotdo (groad)* 1,>‚8,1 :‚140 Nbcxba ad jorncl fg/i pîlĊ io ?; pîlĊ io >; 7 Hbarcgdl suiùrot fg/i onsdlt onsdlt

8 Ofclboj fg/i onsdlt ;,;>

2 LbtrbŪb fg/i ;,;>‚;,? ;,>?; @bdr tctoi fg/i pîlĊ io ;,: pîlĊ io ;,1 ?? Ozct ofclbojoi, fg/i ;,?‚;,4 pîlĊ io ?,;

*?; (ul groa jcrdspulad jclŪblutuiub ad ;,:0 fg-djvad joijbu œb fogldzbu ìltr -ul ibtru ad opĊ).

HDIDŜQDT [DLQ^T [^DADUPCIQO^DO IO^PDIC^ ‚ ordsuproòŪo ad >,; ‚ >,8 ho œb oaîljbfdo ad ;,4 ‚ ;,8 f. [dltruòvcrbzordo adzvcitĊrbb pioljtcluiub oibfdltordo ju opĊ sd òjd ju0 ‚ 8 zbid ìlobltd ad iolsordo iorvdicr.


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HDIDŜQDT [DLQ^T ^D[^CATJD^DO [DZQBIC^ -hdidœtdu pdltru rdprcaujdrdo jropuiub, œoiĊuiub, œtbujbb,scfluiub, jorosuiub Ȓb piĊtbjbb. Qrdnubd sĊ `bd ju suproòŪo ad ;,? ‚ ;,: ho œb oaîljbfdo ad io ;,: pîlĊ io ;,8 f.

HDIDŜQDT [DLQ^T ÌLG^ĎŜOQTI [DZQDITB ‚ hdidœtdu jusuproòŪo ad io ? ‚ > ho pîlĊ io ?;; ho ju oaîljbfdo foxbfĊ ad : f (ìl zclo jĊiugĊruiub > ‚ : f) œb oaîljbfdo fdabd o hdidœtduiub?,4 ‚ >,4 f ju jclabŪbo jo zcldid ju oaîljbfb fob forb ad > f sĊcjupd jdi fuit ?;% abl suproòŪo hdidœtduiub, `cicsbt pdltrujrdœtdrdo œb ìlgrĊœordo pdœtdiub ad acuĊ œb trdb vdrb.

HBN^BABUO^DO [DŜQBIC^ ‚ ìljrujbœordo spdjbbicr ad pdœtbjord sd adcsdndsj prbl crbgbld sou icjui ad vbdŪubrd œb sd opibjĊpdltru cnŪbldrdo rosdicr lcb ad pdœtb.

HBA^CNBCICGBD ‚ ȒtbblȝĊ adsprd vboȝo ìl opĊ Ȓb stuabozĊidgbtĊȝbid `dlcfdldicr nbcicgbjd Ȓb prcjdsdicr jord sd ads`ĊȒcorĊ ì lopĊ.

HBA^CNBCLŮB ‚ crgolbsfd ojvotbjd (pioltd, nojtdrbb, olbfoid).

HBA^CNBCL ‚ rdjbpbdlt (vos) abl toniĊ goivolbzotĊ, idfl souabl fotdrboi piostbj ju `crfĊ (tbp nutcobd) ad ab`drbtd abfdlsbulb(:;; ‚ 0;; i) `cicsbt pdltru trolspcrtui pdœtdiub vbu.

HÔLO [DŜQBIC^ ‚ aupĊ prcvdlbdlŪĊ hrolo utbibzotĊ ad pdœtbdstd ad acuĊ `diurb5

- hrolĊ loturoiĊ (crgolbsfdid `btcpioljtclbjd, zccpioljtclbjdœb ndltclbjd) pd jord pdœtbb ì Ȓb gĊsdsj sblgurb ìl fdabui ìljcleurĊtcr, ldjdsorĊ pdltru ìltrdŪbldrdo œb adzvcitordojcrpcroiĊ=

- hrolo ortb`bjboiĊ ‚ jord dstd prcausĊ sb abstrbnubtĊ ad cf.


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Hrolo loturoiĊ o pdœt bicr abl hdidœtdbd œb bozurb

Zpdjbo ad

pdœtb

Uclo ad hrĊlbrd

Hrolo

Ad nozĊ

ZunstbtudltĊ

(jîla jdo ad nozĊdstd blsu`bjbdltĊ)

[dœtbb ndltcògb

Jrop [d ùlaui opdb

Iorvd adjhbrclcfbad,

vbdrfb(cibgcjhdtd),

fciuœtd

Uccpioljtcl

Ibl

Ucldid oaîljb, pdsuproòŪo

ùlauiub œb ìllĊfci pîlĊ io 0

jf oaîljbfd

Fciuœtd, pdœtbfbjb, vbdrfb œb

iorvd adjhbrclcfbad.

@btcpioljtcl,zccpioljtcl œb

rdsturb ad pioltd

Zturbclbbœb hbnrbzbb

icr

[d suproòŪoùlauiub

ìladcsdnb zcldidju lbsbp

Iorvd adjhbrclcfbad,

vbdrfb(cibgcjhdtd),

fciuœtd, jrustojdd

Jrustojdd

[dœtbb pioljtclcògb

Joros Ìl grcsui opdb Uccpioljtcl, oigdvdrzb

Iorvd adjhbrcfclbad œb oitd

blsdjtd(prdpcladrdlt`crfdid fbjb)

Lcvoj Ìl grcsui opdb @crfdid fbjb adzccpioljtcl œb

`btcpioljtcl`btcpioljtcl

[dœtbb `btcògb

Jcsoœ Zdjtcord ju

pioltd sunfdrsdPdgdtoŪbosunfdrsĊ

tbldrd ad vdgdtoŪbddfdrsĊ, borno ad

pd abgurb œb foiurb

Zîlgdr Ìl grcsui opdb Oigd ulbjdiuiordbl`drbcord, oigd

vdrzbOigd ulbjdiuiord

[dœtbb rĊpbtcrb

ŜtbujĊ Ucldid ad foi œb

ojcpdrbtd juvdgdtoŪbd

[dœtb (joros, cnidŪ,ibl, guvbzb,

nrcoœtd)

@crfdid foturd adgîlaojb, ibndiuid,

fcrfcicjb, picœlbŪd

ŜoiĊu Ucldid adsjhbsd(`ĊrĊ vdgdtoŪbd)

[dœtb fbjb, cnidŪ,joros, sjcnor

Jrustojdd, gîlaojb,fciuœtd, ibndiuid

Zcfl Ucldid oaîljb [dœtb, nrcoœtd Blsdjtd


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H^ĎLB^DO ZT[IBFDLQOÔ O [DŜQBIC^ ‚ dstd ul prcjdsad prcaujŪbd bfpcrtolt io jrdœtdrdo jropuiub. [dltru hrĊlbrdojropuiub sd `cicsdsj ùroed jcfnblotd ìl jcfpcldlŪo jĊrcro bltrĊprctdbld, sunstolŪd fbldroid, vbtofbld.

^dŪdtd ad ùroed jcfnblotd pdltru hrĊlbrdo jropuiub(ad c vorĊ œb acuo vdrb)

JcfpcldlŪo MŜ ‚ >,%=

?280 Lr. ??? ‚ ?= ?20?

% ZunstbtudlŪbb

Grîu >:,4* ??

Adœdurb ad jdrdoid?;;% (ju lu fob

puŪbl ad 04%grĊulŪd)

QĊrîŪĊ ad grîu ?8,4 ?; QĊrîŪĊ ad sdjorĊ?;;%

@oblĊ ad crz ?8 ‚ ‚ Qurtd œb œrcturb (ad ìcordo-

scordiub, scbo, ropbŪo dtj. ‚ lufob puŪbl ad acuĊ

jcfpcldltd)

:7 44* Lu sd ìlicjubdœtd

FĊzĊrbjhd, ibltd, fozĊrd ‚ >; ^dsturbid icr ?;;%

@ĊblĊ ad pdœtd ‚ :@ĊblĊ ad jorld œb

cosd ?;;%

[rdfbx [Ŝ ‚ : (Tjroblo) ? ‚ ‚ [ro` ad jrdtĊ > ? ‚

Qctoi ?;; ?;; ‚ *sd pcotd ìlicjub pîlĊ io ?4% ju ncond ad pcrufn fĊrulŪbt.

@uroedid groluiotd sd abstrbnubd pdœtdiub `ĊrĊ c prdgĊtbrdprdoionbiĊ bor jdi ldgroluiot ìlobltd ad abstrbnubrd sd ofdstdjĊnbld ju opĊ pîlĊ io cnŪbldrdo uldb postd (oiuot) ju strujturĊcfcgdlĊ jord prbl grdutotdo db spdjb`bjĊ sĊ joaĊ rdpdad pdicjurbid (fdsdid) ad hrĊlbrd. Ad io ìljdput pdœtdid trdnubd cnbœlubt trdptot ju hrolo ortb`bjboiĊ, abstrbnubla blbŪboi roŪbb fob fbjb,jcltrciîla sbstdfotbj `cicsbrdo hroldb ad jĊtrd pdœtb œb icjurbid adogicfdrord o icr pdltru stonbibrdo puljtdicr `bxd ad hrĊlbrd.Jropui ìljdpd o jclsufo hrolo io tdfpdroturo opdb ad ?; ‚ ?>;J.Jdi fob d`djtbv c `cicsdœtd io tdfpdroturo opdb ad io >;;J polo io>2;J. Io tdfpdroturo opdb fob ecs ad >;;J lcrfo ad ùroedtrdnubd rdauso ju ?;% io `bdjord groa ad fbjœcrord o tdfpdroturbb(?2;J ‚ 2;%, ?8;J ‚ 8;%, ?7;J ‚ 7;%, ?0;J ‚ 0;% dtj.).


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Jropui sd fob pcotd hrĊlb ju œrcturb œb jdrdoid blbŪboi ufìotd ìl opĊ (?0 ‚ ?8 crd). [dltru hrĊlbrdo pubdtuiub ad c vorĊ jdrdoididsd zarcndsj (fojblĊ) fob fĊrult ìl `crfĊ ad jrupd.

Joltbtotdo ad ùroed prcgrofotĊ pdltru tcotĊ pdrbcoao adhrĊlbrd o jropuiub sd abstrbnubd pd iulb5

- fob 4‚?;%- bulbd >;‚>4%- buibd :;‚:4%- ougust >4‚:;%- sdptdfnrbd 4‚?;%

^d Ū dtd ad ùroed pdltru jropìl `crf Ċ ad postd (oiuot)5

?)

- Șrcturb ad ìcordo scordiub :;

- Șrcturb ad scbo >4-

FozĊrd >;- Grîu 4- ZdjorĊ 0

- Triuboi

Ċ ad grîu ?;

- @ĊblĊ ad pdœtd :

- [ro` ad jrdtĊ ?

>)

- Triuboio ad crz sou spĊrturb ad grîu 1;

- QĊrîŪĊ ?;

- TriuboiĊ ad idgufblcosd(fozĊrd, ncn dtj.) ?;

- Șrcturb ad ìcordo scordiub :;- LutrdŪurb ad crbgbld olbfoiĊ (`ĊblĊ ad pdœtd, jorld dtj.) 2- [ro` ad jrdtĊ ?


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BOU ‚ nozbl ojvotbj `crfot ad acuo foiurb loturoid œb ul noroe adpĊfîlt pdltru fdlŪbldrdo opdb, sbtuot ìl oinbo uldb opdjurgĊtcord sou ìl adprdsbulb (vĊb), ju opd ad prdjbpbtoŪbb œbbzvcord, `cicsbt pdltru jrdœtdrdo pdœtbicr, brbgoŪbb, ogrdfdlt œb ìloitd sjcpurb.

BJ^D ‚ adlufbrdo pcpuiorĊ o cvuidicr ad pdœtd.

BJ^D ADFD^ZOID ‚ sult fob grdid adjît opo, jord `bbladibfblotd joa pd `ula œb sd ibpdsj ad sunstrot sou sult ì l piutbrdibndrĊ.

BJ^D [DIOGBJD ‚ sult fob uœcord adjît opo œb jord piutdsjaotcrbtĊ fĊrbrbb vciufuiub io jcltojtui ju opo sou prdzdlŪopbjĊturbicr ad grĊsbfb.

BDQD^Ď ‚ blstrufdlt ad pdsjubt posbv jord sdofĊlĊ ju ul vbltbrjcl`djŪbclot abl piosĊ ju trdb‚potru jdrjurb, ul sblgur gîribjb œb juacuĊ orbpb `bxotd io jopdtd ad ul hoaorog.

BHQBC@OG ‚ olbfoi (pdœtd) jord sd hrĊldœtd ìladcsdnb ju pdœtd.

BHQBCICG ‚ cf ad œtbblŪĊ jord sd cjupĊ ju sbstdfotbjo, djcicgboœb rĊspîlabrdo gdcgro`bjĊ o pdœtbicr.

BHQBCICGBD ‚ absjbpiblĊ jord sd cjupĊ ju stuabui pdœtbicr.^ofurĊ o zccicgbdb. Zd dvbadlŪbozĊ bhtbcicgbo gdldroiĊ jord

stuabozĊ olotcfbo, `bzbcicgbo œb jclabŪbbid ad vboŪĊ (vbdŪubrd) opdœtbicr œb bhtbcicgbo spdjboiĊ jord sd cjupĊ ju stuabdrdojorojtdrbstbjbicr abstbljtbvd o pdœtbicr œb portbjuiorbtĊŪbid nbcicgbjd oabvdrsdicr spdjbb ad pdœtb.

BHQBCFDQ^T ‚ blstrufdlt `cicsbt io fĊsurordo iulgbfbb toibdb,œb grcsbfbb pdœtbicr.


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BF[OJQ Q^C@BJ ‚ opord jîla iolŪui trc`bj sd tdrfblĊ jucrgolbsfui jord ìl nozblui pbsjbjci rdspdjtbv lu dstd jclsufot adlbfdlb (fciuœtdid forb abl hdidœtdbd).

BLJTNOQC^ ‚ oporot jclstrubt ablstbjiĊ, idfl sou oitd fotdrboid, ìl jordsult ofpiosotd œb sd fdlŪbl ìl jclabŪbbcptbfd ad fdabu bjrdid `djulaotd œbulad ord icj adzvcitordo dfnrbcluiubœb djiczordo iorvdicr. DxbstĊ bljunotcordad ab`drbtd fcadid.

BLABJD AD ZT[^OPBDŮTB^D ‚ joltbtotdo ad bjrd œb pubdtldjdsor, ìl jclabŪbbid hbarcnbcicgbjd abltr-ul nozbl pbsjbjci,pdltru jo sĊ suprovbdŪubosjĊ ul dxdfpior fotur sdxuoi.

BLTLAOŮBD ‚ `dlcfdl ad ojcpdrbrd o uldb supro`dŪd ad tdrdlad jĊtrd opdid rdvĊrsotd abltr-ul jurs ad opĊ jouzot ad picbonuladltd, tcpbrdo nrusjĊ o zĊpdzbb, vîlturb.


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ÌL@IC^B^DO O[DB ‚ adzvcitordodxtdlsbvĊ o oigdicr pioljtclbjd iosuproòŪo opdb.

ÌLG^ĎŜO^DO NOUBLDIC^ [BZJBJCID ‚ pdltru spcrbrdoprcaujŪbdb loturoid o hdidœtdbdicr œb bozurbicr sd opibjĊ

ìlgrĊœĊfbltd loturoid œb ortb`bjboid. Zd `cicsdsj ìlgrĊœĊfbltdidfbldroid œb crgolbjd.

ÌLG^ĎŜĎFBLQDID FBLDÔID ‚ jcltrbnubd io spcrbrdoprcaujŪbdb pbsjbjcid loturoid ad : ‚ 1 crb, jhbor fob fuit.@cicsbrdo icr sd vo òjd lufob bl nozo oloibzdicr hbarcnbcicgbjd œbhbarcjhbfbjd oid opdb abl hdidœtdui rdspdjtbv. Jîla ìl hdidœtdbd œbbozurb sult joltbtĊŪb su`bjbdltd ad didfdltd nbcgdld (pdstd > fg/i

ozct fbldroi œb fob fuit ad ;.4 fg/i sĊrurb ad `cs`cr) ìlgrĊœordoicr lu dstd cpcrtulĊ `bblajĊ lu vo `b rdltonbiĊ. [dltru hdidœtdbdidœb bozurbid abl tcotd zcldid pbsjbjcid jdid fob prcaujtbvd sult

ìlgrĊœĊfbltdid ozctcosd (sbibtro ofclbojoiĊ (LH1LC:) jordjclŪbld jbrjo :4% ozct, suiòt ad ofclbu (LH1)>ZC1‚>?%, urddo ‚ 10% œb opo ofclbojoiĊ ‚ ?0 ‚ >;% ozct), œb ìlgrĊœĊfbltdid`csòtbjd ‚ Jo(H>[C1)>.H>C jord jclŪbld ?2% cxba ad `cs`cr.Bltrcaujdrdo ìlgrĊœĊfbltdicr fbldroid sd vo òjd sdporot

supdr`csòtui ad sbibtrĊ ofclbojoiĊ abzcivotĊ œb abstrbnubtĊ ulb`crf pd suproòŪo opdb ìl iulgui foiuiub (zcldid ju oaîljbfbfbjb). [rcaujtbvbtotdo pbsjbjciĊ loturoiĊ ad io bltrcaujdrdo

ìlgrĊœĊfbltdicr ozctcosd œb `csòtbjd vo spcrb ju >;; ‚ 1;; mg/ho.Zd rdjcfolaĊ bltrcaujdrdo o 1;; mg/ho ad supdr`csòt œb 14;mg/ho ad sbibtrĊ ofclbojoiĊ. Ìlobltdo ìlgrĊœĊrbb nozbldicrpbsjbjcid trdnubd oloibzotĊ joibtotdo opdb Ȓb prcprbdtĊŪbid `bzbjc-jhbfbjd oid sciuiub `bblajĊ `bdjord nozbl prdzbltĊ jclabŪbb spdjboid

abl jord fctbv lu sd pcotd opibjo c `crfuiĊ ulbvdrsoiĊ pdltru


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ìlgrĊœordo bozurbicr œb hdidœtdbdicr. Nozbldid pbsjbjcid ju ulstrot grcs ad lĊfci lu sd vcr ìlgrĊœo ju ìlgrĊœĊfbltdozctcosd adcordjd lĊfciui dstd ncgot ìl ozct.

ÌLG^ĎŜĎFBLQD C^GOLBJD ‚ rdsturb ad vdgdtoŪbd sou oprcausdicr ojtbvbtĊŪbb vbtoid o crgolbsfdicr, adœdurb blaustrboidjord jclŪbl sunstolŪd lutrbtbvd ìl `crfĊ ad sunstolŪd crgolbjd.[dltru spcrbrdo prcaujtbvbtĊŪbb nozbldicr pbsjbjcid c bfpcrtolŪĊadcsdnbtĊ c prdzbltĊ gulcbui ad groea jord stbfuidozĊ prcjdsui adlbtrb`bjord. Gulcbui ad crbjd loturĊ sd `cicsdœtd lufob adsjcfpus(putrdzbt) bor jdi ldadsjcfpus ju ul jclŪblut ford ad pobd sd`cicsdœtd lufob tcoflo aupĊ sjurgdrdo opdb abl nozbldidpbsjbjcid. Ìl jozui ojdstcr nozbld ìlgrĊœordo sd `ojd tcoflo œb ìljursui bdrlbb abstrbnubla gulcbui ìl grĊfdzb fbjb bor aupĊadzghdŪ sd vo ìfprĊœtbo pd `ulaui nozbluiub (c aotĊ bl : ‚ 1 olb).Ìl jozurbid jîla nozbldid pbsjbjcid lu sd vbadozĊ gulcbui sd

ìfprĊœtbd pd foi, io lbvdiui opdb, ìl grĊfdzb io abstolŪd ad >; ‚ >4f ulo ad oito jord abl jîla ìl jîla sd uaĊ (fob oids ìl zbididjĊiaurcosd). ÌlgrĊœĊfbltdid crgolbjd pct spcrb prcaujtbvbtotdopbsjbjciĊ loturoiĊ ju ?4; mg/ho. Zd rdjcfolaĊ > ‚ >; tcld

ìlgrĊœĊfbltd crgolbjd io ul hdjtor.


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ETPDILBJ ‚ rdjbpbdlt `crfot abl ndtcl, pĊfîlt piosĊ fdtoibjĊsou lubdid pdltru pĊstrordo œb jrdœtdrdo pdœtdiub jord pct `bstoŪbclotd ìl hdidœtdbdid, iojurbid œb bozurbid ju adnbtui pdrfoldltœb piutbtcord jord sd blstoidozĊ ìl nozbldid ad opĊ ju ul lbvdivorbonbi. Zult utbibzotd fob ads ìl pbsjbjuituro bltdlsbvĊ œb pdltruprdadzvcitordo iorvdicr.

EGHDON AD [C[TIO^D ‚ dstd jclstrubt abl idfl ju dxtrdfbtĊŪbibndrd œb pdrdŪbb iotdroib ìloiŪb pdltru dvbtordo oiuldjĊrbb pdœtdiubpdstd forgblb ju `oŪo bltdrbcorĊ ldtdaĊ pdltru o dvbto rĊlbrdopdœtdiub io oiuldjordo pd eghdon (ju abfdlsbulbid ;,:;x;,:; f,iulgbfdo aupĊ joz). [dltru iolsordo pdœtdiub ulo abldxtrdfbtĊŪbid eghdonuiub dstd prblsĊ ad sjurgdrdo abl rdjbpbdltuiad trolspcrt bor jdoioitĊ dxtrdfbtotd pd toiuzui bltdrbcr oihdidœtduiub dstd sju`ulaotĊ sun lbvdiui opdb (? f).

ETPDILBJ [DLQ^T IO^PD ‚ oporot ardptulghbuior (8; X 8; X4; jf) ju pdrdȝbb jclstrubȝb abltr-ul sjhdidt abl idfl Ȓb sbtĊ adosĊ (cjhburb ju ø ;,4 ff) pdltru porjordo iorvdicr aupĊ djiczbuld

pîlĊ io rdscrnȝbo sojuiub vbtdibl. Ìl osdfdldo euvdilbjd sd pctporjo pîlĊ io :;; fbb iorvd.


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IOLŮ Q^C@BJ ‚ joido pd jord fotdrbo crgolbjĊ o prcaujĊtcrbicrsd trols`drĊ abltr-ul lbvdi trc`bj ìl oitui. IolŪui trc`bj o ulcrspdjbb ad crgolbsfd vdgdtoid œb olbfoid jord ou rdioŪbb ad lutrbŪbdrdjbprcjd osbgurĊ œb jclsdjutbvbtotdo trolsfbtdrbb lutrbdlŪbicr œbdldrgbdb.

IO[ŮB ‚ adlufbrdo pcpuiorĊ o spdrfotczcbzbicr.

IDOZĎ ‚ uldoitĊ `bxĊ ad pdsjubt ìfpidtbtĊ abl iĊstorb (fioeĊ) ìl`crfĊ ad jĊuœ œb sd `cicsdœtd ìl nozbldid ju oaîljbfb fbjb.

IBNDITIĎ ‚ blsdjtĊ ju jcrpui iulg œbsunŪbrd ju jopui ford œb ju orbpbstrĊvdzbb jord trĊbdsj ìl oprcpbdrdoopdicr.

ICJT^B AD H^ĎLB^D ‚ pdltru hrĊlbrdo supibfdltorĊ ojropuiub io `bdjord ho sd `bxdozĊ 4 ‚ 0 icjurb ad hrĊlbrd iooaîljbfdo ad ;,0 ‚ ;,8 f pdltru pubdtui ad c vorĊ œb ad ;,0 ‚ ?,4f pdltru pdœtdid ad acuĊ vdrb. Icjurbid ad hrĊlbrd sd ofdloedozĊabrdjt pd ùlaui nozbluiub jord trdnubd sĊ `bd tord œb jurĊŪbt adfîi. ZuproòŪo ulub icj ad hrĊlbrd pd ùla pcotd `b ad 0; ‚ 8; f> (:-1 x >; f). Zd pct `cicsb œb fdsd ad hrĊlbrd, jcl`djŪbclotd ablsjîlaurb, ju suproòŪo ad > ‚ 0 f> prdvĊzutd pd forgblb ju c

ncraurĊ ad ?; ‚ ?4 jf pdltru dvbtordo pbdradrbb hroldb prblspĊiord crb io ogicfdrordo pdœtdiub. Fdsdid sd `bxdozĊ ju lbœtdŪĊruœb pd ùlaui nozbluiub, ìl zcldid ulad oaîljbfdo opdb dstd ad;,0 ‚ ;,8 f io c adpĊrtord ad ?4 - >; f ad io foi. [drbcabj, fdsdidsd sjct abl opĊ sd spoiĊ œb sd adzbl`djtdozĊ.

ITLQ^D ‚ ofnorjoŪbuld ju ùla piot œb ju pupo ardoptĊ `cicsbtĊpdltru abstrbnubrdo ùroedicr, ìlgrĊœĊfbltdicr œb io pdsjubt.


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FOQBŮĎ ‚ pcrŪbuld o lĊvcauiub ìl `crfĊ ad soj ulad sdoaulĊ pdœtdid.

FOQT^BQOQD ZDXTOIĎ ‚ stord o pdœtbicr ad adpiblĊadzvcitord o crgoldicr gdlbtoid, jîla sult opŪb pdltru rdprcaujdrd.

FĎJTJ (Ŝ^CQ) ‚ prcaus `uroedr prcvdlbt abl rdsturbid adsdfblŪd rĊfosd aupĊ dxtrogdrdo uidbuiub, `cicsbt jo hrolĊ pdltruolbfoid.

FĎZT^B PDQD^BLO^C - ZOLBQO^D ‚ fosurbid pdltru prdvd-lbrdo ncibicr pdœtbicr ìl nozbldid pbsjbjcid loturoid œb ortb`bjboidjclstĊ ìl5 jcltrciui trolspcrtĊrbb pdœtbicr, adzbl`djŪbo, adzblvozboœb trotofdltui oltbporozbtor oi pdœtbicr jord sd d`djtudozĊ ìl jĊzb,bozurb, hdidœtdbd œb ìl oitd rdjbpbdltd, jdrjdtordo bhtbcpotcicgbjĊsbstdfotbjĊ.

FĎQOZDO N^COŜQDB ‚ oigd vdrzb ìl `crfĊ ad `biofdltd iulgb abl jdiuid

jbiblarbjd.

FBLJBCG ‚ piosĊ ìl `crfĊ ad jcœuidŪ `bxotĊ pd ul jdrj fdtoibjprdvĊzut ju fîldr ad idfl jord sd `cicsdœtd pdltru sjcotdrdo iosupro`oŪĊ o pdœtbicr prblœb ìl sjuidid pdsjĊrdœtb.

FIOEĎ ‚ rofurb tbldrd ad soijbd, tdb, aîrfcz œ.o. jord dstd`cicsbtĊ io ìfpidtbtui jcœurbicr, vîrœdicr œb idsdicr.

F^DOEĎ ‚ uldoitĊ ad pdsjubt, uœcorĊ, jcl`djŪbclotĊ abl piosd jufĊrbfdo fbjĊ o cjhbuiub `cicsbtĊ io pdsjubtui pdœtdiub ad toibdfbjĊ ìl nĊiŪb sou io pdsjubtui ofdibcrotbv.


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LĎPCA ‚ blstrufdlt ad pdsjubt ojtbv `crfot abl fotbŪĊ, pdforgblb ìls`crotĊ ju jîtd c piosĊ (orbpb), ad jord sd idogĊ jîtd c`rîlghbd iulgĊ jord sdrvdsj io trosui lĊvcauiub.

LBQ^B@BJO^D ‚ cxbaordo ofclbojuiub œb sĊrurbicr ofclbojoidjord ord icj ìl sciui ad pd ùlaui nozbldicr pbsjbjcid (jdi fobd`bjbdlt ìl fdabu ldutru sou oijoibl) sun ojŪbuldo nojtdrbbicrlbtrb`bjotcord (Lbtrcscfclos œb Lbtrcnojtdr) ìl prbfui rîlardzuitîla lbtrbŪbb (ojba ozctcs) œb opcb ìl oi acbido rîla lbtroŪbb(ozctoŪb).

LBPDIO^DO @TLATITB NOUBLTITB [BZJBJCI ‚ ulo ablfĊsurbid ad ofdibcrord pbsjbjciĊ (jurĊŪbrdo ùlauiub hdidœtduiubaupĊ sjurgdrd ad nuœtdlb œb nuturugb ìfpctfcibŪb, ostupordogrcpbicr œb lbvdiordo fcvbidicr, aîfnurbicr œb fuœurcobdicr).Lbvdiordo ùlauiub nozbluiub pbsjbjci jrddozĊ jclabŪbb ad usjordjcfpidtĊ o hdidœtduiub/bozuiub.

LC^FD AD [C[TIO^D O BOUT^BIC^ ŜB HDIDŜQDBDIC^ ‚

adlsbtotdo pcpuiĊrbicr sd stonbidœtd prcpcrŪbcloi ju prcaujtb-vbtotdo pbsjbjciĊ loturoiĊ o hdidœtdbdicr, suproòŪo blulaonbiĊ onozbluiub œb spcrui ad jrdœtdrd ìl grdutotd rdoibzot ad pdœtb ios`îrœbtui pdrbcoadb ad vdgdtoŪbd5

Por5 ? @Ċr Ċ hr Ċlbrdo supibfdltor Ċ

Jrop ‚ 0; fbb nuj/hoZîlgdr ‚ 8; fbb nuj/hoLcvoj ‚ >; fbb nuj/hoJcsoœ ‚ 1; fbb nuj/hoQctoi5 ‚ >;; fbb nuj/ho


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Por. > @Ċr Ċ hr Ċlbrdo supibfdltor Ċ

Jrop ‚ 4; fbb nuj/ho

Zîlgdr ‚ 4; fbb nuj/hoLcvoj ‚ :; fbb nuj/hoJcsoœ ‚ >; fbb nuj/hoQctoi5 ‚ ?4; fbb nuj/ho

Por. : Ju hrol Ċ supibfdltor Ċ œb opibjordo

ìlgr ĊœĊfbltdicr fbldroid (4;mg sbibtr Ċ

ofclbojoi Ċ io ?ho ad > ‚

: crb pd vor Ċ) Jrop ‚ ?;; fbb nuj/hoZîlgdr ‚ 8; fbb nuj/hoLcvoj ‚ >; fbb nuj/hoJcsoœ ‚ 4; fbb nuj/ho Qctoi5 ‚ >0; fbb nuj/ho

Por5 ? @Ċr Ċ hr Ċlbrdo supibfdltor Ċ

Jrop ‚ 74; nuj/hoZîlgdr ‚ ?;;; nuj/hoLcvoj ‚ >4; nuj/hoJcsoœ ‚ 4;; nuj/ho Qctoi5 ‚ >4;; fbb nuj/ho

Por. > Ju hrol Ċ supibfdltor Ċ œb opibjordo ìlgr ĊœĊfbltdicr crgolbjd Jrop ‚ :;;; nuj/hoZîlgdr ‚ >;;; nuj/hoLcvoj ‚ 4;; nuj/hoJcsoœ ‚ ?;;; nuj/ho

Qctoi5 ‚ 04;; fbb nuj/ho


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CAGCL ‚ ùlbd grcosĊ ìltrdnublŪotĊ io jcl`djŪbclordo ulditdicrpdsjĊrdœtb (ovd, piosd, sdtjb, lĊvcoad, vcicojd) - jcorao ad sus(goiogolbd) pd jord sd ìlœbrĊ piutdid œb jcorao ad ecs (jofĊlĊ) pdjord sd ogoȝĊ grdutĊȝbid.

CAC^CN (CNC^CJ) ‚ blstrufdlt prbfbtbv ad pdsjubt ìl opdidju oaîljbfb fbjb. Dstd ul jcœ abl ludid (fioeĊ, aîrfcz, sîlgdr),trbjclbj, `ĊrĊ ùla ju guro iorgĊ.

C^GOLDID AD ^D[^CATJD^D - crgoldid ad rdprcaujdrd opdœtdiub fosjui sult tdstbjuidid jord prcauj spdrfotczcbzb

(lufbŪb pcpuior - iopŪb), bor o `dfdidicr cvord jord prcauj cvuid(lufbtd pcpuior - bjrd).

CZQBD ‚ blstrufdlt ìl `crfĊ ad ùrjĊ ìlgustĊ ju :‚?; ablŪb juvîrùrbid osjuŪbtd œb ìlacbtd uœcr, otoœotĊ io c jcoaĊ iulgĊ ad idfl `cicsbt pdltru pdsjubtui pdȒtdiub.

CPTI (BJ^Ď) ‚ jdiuio sdxuoiĊ io `dfdid jord bljiuad fdfnrolo,

prctcpiosfo œb lujidui. Jclȝbld c joltbtotd ford ad sunstolȝĊ lutrbtbvĊ (ad juicord gĊinubd-pcrtcjoibd) adlufbtĊ vbtdius.


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[O[T^Ď ‚ pioltĊ ojvotbjĊ jord sd adzvcitĊ pd iîlgĊ foi œb sdjorojtdrbzdozĊ prbltr-ul rbzcf grcs œb lcaurcs ju tuipblo ìloitĊ(? ‚ >,4 f) ldrofb`bjotĊ ju `rulzd iulgb iblbord.

[D^BCOAO AD PDGDQOŮBD ‚ sdzclui ad jrdœtdrd o pdœtdiubjorojtdrbzot ad tdfpdroturb `ovcronbid pdltru jrdœtdrd, auroto zbidbœb ad oiŪb `ojtcrb onbctbjb ob fdabuiub.

[D^BCOAĎ DFN^BCLO^Ď ‚ jbjiui vbtoi o pdœtdiub abl

fcfdltui `djulaoŪbdb pîlĊ io trdjdrdo io hrolo dxtdrlĊ œb sd ìfportd ìl acuĊ pdrbcoad5 adzvcitordo ìl fdfnrolĊ (ìlvdibœ) œbadzvcitordo ibndrĊ o dfnrbcluiub (prdiorvoiĊ) `ĊrĊ fdfnrolĊ.

[D[BLBD^Ď [BZJBJCIĎ ‚ gcspcaĊrbd pbsjbjciĊ spdjboibzotĊ ìlcnŪbldrdo oidvblbicr œb jrdœtdrdo fotdrboiuiub pbsjbjci pdltrupcpuiord (pubdt ad c vorĊ œb ad ul ol). [dpblbdro pbsjbjciĊabspuld ad hdidœtdbd pdltru jrdœtdrdo pubdtuiub, bdrlotui

rdprcaujĊtcrbicr œb ad joroltblĊ.

[DZJO^ ‚ pdrscolĊ jord sd cjupĊ ju jopturordo pdœtbicr `cicsblasjuid œb fdtcad pdrfbsd ad idgd pdltru pdsjubt.

[DZJTBQ ‚ jopturordo ju ab`drbtd blstrufdltd œb fdtcad opdœtbicr œb o oitcr crgolbsfd ojvotbjd ìl ab`drbtd sjcpurb œb pcotd `b5


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ofdibcrotbv, jîla sd jopturdozĊ olufbtd spdjbb ad pdœtb œb oitd crgolbsfd ojvotbjd pdltru cptbfbzordo jcfpcldlŪdbjoibtotbvd œb joltbtotbvd œb ìl sjcpui ofdibcrĊrbb stĊrbbnozbldicr pbsjbjcid= ad jcltrci, jîla sd prbla joltbtĊŪb fbjb pdltru adtdrfblordostrujturbb òuldb pbsjbjcid œb rbtfuiub ad jrdœtdrd o pdœtdiub,oprdjbdrdo stĊrbb dpbzcctbjd œb dtbcicgbjd= blaustrboi/jcfdrjboi, jîla `cicsbla blstrufdltd (sjuid) juford rolaofdlt, sd jopturdozĊ pdltru jcfdrjboibzord,prdiujrord, rdpcpuiord= ad ldjdsbtotd, jîla sd pdsjubdœtd ìltrdogo joltbtotd ad pdœtd

ìl tbfpui joiofbtĊŪbicr loturoid, dpbzcctbbicr= ìl sjcp œtbblŪb`bj, jîla sd prbla joltbtĊŪb fbjb pdltrujdrjdtĊrb, dvoiuordo stĊrbb rdsursdicr nbcicgbjd ojvotbjd,vdrb`bjordo foturbtĊŪbb.

[DZJTBQ OJQBP ‚ pdsjubtui projtbjot ju blstrufdltd jordpdltru o prblad pdœtd sd tîrîbd, sd oruljĊ sou sd ìljdrjubdœtd csuproòŪĊ abl hdidȒtdu.

[DZJTBQ AD JCLQ^CI ‚ sd d`djtudozĊ caotĊ pd adjoaĊ, juvcicjui sou lĊvcaui pdltru pubdt, ìl sjcpui adtdrfblĊrbb spcruiubad jrdœtdrd ìl jdi puŪbl acuĊ trdb icjurb œb sĊ juprblaĊ lu fobpuŪbl ad ?; % abl suproòŪo tctoiĊ o hdidœtduiub (bozuiub) jujopturordo (dxofblordo) o ;,4% abl joltbtotdo ad pdœtb. Grdutotdofdabd o pdœtbicr sd adtdrfblĊ prbl ìfpĊrŪbrdo fosdb tctoid ojopturbb io lufĊrui pdœtbicr jopturoŪb.

[DZJTBQ [OZBP ‚ pdsjubt projtbjot ju blstrufdltd `bxd ìlicjurbid ad jbrjuioŪbd o pdœtdiub.

[DZQBJBAD ‚ sunstolŪd, opibjotd pdltru iupto ju crgolbsfdidaĊulĊtcord (drnbjbad, oigbjbad, blsdjtbjbad, fciusjcjbad,bhtbcjbad).

[DŜQD AD C PO^Ď ‚ pubdt ad pdœtd abl eufĊtotdo o acuo o

vdrbb.


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[DŜQD AD ACTĎ PD^B ‚ pdœtdid jord o trĊbt acuĊ vdrb.

[DŜQD AD Q^DB PD^B ‚ pdœtdid jord o trĊbt trdb vdrb.

[DŜQD AD TL OL ‚ pdœtdid ad c vorĊ aupĊ bdrlord œb ju prbfopdrbcoaĊ ad jrdœtdrd tdrfblotĊ (sd lufdœtd oœo aupĊ djiczord pîlĊ ìl iulo bulbd olui urfĊtcr).

[DŜQD AD ACB OLB ‚ pdœtd ad acuĊ vdrb aupĊ bdrlord.

[DŜQB NDLQC@OGB ‚ jord sd hrĊldsj ju ldvdrtdnrotd ad ùla,fciuœtd, vbdrfb, blsdjtd (jrop, piĊtbjĊ, joros).

[DŜQB @BQC@OGB ‚ jord sd hrĊldsj lufob ju vdgdtoŪbd fcoid œbvdgdtoŪbd aurĊ (sîlgdr, lcvoj, jcsoœ).

[DŜQB [OŜLBJB ‚ jord sd hrĊldsj ju abvdrsd ldvdrtdnrotd(prctczcord, jrustojdd fĊrultd, fciuœtd, blsdjtd dtj.) œb vdgdtoŪbd(jrop, piĊtbjĊ, joros, sîlgdr, lcvoj, ibl).

[DŜQB ^Ď[BQC^B ‚ jord sd hrĊldsj ju pdœtb œb oitd vdrtdnrotdojvotbjd, nrcoœtd, pĊsĊrb (œtbujĊ, œoiĊu, nbnol, scfl œb o.).

[DŜQB ‚ olbfoid vdrtdnrotd ojvotbjd, ou jcrpui oijĊtubt abl jop,truljhb œb jcoaĊ, ad cnbjdb ùsb`crf, ojcpdrbt ju scizb, ìlctĊtcordpord (pdjtcroid, vdltroid) œb bfpord (acrsoiĊ, jouaoiĊ, oloiĊ),rdspbroŪbd nrolhboiĊ, ̀ djulaoŪbd dxtdrlĊ, crgold sdlzcrboid.

pbdido ‚ pdœtdiub dstd ojcpdrbtĊ ju ul strot jcltbluu ad fujus,jord prctdedozĊ crgolbsfui ad ojŪbulbid sunstolŪdicr jhbfbjd, osuspdlsbbicr fdjolbjd œb fbjrccrgolbsfdicr abl fdabui ojvotbj.Fujusui òjbibtdozĊ oiuldjordo pdœtdiub bl opĊ. sciz ‚ `crfoŪbuld cscosĊ pd suproòŪo jcrpuiub pdœtdiub

ìladpiblbla ùljŪbo ad prctdjŪbd. juicordo ‚ ad `cla o pdœtbicr dstd grb. Io foecrbtotdo spdjbbicrpĊrŪbid iotdroid œb onacfdlui sult orgbltbu-oind, spotdid dstd fob

ìltuldjot. Juicordo ìljhbsĊ o spotdiub, pd ̀ ulaoiui ìltuldjot oi


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ùlauiub opdb, aojĊ prbvdœtb ad sus, dstd oprcopd blvbzbnbiĊ, bor juicordo adsjhbsĊ o onacfdluiub, aojĊ prbvdœtb ad ecs, sdjcltcpdœtd ju suproòŪo iujbtcord o opdb. [dœtbb ad ùla ou cjcicroŪbd fclcjrcfĊ sou pdstrbŪĊ (scfl, fbhoiŪ, zgiĊvcojĊ), borjdb jord vbdŪubdsj prbltrd pioltdid ojvotbjd ou jcicrbtui vĊrgot(œtbujĊ, nbnol).iblbo iotdroiĊ ‚ pd jcostd, ad io jop sprd jcoaĊ, uldcrb jusbluczbtĊŪb, sd ìltblad ul œbr ad puljtd rdprdzdltîla lbœtd crb`bjbbjd ou idgĊturĊ ju ul joloi pibl ju fujus, sbtuot sun pbdidopdœtdiub, jord io rîlaui sĊu jcfulbjĊ ju sbstdfui ldrvcs. [rblbltdrfdabui iblbdb iotdroid pdœtdid sbftd jbrjuioŪbo jurdlŪbicr adopĊ, fbœjĊrbid voiurbicr œb csjbioŪbbid opdb prcvcjotd ad ab`drbtdcnbdjtd œb oitd olbfoid abl eurui sĊu, oeutîlau-i, ost`di, sĊ sdcrbdltdzd œb sĊ fdlŪblĊ olufbtd abstolŪd òŪĊ ad oiŪb pdœtb, sĊ sbftĊ oprcpbdrdo auœfoluiub sou o prĊzbb. ìlctĊtcordid ‚ ìladpibldsj ab`drbtd ùljŪbb. Jouaoio jrddozĊ `crŪofctrbjd, osbgurĊ foldvrordo io vbroed œb sjhbfnordo abrdjŪbdb.ÌlctĊtcordid oloiĊ œb acrsoiĊ dxdrjbtĊ rciui ad jordld vdrtbjoid,oeutîla pdœtdid sĊ-œb fdlŪblĊ pczbŪbo lcrfoiĊ o jcrpuiub bl opĊ.ÌlctĊtcordid pdjtcroid œb vdltroid ou ùljŪbo ad jordld crbzcltoid

œb ad vbroe. nĊœbjo ìlctĊtcord ‚ dstd sbtuotĊ acrsoi òŪĊ ad tunui abgdstbv œb

ìladpibldœtd ùljŪbbid hbarcstotbjĊ ad djhbibnru, sdlzcrboiĊnorcfdtrbjĊ, ad sdjrdŪbd œb rdscrnŪbd gozcosĊ. QcŪb pdœtbb sĊvîrœdsjadpiosĊrb vdrtbjoid. C aotĊ ju sjuùlaordo, prdsbuldo opdb sdfĊrdœtd. Jcljcfbtdlt prdsbuldo ìl nĊœbjo ìlctĊtcord jrdœtd, borvciufui ojdstdbo sd fbjœcrdozĊ. QctcaotĊ, grdutotdo spdjb`bjĊ sdfĊrdœtd,òjbibtîla sjuùlaordo. Io rbabjord, ord icj prcjdsui

blvdrs.crgoldid fbrcsuiub ‚ sult sbtuotd ìl lĊrb.crgoldid gustuiub ‚ sult sbtuotd ìl jovbtotdo nujoiĊ, pd òrblgd,fustĊŪb, orjurbid nrolhboid, pd icjurbid gcoid oid jopuiub prdjufœb bl crgoldid bltdrld.


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Ztrujturo dxtdrbcorĊ o pdȒtdiub Ȓb fĊsurĊrbid nbcfdtrbjd

crgoldid pbpĊbtuiub ‚ sult sbtuotd bl ìlvdibœui jcrpuiub. io pdœtbdstd `cortd nbld adzvcitot sbfŪui. crgolui ouzuiub ‚ jclstĊ abl urdjhdo bltdrlĊ, sbtuotĊ bl pdrdtdidcscs oi jrolbuiub, jord pdrjdpd csjbioŪbbid fdabuiub ojvotbj (lufobojdid ju ̀ rdjvdlŪĊ fob ìloitĊ, orfclbcosd, sclcrd). cjhbb ‚ io pdœtb sult piosoŪb ad c portd œb ad oito o jopuiub œbvdadrdo icr dstd fclcjuiorĊ, bor `bdjord cjhb vdad bladpdladlt.Bl `oŪĊ jîfpurbid vbzuoid sd supropul acor sun ul ulghb ad ?4 ‚

:;;

, bor abstolŪo `cjoiĊ fblbfĊ dstd ad ? f œb jdo foxbfĊ dstd ad?4 f. ablŪbb ‚ sd sjhbfnĊ caotĊ ju uzordo icr œb sdrvdsj lufob iordŪbldrdo prĊzbb. Io jbprblbad ablŪbb lu sult ofpiosoŪb pd foxbid,jb pd cosdid `orblgbdld, ju oeutcrui jĊrcro `ĊrîfbŪdozĊ proaoford. Io spdjbbid rĊpbtcord ablŪbb sdrvdsj pdltru rdŪbldrdo prĊzbb.


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O N J

O ‚ jcso Ȓ = N ‚ jrop= J ‚ ȒoiĊu

tunui abgdstbv ‚ dstd oijĊtubt abl gurĊ, jovbtotd nujoiĊ, foxbid,

ablŪb, òrblgd, dscòg, stcfoj, bltdstbl. Bl ùljŪbd ad jorojtdruilutrbŪbdb, guro dstd vorbotĊ jo `crfĊ, abfdlsbulb, pczbŪbd œb sdabstblg urfĊtcordid tbpurb5 gurĊ supdrbcorĊ (sonbŪĊ, sîlgdr, lcvoj,furgcb-nĊiŪot)= gurĊ sdfbsupdrbcorĊ (cnidŪ, scfl, rcœbcorĊ)= gurĊtdrfbloiĊ (icstrbŪĊ, jcsoj, vĊauvbŪĊ, cjhdolĊ ford, œoiĊu, nbnol,fbhoiŪ, œtbujĊ, ibl, sjrufnbd-ad-AulĊrd)= gurĊ sdfbbl`drbcorĊ(cjhdolĊ, nonuœjĊ, frdolĊ vîlĊtĊ, jcsojui-ju-nct-turtbt, piĊtbjĊ,notjĊ, ùsor)= gurĊ bl`drbcorĊ (fcruloœ, pbdtror, sjcnor, frdolĊ,

Ūbpor, zvîriugĊ, sturbclbb).

nrolhbbid ‚ ùljŪbbid prbljbpoid sultsjhbfnui ad gozd - onscrnŪbo cxbgdluiubscivbt ìl opĊ, dibfblordo nbcxbauiub adjorncl, urddb œb ofclbojuiub.


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[dœtbb sd rdprcauj ìl abvdrsd jclabŪbb, prbl adpuldrdo bjrdicrad jĊtrd `dfdid œb `djulaordo icr ju iopŪbb fosjuibicr. AupĊtdrfdldid ad rdprcaujdrd, pdœtbb sd ìfport ìl5

- pdœtb jord adpul bjrdid prbfĊvoro (nbnolui,œtbujo, ovotui,nonuœjo, œoiĊui)=

- pdœtb jord adpul bjrdid prbfĊvoro-voro (jropui, scflui,piĊtbjo, rcœbcoro, iblui, fcruloœui)=

- pdœtb jord adpul bjrdid tcoflo-borlo (pĊstrĊvui, fbhoiŪui).

AupĊ portbjuiorbtĊŪbid adpuldrbb bjrdicr œb adzvcitĊrbbpubdtuiub, sd dvbadlŪbozĊ urfĊtcordid grupd djcicgbjd ad pdœtb5

- ibtc`bib ‚ sd rdprcauj pd ùlaurb pbdtrcosd, ad cnbjdb bl rîurb,bl zcldid ju jurdlŪb (sturbclbb, ibpolui, sjcnorui, jidolui fbj)=

- `btc`bib ‚ sd rdprcauj bl opdid stĊtĊtcord sou ju jurgdrd iblĊpd vdgdtoŪbd (œtbujo, jropui, nonuœjo, piĊtbjo, nbnolui)=

- psofc`bib ‚ adpul bjrdid pd ùlaui lbsbpcs (pcrjuœcrui,ncbœtdolui)=

- pdiogc`bib ‚ adpul bjrdid bl grcsui opdb (sjrufnbo, lcvojui,sîlgdrui, jcsoœui)=

- cstrojc`bib ‚ adpul bjrdid bl jovbtotdo poidoiĊ o fciuœtdicr

nbvoivd (ncorŪo).

[B[B^BG ‚ pioltĊ ojvotbjĊ soupoiustrĊ `rdjvdltĊ ìl nĊiŪb, hdidœtdbd,bozurb, ojufuiĊrb ord c tuipbloardoptĊ, jbiblarbjĊ ad ? -> f iulgbfdœb ?,4 jf grcsbfd ad juicord vdrad œbju ìcrbid grupotd ìltr-ul spbjuidŪ, ì l

vîrùi tuipblbb ad juicord nrulĊ ‚ rcœbdtbjĊ.

[BZJBJTIQT^Ď ‚ rofurĊ o zcctdhlbdb prdcjupotĊ ad ojtbvbtĊȝb djclcfbjd ìl acfdlbui rdprcaujdrbb œb jrdœtdrbb abrbeotd o pdœtdiubprbl ofdloeordo opdicr, (jclstrujŪbo pdpblbdrdicr, hdidœtdbdicr œbbozurbicr) opibjordo tdhlcicgbbicr lcb ad prdadzvcitord œb jrdœtdrd o fotdrboiuiub pdltru pcpuiĊrb, jrdœtdrdo bltdlsbvĊ o pdœtdiub ad

jclsuf, ̀ uroeord, sdidjŪbd œb hbnrbaord.


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[BZJBJTIQT^Ď DXQDLZBPĎ ‚ jrdœtdrdo pdœtbicr ìl nozbldidpbsjbjcid lufob pd nozo hroldb loturoid.

[BZJBJTIQT^Ď BLQDLZBPĎ ‚ jrdœtdrdo pdœtdiub ìl hdidœtdbdidad ìlgrĊœord ju hrĊlbrdo bltdlsbvĊ ju hrolĊ ortb`bjboiĊ œb opibjordo

ìlgrĊœĊfbltdicr fbldroid œb crgolbjd.

[IOL AD H^ĎLB^D ZT[IBFDLQO^Ď O JÔ[TITB -hrĊlbrdo supibfdltorĊ o jropuiub, sd òjd ìl ùljŪbd adtdfpdroturĊ, ìljdpîla ju iulo oprbibd, pîlĊ ìl iulo sdptdfnrbd5

Blabjbb oprcxbfotbvb ad jrdœtdrd o jropuiub œb

joltbtotdo ldjdsor Ċ ad ùroed jcfnblotd

Iulo œb aoto

Grdutotdofdabd o

ulubdxdfpior , g

Zpcrui adjrdœtdrd ìl

urfo ̀ uroeĊrbb,g/%

JoltbtotdoldjdsorĊ ad

ùroe jcfnblotpdltru jrdœtdrdo

? t ad jrop, mg

[ubdt ad c vorĊ [cpuiordo ? - :;

bulbd 4 :/?; :;;

? - :? buibd ?4 ?;/:4 ?;4;

? - :? ougust >4 ?;/1; ?>;;

? - :; sdptdfnrbd >2 1/?4 14;

Ìl tctoi5 >2 >7/?;; :;;;[dœtd ad acuĊ vdrb

[cpuiordo, fortbd >4 - -

? - :; oprbibd :; 4/? 17

? - :? fob 12 ?2/1 ?88

? - :; bulbd 27 18/?; 17;

? - :? buibd >1; ?1:/:; ?1?;

? - :? ougust 1:; ?2;/1; ?88;

? - :; sdptdfnrbd 4;; 7;/?4 7;4

Ìl tctoi5 4;; 174/?;; 17;;

[BZJBJTIQT^Ď ZDFBBLQDLZBPĎ ‚ jrdœtdrdo pdœtdiub ìlhdidœtdbd sb bozurb ìl nozo hroldb loturoid aor ju opibjordo

ìlgrĊœĊfbltdicr crgolbjd œb fbldroid.


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[IOLJQCL ‚ tctoibtotdocrgolbsfdicr vbb (vdgdtoid -`btcpioljtclui, olbfoid -zccpioljtclui œb nojtdrbdld -nojtdrbcpioljtclui) jord piutdsj sousd oìĊ ìl stord ad suspdlsbd ìlgrcsui opdicr.

[IOLQD OJPOQBJD @BXD ‚ sult prblsd ad ùlaui nozbluiub juoeutcrui rbzcfbicr œb pioltd piutbtcord, julcsjutd sun lufdid adpiour.

[IOZĎ ‚ uldoitĊ ad pdsjubt `crfotĊ abltr-c rdŪdo ad `bnrd tdxtbidsou fclc`biofdlt ju forgblbid ìls`crotd pd jîtd c `rîlghbd bor iojopdtd prdvĊzutd ju jîtd ul hĊaĊrog ju oeutcrui jĊrcro sd `bxdozĊpioso ìl opĊ.

[IOT^ ‚ `crfoŪbd vdgdtoiĊ ojvotbjĊ sun `crfĊ ad blsuiĊpiutbtcord `crfotĊ abl rĊaĊjblb œb rbzcfb ad stu` jord sd ìfpidtdsj

ìltrd db œb pdstd jord opcb sd adpul oiuvbulb.

[CITO^DO O[DB ‚ fcab`bjordo jcfpczbŪbdb œb prcprbdtĊŪbicropdb ju ab`drbŪb òjtcrb lcjbvb ad loturĊ `bzbjĊ, jhbfbjĊ, nbcicgbjĊsou nojtdrbcicgbjĊ ìl rdzuitotui prcjdsdicr loturoid sou ojtbvbtĊŪbbcfuiub jord prbl ojŪbuldo icr fcab`bjo djhbibnrui djcicgbj.

[CITOLŮB ‚ sunstolŪd gozcosd, ibjhbad œb scibad oìotd ìlotfcs`drĊ, fdabui ojvotbj sou oitd icjurb jord ìl jcltojt ju òjtcrbb

ad fdabu sou didfdltd oid loturbb ìljcleurĊtcord, prcvcojĊoitdrordo prcprbdtĊŪbicr loturoid oid ojdstcro.

[C[ÎLAOJ ‚ rbabjĊturĊ io suproòŪo uldb opd oijĊtubtĊ ablrcgcz œb oitd pioltd œb oiuvbulb, ovîla ospdjt ad blsuid fbjb.

[CQDLŮBOITI Q^C@BJ OI NOUBLDIC^ [BZJBJCID ‚ jopojbtotdo ad o prcaujd sunstolŪĊ crgolbjĊ ìl urfo ojtbvbtĊŪbb


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crgolbsfdicr vbb joijuiotĊ pd c ulbtotd ad suproòŪĊ sou advciuf ìltr-c ulbtotd ad tbfp.

[^DADUPCIQO^DO IO^PDIC^ ‚ fdlŪbldrdo iorvdicrcnŪblutd ìl rdzuitotui rdprcaujdrbb ortb`bjboid ìl hdidœtdbd (nozbld)fbjb pdltru spcrbrdo vbonbibtĊŪbb icr ìlobltd ad o `b pcpuiotd ìlnozbldid ad jrdœtdrd, jcljcfbtdlt `bbla hrĊlbtd ju hrolo loturoiĊsb ortb`bjboiĊ.

[^B[CL ‚ uldoitĊ posbvĊ ad pdsjubt `crfotĊ abl fob fuitdjîribgd ju loaĊ jord sd idogĊ `bdjord abl icj ìl icj ad c ùlbd œb sdoœdozĊ pd ùlaui opdb. Tl jopĊt sd `bxdozĊ ad foi ju ul ŪĊruœ borio jdiĊioit jopĊt sd idogĊ c grdutotd ju oeutcrui jĊrdbo sd oruljĊ ìlopĊ.

[^CJDADD AD J^DŜQD^D O [TBDQTITB AD [DŜQB ‚ dioncrotd ad jdrjdtĊtcrbb Blstbtutui ad Uccicgbd oi OŜF ìl vdadrdospcrbrbb d`bjojbtĊŪbb ad jrdœtdrd o pubdtuiub ad spdjbb voicrcosd(œoiĊu, jrop, jcsoœ, piĊtbjĊ, œtbujĊ…) prbl jrdordo jclabŪbbicrcptbfoid ad lutrbŪbd. Ojdstd prcjdadd pdrfbt rdaujdrdo

jclsbadronbiĊ o pbdbrbb oidvblbicr aupĊ pcpuiordo icr ìl hdidœtdbdidad prdadzvcitord, osbgurĊ ul rbtf spcrbt ad jrdœtdrd œbsuprovbdŪubrd o pubdtuiub prdjuf sb jopojbtotdo oaoptbvĊ oojdstcro io pcpuiordo icr ìl hdidœtdbdid ad jrdœtdrd œb ìl nozbldidpbsjbjcid loturoid.

[^CJDADD AD ^D[^CATJD^D O^QB@BJBOIĎ O [DŜQBIC^- dioncrotd ad jdrjdtĊtcrbb Blstbtutui ad Uccicgbd oi OŜF pdltru

spdjbbid voicrcosd (jrop, œoiĊu, sîlgdr, lcvoj, jcsoœ, scflofdrbjol…) jord sd jorojtdrbzdozĊ prbl stbfuiordo foturĊrbbprcausdicr sdfbloid, adpuldrbb bjrdicr œb `djulaordo icr.

[^CJDLQTI AD ZT[ÔPBDŮTB^D [DLQ^T [DZJTBQ ‚ ropcrtui prcjdltuoi ìltrd joltbtotdo fotdrboiuiub blbŪboi prbfor(bjrd, pubdt) œb lufĊrui dxdfpiordicr foturd suprovbdŪubtcord.


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[^CATJQBPBQOQDO [BZJBJCIĎ LOQTÔIĎ ‚ spcruijrdœtdrbb pdœtdiub ìl pdrbcoao ad vdgdtoŪbd pd nozo hroldb loturoidio c ulbtotd ad suproòŪĊ `ĊrĊ opibjordo fĊsurbicr bltdlsbvd. ÌljclabŪbbid ^dpunibjbb Fciacvo 74; ‚ ?;;; dx/ho osbgurĊ ojdst spcrad jrdœtdrd. [rcaujtbvbtotdo pbsjbjciĊ loturoiĊ abl zcldid pbsjbjcid(Lcra, Jdltru, Zua) pdltru hdidœtdbdid ad jrdœtdrd œb ìlgrĊœord ojropuiub dstd >;; ‚ >4; mg/ho.

[^CATH (JC[JĎ) ‚ gourĊ `ĊjutĊ ìl ghdoŪo uldb opd pdltrupdsjubt, sjcotdrdo opdb sou odrord.

[^C[^BDQĎŮBID @BUBJD ŜB JHBFBJD OID O[DB ‚ jopojbtotdo adprcaujŪbd o nozbldicr pbsjbjcid adpblad ad joibtotdo `bzbjĊ œb jhbfbjĊ oopdb œb lĊfciuiub (sciuiub).

[rcprbdtĊŪbid ̀ bzbjd oid opdb5 tdfpdroturo opdb ‚ jclstbtubd ul òjtcr dsdlŪboi pdltru `bzbcicgbo œb

jrdœtdrdo pdœtbicr. Ad tdfpdroturo opdb adpblad bltdlsbtotdosjhbfnuiub ad sunstolŪd o pdœtbicr5 - bltdlsbtotdo oibfdltoŪbdb,sjhbfnui ad gozd œb oitd ùljŪbb. Ìl nozbldid pbsjbjcid ìljĊizbrdo opdb

ìljdpd ad io suproòŪĊ `bbla urfotĊ ad `dlcfdld ad strotb`bjordtdrfbjĊ jord sd jorojtdrbzdozĊ prbl ab`drdlŪd ad voicrb ìltrd suproòŪĊœb ùla. Jîla tdfpdroturo io suproòŪĊ adpĊȒdȒtd :;;J pdœtbb sdrdùgbozĊ ìl zcldid fob oaîljb. Io tdfpdroturo opdb ad ?7 ‚ >;;Jpdœtbb sd rdprcauj, io >> ‚ >2;J ìl jclabŪbbid ulub rdgbf gozcs lcrfoisd oibfdltdozĊ fob bltdls, `cicsdsj fob nbld ùroedid œb jrdsj fobrdpdad. Ìl pdrbcoao ad borlĊ jdo fob prbdilbjĊ tdfpdroturo dstd ad?;J (tdfpdroturo fob rbabjotĊ > ‚ :;J) prcvcojĊ jclsufui dldrgbdb,

sunstolŪdicr ad rdzdrvĊ sb siĊnbrdo.juicordo opdb loturoid ‚ bl foecrbtotdo jozurbicr adpblad ad

joltbtotdo ad sunstolȝd crgolbjd ad prcvdlbdlȝĊ vdgdtoio abzcivotd blopo (juicordo nrulĊ - jdluœbd blabjĊ jo opo dstd ad prcvdlbdlŪĊfiĊœtblcosĊ œb lu pcotd `b `cicsbtĊ pdltru rdprcaujdrdo sb jrdœtdrdopubdtuiub œb bdrlotui pdœtdiub).

trolspordlŪo ‚ jopojbtotdo opdb ad o iĊsĊ sĊ trdojĊ prbl bo dldrgboiufblcosĊ.


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fbrcsui œb gustui opdb ‚ ìl jclabŪbbid lcrfoid fbrcsui œb gustuiopdb sult cnbœlubtd. Fbrcsui ad `dlci blabjĊ io pciuordo ju opdblaustrboid lddpurotd. Fbrcsui cuĊicr jicjbtd blabjĊ prdzdlŪohbarcgdluiub suiùrot‚goz aĊulĊtcr pdltru vboŪo hbarcnbclŪbicr.

[rcprbdtĊŪbid jhbfbjd oid opdb5 Opdid loturoid jclŪbl abvdrsd sciuŪbb ad didfdltd œb jcfpuœb ad

prcvdlbdlŪĊ fbldroiĊ sou crgolbjĊ prdjuf œb sunstolŪd ìl suspdlsbd.Adtdrfblordo joltbtotbvĊ œb joibtotbvĊ o ojdstcr sunstolŪd ou c

ìlsdflĊtotd bfpcrtoltĊ pdltru dvoiuordo joibtĊŪbb opdb `cicsbtĊ ìl pbsjbjuiturĊ.

c xbgdlui scivbt ìl opĊ (C > ) ‚ jclstbtubd ului abl òjtcrbb ibfbtotbvb

jdb fob bfpcrtolŪb otît pdltru vboŪo pdœtbicr jît œb pdltru vboŪojdicrioiŪb hbarcnbclŪbb jord jcltrbnubd io rdoibzordo prcaujŪbdb pbsjbjcid.Cxbgdlui abl opĊ porŪboi prcvbld prbl abùzbuld abl odrui otfcs`drbjœb porŪboi ad io pioltdid vdrzb (ìladcsdnb ad io oigd). [ioltdid (oigdid œbfojrc`btdid) adsjcfpul nbcxbaui ad jorncl (JC>) abzcivot ìl opĊosbfbiîla jornclui Ȓb dibfblîla cxbgdlui (prcjdsui ad `ctcsbltdzĊjord sd ads`ĊœcorĊ lufob zbuo). Lcoptdo prcjdsui ad `ctcsbltdzĊ sd

ìltrdrupd bor cxbgdlui scivbt ìl opĊ sd jclsufĊ io cxbaordo

sunstolŪdicr crgolbjd. Joltbtotdo cptbfĊ ad cxbgdl scivbt ìl nozbldidpbsjbjcid trdnubd sĊ `bd ìl

GHIDUL Piscicultorului-Fermier (Informativ-Ilustrat)

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